General Index

Italic page numbers indicate that the topic appears in an illustrationor in its caption on the cited page; the topic may also appear in thetext of that page.

Authors are listed in this index only when their ideas or works arediscussed; full listings of their works as cited in this volume may befound in the Bibliographical Index.

Aardenburg (Zeeland), 485Abbreviations

on portolan charts, 402Roman, 215, 222 n.42, 223, 226 n.51

Aberdeenshire, 82Abraham bar Chiia, 494Abravannos River, 193, 194Abu Salabikh, 107Academicians, Platonic, 154Acanfora, Maria Ornella, 83, 90Accuracy

of ancient maps, 276and cartographic progress, 3-4, 10and cosmological maps, 507and mappaemundi, 288, 342of portolan charts, 371, 445, 446

Achaea, 328Achill Island, 407 n.278Achilles, shield of, 131-32, 505Acre

on Carte Pisane, 404 n.253plans of, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478

Acta Cartographica, 5 n.31Actus, 214, 216"Ad Taum," 239Adam, 332Adam of Bremen, 321Adamnan (abbot of lona), 340, 466Adela (countess of Blois), 339Adige River, 479Adler, Bruno F., 46, 47, 66 n.62

and bone plaques, 54, 64, 65"Karty pervobytnykh narodov," 46

Administration and government, 507and development of map libraries, 8, 15and medieval local maps, 491-92, 493and Roman maps, 205, 210, 227, 252,

278, 507andVenetianmap~439, 480

Adrianople, 477Adriatic Sea, 387

on Greek maps, 152, 157, 195islands of, 483on portoIan charts, 421

Cornaro atlas, 438flags, 401Medici atlas, 402, 421, 439, 448place-names, 372, 421, 425

Aegean Sea, 133, 387and Buondelmonti's island book, 482,

483on Greek maps, 144, 145periploi of, 237on Peutinger map, 240on portolan charts, 421, 438, 448

Aelian, 139Aenon, 265Aerial Photographic Archive for

Archaeology, 241 n.39Afonso V (king of Portugal), 315, 324Africa. See also Agisymba; Exploration, of

Africa; Libya; North AfricaKamal's facsimile atlas for, 18, 294on mappaemundi

legendary figures and races, 331, 332,333

T-O type, 296, 297, 343, 344, 345transitional type, 299, 358

Ptolemaic regional maps of, 190, 198,270

southernBushmen, 86 n.161on Medici atlas, 448rock art of, 57 n.ll, 63

westernAgrippa on, 208on portolan charts, 372, 406 n.267,

411-14,415,440Afterlife

Egyptian, 117, 119, 120-21Etruscan, 201fear of, and cosmological maps, 53labyrinths representing, 68 n.74, 88in Plato's myth of Er, 138and Scandinavian memorial stones,

91Agathemerus, 243

on Anaximander, 134and charts, 381on Dicaearchus, 152on Hecataeus, 134on Hellanicus of Lesbos, 134on Sicily, 209on Timosthenes, 153

Agathodaimon of Alexandria, 190, 266,271-72

559

Agbaron, 265Agennius Urbicus, 217Ager arcifinius, 218, 220Ager publicus, 222Agisymba, 172, 179, 184, 189Agosta (Augusta), 382Agrarian law of 111 B.C., 210Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 178Agriculture

Babylonian, 110and constellations, 85, 92cultura promiscua, 79 n.119and fear, 86

Agrigentum, 236Agrimensores, 212. See also Corpus

Agrimensorumsurvey methods of, 213-16

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 207, 253commentary of, 255map of, 207-9, 243 n.53

and Caesar's survey, 205and mappaemundi, 278, 309and Ptolemy, 195reconstructions, 106, 286and Theodosian map, 209, 259, 278

Pliny on, 7 n.40, 106,207-8, 209, 242,243,254,255

Agronomists, Roman, 85 n.148Aguiar, Jorge de, 433

chart of 1492, 374, 378 n.65, 396, 412,433

Aguja Point (Peru), 199Ahaygar, 63 n.54Aigues-Mortes, 378 n.64, 382, 439Aijalon, 265 n.38Ailly, Pierre d', 287 n.l0, 332, 353-54

Imago Mundi, 287 n.l0, 353, 354 n.29Ainu sand maps, 45Aisne River, 207Ak River, 158Akhbara, 265Akkad, Akkadians, 107, 113Akrotiri, 132Alba, 478, 480Alba Fucens, 191Albani, Villa, 171Albania, 237Alberti, Leon Battista, 495

560

Albertinischer plan. See Vienna, scale planof

Albertus Magnus, Saint, 321Albi map, 301, 347, 348Albion (Britain), 192Alboran Sea, 387Alcibiades, 139Alcuin, 306 n.99Alexander (explorer), 198Alexander III, the Great, 149-5°

and Aristotle, 144, 145, 149and Gog and Magog, 332, 333and India, 149, 330and western conquest, 151 n.24mentione~ 241,277

Alexander III (Pope), 333 n.231Alexander Polyhistor, 199 n.l07Alexander romances, 330, 333 n.229Alexandretta (Iskenderun), 427 n.383Alexandria

as cultural center, 148, 159, 161, 201,258,261

Eratosthenes' measurements at, 155and Heron's distance measurement,

232 n.66latitude of, and Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71Library, 7 n.38, 148-49, 154, 173map and chart production in, 106, 149,

437mathematics at, 234medieval plan of, 477meridian of, 155, 156, 167, 169,505

Ptolemy's use of, 183, 184on portolan charts, 427 n.383, 428Ptolemy's residence in, 181, 198on Roman maps, 208, 239table of tariffs for, in Cornaro atlas, 444technicians in, 271

Algeria, rock art from, 69, 70Algiers, 386, 428Allegory. See also Symbolism

in Byzantine mosaics, 263of Fortuna, 339and mappaemundi, 263, 334, 339

Almagia, Roberto, xvi n.8, 419, 421, 430,432 n.424, 441

Alpen, 236 n.13Alps

on Etzlaub map, 497Ligurian, 75, 78, 90in Notitia Dignitatum, 244prehistoric maps from, 62 n.49, 80. See

also Bego, Mont, petroglyphs;Valcamonica

Aluion (Britain), 192Alveus Oceani, 300, 353. See also Oceans,

equatorialAmalfi, 383, 384Amat di San Filippo, Pietro, 294Amber, sources of, 150Ambracia, 242 n.44Ambrose, Saint, 301American Geographical Society, Research

Catalogue, 31

Americas, theand Alexander von Humboldt, 17and Antilia, 411

Amida (Diyarbakir), 244Ammianus Marcellinus, 193 n.84Amun, 123Amyctyrae, 330, 331Analemma, 232 n.66Anati, Emmanuel, 75 n.96, 89,90Anatolia. See Asia MinorAnaxagoras, 136Anaximander, 134

globe of, 134, 136map of, 134, 135Strabo on, 134, 137, 152 n.27texts lacking, 13°

Ancona, 374, 432,433, 434,437Ancyra (Ankara), 237, 239Andree, Richard, 45, 47, 54Andres, Juan, 13Andrews, J. H., 36Andrews, Michael Corbet, 295, 296, 403-4Andronicos II Palaeologus, 268Anemoscope, 248-49Angelus, Jacobus, 316Angers, 493Anglo-Saxon map. See Cotton"Anglo-

Saxon" mapAngola, 438Animals, spatial consciousness of, 50-51Ankara (Ancyra), 237,239Annaba (Bone), 420 n.333Antarctic

monstrous races placed in, 316and Ptolemy, 197 n.97

Antarctic Circle, 147,248Anthropological Society of Berlin, 64Anthropology. See also Ethnography

and archaeology, 49and cartographic history, 47, 48, 49and gesture, 52

Antichrist, 332Antigonus Gonatas, 141Antilia island, 410, 411Anti-Meroe, 184, 186, 187, 188Antinous, 214 n.9Antioch, 258, 330

Paolino Veneto's plan of, 474on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 240

Antiochus I of Commagene, 166Antipodes, 163, 164,263,300,304,319,

321,332,357Antiquarianism

and cartographic history, 6-12, 63-68in medieval maps, 492-93

Antiquarium Comunale (Rome), 225Antoikoi, 163Antonine itinerary, 235-36, 237, 254, 309,

348Antoninus. See Aurelius Antoninus, MarcusAnu, "road" of, 114Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', 10,

19Anxur, 218

General Index

Aparcias (Aparctias, Septentrio), 248Apeliotes, 144Apennines, 201Apollo

in art, 171, 248Delphic oracle of, 135 n.25temples of, 139-40, 239, 276

Apollonius (Egyptian administrator), 128,129

Apollonius Rhodius, 154, 158Apostles, 330Apulia, 495Aqaba, Gulf of, 241Aqua Crabra, 210Aquae, 239Aqueducts

and Forma Urbis Romae, 227, 229, 230,232

Frontinus's treatise on, 232individual use of, 210-11, 252plans, 210-11, 230, 232

Aquileia, 239, 241Aquitania, 191, 243Arab flags and insignia, 386, 399, 401Arabian Gulf, 189, 261Arabian peninsula, 243Arabic cartography

charts, 374, 381and Europe, 11 n.86, 279, 283grid maps, 496Lelewel's work on, 293and mappaemundi, 286, 316, 325, 337,

354orientation in, 208 n.34, 276, 337and Ptolemy, 177, 189, 268, 278signs in, 326

Arabic numerals, 268Arabic science, translations of, 304, 306Aragon

ordinance regarding charts, 440on portolan charts, 393, 399, 400, 405,

424 n.361Aragon, prince of, 439Aramaic language, 115Aratus of Soli, 141-42, 171, 172, 255, 277

criticized by Hipparchus, 164, 165and Farnese Atlas, 143revised by Planudes, 268

Arausio. See OrangeAraxes River, 253Arcesilas of Pitane, 154Archaeology

and Achilles' shield, 131and anthropology, 49and prehistoric art, 57-58, 63 n.55and prehistoric maps, 45, 47, 49, 68, 80,

81Archania, 414Archimedes, 136, 159-60Architects, plans by

Greek, 139-40Roman, 225

Architecturemanuals, 217 n.19

General Index

medieval, symbolism of, 340Archives

ancient, 6 n.38photographic, 37 n.306

Archivio di Stato (Florence), chart of 1487,396

Archivio di Stato (Venice), chart fragment,374,423

Archivo de la Corona de Aragon(Barcelona), Caja II, 419

Archivo General de Indias (Spain), 19Archytas, 137 n.44Arctic Circle, 151 n.22

as boundary of oikoumene, 151, 156,162

on Crates' globe, 164on Pesaro wind rose map, 248solstitial day at, 168and Strabo, 173 n.83and Theodosius, 168Thule placed on, 151, 179

Arctic circles (celestial), 141, 146, 147,162 n.5

ever-visible, 141, 146, 147for Athens, 165and Geminus, 170 n.61and Hipparchus's climata, 167for Rhodes, 162, 174Theodosius on, 168

on Farnese Atlas, 142, 143 n.71on globes, 170, 171never-visible, 141, 146, 147

of Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71Posidonius on, 169 n.44and Pytheas, 151, 174

Arctic region, and Ptolemy, 197 n.97Arcturus, 85Arculf, 466, 467, 469, 473Arden, 494Ardre, 91 n.193Arefloe (Harfleur), 427Arentzen, Jorg-Geerd, 294, 295, 296, 307Arethusa, 253Argentaria, Casa dell', 171Argo (constellation), 143 n.71Argonauts, 193 n.84Argonauts, Porticus of the, 207Argyros, Isaac, 269 n.58Aries, 170Arin (Aryn), 323, 354Aristagoras of Miletus, 135Aristophanes, 138-39Aristotle, 144-46

on circular maps, 135, 145, 277on circumference of earth, 148cosmography of, 145, 146, 261Meteorologica, 145, 153, 248 n.81on oikoumene, 145Posidonius on, 169 n.44and sphericity of earth, 144, 145,321and symbolism of number four, 335system of winds, 145-46, 248,

249 n.83and world maps, 277

mentioned, 7Ark, Noah's, 313, 318, 330, 335, 505Arles, 383Armenia, 112Armenia Minor, 400Armignacco, Vera, 402, 435Armillae, 168Armillary spheres, 141, 159, 167, 168,

171 n.66, 188Armiraio, 434Arms, coats of, 394, 435Arno River, 195, 427Aroura, 125Arquivo Nacional (Lisbon), Portuguese

chart, 402Arrian, 149 n.9, 254Arrotrebae, 243Art. See also Manuscripts, illumination;

Mosaics; Portolan charts,ornamentation

Byzantine, 263-66, 267and cartography, 16, 22 n.174, 36mappaemundi in, 324maps and globes in, 171, 173, pls.4, 10, 11medieval, 493mobiliary, 53, 55, 92prehistoric, 55. See also Maps,

prehistoric; Symbolism, prehistoriccomposition in, 57, 61continuity of, 57and "cosmic anguish," 86dating of, 55, 57, 58figures, 60, 61 n.45figures, landscape, 97figures, "topographical," 66, 67, 68,

70 n.81, 75, 78, 92function of, 58, 68and hunting territory, 57 n.11interpretation of, 53, 55, 58-59, 63,

64, 66Lloyd Brown on, 45and magic, 55, 58momentary nature of, 58nonnaturalistic markings in, 55palimpsests, 58, 61publication of, 63 n.53sexual grouping in, 57 n.11sites, 56, 57studies of, 48, 63-68

Arta, 249Artabrum, 243Artadur, 425Artaxata, 249Artaxerxes, 149 n.5Arte del navigare, 443 n.517Artemidorus of Ephesus, 242 n.44, 255Artemis, temple at Sardis, 140Artifacts. See also Maps, as artifacts

attitudes toward, 106inventories, need for, 503

Artistic intention, 61, 62, 63, 88Artists, and portolan charts, 393Aryn (Arin), 323, 354Ascension, Church of the, 466

561

AsiaCarpini journey to, 304on circular Greek maps, 135East, on Greek maps, 179Herodotus on, 136"Jerome" map of, 288, 289, 292, 299,

322,324,325,505on mappaemundi, 358

Catalan atlas, 315Gog and Magog in, 333T-O type, 296, 297

on periploi, 237, 238Polo maps of, 315on portolan charts, 394-95on Ptolemaic maps, 189, 190, 198-99,

270in Ravenna cosmography, 260Southeast

prehistoric period in, 49and Ptolemy, 198-99

Strabo on shape of, 174Asia Minor, 133

Akkadian campaign into, 107Assyrian routes to, 108on "Jerome" map of Asia, 288, 289, 505Ottoman expansion through, 399prehistoric periods in, 57on Roman maps and itineraries, 236,

240,241Xenophon's description of, 149

Asian cartographyCrone's omission of, 26eighteenth-century European study of, 11and history of cartography, xviii n.17, xixprehistoric, 49

al-A~nam (Algeria), 252Aspatria, 63, 66Aspremont, 343Assyria, Assyrians, 108, 112Asti, 478, 480Astrolabes

Babylonian, 115and Hipparchus, 167medieval, 441

Astrology. See also Zodiacand ancient astronomy, 507Babylonian, 114-15and development of map collections, 8Greek, 130, 166,277,508

in Byzantium, 268medieval, 323, 340

Astronomy. See also Celestial mapsand ancient astrology, 507Babylonian, 114-15Greek. See also individual astronomers

Archimedes' influence on, 159in Byzantium, 266, 268Hipparchus's importance to, 164and Roman scholars, 234and Thales, 134

medieval, 506prehistoric, 81-85Ptolemy's importance to, 177

Aswan. See Syene

562

Athanasius, 268Athena, temple at Priene, 140Athens

Draco's visibility from, 165latitude of, 141maps and globes in, 138-39, 158, 508parallel of, 152, 155, 156,506tablet from, with labyrinth, 251

Athens and Thebes, Catalan duchy of,425 n.366

Atlantic islandsand mappaemundi, 299on portolan charts, 372, 410-11, 414,

415,440Atlantic Ocean

Eratosthenes on, 156Greek knowledge of, 149, 150on portolan charts, 377, 384, 385 n.134,

386,415,445,446of Beccari, 427, 428Carte Pisane, 404Cortona chart, 404North Atlantic, 414scale, 384, 414and Zaccaria, Benedetto, 382

as source of Nile, 152 n.29Atlas (god), Farnese statue of, 142-43, 181Atlas Mountains, 71, 393Atlases. See also Facsimile maps and atlases

breaking up of, 6portolan, 393, 440. See also individual

chartmakersindexes of, 449-61

Atrium Libertatis, 210Attica, mine plan from, 139Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 255Atwell, George, 494Augusta (Agosta), 382Augusta Taurinorum, 239Augustine, Saint, 300, 301, 309, 319, 326

City of God, 340Augustodunum. See AutunAugustus, 207

and Agrippa's map, 207, 208, 243and Caesar's survey, 205, 206, 207, 309cursus publicus of, 236division of Rome by, 227on Hereford map, 205, 206, 309land allocation by, 207, 220-21and land survey, 210, 212, 216regional division of Italy, 242

Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, 226, 234,235

Aurich, 91Auriga, 82, 83Aurignacian, 82Australian aborigines

pictographic maps of, 53 n.18shaman's drum, 87topographic signs of, 58 n.18

Austria, 497. See also Kienbach Gorge;Notgasse; Stollhof

cartographic history in, 24, 32Autolycus of Pitane, 154

Autun, 207, 209, 237 n.18, 290Avezac-Macaya, Marie Armand Pascal d',

13 n.96, 293, 322Avienius, Rufius Festus

Aratus translated by, 143 n.72, 172Dionysius translated by, 172, 243Ora Maritima, 150, 243, 502

Avignon, 404, 405 n.262, 487Axis

celestial, in geocentric hypothesis, 146,154 n.47

earth's, 171, 506Axis mundi, 87Ayer, Edward E., 16Azala, 113Azores, 378 n.65, 410-11Azov, Sea of, 387

on Greek maps, 145, 153on mappaemundi, 301, 302, 328, 343

Y-O maps, 345,347on Peutinger map, 240Pliny on, 242 n.44

Babel, Tower of, 330Babil 'amud, 265Babylon

on Babylonian maps, 111, 114map of, 110on mappaemundi, 330in Notitia Dignitatum, 245

Babylon (Old Cairo, Egypt), 246Babylonians

astronomy, 114-15calendar, 114cosmology, 85, 86, 87, 112geographical knowledge, 107-8influence on Greece, 130, 134, 503itineraries, 108, 113links to East, 107-8maps, small-scale, 111-14mathematics, 109, 114measurement, 109pictographs, 49place-name lists, 107plans, 109-11, 112, 113,114,276

and administrative control, 507and Greek maps, 135and prehistoric maps, 92

scale, 109, 110, 113, 276scribes, 114survey, 109, 113tablets, 109-15, 135, 502and Thales, 134 n.12World Map, 88, 91, 111, 114

influence, 130Bacon, Roger, 304, 305, 321, 354

and projection, 305, 322, 342mentioned, 301, 323

Bactria, 153Badajoz, 68, 69Baden, 489. See also Wiirttemberg-BadenBadrah, 112Baetica, 208, 243

General Index

Bagnolo stone, 87, 88Bagrow, Leo

and anthropology, 47on "Church cartography," 299definition of map, xvand early maps

bone plaques, 64, 65preference for, 25-26, 27prehistoric, 45, 46-47, 54, 85

on facsimile projects, 18founder and editor of Imago Mundi, 23,

26-27founder of Circle of Lovers of Russian

Antiquities, 22Die Geschichte der Kartographie, 25-26History of Cartography, xvon international communication in

cartography, 27, 29Istoriya geograficheskoy karty (History of

the geographical map), 24, 54on Maikop vase, 73 n.90on Fra Mauro map of 1459, 315projects for cartographic history, 27on Ptolemaic maps, 178, 189

Baito, 149Balbus (Gromaticus), 217Baldacci, Osvaldo, xvi n.8, 37, 318 n.149,

405Baldaia, Afonso Gon~alves, 413Balearic Sea, 387Balearics, 437Balkans, 236, 488Baltic Sea

Mela on, 255on portolan charts, 409-10and Ptolemy, 197Pytheas's voyage to, 150

Baltic tribes, 197-98Baltzer, Lauritz, 82, 83Banners. See PortoIan charts, flags onBarbari, Jacopo de', 477, 493Barberini mosaic. See Palestrina mosaicBarberino, Francesco da, 441, 478Barbie du Bocage, Jean Denis, 19 n.150Barbie du Bocage, Jean Guillaume, 19 n.150Barbosa, Antonio, 385Barcelona

charts shipped from, 409 n.285, 437, 438mapmaking in, 430, 432 n.421, 436, 437,

438 n.476on mappaemundi, 328merchants' inventories, 444 n.522

Bardo Museum (Tunis), 248Barholm, 485Barletta, 259 n.7Barth, Heinrich, 63 n.55Bartholomeus Anglicus, 332Bartholomew, Saint, 330Bartolo, Taddeo di, 493Bartolo da Sassoferrato, 490Basil, Saint, 328Bas-Rhin, 488Basses Alpes, 487, 491Bately, Janet M., 301

General Index

Batestein castle, 8 n.53Baths, plans of, 225, 226Battaglia, Raffaelo, 75-79Battle plans, 62Baudouin, Marcel, 82Baudri de Bourgueil, 339Bavaria, 494Bay (survey implement), 125Bear (constellation). See Ursa MajorBeasts

of Babylonian World Map, 111, 112on Egyptian astronomical ceilings, 121

Beatus of Liebana, 287. See alsoMappaemundi, Beatus type maps

Commentary on the Apocalypse of Saintfohn, 302,303,331,343,346,355,357

Beazley, Charles RaymondDawn of Modern Geography, 293on mappaemundi, 288, 291, 293, 295,

342on portolan charts, 371

Beccari, Batista, 438apprentice to, 431 n.415chart of 1426, 398, 400, 425, 427 n.381,

435chart of 1435, 414 n.313influenced by Roselli, 431place-names on charts of, 425, 438 n.476

Beccari, Francesco, 393, 432 n.421, 438and Atlantic scale, 414, 427, 428chart of 1403, 386, 397, 414, 423 n.359,

425, 427, 428, 437 n.474, 440Cornaro atlas, copying of, 401on informants, 427-28place-names on charts of, 425, 438 n.476world maps, 393, 401 n.239, 430, 435,

436,437Bede, Saint, 302, 304, 320, 345

De natura rerum, 335, 346, 347Bedolina map, 62, 77, 78, 79Bego, Mont, petroglyphs, 66-68, 74, 75,

80,503and Bicknell, 66, 67, 75, 78celestial ladders, 86"Monte Bego Village," 77, 78picture maps, 70 n.81"Skin Hill Village," 77,78

Behaim, Martin~ob~ 8,31~413,414

Bejaia (Bougie), 211, 386, 401, 420 n.333Bekhen, 123, 124Belforte, 426Belgian Archaeological Mission, 139Bell, James Ford, Collection, 316, 358Bellori picture, 239 n.33Belomorsk, 76Bematistai, 149Benese, Richard, 494Benevento, 195Bengal, Bay of (Gangetic Gulf), 189, 198Benincasa, Andrea, 432, 433, 434

chart of 1490, 374, 391 n.189portrait of, 434

Benincasa, Grazioso, 432, 433, 434and Africa, 412, 413-14, 415and Atlantic islands, 411atlas of 1463, 374, 411, 412atlas of 1467, 391 n.189atlases of 1468, 374 n.33, 411, 412, 414,

425atlas of 1468 (London), 431, 435, 446,

447atlas of 1469,376,419atlas of 1473 (Bologna), 400atlas of 1473 (London), 390 n.184, 421chart of 1470, 411chart of 1472,421-22chart of 1482, 393, 411, 435, pl.27and latitude scales, 386legends, author's, 432, 438lunar calendars, 447place-names, 425portolano, written, 374, 422 n.342, 433portrait of, 434scales of, 392style, 393and Topkapi Sarayi atlas, 392 n.198mentioned, 391, 407 n.278, 443 n.517

Bergamo, 479Beringsweiler, 488Berlin, cartographic history in, 24Bernard the Wise, 340Bernice, Lock of (constellation), 159 n.75al-Bersha, 120, pl.2Bertran, Jacme, 433 n.432Bertran, Jaime, 431 n.412, 432, 433 n.432

chart of 1456, 429, 431 n.412, 437chart of 1482, 374, 414sovereigns depicted by, 400 n.

Bertran, Jaume, 433 n.432Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, 64Besevliev, Bojan, 371 n.5Betelgeuse, 165Beth-Alpha mosaic, 266, 267Bethlehem, 330Bethzachar, 265Bevan, W. L., 288Bianco, Andrea, 432-33

and African discoveries, 412, 413-14atlas of 1436, 378 n.62, 409, 410 n.289,

440-41,442chart of 1448, 374, 412, 414, 432-33and Dulcert chart, 415and Fra Mauro's map of 1459, 315,433Toleta of, 441, 442, 443world map of 1436,317,358world maps, reissue of, 8

Bibleand centering of maps, 340, 341and cosmography, 261 n.25, 262-63,

319,326division of the world, 296 n.69, 331,

334, pl.12and four corners of the earth, 112, 262,

319,336geography of, 10, 17, 115, 326Gog and Magog, 332

563

Gospels, 336, 338locational information in, 115, 326, 340manuscripts

maps accompanying, 324Octateuch, 261 n.25

mosaic illustration of, 264, 265, 266and Peutinger map, 241and seas, 328

Bibliographia cartographica, 21 n.171. Seealso Bibliotheca cartographica

Bibliographie geographique internationale,31

Bibliographies, 19-21cartobibliographies, 19, 20-21, 22geographical, 31in Imago Mundi, 28-29subject, 31, 37

Bibliography of Cartography, 31-32Biblioteca Ambrosiana (Milan)

Catalan chart, 414 n.319Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 189

Borgiano V, 378 n.62, 394 n.210, 430Pal. Lat. 1362A. See Vesconte, Pietro,

atlas of [1320]Reg. Lat. 548, 406 n.273Rossi. 676, 376 n.48Vat. Lat. 2972. See Vesconte, Pietro, atlas

of [1321]Vat. Lat. 9015,441Vat. Lat. 14207, 395 n.211, 404 n.252,

418-19Biblioteca Estense e Universitaria (Modena).

See also Catalan (Estense) worldmap

chart C.G.A.5c, 374, 377 n.61, 413Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 191Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale (Florence)

Port. 16, 394 n.209, 418Port. 22, 418, 445

Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Venice)It. IV, 1912, 418, pl.26Mauro map in, 315

Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele III (Naples)Sala dei MSS. 8.2, 418

Bibliotheca cartographica, 19 n.148, 31, 32.See also Bibliographia cartographica

Bibliotheque de la Ville (Lyons)MS. 179,398,419,435

Bibliotheque NationaleDepartement des Manuscrits, Fran~ais

24909, 423Departement des Manuscrits, MS. Lat.

4850, 435 n.444map collections of, 15Res. Ge. AA751, 418Res. Ge. D3005, 397 n.219, 418

Bibliorheque Royale, 13, 15, 19Bicknell, Clarence M., 66-68, 75, 78Bilbao, 426Bindings, 373, 376, 434Biobibliographies, 20, 38

by Cortesao, 13-14of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,

11

564

Biondo, Flavio, 477, 481Roma instaurata, 492

Biondo, Luca del, 376 n.48Blr al-l:fammamat, 123Blr Umm Fawakhir, 123Birch, Samuel, 121Bird's-eye views

Egyptian drawings likened to, 117medieval, 464

city ideograms, 469, 476Italian, 464, 474, 476-77, 478, 493of jerusalem, 474. See also jerusalem,

plans ofBirrens, 236Birten, 236 n.13Biscay, Bay of, 388Bit Yakin, 111Bithynium, 214 n.9Bitter River, 88, 91Black Death, 426Black Sea, 250, 387

ancient chart of, 383on Catalan atlas, 315climata, 183, 243in Lo compasso da navigare, 382 n.l08on mappaemundi, 358Martellus Germanus map of, pl.25periplus of, 260place-names, 250, 421on portolan charts, 371 n.5, 421, 444-

45,446on Carte Pisane, 382 n.l08, 390Cornaro atlas, 438distortion, 386flags, 399, 401Medici atlas, 448projection, 386relationship to Mediterranean, 383,

384, 390on Roman maps, 240, 249, 250, 254mentioned, 149 n.5, 150

Blakemore, Michael j., 38, 48Bled Segui, 212Blemmyae, 331, 332Blois, 339Blumer, Walter, 54, 78Boechout (East Flanders), 485Boethius, 255, 301Boetia (Spain), 7 n.40Bohemia, 328, 393Bohuslan, 82Bojador, Cape, 406 n.267, 411, 413, 415Bologna

on mappaemundi, 328University of, 306

Bon, Cape, 198Bone (Annaba), 420 n.333Bone

mammoth, 70, 71plaques, 47 n.14, 54, 64, 65, 66 n.61

Bonner, john T., 50Book of Common Prayer, 326 n.207Book of the Dead, 119Book of the Two Ways, 120, pl.2Books, history of, 5 n.29, 36

Books of hours, 436Bootes, 83Borchardt, Ludwig, 125Bordeaux itinerary, 235, 237, 254Bordighera, 66Boreas, 248Borgia map, 317, 328, 358

cynocephali on, 331, 332representational style of, 327

Born, Ernest, 466Borno stone, 69, 71, 75Borysthenes (Dnieper River), 151 n.21, 166,

183,249Boscoreale fresco, 171, pl.4Boscovich, R. G., 248Boscovich anemoscope. See Pesaro wind

rose mapBosporu~ 235, 445Bothnia, Gulf of, 410Bouches-du-Rhone, 487Bougie (Bejaia), 386, 400, 420 n.333Boundaries

in Babylonian documents, 108Burgundian maps regarding, 487, 491,

pl.36concept of, 52Low Countries maps regarding, 485, 486,

487maps related topologically to, xviiin Nile valley, 105, 128scent marking of, 50

Bourne, William, 409 n.285Boutillier, jehan, 487, 490Bowersock, G. W., 241 n.39Brandt, Heinrich, 265Bratislava

plan of Vienna and Bratislava. SeeVienna, scale plan of

sundial from, 215Brazil, island of, 410Brenan, Lieutenant, 63 n.54Brescia, 479Breuil, Henri, 60, 69 n.78Breusing, Arthur A., 375Breydenbach, Bernard von, 474, 475, 476Bric del Selvatico, 76 n.l03Bridge House estates (London), 492Brie, Comte Robert, 207-Brielle, 494Brincken, Anna-Dorothee von den, 288,

325, 326, 334, 357Bristol, 485, 493Bristol Channel, 406, 407, 408Britain. See also England; Scotland

Britannia Prima, 244on Carte Pisane, 407, 408cartographic history in, 29, 37-38and Diodorus Siculus, 194"dogleg" of, 194and Eratosthenes, 194Gough map. See Gough, Richard, map of

BritainMatthew Paris map. See Paris, Matthew,

map of Britainmedieval maps from, 465

General Index

prehistoric, 57art, 64 n.56, 68

and Ptolemy, 191, 192-94and Pytheas, 150, 194in Ravenna cosmography, 260 n.2lon Roman maps and itineraries, 209,

236, 238,239-40, 244, 245 n.69,254, pl.6

Strabo on shape of, 174British Cartographic Society, xvBritish Channel, 193British Columbia Map Society, 23British Isles

Dionysius's description of, 173on portolan charts, 403, 406, 407-9and Ptolemy, 189, 192-94Pytheas's voyage to, 150Roman circumnavigation of, 178

British LibraryAdd. MS. 18665, 390 n.184, 419Add. MS. 25691, 390 n.184, 393,

399 n.231, 418, 424Add. MS. 27376):'. See Vesconte, Pietro,

atlas of ca. 1325Higden world map, 312, 313, 348mappamundi fragment of Mediterranean,

312 n.123British Museum

Babylonian tablets in, 110, 111, 113, 114catalog of maps, 19, 375Chaldean terra-cotta liver, 203Department of Maps and Charts, 16map collections of, 8 n.54, 15, 16

British Ocean, 193Brittany, 150Broc, Numa, 403Bronze

Greek maps, 135Piacenza liver, 202-4, 507prehistoric, 81 n.123Roman maps, 210, 216,222, 278, 502

Bronze Age, 55, 57British rock art dated to, 64 n.56Magourata cave paintings, 89plan maps, 62 n.49Scandinavian petroglyphs, 53 n.18Valcamonica petroglyphs, 69, 75, 78

Brown, john Carter, 16Brown, Lloyd A.

on origin of maps, 45, 47on Phoenician ship incident, 252The Story of Maps, 25, 26, 47

Browne, George Forrest, 81-82Bruges, 376 n.4R, 410Bruges Itinerary, 4lJS

Bry, Theodore dc, I ()

Buache, Philippe, 8 n.54Buca, Lucius Aemilius, 164Buczek, Karol, 37Buildings

on coins, 158in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217on Egyptian Turin papyrus, 123plans

Egyptian, 127

General Index

Greek, 139-40medieval, 466-67, 468, 470-71, 472

in prehistoric maps, 75, 77, 79. See alsoEnclosures; Huts

prehistoric models of, 80, 81Bulgaria, 290, 328. See also Magourata

cave paintingsBull (constellation), 83Bunbury, Edward Herbert, 157Bunsoh stone, 66, 80 n.121Buondelmonti, Cristoforo

Descriptio insule Crete, 482Liber insularum arcipelagi (island book),

379, 482-83, 484world map of 1420, 358

Burges, Frances, 433 n.432Burghley, First Baron, 9Burgos, 437Burgstaller, Ernst, 87Burgund~48~490,491,pL36

Bursa, 406Biisching, Friedrich Anton, 10 n.69Bushmen of South Africa, 86 n.161Biiyiik Menderes River, 158Byblos, 265Bybona (Byzone), 249Byzantine cartography, 258-72, 279

and charts, 381and Christianity, 261-65, 266, 278Greek influence in, 260, 266-72losses and survivals, 258, 503practical, decline in, 259, 266and Ptolemy, 189, 191 n.74, 260Roman influence on, 234, 258-60and survey, 259

Byzantine Empireknowledge and use of maps in, 279Theodosian map of, 259

Byzantine scholars, 190, 268, 272, 278,279. See also Planudes, Maximus

Byzantium, 238, 258 n.2, 508. See alsoConstantinople

on Dura Europos shield, 249, 250Byzone, 249

"Cabinets of Curiosities," 9Cabo de buyetder, 411Cadamosto, Alvise da, 374 n.33Cadaster, defined, 220Cadastral maps, 507

Babylonian, 92, 110, 113, 114Egyptian, 128, 508Roman, 209-10, 220-25, 255, 278

Cadastral survey. See SurveyCadiz (Gades), 150, 252, 253

on mappaemundi, 328on Roman itinerary, 235

Caerleon (Isca), 252Caert-Thresoor, 23Caesar, Julius

and Alexandria, 106Gallic campaigns, 206-7land allocations, 210and land survey, 210as promoter of maps, 253

and scientific research, 208survey ordered by, 205-6, 207, 309

Caffa (Feodosiya), 401Cagliari, 399, 439Cahill, Thomas A., 368Cairo, 477Cairo Museum, 126Caistor Saint Edmund (Norwich), 240,

245 n.69Calapata (Teruel), 60Calapoda, Georgio

atlas of 1552, 411 n.301chart of 1560, 411 n.301

Calendarsagricultural, 92Babylonian, 114Greek, 130, 137, 159 n.75on mappaemundi, 317on portolan charts, 429, 440, 446-47,

448, pl.32Calices, 210Calligraphy, 325, 401-2, 403Caloiro chart of 1665, 401 n.233Calydonian boar hunt, 193Camarero, Garcia, 403Camargue, 487Camels, 69 n.80, 70Camogli, Prospero da, 435Camonica Valley. See ValcamonicaCampania, 204, 209, 210, 218Campus Martius, 229 n.57Camulodunum (Colchester), 236, 239Canaan, 119Canada, 37Canadian Cartographer, 33Canadian Cartographic Association,

33 n.267Canaries (Fortunate Isles)

on Greek maps, 184, 190, 199, 276, 505on portolan charts, 378, 401 n.233, 410,

448and Toledo tables, 323

Cancer (constellation), 83, 170Candace (queen of Ethiopia), 265 n.40Canepa, Albino da, 438

chart of 1480, 414 n.318Genoese flags, 401

Canis Major, 165Cannibals, 332Canopus, 142, 143 n.71, 169Cantabrio-Castilian language, 389Canterbury, 227, 492Canterbury Cathedral

plan of, 467, 469, 484, 491, 493Cao, Diogo, 414Cape of Good Hope, 371 n.l, 413Cape Verde Islands, 374 n.33, 411Capello, Carlo F., 306Capes, on portolan charts, 377Capitastrum, 220 n.36Capo de lardiero, 427 n.379Capo de sancta maria, 427 n.379Capo di Ponte, 75, 76. See also Bedolino

mapCapricorn (constellation), 83, 170

565

Capsa, 238, 254Capua, 204, 205Caput de non, 411Caracalla, 226, 234, 235Caraci, Giuseppe

on Catalan atlas, 447 n.5and Cortona chart, 402 n.243and Italian/Catalan controversy, 389,

392 n.201, 415 n.329and place-name analysis, 415 n.329, 420,

422 n.348on Pongeto chart, 396 n.215on use of portolan charts, 440 n.490mentioned, 403, 424 n.361

Carbon paper, smoked, 391Caria, 152Carignano, Giovanni da, 390 n.179, 404-5,

432 n.421, 432 n.442, 438Carignano map,374, 38~404-6

orientation, 378Prester John on, 333scale, 377 n.58Scandinavia on, 409-10mentioned, 395 n.211, 399, 411 n.304,

413Carlao (Portugal), 83Carlisle, 236Carmody, Francis j., 236 n.13Carnsore Point, 407Carolingian age, 299, 467Carpentras, 222Carrhae, 244Carta, xvi, 375Carta d'uso, 440 n.489Carta da navigare, 287Carta de marear, 375Carta de navegar, 375, 409 n.285, 437Carta plana quadrata, 385Carta pro Navigando, 375Carte, xviCarte Pisane, 404, pl.30

African coast on, 411, 412Britain on, 407, 408and Lo compasso da navigare, 382, 383Cortona chart compared to, 404, 405cross sign on, 378 n.68dating, 402 n.243, 404 n.253grid, 392origin, 389, 390and origin of portolan charts, 380, 382,

390place-names on, 382, 383, 422, 426Sardinia on, 371 n.5scale, 377 n.58, 395mentione~ 291, 37~ 37~ 378,406

Cartes et figures de la terre, 21Carthage

centuriation near, 219on mappaemundi, 328mosaics from, 248on Roman maps, 239

Carthagena, 153, 208Cartobibliographies, 19, 20-21, 22Cartographer (Australia), 33"Cartographia Americana" (Harrisse), 20

566

Cartographic Journal, 33Cartographica, 33Cartography

coined by Santarem, xvii, 12definitions, xv-xvi, 30, 34discipline of, 23, 30-36and discipline of geography, 30-31historical

defined, xvii n.16in eighteenth century, 10

mathematical, in history of cartography,17

origins of, 50-53, 503-4. See also Maps,prehistoric

historiography, 45-49, 54-55Ptolemy's importance to, 177scientific, 3-4

omitted from Bagrow's History, 25progress in, 3, 5, 10, 12

social significance, 4, 5, 36, 139,506-9

technical processeshistorical concern with, 34-35theoretical concern with, 33, 34

thematic, xx, 35, 36theoretical

cartographic history as part of,30 n.237

development of, 33-36transmission of cartographic knowledge,

507-8Cartography, history of

antiquarianism in, 6-12, 63-68and bibliography, 20 n.161, 21cognitive transformation in, 504-6and collectors, 16, 22-23, 26conferences, 29 n.235and dealers, 16-17definitions, xvii-xviiidirectory of research, international, 37and discipline of cartography, 23, 30-36,

39and discipline of geography, 12, 14-15,

17-18,30-31,38,39Eurocentricity, xix, 11, 28-29evidence for, 502, 503exhibitions, 21-22forces in, 22gaps, 502-4general histories, 23, 24-26

authorship, xix-xxdefinitions of map and cartography in,

xvon origins of cartography, 47

historiographic review, 5-39reasons for, 6

and history of science and technology, 3,13

as humanistic endeavor, xv,S, 39identity, scholarly, 23-24, 36-39interpretive shift in, 342literature of, 22, 23-24, 28-29, 32-33and magnetic variation, secular, 385paleocartographic bias, 25-26, 27-28patterns in, since 1800, 17-23

periods of, 5popularization of, 22-23, 25 n.199Strabo's importance to, 173technical history, 34-35, 508and theoretical cartography, 30 n.237,

33-36Cartophile Society of New England, 22Cartostorie, 38 n.321Cartularies, 484Casae litterarum, 226, 228Casali, Giovanni de, 323Casamance, 14Caspian Gates, 253Caspian Sea

Agrippa on, 208and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261Eustathius on, 266on Greek maps, 153, 174, 189, 198,

261 n.25as gulf, 261 n.25, 328on mappaemundi, 328on portolan charts, 394, 448

Lesina chart, 376 n.48, 422 n.343Cassiodorus, 255, 259 n.13, 301

on Dionysius and Ptolemy, 172, 261Cassiopeia, 82Cassiterides (Tin Islands), 150, 252Castella, 227Castellammare di Stabia, 240Castelliere del Dos dell'Archa, 78 n.116Casterino, Val, 67 n.70Castile and Leon, 435Castorius, 238 n.25, 260Casus River, 208(:atal Hiiyiik, 58, 71, 73, 74Catalan atlas of 1375, 314-15, 356, 358,

432, 435, pls.17,32African coast on, 411, 412Asia on, 315, 372authorship of, 430cartographic signs on, 397 n.220compass rose, 395, 396distortion grid for, 386"establishment of the port" on,

429 n.390, 440lunar table, 446, 447place-names on, 420, 425and size of earth, 321mentioned, 328, 393 nn.204,208;

394 n.209, 413, 432Catalan (Estense) world map, 317, 328,

358, 379 n.71, 412Catalan language, 389Catalan ordinance of 1354, 375Catalogs

dealers', 17, 22of exhibitions, 21-22institutional, 19-20, 292, 294, 302of mappaemundi, 292, 294

Catalogue geographique raisonne, 19Catana (Catania), 236, 255Cato the Elder, 205Cattigara, 184, 186, 198Caucasian Gates, 253Caucasus, 72, 73

General Index

Caucasus Mountains, 324, 332, 348Cauo de osero, 439Cauo de sancta maria, 414 n.310Caverio chart of ca. 1505, 386Cavo ferro, 407 n.274Cayster River, 158Cebrian, Konstantin, 25Cecil, William, First Baron Burghley, 9Ceilings, astronomical, 121Celestial globes. See Globes, Greek, celestialCelestial maps. See also Constellations

Babylonian, 115and cartography, xvi-xvii, xx, 63 n.50,

84-85and Charlemagne, 303Egyptian, 121Greek, 130, 140, 142, 164-66, 276Hebrew, 248origins of, 53planispheres used in, 287prehistoric, 68 n.74, 81-85,92reversed, 82, 83Triora stela, 90 n.186

Celtes, Konrad, 238Celtic languages, 337Celtic Promontory, 243Celtica, 151 n.21, 153Celts, 144Cemmenus Mountains, 174Cennini da Colle di Val d'Elsa, Cennino

d'Andrea, 324, 431Centaurs, 252Centering of maps, 504, 505

on Greece, 135, 144, 145on Delos, 340, 505on Delphi, 135on Rhodes, 153, 156

on Jerusalem, 310, 315, 316, 317, 332,340,341-42,471,505

on Rome, 340, 505Centre National de la Recherche

Scientifique, 38 n.327Centumcellae, 239Centuria, 215, 216Centuriation, 201, 212-24

accuracy of maps, 218, 255and administrative control, 507coordinates, 212, 213, 215discovery of, 219Etruscan origin of, 202, 203illustrations of, 217, 218-19, 221, 222,

223-25in Italy, 210

Campania, 210, 218Hispellum, 218, 219Minturnae, 218, 219Po Valley, 195, 196,219,224Terracina, 218Trieste, 219

methods, 213-16in North Africa, 198, 212, 219orientation, 195, 19~ 198,219,221,222and Ptolemy, 195, 196, 198and scaled map of Mediterranean, 381in Spain, 221, 223

General Index

stones, 210, 212,216in Tunisia, 198, 212, 219, 223

Cepheus (constellation), 82Cerano, 425Ceriborg (Cherbourg), 427Cesanis, Alvixe, 432Cesanis, Francesco de

chart of 1421, 399 n.232, 400, 403, 431and Luxoro atlas, 406 n.273, 424

Ceuta, 399,400,401,413,418,444Cevennes Mountains, 174Chalcedon (Kadikoy), 237Chalcolithic period, 55. See also Borno

stonegold disk, 91Ossimo stela, 90tombs, 72

Chaldea, 203Charax, 208Charlemagne, 303, 467Charles IV, pl.l0Charles VI (king of France), 315Charles Close Society for the Study of

Ordnance Survey Maps, 22 n.179Charles's Wain. See Ursa MajorChartarum Amici, 23Charte da navichare, 287Charterhouse (London), 491, 495Chartes, xvi n.7Charts, astronomical. See Celestial mapsCharts, nautical. See also Portolan charts

ancien~ 278-79, 380-81, 383chart trade, 435-37collections, 9 n.66importance of itineraries to, 234latitude scales, 371 n.lMarco Polo's mention of, 315stick, 48terminology, 375

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 387Cherbourg, 427Chersonesos (Tauric Chersonese), 249Chester, 236Chiana valley, 488Chicago Map Society, 23Children, and maps, 2Chin dynasty, 7China. See also Sera, Seres

archivists of, 6 n.3 8cartographic history in, 6-7distance from Spain to, 179. See also

Oikoumene, sizeEuropean contact with, 372Great Wall, 333prehistoric period, 49Prester John in, 333and Ptolemy, 198, 199.

Chinese cartographyAndree's treatment of, 45city pictures, 469and medieval European cartography, 284,

496origins, 52 n.17and portolan charts, 381 n.93

Chirographic era, 36

Chlamys, 156, 167Cholfo,375Chora,268Chorography

and cosmography and geography, 9Eratosthenes' importance to, 154Ptolemy on, 183

Chott el Fedjedj, 212Christ, 290, 326

IHS monogram, 398and mappaemundi, 290, 313, 330, 334

Christ in Glory, 335Ebstorf map, 290, 291, 310, 332, 334,

342Christianity. See also Bible; Prester John

and Byzantine cartography, 261-65, 266,278

and geographical knowledge, 299, 326and mappaemundi

biblical sources, 326, 330religious functions, 263, 286, 309, 334,

342symbolism, 290, 291, 313, 334-36,

338, 342Nestorian, 261in Roman Empire, 237

Chronicles, medieval, 288Chronicles of Saint-Denis, 288 n.17Chronogeography, 326Chrysoloras, Manuel, 268Chrysorroas River, 244Chudeau, M. R., 63 n.54Chukchi of Siberia, 87 n.162Church fathers, 286

and Antipodes, 319on geographical knowledge, 299, 326and monstrous races, 332as source, 301, 304and sphericity of earth, 342

Churchesgable ends representing, 470, 471orientation of, 340

CiceroAratus translated by, 143 n.72, 255Archimedes' globes described by, 159,

160Macrobius's commentary on, 164, 243­

44,300,346,353,354and Posidonius, 168on shape of oikoumene, 244

Cilicia, 237 n.18, 244on Dicaearchus's parallel, 152, 166

Cinnamon-producing country, 156, 157,174

Circle of Lovers of Russian Antiquities, 22Circles

celestial, 141, 170. See also Arctic circles(celestial); Colures; Ecliptic; Equator,celestial; Tropics, celestial; Zodiac

division into 360 parts, 109hidden, on charts, 376, 391, 392, 396,

431as hut sign, 69 n.79quartered, 87and rectangle, 87, 88

567

Circuits of the Earth. See Periodoi gesCircular maps

Greek, 135, 13~ 171,277mappaemundi. See Mappaemundi,

circularCirencester, 244Cisiarii mosaic (Ostia), 230, 231City of Man, 340Civitavecchia, 239Clapier rock, 80Claudiopolis, 214 n.9Claudius, 245Clavus, Claudius, 7 n.42, 316Clenchwarton, 484, 485Cleomedes, 7, 152 n.30, 154, 169Clew Bay, 407 n.278Cliffe, 484Climata

in Eudoxus's Periodos ges, 143of Hipparchus, 166-67, 182Isidore's misunderstanding of, 320and mappaemundi, 183, 278, 296, 300,

322,357of Marinus, 179Muslim reception of, 320 n.166and orientation of maps, 276, 337of Pliny, 243of Ptolemy, 182-83and Romans, 201

Clos-Arceduc, A., 385-86Cloverleaf device, 396 n.215Cnossos, 251, 252Codanus Gulf, 255Codex, codices. See Manuscripts; Ptolemy,

manuscriptsCoffin Texts, 119 n.6, 120Coffins, painted, 120, pl.2. See also

SarcophagiCognitive development, 50, 52, 504-6Cognitive mapping, 1, 5, 31, 52Coimbra,36Coins

globes and orbs on, 164, 290, 337, 339labyrinths on, 251maps on

Greek, 157, 158-59Roman, 245-46, 507,508

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 8 n.54Colchester, 236, 239Colchians, 158Colombo, Bartolomeo, 375Colonia. See Rome, colonies; and individual

coloniesColonia (Colchester), 236Colonnades, maps on, 207, 209. See also

Pillars, maps onColor

in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217in Egyptian maps, 120, 123, 126on globes, celestial, 159of Madaba mosaic, 265on mappaemundi, 325-26, 327, 336on medieval Italian district maps, 479on Peutinger map, 239Plato on, 137-38

568

Color (cont.)on portolan charts, 378, 392 n.196, 393,

pl.24. See also Portolan charts, flagson

scribal traditions, 428winds, 377, pl.24

on Ptolemaic maps and globe, 181,269,270

on Roman itineraries, 237Columbus, Christopher, 199, 328

effect on maps, 371 n.land size of earth, 170 n.55, 354mentioned, 342, 372

"Columbus chart," 374 n.32Colures, 141, 146, 170

on Farnese Atlas, 142Combitis atlas, 396 n.215, 402, 406 n.273,

429dating of, 411 n.305, 419, 424

Comes formarum, 244Comes Italiae, 244Comes limitis Aegypti, 245Comite Fran~ais de Cartographie, 33 n.267Comite Fran~ais de Cartographie, Bulletin,

32Comiti, 433 n.425Commagene, Lion of, 166Commission for the History of

Cartography, 37Commission on Early Maps, 294, 296Commission on the History of Cartography

(USSR), 33 n.267Commission pour la Bibliographie des

Cartes Anciennes, 18 n.141, 19Commission pour la Reproduction et la

Publication des Cartes Anciennes,18 n.141

Committee of Cartographers of the USSR,33 n.267

Communia, 219Communication

aural, 52and cartography, 33eras, xviii n.21, 36graphic, development of, 50, 52-53spatial, xv, xvi, xviii, 1, 34, 50, 51, 504

by animals, 50and surprise, 51 n.7theory, applied to cartography, 34, 35-36visual, 52

Como, Lake, 195, 205Compass, magnetic

land compass, 494, 497mapping without, by indigenous peoples,

45and medieval English local maps, 473and portolan charts

compilation, 375, 381, 384-85, 388use, 375, 440

Compass, points of the, 145-46, 153. Seealso Winds

Compass cards, 384"Compass charts," 375. See also Portolan

charts

Compass makers, 429Compass roses, 394,395-96. See also Wind

roseson Etzlaub map, 497thirty-two point, 397

Compass variation. See Magneticdeclination

Compasse, 312 n.118Compasses (dividers)

in Greek cartography, 135and portolan charts, 391, 443Roman, 214 n.l0

Compasso, 375Lo compasso da navigare, 382-83, 387,

422, 426, 427 n.379, 437Comum, 195Congo River, 414Congressi Geografici Nazionali, 21 n.170Conon of Samos, 159Conrad of Dyffenbach, 316Consciousness, 509

in oral cultures, 58spatial, 51, 52, 92

Constance, Lake, 65, 488, 493Constanta (Tomis), 239, 249Constantina, 244Constantine the Great, statue of, 239, 240Constantinople, 258. See also Byzantium

cartographic study in, 268, 269, 279. Seealso Byzantine cartography

Charlemagne's map of, 303, 469founding of, 234, 238, 299on mappaemundi, 328Marcellinus's description of, 259medieval plans of, 477on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 240on portolan charts, 386, 399, 400

Constellationson Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132and agriculture, 85, 92in Aratus's Phaenomena, 141-42, 143on Archimedes' globe, 159Babylonian, 115and Democritus, 137drawing of

and Hipparchus, 165, 166and Ptolemy, 181

Egyptian, 121Eudoxus's effect on iconography of, 142on Farnese Atlas, 142, 143and navigation, 85, 92prehistoric representations of, 68,

80 n.121, 81, 82-84,92and religion, 277

Conti, Simonetta, 383, 389Continents

fourthon Beatus-type maps, 304, 332on T-O maps, 302, 303, 343

and Posidonius, 169three. See also Mappaemundi, tripartite

in art, 264 n.32and sons of Noah, 334

Coordinates, 276

General Index

Byzantine understanding of, 268ecliptic, 181, 182Hipparchus's use of, 165 n.25medieval use of, 286, 292, 314, 322-23,

324 n.187, 506Alberti's, of Rome, 495Bacon's system, 305, 322in Germany and Austria, 497

of Ptolemy, 180, 181, 191, 192-97, 505accuracy of, 183, 191, 276and celestial globes, 182, 183for India, 209and manuscript maps, 189-90, 191and mappaemundi, 314, 322and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica,

199 n.l07, 237Toledo tables, 284, 316, 323

Copernican theory, 306Copper Age, 55Coptos, 123, 245Copying of maps. See also Portolan charts,

drafting and copyingPtolemy on, 180

Corbulo, Domitius, 253Cord, measurement by, 494Corinium, 244Cormerod (Switzerland), 252Cornaro atlas, 432, 435, pl.23

African coast on, 413, 414, 415 n.323Alexandrian table of tariffs in, 444copying of, 391 n.188, 401grid on, 392 n.199instructional function, 438-39navigational rules in, 440portraits, 398place-names, 423 n.359regulations in, 433 n.425rhumb line network, 376 n.54, 392 n.199Toleta in, 442

Cornaro family, 435Corners, four, of the earth, 112, 262, 319,

336, 338, 505Cornish language, 337 n.247Cornish peninsula, 407, 408Cornwall, 88, 150, 307, 496Cornwall, Duchy of, mappamundi, 307,

pl.14Corona (constellation), 82Coronelli, Vincenzo, 11Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes

and Instruments, International, 22Corpus Agrimensorum, 105, 217-20. See

also Agrimensoreson Caesar and land s'urvey, 210Casae litterarum, 226, 228corruptions in, 189,234illustrations, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,

222Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15manuscripts, 217, 226 n.49origins, 212prehistoric picture maps compared to, 62scale in, 226, 276teaching maps in, 218, 255

General Index

mentioned, 508Corsica, 157, 197Corsini chart, 400Cortes, Martin, 391, 443 n.518Cortesao, Armando

on Aguiar, 433on Atlantic islands, 410, 411on Bacon's projection, 322cartographic historiography by, 13-14on Eratosthenes, 157on histories of discovery, navigation, and

cartography, 18Medici atlas dating, 448on Orosius, 301on place-name analysis, 420on portolan charts, 371, 375, 415, 444

origins, 380, 381, 388on Portuguese charts

dating, 386, 402losses of, 374

on Prester John, 333on Santarem, 13 n.96on Strabo, 173 n.80on Vesconte's chart of 1311, 444 n.532

Cortona chart, 390 n.179, 404, 405commissioned, 435dating, 402, 418function, 439place-names, 426scale bar on, 395mentioned, 407

Cos, 483Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63, 319, 348,

351on Ephoru~ 143, 144, 262representational style, 327mentioned,264,26~271

Cosmographia (anonymous), 205, 206Cosmographia Iulii Caesaris, 205Cosmography, cosmology, 507. See also

Geocentricity; Models, cosmologicaland afterlife, 53ancient, 86, 87anthropocentric, 340Asian, 286Babylonian, 85, 86, 87, 112Byzantine, 261-63Egyptian, 87, 89, 117, 120-21Etruscan, 201, 203-4flat earth. See Earth, flatand geography and chorography, 9Greek. See Greek cosmographyof indigenous peoples, 59and maps, xvii, 4medieval, 87, 306, 307, 340, 372microcosmic, 340prehistoric, 68 n.74, 85-92Roman, 87,242,243-44

of Macrobius, 243-44, 300spherical, 87, 136, 242, 277, 320. See

also Earth, spherical; Spheres,celestial (sphere of fixed stars)

Cote-d'Or, 487Cotton, Robert, 9

Cotton "Anglo Saxon" map, 301, 347, 348,pl.22

coloring, 326nations, newly formed, 290, 328representational style, 327ruling on, 325

Crates of Mallos, 162-64, 173, 243-44,255

~ob~ 16~ 163, 164, 17~ 300Cree River, 193Crepuscular light, 168 n.38Crescent, 399, 401 n.233Crescenzio, Bartolomeo, 391Cresques Abraham, 315,429,430,432,

434,442Cresques, Jefuda, 315, 432worldmap~ 393,430,435,436,437

Crete, 132Buondelmonti's account of, 482on "Jerome" map of Asia, 324, 325labyrinth of, 251, 252pictographs, 49and Roman itineraries, 236

Crimea, 249Croce del Tuscolo, 210, 211Crone, Gerald R.

on diversity of maps, 4on function of mappaemundi, 288, 342and Hereford map, 288, 292, 330, 342on history of cartography, 3, 37Maps and Their Makers, 25, 26, 47on origins of mapping, 47-48on portolan charts, 372on Ptolemaic maps, 178on Vesconte chart of 1327, 407 n.275

Crossas direction pointer, 470, 484on portolan charts, 378, 382, 404 n.253,

407 n.274, 414 n.319flags, 374, 400, 401 n.233as town sign, 397 n.220symbolism, 334,335, 337

thoroughfares in form of, 475Cross-staff, 441Croton, 136Crusader states, 473, 474Crusades, 402 n.243

and Constantinople, 258and mappaemundi, 304, 341, 342Sanudo's work urging, 314, 406

Crux commissa, 334Crypta Neapolitana, 239Ctesias of Cnidus, 149, 330Cubits

Babylonian, 109Egyptian, 125

Cueva del Christo, 83Cultura promiscua, 79 n.119Cumberland, 63, 66Cuneiform

beginnings of, 49, 107of the Levant, 115

Cup-and-ring markson Clapier rock, 80

569

as constellations, 68, 81, 82-83from Cumberland, 66from Northumberland, 64, 65, 85from Yorkshire, 86, 87

Curcho, 400Curiosum Urbis regionum XIV, 227Cursus publicus, 236, 239Cyclades, 341, 482Cynocephali, 331, 332Cyprus

on portolan charts, 426 n.369on Roman maps and itineraries, 236, 241

Cyrenaica, 198, 241Cyrus (the younger), 149 n.5

Dainville, Fran~ois de, 35 n.293, 465, 486­87,490

Daktylos, 140Dalby (Denmark), cup marks from, 82, 83,

85Dalmatia, 191, 422Dalorto (Angelino de) chart

African coast on, 411, 412dating, 390 n.179, 399, 409notes on, 378place-names, 425provenance, 438red cross on, 382Scandinavia on, 410town sign on, 397 n.220mentioned, 393, 395 n.2ll, 399 n.231,

419,424Daly, Charles P., on cartographic history,

13Damascus, 241, 265, 330, 477Damascus Gate, 265Damian, Saint, 299Dance, 50, 52, 86Danes, 197Danish islands, 410Dante, 301, 321Danube provinces, 191Danube River, 249, 250, 253, 488

on portolan charts, 378, 392Danubis, 249Daphne, park of, 239Dardanelles (Hellespont), 152 n.30, 156,

183Dark Ages, 279Dartmoor, 64 n.57, 484Darwinism, 47Data collection, xvii, 25Dati, Leonardo di Stagio

coinage of "T-O," 301La sfera illustrations, 379, 383-84,

421 n.336Daukiones (Dankiones), 197Day, length of

and Hipparchus, 167and Pliny's climata, 243at polar circle, 151, 168and Ptolemy, 182, 190Pytheas's correlation with latitude, 150­

51

570

De arte illuminandi, 324Dead Sea, 330Death, labyrinths and, 68 n.74, 88Decans, 121Dechales (pilot), 379 n.70Decumanus" decumani, 213, 215, 218, 219,

222,223Delaisse, L. M. ]., 436 n.458Delano Smith, Catherine, 325Delgado, Cape, 172 n.75Delisle, Guillaume, 10 n.69Delos, 340, 341, 505Delphi, 135Demetrius of Alexandria, 205Demetrius of Phalerum, 148Democritus, 137, 143, 152, 277Demotic script, 124 n.13, 127, 128Dendera, temple of, 121Denholm-Young, Noel, 312Denmark, 328

cup marks from, 82, 83Departement des Affaires Etrangeres, 19Departement des Cartes et Plans, 15 n.115,

16Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine,

8 n.54Der (Badrah), 112Descartes, Rene, 323Descriptio, 287Desensitization, 53Desimoni, Cornelio, 415 n.329Destombes, Marcel, 294

classification of mappaemundi, 295, 296Mappemondes A.D. 1200-1500, 284on portolan charts, 382, 392 n.199, 423

Detlefsen, D. (S. D. F.), 208Deucalion, 193 n.84Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kartographie, 32,

33 n.267, 38Deutsche Kartographische Gesellschaft,

32 n.263Devon, 484Diagrams, medieval, 469-70, 484Diaphragma, 152, 153, 156, 162Dias, Bartolomeo, 414Dicaearchus of Messana, 152

Democritus's influence on, 137diaphragma of, 152, 153, 156distances given by, 152, 162Ges periodos, 152, 256map, 152, 153Polybius on, 152, 162Strabo on, 137, 152tabulae, 255-56

Dicalydones, 193 n.84Dicks, D. R., 167Dicuil, 208, 259Didyma, 139-40,276Digest, 210Digges, Leonard, 35, 494Digital mapping, 288Dijon chart, 374,401 n.233, 431 n.414Dilke, O. A. W., 339 n.253Diller, Aubrey, 269

Dimensuratio provinciarum, 208,243 n.53

Diocletianopolis, 236. See also PellaDiodorus Siculus, 194Diogenes Laertius

on Anaximander, 134, 136and Theophrastus's will, 158

Diognetos, 149Diois, 487Diomede, Villa di, 252Dionysius Periegetes, 171-73, 243, 255,

261Eustathius's commentary on, 172, 266-

67Dioptra, 232Dipintore, 430Dir al-Ba~ri, drawing from, 127Direction pointers, 470, 484Directions. See also Orientation; Winds

cardinalin ancient maps, 113, 114, 276cross symbolizing, 334, 335on mappaemundi, 290, 296, 336-37,

345hand sign indicating, 53importance of, for charts, 446indigenous peoples' sense of, 45, 47, 48naming of, 337and origin of maps, 48sunrises and sunsets as, 145-46,

249 n.83, 337Discovery. See ExplorationDisks. See also World maps, circular

gold disk from Moordorf, 91sun, 87 n.172wind, on portolan charts, 393, 394

Display, public, of maps and globesGreek, 157, 158, 159, 173medieval, 303, 315, 335, 493Roman, 159, 171, 173,278,507,508

in colonnades, 207, 209Distance-decay maps, 288Distances. See also Earth, size;

Measurement; Oikoumene (knowninhabited world), size

astronomical measurement of, 155, 156in Lo compasso da navigare, 383 n.111from Europe westward to Asia, 156,

354on Greek maps, 276

on circular maps, 135of Dicaearchus, 152, 162of Eratosthenes, 156-57

on Greek periploi, 237and Heron's dioptra, 232 n.66importance of, for charts, 446on medieval maps

Gough map, 496Italian regional maps, 479of Matthew Paris, 475, 495, 496

and origin of maps, 48on portolan charts, 377, 388, 446. See

also Portolan charts, scalein portolani, 383 n.111, 384 n.120

General Index

on Roman maps and itineraries, 236,237, 238, 249

on Theodosian map, 259Distortion grids, 385, 386, 390Dividers (compasses)

in Greek cartography, 135and portolan charts, 391, 443Roman, 214 n.l0

Divination, Etruscan, 201, 202, 203Divisio orbis terrarum, 208, 243 n.53Diyarbakir, 244Djerba Island, 237Dnieper River (Borysthenes), 151 n.21, 166,

183,249Do legname, 410 n.294Dodecahedron, 137Dodecatemories, 142Dog (constellation), 165Dog, Little (constellation), 83Dogana della Mene delle Pecore, 60 n.38Domenech, Arnaldo, 432 n.421

chart of 148-, 431table of weights and measures, 429, 444

Domesday Book, 494Dometios, Archbishop, 264Domitian, 224, 253-54Domneva (queen of Mercia), 493Don River (Tanais), 183, 296, 297, 328,

343, 345Donzere, Gorge de, 224Dordogne, 55, 68Dordrecht, 486Dositheus of Pelusium, 159Dover, 496Draco, Dragon (constellation), 141, 142,

165Drainage systems, maps related

topologically to, xviiDrapers' School of London, 431Drawing

of constellationsHipparchus on, 165, 166Ptolemy on, 181

indigenous peoples' skills in, 45, 46-47Dreams, 86-87Dr6ber, Wolfgang, 45-46, 47, 48, 54

"Kartographie bei den Naturvolkern,"45-46

Drome, 487, 491Drovetti, Bernardino, 121Dublin, Ordnance Survey maps of, 36Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, 287Duchy of Cornwall mappamundi, 307,

pl. 14Duekaledonios Ocean, 193Duhem, Pierre, 293Dulcert (Angelino) chart of 1339

African coast on, 411, 412Atlantic islands on, 378, 410Bianco charts compared to, 415distortion, 384 n.129, 386eastern sheets, 394 n.209notes on, 378place-names on, 424, 425, 426

General Index

provenance, 438mentioned, 393, 395 n.211, 399 n.231,

448Dundalk Bay, 407, 409Duns Scotus, John, 304Dura Europos shield, 235, 249-50, 254Durand, Dana Bennett, 293, 316, 323, 324,

342Durazzo, P., 317 n.146Durham Cathedral Priory, 485Durst, Arthur, 457Durubla, 113Dutch cartography, history of, 16Dux Britanniarum, 245 n.69Dux Thebaidos, 245

Ea, "road" of, 114Eagle (constellation), 137Eanes, Gil, 411Earth

"beyond the ocean," 262colors of, Plato on, 137-38cylindrical, 134division of

biblical, 296 n.39, 331, 334, pl.12into degrees, 155 n.49, 164into sixtieths, 155 n.49, 171

flat, 87Babylonians, 87, 112Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63, 319Greeks, 135, 136Isidore of Seville, 320, 342

four corners of, 112, 262, 319, 336, 338,505

rectangular, 144, 261-63, 319SIze

Aristotle on, 148and Eratosthenes, 154, 155, 168, 169and Geminus's globe, 171and Macrobius, 243and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica,

237and Marinus, 170, 178-79, 184and medieval philosophy, 306Plato on, 137and Posidonius, 168, 169-70and Ptolemy, 168, 170, 184

spherical, 136. See also Cosmography,cosmology: spherical

and Anaximander, 134, 136and Aristotle, 144, 145, 321and Eratosthenes, 155and Homer, 163and Macrobius, 243, 319medieval views on, 263, 319-21, 342Ovid on, 319 n.158and Philoponus, Johannes, 261and Plato, 137and Romans, 337

East Flanders, 485Easter tables, 446, 447Ebinichibel, 332Ebla tablets, 107, 115Ebstorf map, 291, 307, 309, 310, 318, 351

Beazley on, 288, 342cardinal directions on, 290, 291centering of, 310, 340, 341monstrous races on, 291, 331, 332, 334and Reichenau local maps, 283rubric concerning mappaemundi, 287symbolism of, 290, 291, 334, 342walls of Jerusalem on, 471 n.25mentioned, 328, 330, 348

Eckert, Maxand cartographic history, xix n.27, 24-25Die Kartenwissenschaft, 24, 30 n.237on "rhumb line charts," 375

Eclipsesin Archimedes' planetarium, 160Aristotle on, 145and Heron's dioptra, 232 n.66and Hipparchus's globe, 165and longitude determination, 156, 166,

323and Thales, 134

Ecliptic, 141, 146, 154 n.47, 170in art, 171on Farnese Atlas, 142on mappaemundi, 353obliquity of, 151 nn.20, 22and Ptolemy, 181, 188

Edgerton, Samuel Y., 189Education, maps and globes in

Greek, 157, 159, 167-73,277,508textbooks, 167-70, 171

Roman, 209,254-55, 290,508Edwards, Francis, 22 n.177Egmond aan Zee, 486Egmond Abbey, 486Egypt

Amratian period, 89, 117chronology, 117, 118documents from, 121, 128, 129Gerzean period pottery, 117, 118Kamal's facsimile atlas for, 18labyrinths from, 251in Madaba mosaic, 264, 265Middle Kingdom, 119 n.6, 120New Kingdom, 118, 119, 121, 125Old Kingdom, 117, 119 n.6prehistoric periods, 57and Ptolemy, 198Ramesside period, 121, 128on Roman maps and itineraries, 235,

240,245and Roman trade, 246sarcophagus depiction of, 121unification, 117wind rose map from, 248 n.80

Egyptian cartography, 117-29, 276cadastral maps, 128, 508celestial, 121charts, 381cosmography. See Egyptians, cosmologyinfluence on Greek cartography, 105,

130,503losses and survivals, 117, 121orientation in, 121, 123-24, 127, 128

571

pictorial nature of, 120picture maps, 117, 118 n.4plans, 117, 126-29, 502and prehistoric maps, 503religious, 120-21and religious elite, 506survey, 105, 124-25, 128, 155 n.51topographical drawing, 117-20, 132Turin Map of gold mines, 117, 121-25,

126, 129Egyptians

afterlife, 117, 119, 120-21cosmology, 87, 89, 117, 120-21funerary monuments, 117gardens, 118-19measurement, 125, 127 n.24mythology, 117, 120pottery, 87, 89, 117, 118, 127priests, 140spells, 119, 120tombs, 118, 124, 126-27

Eichstatt, 497Einhard, 467Elam, 112Elea, 136Elements

of Aristotle, 145, 335medieval, 335, 337, 340

Elevation. See Bird's-eye views; Picturemaps; Profile representation

Elites, 506, 507, 509Elten Abbey, 486Emar, 108Emden, A. B., 312Emmanuel of Constantinople, 333 n.231Encaustic, 174 n.90Enclosures, in prehistoric maps, 68, 69, 70,

71, 74, 78. See also HutsEncyclopedias

Byzantine, 266medieval, 255, 301, 304, 330, 332

maps in, 324Roman, 254-55

Enfida (Tunisia), 219 n.30England. See also Britain

medieval maps and plans, 484-85antiquarianmap~492-93building plans, 470-71, 472, 498-99Canterbury Cathedral plan, 467, 469,

484,491,493field plans, 493-94itinerary maps, 495legal and administrative purposes of,

490,491-92listed, 498-99places associated with, 484and Ptolemy's maps, 473scale, 496survival rate of, 283, 464, 465, 486,

489of Waltham Abbey's water supply, 469,

470,484,491on portolan charts, 400, 403prehistoric map of, 63, 66

572

England (cont.)and Pytheas's voyage, 150survey in, 493-94Venetian fleet visit to, 408

EngravingColchian maps, 158of Nicolas of Cusa map, 497of Peutinger map, 7 n.45prehistoric, 72, 73. See also Bone;

PetroglyphsEnlightenment period, 10Enlil

"road" of, 114temple of, 112

Entasis, 140Ephesus, 158, 239, 258, 330Ephorus, 143

Cosmas Indicopleustes on, 143, 144, 262History, 143, 144map of, 144, 145, 153On Europe, 144Strabo on, 137, 143-44, 152

Epidion island, 194Epidion, promontory of, 194Epipaleolithic period,S5Epiphanius of Jerusalem, 266Epistula Sisebuti, 320Epitetartos, 179 n.17, 198 n.l03Equator, celestial, 141, 146, 154 n.47, 170

in art, 171Babylonian, 114-15on Farnese Atlas, 142on Ptolemy's third projection, 188

Equator, terrestrialand Crates, 163and Eratosthenes, 162 n.land Ptolemy, 186temperate zone at, 162 n.l, 182

Equinoctial points, 141, 145, 146Equinoxes

and Eratosthenes, 162 n.land Hipparchus, 164 n.13, 167precession of, 136 n.31, 164 n.13, 181and Ptolemy, 182and Thales, 134

Er, myth of, 138Eratosthenes, 154-57

and Archimedes, 159and Britain, 194and Caspian Sea, 261 n.25and charts, 381Dicaearchus's influences on, 152distances given by, 156-57, 277Earth

size, 154, 155, 168, 169, 353sphericity, 155

on equatorial regions, 162 n.lGeographica, 154, 155, 156, 162Hermes, 242Hipparchus's criticism of, 7 n.40, 157,

166influence, 154, 162

on Crates, 163on Dionysius Periegetes, 172, 173on Macrobian mappaemundi, 300, 353

on portoIan charts, 381regarding shape of Italy, 243on Strabo, 174

map, 150, 154, 156-57, 166, 172, 173Measurement of the Earth, 154on the Nile, 175oikoumene

position, 155-56, 277size, 148, 155-56, 163, 174

and Pliny, 242, 243, 254-55Polybius on, 162on Pytheas, 150Strabo on, 106, 137, 152 n.27, 154, 156,

157texts, lacking, 130, 154and Thule, 162, 174, 179Timosthenes used by, 153Varro on, 205mentione~ 171, 195

Erech (Uruk), 110, 111Eregli, 237Ernst, A., 66Eskimos, 45, 48Este, Borso d', 435Estey, F. N., 303Estoire, 287, 312 n.118Estuaries, on portolan charts, 377Ethiopia, 172 n.75

Crates on, 163Cynocephali in, 332Ephorus on, 144oikoumene extending to, 145, 179, 189Prester John in, 333Roman exploration of, 178,253in Timosthenes' scheme, 153

Ethiopian Gulf, 189Ethnography. See also Anthropology

and dreams, 86-87and prehistoric art, 58-59, 63

Ethology, 53Etna, Mount, 384Etruria, 201Etruscans, 201-4, 248 n.83, 251Etzlaub, Erhard, 473, 488, 497, 498

mappamundi of 1500, 378 n.62Euclid, 148, 154 n.44, 319. See also

Geometry, EuclideanPhaenomena, 154 nn.44, 46

Eudoxus of Cnidus, 140-41, 143~ 152 n.30,154 n.44, 277

geocentricity, 140, 148globe, 140-41, 142, 143, 148, 181Hipparchus on, 164-65The Mirror, 141Periodos ges, 143Phaenomena, 141spheres, homocentric, 140, 146Strabo on, 137, 140, 143, 152

Eumenes of Cardia, 149Eumenius, 209, 255, 290Euphrates

on Babylonian maps, 110, 112, 113, 114and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262on Greek maps, 184on "Jerome" map of Palestine, 329

General Index

on mappaemundi, 328on Roman maps, 244routes along, 108settlements on, 107Strabo on, 175

Eurocentricity in cartographic history, xix,11,28-29

Europecartographic history in, 28, 29

medieval, 7central, medieval maps from, 488, 490,

497eastern, 150, 328and Eratosthenes, 157Etzlaub's maps of, 473on Greek periploi, 237Herodotus on, 136on mappaemundi, T-O type, 296, 297,

345new nations of, on mappaemundi, 328northern, on portoIan charts, 409, 410Ottoman expansion into, on portolan

charts, 399and Polybius, 161, 162prehistoric periods, 57and Ptolemy, 189, 190, 197-98, 269,

270Pytheas's exploration of, 150, 151

Eusebius of Caesarea, 265Eustathius of Constantinople, 172, 266-67,

268Eutropius (anemoscope maker), 248Evangelists, 336, 338Evans, Sir Arthur, 251Exeter, 239, 490, 491Exhibitions, cartographic, 21-22Exploration

of AfricaKamal's facsimile atlas for, 294and mappaemundi, 299, 358and portoIan charts, 372, 411-14west coast, 17, 299, 333 n.231, 358,

372,411-14ancient, Pliny's discussion of, 242 n.44of Atlantic islands, 372, 410-11Greek, 106, 148, 149-52history of, 10

and cartographic history, 12, 17-18and mappaemundi, 299, 342and Prester John, 333 n.231Roman, 178

Eyesight and mapping abilities, 46, 51

Fabri, Felix, 443Facsimile maps and atlases

biobibliographies with, 20in eighteenth century, 8hand-drawn and photographic, 17 n.134and history of exploration, 17-18Kamal's Monumenta, 18, 294of mappaemundi, 292, 293, 294Mercator's Ptolemy, 7in nineteenth century, 12, 13, 14in Renaissance, 7Skelton on, 14

General Index

in twentieth century, 18-19, 22Faiyum, plan from, 128Falbe, C. T., 219Falier, Ordelaffo, 478Fanara, 427 n.379Farnese Atlas, 142-43, 181Fates (Parcae), 171Faustus, Lucius Aebutius, 213Fear, 53, 86Feodosiya (Caffa), 401Ferdinand II (king of Aragon), 426Fermat, Pierre de, 323Ferrer, Jaime, 413Ferretto, Arturo, 404Ferro, Gaetano, 38Fezzan, 63 n.55Fibonacci, Leonardo. See Pisano, LeonardoFields

Babylonian plans of, 110, 113Chinese character for, 60 n.33Egyptian sketches of, 127 n.24, 128in prehistoric maps, 75, 76, 78, 79, 88

Figura, 287Figures

geometric, for areas, 157, 174-75, 267,268,277

human, in prehistoric maps, 55, 62, 68,69, 70, 77, 79

topographical, 66, 67, 70 n.81, 75, 78,92

Finisterre, 243Finland, 197, 328Finmark, 197Finnt6rp, 77Fiorini, Matteo, 385Fischer, Joseph, 189, 270Fischer, Theobald, 388, 406Fitzherbert, John, 494Flags. See Portolan charts, flags onFlanders, 408, 409 n.285, 414, 415,

437 n.468, 486Flanders galleys, 408, 433, 434Flavia Tricastinorum, Colonia, 222Flavians, 212Fleet, Water of, 193Fleur-de-lis

on compass roses, 396on portolan chart flags, 374, 400

Florence. See also Biblioteca NazionaleCentrale

plans of, 464, 465, 477, 493on portolan charts, 401mentioned, 427

Flores (Azores), 378 n.65FIorino, Nicolo, chart of 1462, 398Foca (Phocaea), 159Folch, Pere, 437Font de Gaume (Dordogne), 68Fontanalba, Val, petroglyphs from, 66, 67,

74,75,77Fonte Timavi, 241Foot, Roman, 214Footprints, as cartographic signs,S3Foppe di Nadro, 75 n.96Fordham, Herbert George, 20, 47, 48

Foresti, Jacopo Filippo (Bergomensis), 404Forests, on Roman maps, 238Forma, formae, xvi n.8, 210, 225,

238 n.25, 253, 287Comes formarum, 244

Forma Urbis Romae, 212, 226-230, 252,278,505

mentioned, 259Formula picturarum, 287Fort of the god, 112Fortor, 425Forts, prehistoric plans of, 65Fortuna, wheel of, 339Fortuna Primigenia, temple of, 246 n.75Fortunate Isles, 184, 190, 505. See also

CanariesForum Iulii (Frejus), 239Foscarini, Marco, 315 n.135Foss (Sweden), 87Fossa, 227Fossa Bergamasca, 479Four, symbolism of, 335-36Frabetti, Pietro, 391France, Anatole, 373France. See also Gaul

cartographic history in, 38cave paintings from, 68cup-and-ring marks from, 81, 82dispute over Casamance, 14medieval maps from, 465, 486-88, 493,

503navigational law, 387on portolan charts, 400, 421prehistoric period in, 57and Pytheas's voyage, 150

Francis of Assisi, Saint, 304Franciscans, 304-5, 342, 399 n.231Franck, Sebastian, 332 n.223Frascati, 210Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 388 n.165,

488Frederick Barbarossa, 333 n.231Freducci, Angelo, 432Freducci, Conte Hectomano, 411 n.299,

432Freitag, Ulrich, xviii n.21, 36Frejus, 239French cartographers, 10 n.69Frisland (Frixlanda), 414Frobenius, Leo, 89Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 217, 232, 252

on centuriation, 202definitions in, 218, 219on subseciva, 212on water supply, 210

Fuerteventura, 410Fumissino, 425Furianae insulae, 224, 225Furstenberg, 236 n.13

Gabes, 198Gabes, Gulf of, 198Gades. See CadizGalbraith, V. H., 312Galilee, Sea of, 330

573

Gal/eta (Portugalete), 426Galleys, 387, 408 n.282. See also Flanders

galleysGalloway, Mull of, 193, 194Gallus, Marcus Fadius, 160Gama, Vasco da, 372Ganges River, 172, 328, 329Gangeticus, Sinus (Bay of Bengal), 189, 198Gap chart, 386Gapenc;ais, 487, 491Garamantes, 153, 179Garda, Lake, 76,478,479Gardens, Egyptian, 118-19Gargano, Monte, 195Garigliano River, 218Garumna River (Garonne), 174Gastaldi, Giacomo, 315 n.135Gasur. See Nuzi, tablet fromGaul (Gallia), 255, 328

Gallia Lugdunensis, 191Gallia Narbonensis, 174, 209and Ptolemy's signs, 191on Roman maps and itineraries, 209, 236stone map of, 206-7

Gautier de Metz, 287 n.l0, 321, 332, 345Gaza, 265Gazetteer, on Duchy of Cornwall map, 307.

See also ItinerariesGeb, 121Gebelein, 127Gediz River, 158Gedrosia, 238Gedrusi, 243Geertruidenberg, 485Geminus of Rhodes, 170-71, 174

on circular maps, 135and Democritus's calendar, 137Isagoge, 137on shape of oikoumene, 143 n.76

Genoaarchives, 404, 438chartmaking in, 430, 437, 438. See also

PortoIan charts, Genoesecolonies and trade, 401, 408 n.282, 421,

444and Lo compasso da navigare, 383documents and inventories from, 373,

443exploration by, 411 n.305galleys, 408 n.282and Lanzarote Island, 378and Maggiolo, 434, 438on mappaemundi, 328on portolan charts, 428

flags and insignia, 378, 401views, 397-98, 477

and Vesconte, 434, 438Genoa, University of, 66 n.67Genoese world map of 1457,317,379 n.7l

authorship, 430 n.405portolan chart influence, 358, 372representational style, 327scale, 314shape, 335

Geo Abstracts, 32 n.258

574

Geocarta, xvi n.8Geocentricity, 146 n.88, 154 n.47

and Archimedes, 159and Aristotle, 146and Eratosthenes, 154and Eudoxus, 140, 148and Euclid, 154 n.47Plato on, 138

Geodesy, Eratosthenes as founder of, 154Geogra(ia, xvi n.8Geographers

biobibliographies of, 11as map collectors, 16 n.124

Geographia. See Geography, Greek meaningof

Geographical societies, 14, 19, 32Geographisches Jahrbuch, 31Geography. See also Greek geography;

Latin geographyas adjunct to history, 17biblical, 115, 326

maps as evidence for, 10, 17bibliographies of, 31and cartography, history of, 12, 14-15,

17-18,30-31,38,39classical, maps as evidence for, 10, 17cosmography and chorography as

inseparable from, 9Eratosthenes' importance to, 154Greek meaning of, 131, 135historical, 31human, 30maps' importance in, 30-31mathematical, 277

and Hipparchus, 164and Marinus, 179and Ptolemy, 182and Romans, 255

Ptolemy's definition of, 183Ptolemy's importance to, 177rise and institutionalization of, 12, 14­

15, 22theoretical, and medieval cartography,

284,497Geometry. See also Topology

analytical, 323coordinate, and definition of map, xviiEratosthenes' use of, 155, 157Euclidean

development of, 50and maps, xvii, 288and prehistoric maps, 66, 68, 80 n.121

figures, geometric, for areas, 157, 174­75,267,268,277

and geocentric hypothesis, 146 n.88geometric structure of maps, 505-6. See

also Projections; Scale; Shapeand Greek astronomical mapping, 130invention of, 125medieval knowledge of, 494-95Polybius's use of, 162projective, xvii, 50Pytheas's use of, 151seen as essential for mapping, 162

and space, 86spherical, 154, 162 n.l, 277

and Crates, 163and Pytheas, 151

Theodosius's use of, 168Geopolitical process, 507George, Saint, cross of, 378, 400Gerard of Cremona, 177Gerbert, Geometria, 494German Ocean, 193Germania, 328Germanicus, 143 n.72Germany. See also Moordorf

cartographic history in, 24, 29, 32, 37,38

map collections of, catalogs, 19,20 n.155, 294

medieval maps from, 283, 465, 488, 489,503, 509

itinerary-based scale maps, 497prehistoric art of, 64and Ptolemy, 191, 197

Gerola, Giuseppe, 399Gervase of Canterbury, 288Gervase of Tilbury, 296 n.69, 307, 332Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 14Gesture, 51, 52, 53Ghent, 485,489Ghoran, necropolis of, 128Giadighe map, 78, 79Gibraltar, Straits of (Pillars of Hercules)

on Agrippa's map, 208on Greek maps, 152, 153, 156, 162, 170oikoumene as extending to, 145passage from, to India, 148. See also

Distances, from Europe westward toAsia

Gibson, Ackroyd, 88Giedion, Sigfried, 89Gigon (Gij6n), 427Gihon River, 262, 328Giroldi, Giacomo. See also Biblioteca

Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 9015;British Library, Add. MS. 18665

atlas of 1426, 421, 425and corner portraits, 398Pasqualini atlas compared to work of,

431Gisinger, F., 208Giulianova, 426Globen, 32Globes. See also Orbs, symbolism of

in art, 171, 173, pls.4,10,11of Behaim, 8,316,413,414and cartography, xxin education, 157, 159, 168, 170-71,

255,277Greek, 136, 157, 159, 276

of Anaximander, 134of Archimedes, 159-60celestial, 140-41, 142-43, 148, 159,

164-65,170,181-82,277construction of, 163 n.7, 181,182. See

also Sphairopoiia

General Index

of Crates, 162, 163of Eudoxus, 140-41, 142, 143, 148,

181on Farnese Atlas, 142-43, 181of Geminus, 170-71globe makers, 507of Hipparchus, 164-66of Parmenides, 136of Ptolemy, 181-82of Pythagoreans, 136of Strabo, 174

Laon, 316 n.145quadripartite, 163, 164as symbols, 171, 259 n.7, 290tripartite, 290, pls.1 0,11

Der Globusfreund, 22Gloucester, 470Gmunden, Johannes de, 316Gnomon, 134

Erathosthenes' use of, 155Hipparchus on, 166, 167and Pliny's climata, 243and Posidonius's zones, 169and Ptolemy, 180, 182

Godand mappaemundi, 290, 335orb held by, 290, 337

Goff, Beatrice, 71Gog, 332-33, 348Gold, River of, 328, 413Gold mines, Turin map of, 117, 121-25,

126, 129Gold mining, Egyptian, 122-23Golden Chersonnese, 198Gon~alves, Antao, 333 n.231Gooiland, 486Gossolengo, 202Goths, 260Gotland

painted stones from, 91on portolan charts, 410

Gouda, 486Gough, Richard

British Topography, 11map of Britain, 496, pl.40

facsimiles, 7function, 284, 493Vesconte's work compared to, 408mentioned, 306 n.l02

on medieval maps, 12Goutai, 197Government. See Administration and

governmentGozbert, 466Gozola, Cape, 413Gracchi, Gaius and Tiberius, 210Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 205Gralba, 212Granada, 400, 401,444Grand (Gaul), 207Granius Licinianus, 209-10Graphing, medieval, 322-23Graticules. See also Grids

and definition of map, xvii

General Index

on Hipparchus's globe, 165on mappaemundi, 286of Marinus, 179, 180, 185and portolan charts, 377of Strabo, 174

Graves, Very Rev. Charles, 64Graywacke, 123Great Bear. See Ursa MajorGreat Gulf, 198, 199Great Plains, 36Greatford, 485Greece

on ancient maps, 135, 144, 145periods, 130

Minoan, 132prehistoric, 57

on portolan charts, 421Greek astrology, 130, 166,277

in Byzantium, 268Greek calendar, 130, 137, 159 n.75Greek cartography

Babylonian influence, 130, 503and Byzantine cartography, 260, 266-72celestial, 130, 140, 142, 164-66,276. See

also Globes, Greek, celestialclassical and archaic, 130-47, 276-77copying of maps, 180diffusion of, 161, 167Egyptian influence, 105, 130, 503Eratosthenes as founder of, 154evidence for 106, 130, 152, 503

literary, 106, 130, 131, 132-33, 277,502. See also Poetry

Hellenistic, 148-60, 161, 277Homer as founder of, 131, 163and intellectual elite, 506landownership mapping, 105large-scale maps

in Aristophanes' Clouds, 138, 139survey lacking in, 13°

losses and survivals, 106, 130, 152master-pupil relationships, 161place-names associated with, 133plans

on coins, 159of Didyma Temple of Apollo, 139-40of Thorikos mine, 139

practical aspects, 134, 139,public display, 157, 158, 159, 173reconstructions, 106, 131, 135, 144, 153,

157,163,172,175,180,286,503of Ptolemy, 184, 197, 197 n.97

and Roman cartography, 105, 177, 277Roman patronage of, 161, 164Roman period, 161-99scale

on Didyma plans, 140on Ptolemaic maps, 371of Strabo's map, 174

social criticism in, 139and survey, 130, 138textbooks, ancient, 167-70, 171theoretical nature of, 105, 130, 138, 139,

161,201,276-77

and Crates' globe, 164Herodotus's attack on, 136

world maps. See also Globes, Greek;Periodoi ges (Circuits of the Earth)

of Agathodaimon, 271-72of Anaximander, 134of Aristagoras, 135in Aristophanes' Clouds, 138Aristotle on, 135, 145circular, 135, 136, 171, 277of Dicaearchus, 152, 153of Eratosthenes, 150, 154, 156-57,

166of Hecataeus, 134, 135Herodotus on, 135and Hipparchus, 166Ionian, 135of Marinus, 178-80oblong, 137, 143 n.76, 171peripheral areas on, 144of Ptolemy, 184, 185-86, 188, 189,

190,269,270,271,272public accessibility, 139of Strabo, 173-75of Timosthenes, 153

Greek cosmography, 135-36. See alsoGeocentricity; Models, cosmological

on Achilles' shield, 131-32of Anaximander, 134of Aristotle, 146, 261of Eudoxus, 140, 146of Plato, 138of Pythagoreans, 146 n.88

Greek geographyand Achilles' shield, 132Archimedes' influence on, 159in Byzantium, 266, 268Eratosthenes as founder of, 154and history of maps, 7Homer as founder of, 131, 163and Romans, 234Strabo's list of contributors to, 137, 152

Greek language, 105,243,259,279,304words for "map," xvi n.8, 134-35,

381 n.86, 502Greek mathematics, 268. See also GeometryGreek philosophers. See also individual

philosophersas contributors to geography, 137, 152as craftsmen, 134, 159Milesians, 133Roman patronage of, 161

Greek revival, in Byzantium, 266, 268Greek science, 157

beginnings of, 132, 133in Byzantium, 268loss of early works, 149 n.4and Romans, 234, 255translations, 304, 306

Greeksexploration by, 106, 148, 149-52intellectual role in Roman period, 161,

173knowledge and use of maps and globes,

575

138-39,157-59,171-73,276,277,503

knowledge, empirical, 148, 149, 277in Rome, 161, 162-63, 173, 205, 255as sailors and astronomers, 276

Green, John, 35Greenhood, David, 45 n.2Greenwell, Rev. William, 64Gregoras, Nicephoros, 269 n.58Gregorii, Johann Gottfried, 11Gregory I, Saint, 286Gregory of Nyssa, Saint, 334Grenacher, Franz, 27Grids, 505, 506. See also Graticules

copying grids, 392distortion grids, 385, 386, 390on medieval maps, 476, 481, 496-97

Griselini, Francesco, 315 n.135Groma, 213-14Grosjean, Georges, 381, 386, 390Grosseteste, Robert, 306, 321Guala-Bicchieri, 306Gudea statue, 109-10,276Guido of Pisa, 345

map of 1119, 327, 328, 348, 350Guilds, 428, 430Guillen y Tato, Julio F., 389Guilloche, 326Guinea, Gulf of, 413Gullick, Michael, 318 n.151Gutar, 197

Haarlem, 489Hadrian, 214 n.9, 234Hadrumetum, 252Hagar Qim, 81Hakluyt, Richard, 10, 11-12Hal Saflien, 87Hallpike, Christopher R., 52Hallucination, and petroglyphs, 86Hamitic peoples, 334Hammath, 248, 266Hamy, Ernest Theodore, 435Han dynasty, 6-7Hands, indicating direction,S3Hannibal, 205Hanno, 242 n.44Hanoi, 184 n.41, 198Hanover, 307Hanseatic League, 410Hapgood, Charles H., 197 n.97, 380Harappa, 107Harbors

on portolan charts, 397, 429 n.390, 440on Roman coins, 245-46on Roman maps, 239Talamone plan, 488, 491, 492

Harfleur, 427Harley, J. B., 36, 37, 48Harpasus River, 158Harrisse, Henry, Bibliotheca Americana

vetustissima, 20Hartshorne, Richard, 3°Harundinetum, 227

576

Harvey, P. D. A., 54, 229, 371, 439History of Topographical Maps, 48

Hasan Dag, 58 n.13, 73, 74Haskins, Charles Homer, 299Hatshepsut, 121Hauber, Eberhard David, 10 n.69Hauslab, General von, 16Haute Alpes, 487, 491Hawkes, C. F. C., 151Hay, Denys, 444Headlands, on portoIan charts, 377Hebron, 266Hecataeus, 134, 135

Strabo on, 137, 152 n.27Hefzibah, 266Heidel, William Arthur, 132Heinnin, 197Heinrich, Ernst, 110Helena, Saint, 341Heliopolis, 140Hell, Hommaire de, 457Hellanicus of Lesbos, 134Hellespont, 152 n.30, 156, 183Hemispheres

and Crates, 163of Pomponius Mela, 242

Henry III (king of England), 306, 339Henry VII (king of England), 375Henry VIII (king of England), 443Henry of Mainz map, 312, 328, 349

centering of, 340, 341Orosian influence on, 301, 347representational style, 327

Henry the Navigator, Prince, 333 n.231,374, 410, 411

Hephaestus, 131, 132Hepusonb, 127 n.23Heraclea (Perinthus), 236Heraclea Pontica (Eregli), 237Heraclius, 259 n.7Herculaneum, 238, 240Hercules, Pillars of. See Gibraltar, Straits ofHeredium, heredia, 215, 216Hereford, 323Hereford map, 206, 309, 311, 312,350

and Agrippa's map, 207authorship, 312Beazley on, 288, 342and Caesar's survey, 205, 206centering of, 340, 341Crone's work on, 288, 292, 330, 342deformation pattern on, and projection,

322facsimile of, 13 n.96Mediterranean on, 446monstrous races on, 331Orosian influence on, 301, 309, 347, 502Orosian-Isidorian map compared to, 348place-names on, 288, 345use of, 508me'ntioned, 287, 291, 307, 328, 372

Hermus River, 158Herodotus, 136-37

on Anaximander's gnomon, 134

on Aristagoras, 135on Caspian Sea, 261 n.25on circular maps, 135, 136on Egypt, 105, 124-25on geometry, invention of, 124-25and Hecataeus, 134 n.20and monstrous races, 330, 332on the pinax of Aristagoras, 135on theoretical cartographers, 136mentioned, 7

Heron of Alexandria, 211, 230, 232Hesiod,85Heuilley, 487Hewes, Gordon W., 52Heywood, Nathan, 86Hhagiar Kim, 81 n.126Hiera Sykaminos, 248 n.80Hieratic script, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128Hieroglyphs, Egyptian, 49Hieron II, of Syracuse, 159Higden, Ranulf, 312-13, 348, 352-53

centering of maps, 340Corpus Christi College map, 328mandorla-shaped maps, 312, 313, 335,

348,353oval-shaped maps, 312-13, 352, pl.15paradise on maps of, 318, 319Polychronicon, 287, 312, 348, 352, 353,

pl.15representational style of, 327ruling on maps of, 325

Hildegard of Bingen, 321Hildesheim, 309Hilversum, 489Himaeus, Mount (Himalayas), 152Himantopodes, 332Hindu cosmology, 87Hinks, Arthur R., 288 n.18, 423Hipparchus, 164-67

Against Eratosthenes, 166celestial globe of, 164-65and celestial pole, 136 n.31, 164-65climata of, 166-67, 182Commentary on Aratus and Eudoxus,

141,164-65,269and distance measurement, 232 n.66division of earth into degrees, 155 n.49,

164Eratosthenes criticized by, 7 n.40, 157,

166influence of, 164, 182and latitude, 141, 151 n.21, 164, 167precession of equinoxes discovered by,

164 n.13and projections, 157, 167, 506star catalog of, 164, 165-66and Strabo, 166, 173Timosthenes used by, 153and trigonometry, 151 n.20mentioned, 234

Hispellum, 218, 219History of Technology (Singer), 293Histros River, 249Hoisdorf stone, 80 n.121

General Index

Hollywood stone, 88 n.177Holstein, 66. See also Schleswig-HolsteinHoly Land. See also Jerusalem; Palestine;

Pilgrimagesand Crusades, 304Epiphanius's guide to, 266on mappaemundi, 340medieval maps of, 469, 473, 475-76

Jerusalem on, 330, 470, 475Matthew Paris's, 473, 475, 496orientation, 475Paolino Veneto's, 473, 475, 476, 496Sanudo's, 473, 475, 476, 496-97sources, 283Vesconte's, 284, 473, 475-76

medieval plans of buildings, 466on Roman maps and itineraries, 237,

241,254Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, 265, 466,

467Homem, Diogo

atlas of ca. 1565, 333Homer

on Achilles' shield, 131-32,505Crates on, 163Eustathius's commentary on, 172and flat earth, 136as founder of geographical science, 131,

163Iliad, 131and Ocean, 131, 132, 163, 164,328Strabo on, 131, 132, 152 n.27mentioned, 158

Homo erectus, 51Homo sapiens, 50, 51Honeybees, spatial consciousness of, 50Honorius, Julius, 243, 244, 255Honorius of Autun, 332

Imago Mundi, 287 n.10, 312, 349Horace, 137 n.44Horizon, astronomical, 154 n.47Horn, Walter, 466Horti Sallustiani, 227Hours, ancient, 165 n.22. See also Day,

length ofHours, books of, 436Hours of longitude, 179 n.14Hugh of Saint Victor, 290, 313, 318, 334,

335Humanists, 10, 506Humboldt, Alexander von, 16 n.124, 17,

47 n.13Humors (bodily), 335, 336, 340Hungary, 328Hunting, 51, 57 n.11, 76Huntington Library

HM 1548,386Higden manuscript, 312

Huts, in prehistoric art, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74,78

Hyades, 131 n.6, 132Hydrographic mapping, xxHyginus, Gaius Julius, 217Hyginus, pseudo-, 217

General Index

Poetieon Astronomieon, 320Hyginus Gromaticus

on Augustus and land survey, 212, 216Constitutio limitum, 220drawings, 217maps, 217, 218on survey procedure, 216

"Hyperborean," 193 n.85Hyperborean Ocean, 193Hyrcanian Sea, 189, 198

Ibarra Grasso, Dick Edgar, 199Iberia

cave paintings from, 68distance westward to India, 156, 354on periploi, 237and Pytheas's voyage, 150Strabo on, 174in Timosthenes' scheme, 153

Iberian peninsula, 421Ibex, 69, 71Iceland

on Cotton "Anglo-Saxon" map, 328on portolan charts, 414, 446Pytheas's possible voyage to, 150

Iehnographia, 239 n.33Ichnographic maps, 68, 80Iconoclasm, 258Ideograms, city, 469, 479. See also Bird's-

eye viewsIdeology, and maps, 4, 14, 504, 508al-IdrIsi, 11 n.86, 381lena estuary, 193, 194Ierne. See IrelandIJzendijke, 485Iku, 113Ilkley (Yorkshire), 86Imago mundi, imagines mundi, 287Imago Mundi (journal), 23, 26-29

bibliographies in, 28-29Chronicle section, 21, 27, 28, 37Eurocentricity of, 28paleocartographic bias in, 26, 28

Imhof, Eduard, 38Imola, 478Imperatoris Antonini Augusti itinerarium

maritimum. See Antonine itineraryImperialism, 14, 15, 507Inclesmoor, 490, 493, pl.37India

Agrippa's measurements for, 209and Ctesias of Cnidus, 149and Dionysius Periegetes, 267, 268distance to, from Europe, 156, 170, 354Ephorus on, 144Eratosthenes on, 156, 157, 268Eustathius on shape of, 266, 268Herodotus on, 136legends associated with, 330on mappaemundi, 303oikoumene extending to, 145passage westward to, from Europe, 148,

156, 354and Pliny's climata, 243

Prester John in, 333and Ptolemy, 198as rhombus-shaped, 157, 175, 267, 268in Timosthenes' scheme, 153

Indian Oceanand Alexander the Great, 149and Arabic culture, 337 n.244charts of, 315, 381on mappaemundi, 316, 358and Marco Polo, 315, 316, 381on Ptolemy's map, 189, 199,316as trade route, 178

Indians of North Americarock art of, 61 n.45totems, 80 n.121

Indies, route to, 371 n.1Indigenous peoples

cosmology, 86drawing skills, 45, 46-47gesture, use of, 52, 53"instincts" of, 47-48maps by

eighteenth-century reports of, 11function and nature of, 48, 50gesture in, 53and prehistoric cartography, 47, 48, 49source material for, 48-49

and prehistoric peoples, 47of Siberia, 87spatial consciousness of, 52, 59spatial skills of, 45, 47, 48and stars, 85symbolism of, 59-60

Indus River, 149, 262, 267, 328, 329Indus Valley, and Babylonia, 107I-n-Eten, 70Inferno (Tenerife), 393Information flow models, 34Inks

on mappaemundi, 324, 343on portolan charts, 376, 391, 419, 429

Innocent IV, Pope, 304Instinct, 47-48, 51Instruments

drafting, 391in eighteenth century, 10Etruscan, 201Greek, in Rome, 255navigational, 384, 386, 387, 429 n.392,

441. See also individual instrumentssurvey

Egyptian, 125Greek, 138medieval, 494Roman, 213-15,227,232

Insula de braeir, 410Intercropping, 79 n.119International Cartographic Association,

xvi n.5Commission for the History of

Cartography, 37Working Group on the History of

Cartography, 33International Coronelli Society for the Study

577

of Globes and Instruments, 22International Geographical Congress, 15,

18, 294International Geographical Union, 18, 19,

33,294,296Commission on Early Maps, 294, 296

International Map Collectors' Society, 23International Society for the History of

Cartography, 26International Yearbook of Cartography, 33lona, 340, 466Ionia, lonians, 135, 137,201

coins, 158-59Ionian Sea, 387Iran, 107Iraq, 111

landscape jar from, 70-71, 72Ireland

Agrippa's measurements for, 209laying out of, 92medieval maps, 489oikoumene extending to, 162, 174petroglyphs from, 64on portolan charts, 403, 406, 407, 408-9and Ptolemy, 191, 193, 194

Irenaeus (bishop of Lyons), 336Irish Ocean, 193Iron Age, 57, 78Isaac, 266Isauria, 244Isca, 252Iseo, Lake, 479Isere, 487Isidore of Seville, 255, 301, 302. See also

Mappaemundi,Orosian-lsidorian;Mappaemundi, T-0 maps, of Isidore

De natura rerum, 301, 320, 343, 347diagrams of, 337, 340and elements, 335, 337Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX,

255,301,302,303,320,343,345,347, 350

influence, 304, 309, 313, 345, 347and monsters, 332on shape of earth, 320, 321, 342tripartite/zonal mappaemundi in

manuscripts of, 357mentioned 292, 314, 357

Isidorus of Charax, 149, 208 n.39, 238,242 n.44

Isis, temples of, 241Iskenderun, 427 n.383Iskenderun, Gulf of, 156, 208Islam, and Cynocephali, 332Islamic science, 323Island books. See IsolariiIslands

on portolan charts, 377, 378Atlantic islands, 372, 410-11, 414,

415, 440on Roman maps, 222,223,224

Isle of Man, 407Isle of Thanet, 484, 493, pl.35Isocrates, 143

578

Isola Sacra, 226, 229Isolarii (island books), 482-84

and local and regional maps, 473, 482and portolan charts, 283, 379-80, 473,

482, 484, pl.25Isonzo River, 241Israel, Nico

catalogs of, 22 n.177portolan chart acquired in 1980 by,

378 n.67, 395 n.211, 404 n.252,407 n.274, 419, 425 n.368

IsraelChildren of, 241Promised Land of, 115Tribes of, 326 n.207, 330, 476

Issus, Gulf of, 156Istria, 315, 439Istros, 249Italian language, xvi n.8, 389Italy

ancient maps, places associated with,202

cartographic exhibitions in, 21cartographic history in, 37, 38catalog of maps from, 294centuriation. See Centuriation, in Italyon Greek maps, 157, 174, 191, 195-97knowledge and use of maps in, 482medieval city plans, 476-78, 492, 498,

pl.33Paolino Veneto's, 473and plan of Vienna and Bratislava, 473and portolan charts, 397-98, 473, 477scale and measurement, 466, 478, 479,

495sources, 283and survey, 466, 478

medieval local maps, 488, 492, 498, 503medieval maps from, 283, 509

places associated with, 490purposes, 491, 492, 493

medieval maps of ItalyPaolino Veneto's, 473,481,497and portolan charts, 481, 482, 497Vesconte's, 284

medieval regional maps, 465, 478-82,489, pl.34

exaggeration of cities on, 466as itinerary maps, 495and portolan charts, 283, 473, 480and Tiirst map, 498

on Notitia Dignitatum, 244Pliny's treatment of, 242, 243on portolan charts, 421

on Carte Pisane, 390, 404, 406prehistoric

cosmological stelae from, 89-91, 90maps, 75-76. See also individual place­

namesperiods, 57

on Roman itineraries, 237Roman maps of, 205shape of, 174, 243Varro on, 205

Itineraries. See also PeriploiAssyrian, 108Babylonian, 108, 113biblical, 115Byzantine, 260Christian, 23~254,292earliest, xvi n.l0Greek, 10~ 149, 156importance to charts and maps, 234and mappaemundi, 292, 330

Hereford map, 288medieval, 464,495painted. See Itinerarium pictumRoman, 106,204,234-38,254,278

and Caesar's survey, 207and medieval maps, 469places associated with, 235

sea itineraries. See PeriploiItinerarium, xvi n.l0Itinerarium Antonini. See Peutinger mapItinerarium pictum, itineraria picta, 237,

238,249,254,260Itinerarium provinciarum Antonini Augusti.

See Antonine ItineraryItinerary maps, medieval, 495-98,

pls.38,39Iuernia. See IrelandIugerum, iugera, 214-15, 216lulia, colonia, 217-18Iulia firma Secundanorum, colonia, 221Izmir, 428Izmit (Nicomedia), 237, 239Iznik, 239

Jacob's Well, Church of, 466Jacoby, G., 37 n.306Jacques de Vitry (bishop of Acre), 286, 384Jahrbuch der Kartographie, 32 n.263Jalbert, Pere, 437Japan, prehistoric period in, 49Japanese cartography, 45, 381 n.93Japhetic peoples, 334Javanese script, 49Jehuda ben Zara, 375, 436Jerome, Saint, 265 n.38, 299

map of Asia, 288, 289, 292, 299, 322,324,325,505

map of Palestine, 299, 324, 328, 329Jerusalem, 230 n.63, 250

as center of world, 340Crusaders' control of, 473, 474Epiphanius's guide to, 266itineraries to, 237, 254, 330on Madaba map, 254, 261, 265, 278,

pl.8on mappaemundi, 330, 340-42

at center, 310, 315, 316, 317, 332,340, 341-42, 471

not at center, 307, 312, 317, 340-41,348

on maps of Holy Land, 330, 470, 475plans of, 330, 473-75

antiquarian bias, 492classical influence on, 469

General Index

and Italian city plans, 476, 477, 478and mappaemundi, 471

on portolan charts, 432Jesuits, 304Jews, 432, 434John XXII, Pope, 435John of Lydia, 152 n.29John of Plano Carpini, 304, 315John of Wallingford, 357Johnson, Samuel, xvii n.ll, 12Johnston, A. E. M., 158Jomard, Edme-Fran~ois

L'atlas des Monuments de la geographie,18

and Carte Pisane, 404debate with Santarem, 13facsimile atlas, 293on map libraries, 15-16proposal for catalogue raisonne, 19

Jordan, H., 227Jordan (place), 77, 88Jordan River, 330, 470Jordan Valley, 265Jordanes, 260Journals, cartographic, 32-33Juan I (king of Aragon), 436 n.456Juba II, of Mauretania, 208Judaea, 265Judaism, 326Judgment, Last, 290, 332, 334, 335, 342,

pl.11Julian the Apostate, 254Julius, estate of (Carthage), 248Jung, Carl, 87Junta de Investiga~6es do Ultramar, 36Jupiter, temple of, 210Justinian, 258 n.2Jutland

on portolan charts, 409, 414and Ptolemy, 197

Juvincourt, 207

Kadesh, 119Kadikoy, 237Kallatis, 249Kamal, Prince Youssouf, 18,294,388Kampuchea, 198-99Kandler, Pietro, 219Kardo, kardines, 213, 215, 219, 222, 223Karelia, 76Karrow, Robert W., 20Karta, xviKartina, xviKartografie, 32Kartografiska Sallskapet, 32Die Kartographie (Kosack and Meine), 31,

32Kartographische Mitteilungen, 32 n.262Kartographische Nachrichten, 32, 33Kartographische und Schulgeographische

Zeitschrift, 32 n.262Kelley, James E., Jr.

on chevron borders, 395and coastal outlines, 403

General Index

on orientation, 444on pilot books, 383 n.112and scale, 384, 389, 391sloppy chartmarking noted by, 431toponymic analysis, 420, 423

Kennedy, D. L., 241 n.39Ken~484,493,pL35

Ker, Neil, 302 n.86Kerch, Straits of, 249Kerenyi, Karl, 88Kern, Hermann, 4 n.24Kerry (Ireland), 64Kesslerloch cave, 64, 65Keuning, Johannes, 185Keys, cartographic

lack of, on mappaemundi, 325lack of, for prehistoric art, 60, 62

Khabban, 112Khabuba Kabira, 107Khaideinoi, 197Khartoum, 253Khios, 378Khnum-Shu, 125Kienbach Gorge, 87Kiepert, Heinrich, 16 n.124King-Hamy chart of ca. 1504, 386King's Lynn, 489Kintyre, Mull of, 194Kirkuk, 113Kish, George, 88Kloden, Carl Friedrich von, 16 n.124Klosterneuburg, 284, 316, 324, 473. See

also Vienna-Klosterneuburg mapcorpus

Knights Hospitalers, 378, 401 n.233Knights Templars, 382Koeman, Cornelis, 16, 37, 38Kohl, Johann Georg, 13, 14Koikylides, Father Kleopas, 265Konrad of Colmar, 238Konya,73Kosack, Hans-Peter, Die Kartographie, 31Kraus, H. P., 22Kretschmer, Konrad, 376 n.48, 388, 426Krymskie Gory, 249Kii~iik Menderes River, 158

Labrys, 251Labyrinths, 4 n.24, 86

Christian, 252and death, 68 n.74, 88Etruscan, 251Greek, 251mosaic, 252prehistoric, 68 n.74, 87-89, 90Roman, 252

Lach, Donald F., 304Lactantius, 299, 320Ladders, celestial, 86, 87Ladner, Gerhart B., 334La Ferrassie, 82Lagash, 109Lagrang~t L., xvLaguarda Trias, Rolando A., 381

Lambert of Saint-Orner, 304, 321Liber floridus, 300, 304, 353, 354Sweden depicted by, 328

Lamps, Roman plans on, 250, 251Lancaster, 490, 493Land allocation

of Augustus, 207, 220-21in Campania, 204-5, 209-10, 218

Land divisionEtruscan, 201, 202Roman. See Centuriation; Survey, Roman

Land use, in prehistoric maps, 67, 74, 78Die Landkarte, 32 n.262Landscape representation

with constellations, 80 n.121Egyptian, 118-19prehistoric, 68-69, 71, 72

landscape figures, listed, 97Lang, Arend Wilhelm, 414Language

animal, 50development of, 51-52metaphor for maps, 1-3, 4, 35-36, 39,

504and origin of portolan charts, 389,

415 n.329of publication, in cartographic history, 29

Lanman, Jonathan T., 334Lanzarote Island, 378, 410Lanzo Valley, 76 n.l03Laon globe, 316 n.145Lapidicae, 227La Pileta (Malaga), 68 n.78, 69Lapland, 197Lapo di Castiglionchio, 478Larius, Lake, 195, 205Larlogio, 441La Ronciere, Charles de, 374, 382, 386,

425 n.367, 432La Ronciere, Monique de, 371Lascaux,55Lateran palace, 303Latin geography, 242-45Latin language, 105-6, 259, 279

words for maps, xvi, 225, 238 n.25, 253,287,502

Latini, Brunetto, 325, 332Latitude. See also Climata; Parallels

and Agrippa, 209celestial, 165, 323differences in

demonstrated by armillary spheres,159, 167

measured astronomically, 155, 156Greek values for, accuracy of, 156and Hipparchus, 141, 151 n.21, 164, 167on medieval German maps, 497medieval understanding of, 322, 323modified by scalars, 288on portolan charts, 385

scales, 371 n.l, 379, 386, 441 n.495proportion of longitude to, and Ptolemy,

184, 185, 186, 189on Ptolemy's regional maps, 184, 190

579

Pytheas's study of, 150-51on Roman portable sundials, 254

Latium, 220La Turbie, 242 n.42Lauria, Francesco de, 394, 435Lausanne Cathedral, 335 n.239La Valle, 218Lavedan, Pierre, 469Law

Aragon ordinance regarding charts, 440and Byzantine cartography, 259French, on loss of ship, 387and medieval maps, 489-91and Roman cartography, 218-19, 220,

221, 252, 278Venetian, on trades, 432 n.422

Lead and line, 386Lead (pencil), 391, 443Leagues (measurement)

Catalan, 389Gallic, 236, 237, 238on medieval maps of Holy Land, 475,

496in Versi portolano, 384 n.120

Leardo, Giovanni, 316-17, 318 n.147, 358,379 n.71

map of 1448, pl.20map of 1452, 336, 338representational style, 327

Lebeuf, Abbe, 288 n.17LeGear, Clara, 301 n.84Legends, explanatory

on Egyptian maps, 123, 126on mappaemundi, 324-25on portolan charts, 429, 436, 437

mentioned, 406, 431,432,433, 435,446

Legnazzi, E. N., 219Legua, 389Lelewel, Joachim, 13 n.96, 14, 293

Geographie du Moyen Age, 18, 284Lenox, James, 16Lentulus, Publius Cornelius, 209-10Leonardo da Vinci, 478Lepanto (Naupaktos), 425Lepini Monti, 218Leptis Magna, 328Lesbos, 153Lesina chart, 376 n.48, 422 n.343Lesna, 425Lettering. See CalligraphyLeucippus, 137Leucothea, 205Levant

cartography from, 115on periploi, 237on portolan charts, 444, 445

Lewis, G. Malcolm, 36Liber (libri) aeris, 210, 216Liberal arts, 300, 306Libra, 170, 248Libraries, 161, 167

at Alexandria, 7 n.38, 148-49, 154, 173medieval, 8

580

Libraries (cont.)at Pergamum, 162"treasure house," 16

Library of Congresscatalogs of maps, 19Hall of Maps and Charts, 16map collections, 15, 16vellum chart #3, 395 n.211, 404, 419,

425 n.368, 444Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15Libro del conoscimiento, 399, 400Libro deltarte, 324Liburnia, 191Libya, 172. See also Africa

Herodotus on, 136petroglyphs of, 63 n.54and Ptolemy's map, 189

Liger River (Loire), 174Lignite, 64, 65Ligorna (Livorno), 427Lilio, Zachariah, 321Limes, 215Lincoln (England), 244Lincolnshire, 484, 485, 496Lion (constellation), 83Liris River, 218Lisbon

charts from, 374, 437study of cartography in, 36mentioned, 243

Literacy, and interpretation of prehistoricart, 58

Little Astronomy, 269Little Bear (constellation), 82, 136 n.31,

296Little Dog (constellation), 83Livorno, 427Livy, 159, 253Location

by astronomical means, 155, 156, 166,497

perceived as sole function of maps, 288,342

Lodestone, 384, 386, 441Log, 386Loggia del Bigallo, 477, 493Loire River, 174, 493Lokeberg (Foss, Sweden), 87Lombardy, 478, 479 n.62, 480London

chartmaking in, 374, 431, 437on medieval maps, 496on portolan charts, 407, 408on Roman maps and itineraries, 236,

239,244Longitude. See also Meridians

and Agrippa, 209celestial, 165, 323and eclipses, 156, 166, 323Greek values for, accuracy of, 156hours and degrees of, 179 n.14on medieval German maps, 497medieval understanding of, 322, 323modified by scalars, 288

polar, 165proportion of latitude to, and Ptolemy,

184, 185, 186, 189on Ptolemy's regional maps, 184, 190

Los Buitres cave (Penalsordo, Badajoz), 68,69

Loucopibia, 194Louis IX (king of France), 305, 382 n.l07,

439Louis XII (king of France), 435 n.444Louis XIV (king of France), 8 n.54Louis XVI (king of France), 19 n.150Louvre, Musee du

Babylonian statues in, 11 C)

Babylonian tablet, 114, 115Egyptian astronomical ceiling, 121

Low Countries. See also Netherlandsmedieval maps, 283, 465, 489, 493

local, 485-86, 487, 488-89, 499-500oldest extant, 470, 471, 485places associated with, 486

survey in, 494Loxodrome nets. See Rhumb linesLoxodromes, 375, 385Luca (Lucca), 239Lucan, 301, 345Luce, Water of, 193Lucretius, 255, 301Ludus Magnus, 227, 330Ludwig the Bavarian, 477Lull, Ramon, 305, 382, 388, 443

"Arbre de Sciencia," 441, 442Luxembourg, 237 n.18Luxoro atlas, 421

dating and provenance, 403, 406 n.273,419,420,424

network on, 376 n.54Luynes, Due de, 8 n.54Lycia, 152Lynx (constellation), 83Lyons atlas (anonymous). See Bibliotheque

de la Ville (Lyons), MS. 179Lyons, Council of (1274), 402 n.243Lyra, 137Lysimachia, 152 n.30

Maas (Meuse) River, 485, 486, 487Mabillon, Jean, 11McCrone, Walter, Associates, 368Macedonia, 237, 328McLuhan, Marshall, 36Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, 243-44,

299Commentary on the Dream of Scipio,

164,243-44,300,346,353,354and equatorial ocean, 164, 244, 300, 353and legends, 330and mappaemundi, 244, 300, 345, 353,

354and projection, 322and sphericity of earth, 243, 319mentioned, 29~ 301, 302, 30~ 313

Madaba mosaic, 264-65, 507, pl.7biblical lore on, 265

General Index

Jerusalem on, 254, 261, 278, pl.8and medieval maps, 469Nile delta on, 246as synthesis of traditions, 261, 266, 279

Madagascar, 316Madeira Islands, 410, 448Madonna and Child vignette, 398, pl.28Maeander River, 158Maeotis Paluso See Azov, Sea ofMagellan, Ferdinand, 49Maggi, Annibale de, 479 n.62Maggiolo, Vesconte, 434, 438

atlas of 1512, 401 n.234, 422 n.348, 426chart of 1548, 391 n.189

Maghreb chart, 418, 421 nn.335, 338; 423,445

Magic, 55, 59,82Magna Graecia, 136Magnaghi, Alberto, 371, 378 n.68, 443Magnetic declination.. (compass variation),

378 n.68, 4~1secular variation, 384-85

Magog, 332-33,348Magourata cave paintings, 89, 90Maikop vase, 72-73Mainland (Shetland Isles), 178Mainz, 237 n.18Majorca

chartmaking in, 431, 432, 437, 438. Seealso Portolan charts, Catalan

galleys, 408 n.282and origin of portolan charts, 382and paper charts, 376 n.48on portolan charts, 393

Malay Peninsula, 198Malegno,88Malocello, Lanzarotto, 378Malta, 81, 83, 87, 387

on portolan charts, 378, 414 n.319Mammoth bone, 70, 71Man, island of, 410Man, Isle of, 407Mandalas, 88 n.176Mandeville, John, 321Mandorlas, 312, 313, 335, 340, 353, 505Manetho, 118Manfred (king of Naples and Sicily), 426Manfredonia, 382, 402 n.243, 425, 426Mann, Ludovic MacLellan, 81Mansel, Jean, La fleur des histoires, 290,

pl.12Mansiones. See Staging postsMantua, 493Manuel (king of Portugal), 414Manuscripts. See also individual libraries;

Papyrus, papyri; Ptolemy,manuscripts

Buondelmonti's search for, 482in codex form, 505copying, 106of Corpus Agrimensorum, 217illumination, 261 n.25, 324, 429

arabesque, 304losses and survivals, 106, 373

General Index

movement west of, 258, 299Manzi, Elio, 38Map collections

development of, 8-9, 12, 15-16wall displays, 8

Map Collector, 23Map collectors, 16, 22-23, 26Map Collectors~ Circle, 23Map curators, 8, 16, 21Map librarians and librarianship, 21, 39Map libraries, 19

development of, 8, 12, 15-16exhibitions, 21-22

Map trade. See also Chart tradecartobibliography and studies of, 21dealers, 16-17development of, 12, 17in eighteenth century, 8historiographic impact, 22-23

Map use. See Maps, use ofMapa mundi (Semeianr;a del mundo), 288Mapmakers, 507. See also Portolan charts,

chartmakersbiobibliographies of, 11criticism of predecessors, 10and development of map collections, 9

Mappa, xvi, 287, 324Mappa mundi sive orbis descriptio, 287Mappae clavicula, 287 n.5, 324Mappae maris, 375Mappaemundi, 286-368. See also World

mapsalmond-shaped, 312, 313, 335, 353and art, 324Beatus type, 303-4, 305, 318, 330, 331,

340, 355, 357, pl.13Arentzen on, 296colors of, 326, 327monstrous races on, 331, 332orientation, 357representational style, 327and Saint Gall Codex, 237, 343and Y-O maps, 345

cartographic history in texts with, 7Catalan, 394-95, 399 n.231. See also

Catalan (Estense) world mapcatalogs, 292, 294and chronicles, 288circular, 307, 312, 315, 316, 328, 358

illustrated, 297, 300, 302-3, 310, 311,330,334,338,343-47,350-52,354-55

classification, 294-99climata of, 183, 278, 296, 300, 322,

357colors on, 325-26, 327, 336commissioning of, 430, 435, 436, 437compilation of, 286, 292continuity and development, 503and cosmography, 340, 372cost, 324as documents, 292eighteenth-century study of, 11English

thirteenth century, 306-12, 342fourteenth century, 312-13

extant, graph of, 298facsimile atlases, 292, 293, 294functions, 263, 284, 286, 288-90, 309,

334, 342. See also Mappaemundi,symbolism

historical, 286, 288-90, 309, 342,504

Genoese, 405graticules, 286Greco-Roman model, 341"hemispheric," 296historical and geographical content, 326,

328-30, 342as illustrations of texts, 286in island books, 482and itineraries, 292, 330lettering, 325listed, 359-67losses and survivals, 286, 292

earliest surviving, 302, 303, 343makers of, 286mandorla-shaped, 312, 313, 335, 353in manuscript books, 286, 324marvels and legends on, 330-33materials, 324misconceptions concerning, 342and navigating tables, 442"oecumenical," 296Orosian, 292, 300-301, 309, 340, 341,

347, 348-49. See also Cotton"Anglo Saxon" map; Henry ofMainz map; Hereford map; Paris,Matthew, world map of

Orosian-Isidorian, 347-48, 350-51. Seealso Ebstorf map; Guido of Pisa;Psalter map; Vercelli map

oval, 312, 313, 349, 352, pl.15periods, 299, 318physical analysis of, 324-26, 343place-names on, 288, 290, 328, 330and portolan charts, 291-92, 372

Catalan, 394-95, 440 n.492Fra Mauro map of 1459,315,316influence of charts, 292, 299, 314,

315-16,342,357-58,379influence of mappaemundi, 291, 409term "mappamundi" used for chart,

375, 439and prehistoric maps, 92production of, 324-26, 430"projections" of, 322Ptolemaic influence, 314,315,316,342,

354, 358quadripartite, 296, 297, 355, 357rectangular, pl.13and regional maps, 291, 292rhumb lines on, 292, 314, 358scale, 286, 289, 292, 314schematic nature of, 286shape, 286, 312, 313, 318, 505signs, cartographic, 324, 325, 326, 327,

354, 358

581

"silent," 325sources, 300, 301, 304, 309, 313, 326

biblical, 326, 328, 330, 358classical, 278, 283, 328, 337

stemmata, 305, 313,342study of, 292-94, 342-43symbolism, 318, 334-39

Christian, 290, 291,313,334-36,338,342

royal and imperial, 337terminology, 287-88T-in-square, 335T-O maps, 137 n.38, 296, 297

centering of, 340coinage of term, 301and flat earth, 342with fourth continent, 302, 303, 343and Herodotus, 136-37of Isidore, 301-3, 304, 327, 330, 343miscellaneous and unknown authors,

345origins, 278reverse, 345, 347Sallust, 334, 337, 343-44symbolism of, 334Y-0 variant, 345, 346

transitional, 296, 297, 299, 355-58tripartite, 296, 297, 328, 337

monstrous races on, 332tripartite/nonschematic, 296, 347-53tripartite/schematic, 296, 297, 334, 343­

47. See also Mappaemundi, T-Omaps

tripartite/zonal, 296, 355, 357V-in-square, 347Y-O maps with Sea of Azov, 345, 347zonal, 296, 297, 353-55

as based on projection, 322Macrobian, 244, 300, 353, 354monstrous races on, 332and Posidonius, 168

Mapsantiquity of, 1as art, 16, 22 n.174, 25as artifacts, xvi, 9, 33, 34, 38, 39, 507authority carried by, 2and children, 2cognitive, 1, 5, 31, 52complexity of, 2-3concept of, 9, 45, 504, 506dealers in, 16-17. See also Map tradedefinitions, xv, xvi-xvii

increased concern with, 34and dreams, 87form distinguished from content, 34functions, 504. See also Mappaemundi,

functions; Maps, prehistoric:functions; Portolan charts, functions

in geography, importance of, 30-31heterogeneous and homogeneous space

on, 505as historical documents, 3, 13, 16, 17, 38

and cartobibliography, 21de Dainville's use of, 35 n.293

582

Maps, as historical documents (cant.)for territorial claims, 10theoretical concern with, 33tradition of, challenged, 19, 34, 39

historical importance of, 1-5, 508humanistic study of, 3, 4-5, 30, 33as language, 1-3,4,35-36,39,504losses and survivals, 6, 106, 292as metaphors, 1, 139nature of, theoretical concern with, 33prehistoric. See Maps, prehistoricsocial significance of, 4, 5, 36, 139,

506-9spatial communication by, xv, xvi, xviii,

1,34,50,504transmission of and cartobibliography,

21use of, 508-9. See also Greeks,

knowledge and use of maps andglobes; Middle Ages, knowledge anduse ; Romans, knowledge anduse .

variety of, 4words for, xvi

Greek, xvi n.8, 134-35, 381 n.86, 502Latin, xvi, 225, 238 n.25, 253, 287,

502medieval, 287, 464

Maps, earlyBagrow's emphasis on, 25-26, 27as evocations of space, 4as route maps, 48scholarly emphasis on, 25-26topological structure of, xviiuses of, before 1800, 9-10utility of, 17

Maps, prehistoricadapted to rock surface, 505classification, 66, 67 n.69, 68, 74-75,

93-97dating of, 58on ephemeral materials, 92function of, 48, 53, 63, 80, 92historiography, 45-49identification of, 92, 503

by antiquarians, 63-68criteria for, 45, 60-62, 73-75, 86

and indigenous peoples' cartography, 47,48,49

and indigenous peoples' spatialconsciousness, 52

of large areas, 63, 66listed, 93-96and mappaemundi, 92and Near Eastern and Egyptian

cartography, 503need for, by prehistoric man, 5°neglect of, 45-47, 54plan maps, 61, 73-81, 92, 503rarity, 92relief maps, 80-81source material, 45, 47, 48-49, 55topographical, 68-81

Fordham on origin of, 48

in literature of cartography, 54-55modern map compared to, 62

Marcellinus, 259Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 160, 161Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica, 190, 198,

199 n.l06, 237-38Marcus, Johanne~, 309Marduk, temple of, 110Mare Oceanum, 353Maringer, Johannes, 83Marinus of Tyre, 177, 178-80, 198

and charts, 381, 385coordinates and distances of, 276projection of, 157, 179-80, 185, 186,

189, 269, 385Ptolemy's criticism of, 106, 178, 179-80,

184, 191Ptolemy's use of, 183, 184, 185, 186,

192, 194-95and Ravenna cosmography, 260and Seres' location, 172and shape of mappaemundi, 318 n.149and size of earth, 170, 178-79, 184mentioned, 278

Marmara Eregli, 236Marseilles (Massalia), 150, 153, 323

latitude of, 150, 151on portolan charts, 374, 400

Marshall Islanders, 48Martelli family, 435 n.454Martellus Germanus, Henricus

and Dias's discoveries, 413, 414island book of, 379-80, pl.25and Nicolas of Cusa map, 497and Ptolemy's second projection, 187,

316Marteloio, 442 n.504Martianus Capella, 299, 300, 353

on division of heavens, 203and legends, 330Marriage of Philology and Mercury, 300,

306 n.99, 353mentioned, 255, 30~ 319

Martilogium, 442Martin V, 488, 489Marzabotto, 201Mashkan-dur ibla, 113Massaio, Pietro del, 477, 480, 482, 492,

pl.33Massalia. See MarseillesMassaliote Periplus, 150al-Masudi, 268 n.51Mater Matuta, temple of, 205Mathematics. See also Geometry

Alexandrian, 234Babylonian, 109, 114Greek, 268medieval, 323, 506. See also Geometry,

medieval knowledge ofprehistoric, 81 n.127

Matthijssen, Jan, 494Mauchamp, 207Mauretania, 243, 306, 309Mauro, Fra

General Index

and Andrea Bianco, 315, 433map of 1459,315,412, pI.18

centering of, 317orientation, 378 n.62portolan chart influence on, 315, 316,

358Portuguese sources, 374 n.33Ptolemaic influence on, 315, 316representational style, 327River of Gold on, 328

and portolan chart outlines, 379 n.71on Ptolemy's coordinates, 316mentioned, 324

Maurus, Rabanus, 319Maxilly, 487Maxima Caesariensis, 244Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor), 498Mayan pictographs, 49Measurement. See also Distances

accuracy of, and cartography, 3-4, 10Babylonian, 109Egyptian, 125Etruscan, 201Greek, 140, 148 n.3and medieval survey and mapping, 494­

95,497Roman, 214-15,216

on Agrippa's map, 209on itineraries, 236

Mecca, 337Mechanics, and Archimedes' planetarium,

160. See also SphairopoiiaMechanikoi, 190 n.71Mechelen, Great Council at, 490Media, 208Medici atlas

Adriatic and Aegean in, 402, 421, 439and African discoveries, 413Atlantic islands in, 410dating of, 410, 419, 424, 448place-names in, 424, 425world map in, 358mentioned, 394

Medieval astronomy, 506Medieval cartography. See also

Mappaemundi; Portolan chartsand Arab cartography, 283building plans, 466-67, 468, 470-71,

472scale, 466, 467

categories of, 283, 284and Chinese cartography, 284and coordinates, 322-23and geographical theory, 284and graphing, 323in history of cartography, 17itinerary maps, 495-98, pIs.38:J39local and regional maps

diagrams, 470-71origins, 466-73pocke~ of production, 283, 503and portolan charts, 471, 473, 507and Ptolemy's maps, 471, 473purposes and use, 489-93, 507

General Index

scarcity of, 426, 464, 465, 489and survey, 466, 478, 493-95, 497,

508local maps, 473-78, 484-89. See also

individual citiesantiquarian bias in, 492-93in island books, 482orientation, 473scale, 371-72, 474, 478, 479

losses and survivals, 283, 503modern study of, 284persistence of, 314regional maps. See also individual regions

in island books, 482and mappaemundi, 291, 292of thirteenth century, 306 n.l02

and religious and mercantile elites, 506,507

and Renaissance cartography, 293, 509sources, ancient, 283

Medieval mathematics, 323, 506. See alsoGeometry, medieval knowlege of

Medieval philosophy, 306Medieval science, 304-6, 316, 340Medina, Pedro de, 411 n.299Mediterranean

basins, 385, 387-88, 390, 441chart of, Deissmann 47. See Topkapi

Sarayi Library (Istanbul)charts of, ancient, 278-79, 381, 383and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261, 262on Greek maps, 144, 157, 162, 277on Madaba mosaic, 265magnetic variation in, 385on mappaemundi, 292, 299, 314, 328,

358British Library fragment, 312 n.123Catalan atlas, 315Fra Mauro map of 1459, 316T-0 type, 296, 297

navigation in, 85, 386-87, 388, 441, 443periploi of, 237on portolan charts, 371, 377, 415, 427,

444, 445-46, 506on Carte Pisane, 390, 404Cornaro atlas, 438-39distortion of, 384 n.129, 386, 388patchwork involving, 383, 384, 390place-names, 372projection, 386scale of Atlantic adjusted to, 414

portolani (sailing directions) for, 382prehistoric periods in, 57as Romaic Gulf, 261, 262Roman domination of, 161on Roman maps, 208, 240, 241, 244in Toledo tables, 323valleys, 71 n.88

Mees, Gregorius, 33 n.272Megalithic period stones, 81, 90Megasthenes, 330Meine, Karl-Heinz, 31Mela, Pomponius, 234, 242, 255,299, 316,

357, pl.19

Melilla, 153Mellaart, James, 73Memnon of Rhodes, 158Memorial stones, Scandinavian, 87 n.169,

90, 91Memorization, 48Memphis (Egypt), 245, 246Menabuoi, Giusto de', 477Menendez-Pidal, G., 304, 345Menes, 118Mensing, Anton, 17Mensores (surveyors), 226, 227. See also

Survey, RomanMeotides Paludes. See Azov, Sea ofMeraviglie, Val, 66, 67Mercator, Gerardus

projection, 385-86Ptolemaic maps issued by, 7statue honoring, 15world map of 1569, 385, 386

Merida, 221Meridians. See also Alexandria, meridian of

of Bacon, 322of Dicaearchus, 152of Eratosthenes, 154, 156, 157, 166, 179of Hipparchus, 166-67of Marinus, 179,180,185,276on medieval maps, 292, 354on Pompeiian painting, 171on portolan charts, 385, 386prime, 184 n.40, 190, 505on Ptolemaic maps, 269of Ptolemy, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

189,276of Rhodes, 152, 156, 169, 506

Meridies, 296Merkhet, 125Meroe, 156, 157, 166, 167, 253

and Ptolemy, 183, 184, 186Meru, Mount, 87Mesakin, 60 n.33Meskene, 108Mesopotamia

on N otitia Dignitatum, 244prehistoric

cosmology, 86, 87periods, 57

Strabo on shape of, 175Messana, 158Messina, Straits of

on Agrippa's map, 208on Frederick II's seal, 488on Greek maps, 156, 162

Messogis range, 158Mestra, 433 n.432Metagonium (Melilla), 153Metaphor. See also Symbolism

maps as, 1, 139of navigation, 138in prehistoric art, 59spatial, 51 n.6

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 171,239 n.34

Mettius Pompusianus, 254

583

Meuse River, 485, 486, 487Mexico, 53 n.18Mezhirichi (Ukraine), 70, 71Michele, Antonio di, 60 n.38Middle Ages. See also Medieval cartography

civilization of, 299early, 279knowledge and use of maps, 283, 303,

464, 509the Word in, 286

Middle Easthistorical period in, 57pottery from, 89rock art, 63, 80

Middlesex, 491Miglia, 377, 384 n.120, 387 n.157, 389Milan, 477, 479

medallion from, 214Miles

English, 496German, 497Indian, 238portolan, 389Roman, 236,237,238,249,259

Milestones, 236Miletus, Milesians, 133, 134, 135Military. See also Roman cartography,

militarybattle plans, 62and development of map libraries, 8, 15Italian regional maps, 479, 480Lake Constance woodcut map, 493survey, 20

Milky Way, 83,170Miller, Konrad

on Ebstorf map, 307on Higden maps, 312,313Mappaemundi, 20, 293, 294-95as pioneer authority, 6on Saint Gall mappamundi, 302, 357

Millo, Antonio, 434 n.433Mimesis, 277Miniatures, Roman

of centuriation, 218, 219, 220, 221of estates, 226, 288in Virgil manuscripts, 239

Miniera valley, 67 n.70Minos, 193 n.84, 248

palace of, 251, 252Minotaur, 252Minturnae, 218, 219Minturno Scavi, 218, 219Misenum, 242Mixtec pictographs, 53 n.18Mocenigo, Andrea, 433 n.425, 442 n.505Models

of buildings, prehistoric, 80-81cosmological, 157, 159, 160, 161, 170.

See also Globes, Greek, celestialarmillary spheres, 141, 159, 167, 168,

171 n.66, 188Modena chart, 374, 377 n.61, 413Mogador, 407 n.274Mohenjo Daro, 107

584

Mola di Bari, 426Monastir, 198Money, Roman, 222 n.42Monfalcone, 427Mongols, 304Monstrous races, 291, 307, 330-32, 334

placement of, 316, 332Mont-Saint-Michel, 330Montelimar, 223Montfarcom (Monfalcone), 427Montpellier, on portoIan charts, 400Monumenta cartographica Africae et

Aegypti (Kamal), 18, 294Monumenta cartographica Europea,

18 n.141Monuments, megalithic, 81Moon

on Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132in Archimedes' planetarium, 160in Greek cosmography, 138, 164 n.13paschal, 429phases of, on mappaemundi, 31 7on Piacenza liver, 203, 204

Moon, Mountains of the, 328, 358Moordorf (Germany), 91Moore, George, 81Moors, 444Morel, Jehan, 374Moriduno, 238Morison, Samuel Eliot, 410Morocco

Great Disk from, 71-72, 73on portolan charts, 415

Morris, Ronald W. B., 68Morsynas River, 158Mosaics, 171

Byzantine, 263. See also Madaba mosaicat Nicopolis, 261, 264

Hebrew, 248, 266, 267of labyrinths, 252losses and survivals, 106mappaemundi, 324, 339Palestrina (Barberini) mosaic, 118 n.4,

246 n.75Roman, 226, 230, 231, 246-48,254,

339Moses, 11, 241Motion, circular, 136Motzo, Bacchisio R., 382, 383Mount Zion, Church of, 466Mountains

Chinese character for, 60 n.33in Christian cosmography, 262Eastern (Egyptian), 89on mappaemundi, 325, 326on portolan charts, 393in prehistoric maps, 71, 72, 73on Ptolemaic maps, 269on Roman maps, 217, 239squares representing, 114triangles representing, 71, 72Western (Egyptian), 89

"Mozarabic" style, 304, 326Muller, Frederick, 16, 17,22 n.177

Muller, Karl, 237Mundus, 287Munich, Portuguese chart in, 374 n.32, 386Munich, Universitatsbibliothek, Codex

MS. 185,386Munster, Sebastian, 332 n.223Murano Island, 315al-Mursi, Ibrahim, 434 n.435, 437 n.474Musei Capitolini (Rome), 226Museo Egizio (Turin), 121Museo Storico Navale (Venice), portolan

chart fragments, 419, 421 n.338Muses

in art, with globe, 171Athenian shrine of, 158

Museum of History of Science (Florence),12 n.93

Music, 52Muslims, 304, 307, 444Mussolini, Benito, 254Mustinger, Georg, 316Mycenaeans, 251Mythology

Asian, 84 n.141Egyptian, 117, 120Greek, 138, 330Scandinavian, 91Sumerian, 86

Nablus, 466Naiera, Antonio de, 441Naples, 195, 432 n.421, 434, 437Naples, Bay of, 239 n.34, 240Naqshah, xvi n.7Naram-Sin, 107Narbo, 162Narbonne, 162Narenta, Ibz de, 402Narona, 239Nationalism

in cartographic history, 28maps in shaping of, 14and portolan charts, 14, 388, 392

Nationson mappaemundi, 328Table of (Genesis 10), 115

Naupaktos (Lepanto), 425Navigation

astronomical, 85, 92,276,386,441compass (magnetic) in, 384by dead reckoning, 386, 441history of, and histories of exploration,

17, 18by indigenous peoples, 47, 48, 59, 85instruments, 384, 386, 387, 429 n.392,

441. See also individual instrumentsLull's contribution to, 305in Mediterranean, 85, 386-87, 388, 441,

443metaphor in Plato's Republic, 138and portolan charts, 284, 439-44

"circle and square" diagram, 442compilation, 386-87flags, 401

General Index

markings indicating use, 440, 443-44navigational signs, 378

Roman, 253and winds, 146without charts, in northern waters, 409

Navigators, and Sinus Magnus, 199Nazareth, 330Near East, 106

cartography, 107-15and prehistoric maps, 503sites, 108

Nearchus, 149Neat line, 505Nebenzahl, Kenneth, 22 n.177Nebo, Mount, 264Necho, 136Neckham, Alexander, 384Necos, 136Nederlandsche Vereniging voor Kartografie,

33 n.267Needham, Joseph, 60 n.33, 496Neolithic period, 55, 57. See also Borno

stone; c;atal Huyiikcosmological beliefs, 86Hal Saflien temple, 87Mont Bego figures dated to, 75Ossimo stela, 90plan maps, 62 n.49planimetric and vertical projections,

70 n.83portolan charts as deriving from, 380Saharan rock art, 69sculptured block from Tarxien, 81spirals, 88 n.176Tal Qadi "star stone," 83tombs, 72

Nepanto. See LepantoNepos, Cornelius, 242Le Neptune Franfais, 8 n.54Neretva River, 239Nero, 212, 240,245, 246,253Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, 232, 337 n.249Nestor, palace of, 251Netherlands. See also Low Countries

boundary with Picardy, 485, 487cartographic history in, 14 n.l07, 36, 37,

38medieval maps, 493

oldest extant, 470, 471Rijksarchief, catalog of maps, 19survey in, 494

Neugebauer, Otto, xviii n.21New Hebrides, 88New World

ethnographies, 47indigenous cartography, 49maps of, Humboldt's interest in, 17prehistoric period, 49

Newberry Library, Hermon Dunlap SmithCenter for the History ofCartography, 37

Newcastle upon Tyne, 496Niaux, 55 n.8Nicaea, 239, 330

General Index

Nicholas V, Pope, 435Nicolas of Cusa, 284, 488, 497, 498Nicolo, Nicolo de, 432 n.424

chart of 1470, 421Nicomedia (Izmit), 237, 239Nicopolis, 264, 265 n.3 8

mosaic at, 261, 264Niger River, 328Nijenhuis, J. T. Bodel, 16Nile

Atlantic as source of, 152 n.29Byzantine survey of, 259and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262and Dicaearchus, 152 n.29on Egyptian pottery, 118flooding of, and boundaries, 105, 128Gihon equated with, 328on Madaba mosaic, 265on mappaemundi, 328T-Otyp~ 296, 29~33~343, 345,

346on portolan charts, 378, 413and Ptolemy, 198Rabelais on, 332Roman exploration of, 178, 253on Roman maps, 241, 245, 246, 247settlement along, 117shape of, in Greek view, 175and Turin papyrus, 122, 123, 124western branch (supposed), 413

Nilsson, Martin Persson, 85Nimroud-Dagh, 166Nineveh, 108Nino, Pedro, 443Nippur, 107, 110, 111

plan of, 110, 112, 113Noah

ark, 313, 330, 335and monstrous races, 332sons of, 290, 296 n.69, 328, 331, 334,

343, pl.12Noha, Pirrus de, 316, 357, 358, 379 n.71,

pl.19Noli, Agostino, 430, 432, 434, 438, 440Nonius Datus, 211, 230Nonliterate. See Indigenous peoples;

Prehistoric peoplesNordenski6ld, A. E.

chart ca. 1500, 397 n.219and coastal outlines, 403date of Carignano map, 406date of Maghreb chart, 423on Dati designs, 379 n.72, 383-84on Du1cert and Bianco charts, 415Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of

Cartography, 18, 20map collection of, 16, 17"normal-portolano," 373, 377, 383on paleography and dating, 402Periplus, 18, 20, 372as pioneer authority, 6, 14and place-names, 372, 420, 422,

427 n.380on portolan chart origins, 382, 383-84,

388,427 n.381on printing of charts, 391 n.189and projection of portalan charts, 385on scale of portolan charts, 389, 391terminology, 375 n.39

Norfolk (England), 484, 485, 494Norman, Robert, 429 n. 392North Africa

centuriation, 198, 212, 219and Domitian, 254on mappaemundi, 315on periploi, 237on Peutinger map, 238on portolan charts, 371, 421prehistoric art from, 63, 77, 80, 89, 90and Ptolemy, 198

North America, cartographic history in, 28,29

North Holland, 486North Sea, 193, 388

on portolan charts, 409North Star, 82, 84Northumberland, cup-and-ring marks from,

64, 65, 85Norway

and Greco-Roman writers, 197on mappaemundi, 328on portolan charts, 410prehistoric art from, 76

Norwood, Colonel Henry, 11 n.87Notgasse (Austria), 87Notitia Dignitatum, 234, 242, 244-45,

pl.6Notitia regionum XIV, 227Notitia Urbis, 348Nottinghamshire, 495Notus, 144Nova Carthago (Cartagena), 153, 208Novantae, promontory of, 193, 194Novara, Campano da, 382, 442 n.503Novegradi, (Novi), 425, 426Novilara, 76Nuba (Sudan), 60 n.33Nubia, 121Numerals, Roman, 226 n.51Nuremberg, 473, 488, 497Nut (Egyptian goddess), 120, 121, 507Nuzi, tablet from, 71, 113, 114, 276

Occidens, 296Oceania, stick charts of, 48Oceans. See also individual oceans

and Alexander the Great, 149Alveus Oceani, 300, 353Aristotle on, 145, 148, 149in art, 264Babylonian, 111, 114circular, 111, 114, 131, 132of Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-62, 263and Crates of Mallos, 163, 164, 244equatorial, 163, 164, 244, 300, 353,

357gulfs of, 261, 262Herodotus on, 135

585

in Homer, 131, 132, 163, 164Isidore of Seville on, 320on mappaemundi, 300, 328, 353, 357Mare Oceanum, 353primeval, 89of Ptolemy, 189, 193

Octateuch, 261 n.25Odessos, 249Odo, 260Oehme, Ruthardt, 38Oenopides of Chio, 151 n.22Oesfeld, Carl Wilhelm von, 16 n.124Offering of the Crane mosaic, 248Oglio River, 76, 78, 79Oikoumene (known inhabited world), 134.

See also Greek cartography, worldmaps

on Achilles' shield, 132Agrippa's division of, 208Anaximander's drawing of, 134boundaries

and Eratosthenes, 155-56, 162, 174and Polybius, 162, 174and Posidonius, 174and Ptolemy, 184, 189and Pytheas, 151and Strabo, 173-74

Caesar's division of, 206as four-fold, 163, 164, 173geometric framework to, 132Ionian maps of, 135as island, 174Pliny's geography of, 242position on globe, 506

Crates on, 163and Eratosthenes, 155-56, 277and orientation of maps, 276and Ptolemy, 182Strabo on, 173

public conception of, 191Greek, 171, 175, 277

shapeAristotle on, 145, 149chlamys, 156, 167circular, 135, 136, 171, 277and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63Democritus on, 137Dicaearchus on, 152and Dionysius Periegetes, 171-72Eudoxus on, 143Geminus on, 143 n.76, 171and Hipparchus, 167oblong, 137, 143 n.76, 171rectangular, 144, 261-63Strabo on, 156, 173, 175

SIze

in Byzantine periplus, 260Dicaearchus on, 152and Eratosthenes, 148, 155-56, 163and Marinus, 178-79, 199and Plato, 137, 148and Ptolemy, 184-85, 199Strabo on, 152, 174

Varro's division of, 206

586

Olbia, 249Old Bewick, 64Oldham, Richard D., 380Oleron, 387 n.151Oliver, J. H., 222Olivule, 426Olschki, Leo, 17, 22 n.177Omphalos, 135 n.25Onega, Lake, 76Oostburg, 485Ophel, 250Opicinus de Canistris, 291, 379 n.71Oplontis, 238, 240Ora maritima (Avienius), 150, 243, 502Oral culture, 58Oran, 386, 401Orange (Arausio), 210, 212, 219, 220-24,

225Orbis pictus, 287Orbis terrae, 326 n.207Orbis terrarum descriptio, 287Orbs, symbolism of, 259 n.7, 290, 337,

pls.l0, 11Orcades. See Orkney IslandsOrdnance Survey

Dublin, map of, 36Roman Britain, map of, 193

Oresme, Nicole, 323Oriens, 296Orientation, 504, 506

ancient, 276Arabic, 208 n.34, 276, 337of Babylonian map, 113, 114of Christian maps, 276of churches, 340eastern, 276, 304, 337, 343, 345, 353,

357,475of Egyptian buildings, 125ofEgyptianmap~ 121, 123-24, 12~ 128and Etruscans, 201Greek, 276, 506of Madaba map, 254, 265of mappaemundi, 335, 336-37, 506

Beatus type, 357T-O maps, 343, 345, 347zonal, 296, 353, 354

of medieval local maps, 473of medieval maps of the Holy Land, 475northern, 276, 296, 337, 353, 354, 473,

475, 506of portolan charts, 377-78, 444, 506and religion, 506Roman

of Agrippa's map, 208of centuriation schemes, 195, 196, 198,

219,221,222of Forma Urbis Romae, 227of Macrobius's map, 244in Notitia Dignitatum, 244of Peutinger map, 276Sallustian, 337

southern, 208 n.34, 227 n.56, 244, 276,316,337,343,344,354,444

symbolism of, 336, 340

western, 343, 344Orinoco, 47 n.13Orion (constellation), 85, 131 n.6, 132,

137, 165Orissans, 86 n.161Oritae, 243OrkneyIdand~ 150,353Orleans, Duke of, 493Ornesta, 309 n.113Orontes River, 119Orosius, Paulus, 300-301, 347. See also

Mappaemundi, Orosianand Hereford map, 301, 309, 347, 502Historia adversum paganos, 300, 347mentioned, 26~ 292, 302

Orsini, Cardinal Giordano, 482, 483Ortelius, Abraham

map collection of, 9Parergon, 7 n.45Peutinger map facsimile commissioned by,

7 n.45statue honoring, 15Theatrum orbis terrarum, 11

Ose River, 218 n.25Osiris, 119, 120, 121Ossimo (Brescia), 90-91Ostend, 489Ostia, 239, 245-46

mosaics from, 230, 231, 246-47, 254Otley (Yorkshire), 87Ottheinrich, Count, 244 n.65Ottoman Turks, 399, 400, 401, 406, 444Oued Djeret, 63 n.54Ouse River, 490Oval maps, 312, 313, 349, 352, 505Overflakkee, 486, 487, 489Ovid, 253, 319 n.158Oxford University, 306

Paces, scale in, 474Paciaudi, P. M., 248Pacific Ocean, 199Pactolus River, 328Padua, 477, 478, 479, 480Pagano, Matteo, 12 n.93Painted maps

ancient, 171, 174 n.90medieval, 303, 477, 486, 493

Paintings, rock, 55, 68, 69, 70, 73, 90. Seealso Art, prehistoric; Pictographs

Pakistan, 238Pala Pinta, 83Palazzo Braschi, 226Palazzo dei Conservatori, 210, 225Palazzo Vecchio, 8Paleography, 325,401-2,403,423-24,

429Paleolithic period

cosmology, 86Lower Paleolithic, communication in, 52Siberian talisman, 88 n.176time scale, 57Upper Paleolithic,S5

cave paintings dated to, 68

General Index

celestial maps from, 84cognitive capacity in, 62communication in, 50, 52, 53mammoth bone dated to, 70maps dated to, 92, 504picture maps beginning in, 62

Paleologue arms, 400Palestine. See also Holy Land

cartographic knowledge in ancient, 115"Jerome" map of, 299, 324, 328, 329lamps with maps from, 250, 251in Madaba mosaic, 264, 265medieval city plans, 475, 495. See also

Jerusalem, plans ofmedieval maps of, 470, 473-76on portolan charts, 402 n.43, 403zodiac mosaics, 248, 266

Palestrina (Barberini) mosaic, 118 n.4,246 n.75

Palma, 431, 437, 438Palus Maeotis. See Azov, Sea ofPamphylia, 152Pantelleria, 387Panticapaeum (Kerch), 249Paolino Veneto, Fra, 287, 473

Chronologia magna, 473, 477, 480, 497map of Holy Land, 473, 475, 476, 496map of Po delta, 473, 480mappaemundi of, 314, 328, 357, 409,

473maps of Italy, 473, 481, 497plans of, 473,474,477, 478

Paperbuilding plans on, 470portolan charts on, 376 n.48

Pappus of Alexandria, 159,234Papyrus, papyri

EgyptianLille 1, 124 n.13, 128Nebseny, 119plans, 126-29, 502Reinhart, 128Turin map, 122-25Wilbour, 128

losses and survivals, 106of Palestine, 115parchment replacing, 217, 254Roman map on, 238

Paradise, 262, 263, 264on mappaemundi, 291, 302, 304, 318,

319,335,348,357rivers of, 262, 329

confusion regarding, 328on mappaemundi, 302, 304, 328, 330,

345,357on portoIan charts, 372symbolic associations, 336, 337 n.243

Parallelsof Athens and Rhodes, 152, 155, 156,

170, 179,276,506of Bacon, 322on Crates' globe, 164of Dicaearchus, 152of Eratosthenes, 154, 156, 157, 179

General Index

of Hipparchus, 182length of, calculated geometrically, 155of Marinus, 179,180,185,276on medieval maps, 292and Pliny, 243on Pompeian painting, 171on portolan charts, 385, 386on Ptolemaic maps, 269of Ptolemy, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189,

276Pytheas's groundwork for, 151of Strabo, 174

Parasangs, 238Parcae, 171Parchment, 324 n.190. See also Vellum

building plans on, 470cost of, 437increased use of, 217, 254and mappaemundi, 324, 343Romanmapson,238,249,25~254

Pareto, Bartolomeo de, 430, 434 nn.435,442; 438,440

chart of 1455, 414, 430, 435, 438Paria, Gulf of, 328Paris, Matthew, 471, 473

Chronica majora, 349diagrams, 469itinerary map, 304, 473, 495, pl.38map of Britain, 306 n.l02, 473, 496,

505, pl.39scale, 288, 496

maps of the Holy Land, 473, 475, 496purpose of maps, 493regional maps, 304, 473wall maps alluded to by, 335 n.238and Waltham Abbey plan, 469, 470worldmap,301,322,34~349,471

Paris, cartographic history in, 24Paris, University of, 306, 485, 487Parma, 196, 480Parmenides, 136, 145, 169 n.44Parmi, 378 n.69Parsons, E. J. S., 496Parthia, Parthians, 173, 208, 238, 253Pasajes, 427Pasch, Georges, 378 n.64, 400 n.401Pasqualini, Nicolo de, 432

atlas of 1408, 410 n.294, 431Cornaro atlas copying of, 401

Paths, in prehistoric maps, 74, 75, 77, 78Pathyris, 127Patrikios, 261Pattonag~43~506

Paul, Saint, 326Paulinus, Saint, 299Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 161Peace, Temple of, 227Pedro IV (king of Aragon), 315, 434Pedro, Don (of Portugal), 315Peking man, 51Pelechan, Antonio, 433-34

chart of Adriatic of 1459, 375, 421, 434Peleggi, 387Pella, 141, 148,236

PeloponneseCicero on, 255on Greek maps, 152, 156, 157, 174, 255and Roman itineraries, 236shape of, 174, 243

Pelusium, 245Peiialsordo, 68, 69Pencils, 391, 392, 443Pene, Charles, 8 n.54Penrith (Cumberland), 64 n.57Pens, 391Pepys, Samuel, 9Pergamum, 161, 162, 163 n.6Pericles, 136Perinthus, 236Periodoi ges (Circuits of the Earth),

xvi n.8, 134 n.18, 135 n.23of Aristagoras, 135Aristotle on, 135in Athenian portico, 158of Dicaearchus, 152, 255of Eudoxus, 143of Hecataeus, 134, 135Herodotus on, 135

Perioikoi, 163Peripatetics, 144Peripheres, 137Periploi. See also Portolani

ancient, 150, 237-38, 253, 254, 383,387,502

Byzantine, 259-60and knowledge of islands, 484and portolan charts, 237, 279, 383

Periplus maris exteri, 237Persephone, 248Persia

and Ctesias of Cnidus, 149and portolan charts, 381 n.93roads, 135, 149

Persian Gulfand Alexander the Great, 149and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261, 262on portoIan charts, 394on Ptolemy's map, 189, 198trade routes through, 107, 178mentioned, 208

Persis, 208Perspective

linear, and Ptolemy, 189topographical, in prehistoric art, 62

Pesaro wind rose map, 248-49Pesato, lones, 479 n.62Petchenik, Barbara Bartz, 4, 33, 36Peter of Beauvais, 287Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen,

21 n.170, 32 n.259Petrarch, Francesco, 481Petroglyphs, 55, 78 n.114. See also Cup-

and-ring marksAndree's treatment of, 45Bicknell's classification, 66Conti's classification, 67 n.69cosmological, 86, 87discovery of, 63-68

587

dream-inspired, 86footprints in, 53 n.18Humboldt on, 47 n.13of Mont Bego, 66, 67,70 n.81, 74, 75,

77,78,80rectangle and circle, 87, 88Scandinavian, 53 n.18, 87tree of life, 87

Petrus Alphonsus, 323, 353, 354, 355Peutinger, Konrad, 10, 238Peutinger map, 234, 238-41, 242, 254,

278,502, pl.5and Castorius, 260and Dura Europos shield, 249facsimiles, 7and Madaba mosaic, 265and medieval maps and itineraries, 469,

495orientation, 276and Ravenna cosmography, 260shape, 505

Pheidias, 159Philadelphia (Egypt), estate plan from, 129Philae, temple of, 245Philhellenism, 161, 234Philip, Saint, 330Philip II (king of France), 306, 309Philip II (king of Macedon), 149Philip III (king of France), 306, 309Philip of Dreux (bishop of Beauvais), 287Philip the Good (duke of Burgundy), 491Philippines, Javanese-based script in, 49Philippus, Quintus Marcius, 255Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 373Phillips, Philip Lee, 32 n.255Phillott, H. W., 288Philopator, 154Philoponus, Johannes, 261, 271Phinnoi, 197Phocaea (Foca), 159Phoenicians

and charts, 381Herodotus on, 136scribes, 115use of maps, 252

Photius of Constantinople, 319Photogrammetry, and cartography,

xvii n.14Photography, aerial, and cartography, xviiPiacenza, Bronze Liver of, 202-4, 507Piaget, Jean, 52Picardy, 485Pico de Teide, 393Picta. See Itinerarium pictumPictographs, 52-53, 55. See also Paintings,

rockAustralian aborigine,S3 n.18Babylonian, 49Cretan, 49dream-inspired, 86Mayan, 49Mixtec, 53 n.18Orissan, 86 n.161

Pictura, 287

588

Picture maps. See also Profile representationAndree on, 45Egyptian, 117, 118 n.4medieval, 466, 488-89, 498. See also

Bird's-eye viewsCanterbury plan, 467, 469

prehistoric, 62, 68-73, 80, 92identification of, 61

Roman, 205, 218,219,220in Notitia Dignitatum, 244, 245

Piedmont, 478Piganiol, Andre, 220, 222, 224Pigments, 324, 343Pilgrimages. See also Itineraries

of Arculf, 466, 467, 473and Crusades, 304, 341and Etzlaub map, 497and Hereford map, 288on mappaemundi, 330and portolan charts, 427, 439Roman, 237, 254,278

Pillars, cosmological, 87Pillars, maps on, 158. See also Colonnades,

maps onPiloni, Luigi, 371 n.5Pinax (pinakes, pinakion, etc.), xvi n.8,

134-35, 381 n.86accompanying texts, 253, 255and Anaximander, 134publicly displayed, 139, 158shape, 505

Pinchemel, Philippe, 38Pinelli-Walckenaer atlas

additional material on, 439authorship, 402, 424compass rose, 396 n.215dating, 396 n.215, 420, 427 n.381, 448name contractions, 429scale, 421

Pinerolo, 80Piracy, 428 n.388, 439Piraeus, 242 n.44Pisa, 437, 477Pisano, Leonardo (Leonardo Fibonacci),

382, 442 n. 503, 494Pishon River, 262, 328. See also Indus

RiverPizigani brothers

chart of 1367, 393, 397, 410, 415author's legend, 429place-names, 425mentioned, 448

Pizigano, Francescoatlas of 1373, 376 n.54, 391 n.194, 393,

421,429dating, 419, 424documentary purpose, 439place-names, 424, 426town views on, 397, 398

Pizzigano, Zuane, chart of 1424, 411, 421,431,445

Pizzo, 426Place-names. See also PortoIan charts, place­

names

history of, 241lists, 107, 288

Plan representation. See also individualperiods and places

Egyptian, 117, 126-29prehistoric, 60, 70 n.83, 80, 92, 504

landscape figures, list of, 97Mont Bego "topographical figures," 67,

68in picture maps, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72plan maps, 61, 73-81, 92, 503

Roman, on Cisiarii mosaic, 23°Plane charts, 385, 386Plane table, 387Planetariums, 160, 168Planets

and Archimedes, 159, 160and Aristotle, 146on Commagene Lion, 166and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 263cup-and-ring marks representing, 86on Egyptian astronomical ceilings, 121and Eudoxus, 140motion of, 136, 140, 146, 159, 160in Plato's cosmography, 138and zodiac, medieval graph of, 323

PlanispheresBabylonian, 115mappaemundi distinguished from, 287

Planudes, Maximus, 268remaking of maps, 191, 268, 272Strabo manuscripts, 268, 269mentioned, 258, 266, 279

Plate carree, 385Plato

attitude toward artifacts, 106and cartography, 137-38lectures of, attended by Eudoxus, 140Phaedo, 137Republic, 137, 138

Playfair, William, 292Plaz d'Ort. See Giadighe mapPleiades, 85, 131 n.6, 132, 137Pliny the Elder, 242-43, 254-55, 330

and Agrippa's map, 7 n.40, 106, 207-8,209, 242, 243, 254, 255, 309

on Caucasian Gates, 253and charts, 381on Etruscan divination, 201-2on expeditions, and use of maps, 253and Greek geographers, 234illustrations in work of, 255on India and Taprobane, 198influence of, 301, 304, 309, 323on labyrinths, 252 n.96and monstrous races, 330, 332Natural History, 208, 242, 330on Sicily, 209and Solinus, 299sources, 254and sphericity of earth, 319mentioned, 241

Plumb-bob level, 494Plumb lines, 213, 214

General Index

Plumbohm, megalith of, 80 n.121Plutarch, Lives, 139, 253Po delta, Paolino Veneto's map of, 473,

480Po Valley

centuriation, 195, 19~219, 224Etruscan expansion into, 201itinerary of, 235and Ptolemy, 195, 196

Poc;uol (Pozzuoli), 427Poetry

maps accompanied by, 254, 259, 264maps in, 171-73. See also Aratus of Soliphysical theory in, 255

Polandcartographic history in, 37, 38on mappaemundi, 328medieval maps from, 488and Ptolemy, 197

Polar Circle. See Arctic CirclePolaschek, Erich, 190Pole, celestial, 136

Aristotle on, 145determined by Pytheas, 150, 165height of, 182Hipparchus on, 164-65

Pole, solar year at, 168Pole Star, 136 n.31, 150 n.18

on portolan charts, 395Polesini, 84Polevoy, B. P., 76Politics. See Administration and

government; PropagandaPolo, Marco, 315, 316, 381, 394Polo brothers, 315, 372Polybius, 161-62, 164

on Dicaearchus, 152, 162on Eratosthenes, 162on Pytheas, 150, 162in Rome, 161, 163and Strabo, 152 n.27, 161, 162, 173, 174

Pomerania, 488Pompeii, 171

groma from, 213, 214labyrinth mosaics from, 252on Peutinger map, 238, 240

Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey), 168Pomptine (Pontine) Marshes, 218Pongeto, Sentuzo, chart of 1404, 396 n.215,

397Ponte San Rocco, 75, 77Poppaea, 240Population, 426Poremanres, 128"Port, establishment of the," 429 n.390,

440Port l'ospital, 425Porta Capena, 248Porto Pisano, 427Portolan charts, 371-463. See also

Navigation; Rhumb linesArabic, 374, 381atlases, 393, 440. See also individual

atlases, chartmakers, and libraries

General Index

indexes of, 449-61boards, mounting on, 376, 440Catalan, 392-95, 418, 424-25, 431-32,

437, 438, pl.26and Africa, 415earliest, 390, 393eastern extension of, 394-95and. northern Europe, 410of Roselli, 431Stillanda on, 414style characterized, 392-95and wind disks, 393, 395

characteristics of, 376-80chart of 1424. See Pizzigano, Zuane,

chart of 1424chart trade, 435-37chartmakers, 286, 432-34, 507. See also

individual chartmakersCatalan, 315, 393and development of chart collections, 9English, 431families of, 432informants, 427-28Italian, 393mobility, 432 n.421noncartographic work, 429portraits of, 434relations among, 423, 424-25, 429­

30,431-32chartmaking, business of, 428-38

apprenticeship, 431-32chart trade, 435-37commissions, 435-36scribal traditions, 428-29time involved in, 436workshops, 429,430, 438 n.475

chevron borders, 395circles, hidden, 376, 391, 392, 396, 431coastal outlines, 377, 383

ancient influence on, 283colored, 398development in, 403-15drafting and copying, 390, 391,

392 n.200colors, 378, 392 n.196, 393, pl.24

scribal traditions, 428of winds, 377, pl.24

compilation, 292, 387-88, 390and compass (magnetic), 375, 381,

384-85, 388sectional patchwork, 383-84, 388, 390

conservatism, 372, 414-15, 422costs, 437dating and provenance, 373, 385,

437 n.472by calendars, 446-48by chartmaker, 436by flags, 398-401paleographic, 401-2, 423-24by stylistic developments, 395, 397,

398toponymic, 373, 416-25, 448

deluxe vs. everyday, 436, 440development, 390

hydrographic, 402-15, 422, 466stylistic, 395-98toponymic, 415-28

distortion on, 384, 385, 386, 388, 390drafting and copying, 379, 390-92

erasure and correction, 431and hydrographic development, 402,

403Maghreb chart, 445 n.533

earliest, 283eastern extension of, 372, 394-95English, 374, 375, 392 n.196expansion of, 314flags on, 393, 394, 398-401, pl.29

Carignano map, 405 n.262Florence chart (Biblioteca Nazionale

Centrale, Port. 16), 418Gap chart, 386Portuguese chart in Munich, 386Reinel chart, 374

French, 374functions of, 504, 507

commercial, 444-45, 446instructional, 438-39navigational, 284, 439-44, 446

Genoese, 404, 425, 430, 437, 438Gough map of Britain compared to, 284importance of, 371, 445-46indexes

biographical, 449-58chronological, 460-61of named charts, 459

influence, 291 n.33. See also Portolancharts, and local and regional maps;PortoIan charts, and mappaemundi

intermediate style, 393, 394and island books, 283, 379-80, 473,

482,484Italian, 392-94, 418-20, 424-25, 432,

pl.27. See also Portolan charts,Genoese; Portolan charts, Venetian

Black Sea on, 444earliest, 390 n.179multisection, 444 n.531and northern Europe, 410shipboard use, 440style characterized, 392-94town views on, 397and wind directions, 395

Jewish, 432legendary features, 372, 410, 413legends, explanitory, 429, 436, 437

mentioned, 406, 431, 432,433,435,446

and local and regional maps, 471, 473,507

Italian maps, 283, 397-98, 473, 477,480,481,482,497

losses and survivals, 373-75shipboard losses, 436, 440, 502

Lull's description of, 305and mappaemundi

chart termed "mappamundi," 375, 439influence of charts, 292, 299, 314,

589

315-16, 342, 357-58, 379influence of mappaemundi, 291, 409

"neck," 376, 398, 431, 444"normal-portolano," 373, 377, 383notes on, 378, 393orientation, 377-78, 444, 506origins, 372, 380-84, 387, 390

ancien~ 278-79, 380-81, 390place of origin, 388-89

ornamentation, 393, 395-98, 429, 430,436, 446

physical limitations, 415, 505place-names, 379

analytical methodology, 461of Britain, 407, 408contractions, 429and dating of charts, 373, 416-25,

448,461development in, 372, 377, 446dialects of, 389, 415 n.329as historical source, 371, 426in red, 378, 379, 427regional patterns, 424-25Roman influence on, 381and scale, 421-22table, 416-20and trade, 428and Zaccaria, 382

portraits on, 398, 429, pl.31Portuguese, 374, 386, 396, 400, 413, 433projection, 385-86and Ptolemaic maps, 371as record of discoveries, 446. See also

Explorationas record of Mediterranean self­

knowledge, 373references to early, 283, 305, 380, 389,

439-40regional schools, 283, 392-95, 431-32,

438rivers on, 393, 481rollers for, 376scale, 377, 389, 446

in circle, 395explicit, 371, 377, 395, 407 n.274and toponymic density, 421-22variation of, 384, 389, 390, 391,421variation of, corrected, 414

sixteenth- and seventeenth-century,422 n.348

study of, 11, 372nationalism in, 14, 284

terminology, 287, 375toponymy. See PortoIan charts, place­

namestown views, 397-98, 477andtrad~408,415,421,428,444-45.

See also PortoIan charts, chart tradeVenetian, 398,40~425,431, 43~438

Portolani (sailing directions). See alsoPeriploi

of Benincasa, 374, 422 n.342, 433Lo compasso da navigare, 382-83, 387,

422, 426, 427 n.379, 437

590

Portolani (sailing directions) (cont.)and knowledge of islands, 484of Sanudo, 427 n.383

Portolano, 375Portraits, on portolan charts, 398, 429,

pl.31Portugal

cartographic history in, 36celestial map from, 83control of African coast, 415dispute with France over Casamance, 14distance to India, 354. See also India,

distance to, from Europeexploration by

and mappaemundi, 299, 358policy of secrecy, 414and portoIan charts, 411-14and Prester John, 333 n.231Santarem on, 17

medieval maps from, 465, 489, 503,509

on portolan charts, 399, 400, 418Portugalete (galleto), 426Portuguese charts, 374, 386, 396, 400, 413,

433Portuguese navigation, 386, 441Posidonius, 168-70

and late Latin geography, 299, 300and Ptolemy, 170, 185, 195and size of oikoumene, 174, 185and Strabo, 152 n.27, 168, 169, 173and zones, 136, 168-69

Post-Paleolithic period, 55, 57cartographic signs dated to, 92clay models, 80

Potencia, 425Pottery

Egyptian, 87, 89, 117, 118, 127Greek, and Achilles' shield, 131 n.7Iraq landscape jar, 70-71, 72Mesopotamian, 87

Pozzuoli, 239, 427Praeneste, 118 n.4, 246 n.75Prasum, Cape, 172, 179, 184Prehistoric peoples. See also Art,

prehistoric; Maps, prehistoricand historical indigenous peoples, 47spatial skills of, 45, 47, 48

Prehistoric periods, 49, 55, 57. See alsoindividual periods

Prester John, 333, 372Preu~ische Staatsbibliothek, 20 n.155Preveza, 264Priene, 140Prime meridian, 184 n.40, 190, 505Primeval hill, 87Printing, and cartographic history, 17Priscian, 172, 348Pro indiviso, 219Proclus, 230 n.64Procopius, 239Proctor, Rev. William, 85Profile representation. See also Bird's-eye

views; Picture maps

Egyptian, 117, 126medieval, 473, 484, 505

picture maps, 466, 467, 469, 488-89,498

prehistoric, 60, 62, 72, 80Roman

on Cisiarii mosaic, 230on Forma Urbis Romae, 229, 230on Frontinus's aqueduct maps, 232

Profiles, transverse, 232Progress in Human Geography, 31 n.243Projections, 504, 506

azimuthal, 322equidistant, 385logarithmic, 322

of Bacon, 305, 322Bonne, 186 n.54Byzantine understanding of, 268conical, 185 n.50, 506cylindrical, 385and Eratosthenes, 154, 157, 179gnomonic, 208and Hipparchus, 157, 167, 506history of, in history of cartography, 17homeotheric, 186 n.54of mappaemundi, 322of Marinus, 157, 179-80, 185, 186, 189,

269, 385medieval, 322, 342Mercator, 385-86orthographic, 180, 322of portolan charts, 385-86Ptolemaic. See Ptolemy, projectionsof Ravenna cosmography, 322rectangular, 179, 185, 189, 506and Romans, 201stereographic, 167, 180, 287, 506of Strabo, 174, 179vertical, 70 n.83

Promised Land, 115Propaganda

Greek, 139, 158Roman, 205, 253, 254,278,507,508

Propaganda Fide, Collegio di, 457Propertius, 253Provincia, 206Prunes, Matteo, 423Prussia, 328Psalter map, 327, 328, 331, 333, 340, 348,

350Psalters, 302, 324Psychology, developmental, 52Psychophysics, 34Ptolemy, Claudius, 177-99

as astronomer, 181Buache on, 11 n.83as cartographer, 178and Caspian Sea, 189, 198, 261 n.25Cassiodorus on, 172, 261and charts, 380, 381climata of, 182-83coordinates, 180, 181, 191, 192-97

accuracy of, 183, 191, 276and celestial globes, 182, 183

General Index

for India, 209and manuscript maps, 189-90, 191and mappaemundi, 314, 322and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica,

199 n.l07, 237on copying of maps, 180and Democritus's calendar, 137Eustathius compared to, 267and globes, 181-82, 185and Hipparchus, 164, 182influence, 177, 178, 180,277-78

on Arabic cartography, 177, 189, 268,278

on Byzantine cartography, 267-72on fifteenth century, 292on Greek cartography, 234, 237on map projections, 188, 189on mappaemundi, 314, 315, 316, 342,

354, 358on medieval topographical maps, 471,

473on Renaissance, 7, 189on Roman cartography, 234, 254

instructions for mapmaking, 180-90,504,505

knowledge of Latin, 191manuscripts, 180, 191, 192, 267-74

Agathodaimon endorsement, 271-72Antilia mentioned in, 411 n.299authorship, 270charts in, 380, 435Clavus's map added to, 7 n.42corruption in, 193Italian local and regional maps in, 477,

480, 482, pl.33Laurentian, 191, 193, 194lists of, 192, 272-74Nicolas of Cusa map in, 497and Planudes, 258, 268, 269Pluto 28.49 (Biblioteca Medicea

Laurenziana), 191, 270, 271recension A, 269, 272recension B, 270-71, 272and regional maps, 177, 189-90, 197,

269,270,272Renaissance collection of, 8Seragliensis 57 (Topkapi Sarayi

Library), 189, 269, 272Urbinas Graecus 82 (Biblioteca

Apostolica Vaticana), 189, 191, 193,195,269,271,272

Vat. Gr. 191 (Biblioteca ApostolicaVaticana), 193, 268-69

as mapmaker, 189-90on maps, 185maps of

facsimile editions, 7implied scale on, 371place-names and signs on, 191tabulae modernae, 7, 316

maps, regional 197-99and Agathodaimon, 271authorship and provenance, 177-78,

189-90

General Index

projection for, 185, 189, 269Ptolemy's survey of, 184recensions, 269-70, 272

maps, world, 184, pl.9and Agathodaimon, 271projections used for, 185-86, 188, 189recensions, 269-70, 272

Marinus criticized by, 106, 178, 179-80,184, 191

Marinus used by, 183, 184, 185, 186,192, 194-95

meridians, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189,276

parallels of, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189,276

and place-names, 191, 192, 193,197 n.97

and Planudes, 191, 258, 268, 269, 272,279

as polymath, 180projections, 157, 185-89, 187, 188, 272,

506first, 185-86, 187, 188, 189, 269, 270,

pl.9second, 186-88, 187, 189, 194, 269,

316third, 188-89

and Sicily, 209and size of earth, 168, 170, 184sources, 190 n.71, 191, 194-95, 197,

198. See also Ptolemy, Marinus usedby

star catalog of, 181-82, 183and terra incognita, 189, 194, 197, 199topography, sources for study of, 191-92mentioned, 7, 321Almagest, 177, 180, 181-83, 278

and Hipparchus, 164 n.13Pappus's commentary on, 234and Planudes, 268transmission to West, 299, 304, 322

Analemma, 180Canon of Significant Places, 191, 197Geography, 177, 180, 183-99,278. See

also Ptolemy, influence; Ptolemy,manuscripts; Ptolemy, maps, regional

contents, 183editions, 7, 17, 177 n.s, 189, 199eighteenth-century study of, 11as manual for draftsmen, 190 n.71and Marinus, 178, 179and Planudes, 258, 268, 272rediscovery of, 258, 267-68, 272, 283,

503revision of, 190translations, English, 177 n.stranslations, Latin, 187, 189,272,278,

304,316, 322Handy Tables, 248 n.80Harmonics, 269 n.58Phaseis, 137Planisphaerium, 180, 234, 287Tetrabiblos, 180, 347, 507

Ptolemy I Soter, 148

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 128, 148, 153Ptolemy III Euergetes, 154, 161Pujol, Domenech, 409 n.285, 437, 438Punic Wars, 161,253Punt (Pwenet), 123Purce, Jill, 88 n.176Puy de Dome, 207Pwenet, 123Pydna, battle of, 161Pylos, 251Pyramid Texts, 119 n.6Pyramids, 245, 332Pyrenees (Pyrenaeus), 55, 174, 243Pythagoras, 130, 136Pythagorean theorem, 109Pythagoreans, 136, 146 n.88, 299, 300

dodecahedron theory, 137Pytheas of Massalia, 150-51, 168, 169

and Britain, 194celestial pole located by, 150, 165Polybius' criticism of, 150, 162and Thule, 150, 151, 162, 174, 179voyage of, 150

Qift, 123Quadrant, 441, 494Quadrivium, 300, 306Quarters, four, 112, 334. See also Earth,

four corners ofin Caesar's survey, 205, 206

Quseir, 123

Rabanus Maurus, 332Rabelais, Fran~ois, 332Races, monstrous, 291, 307, 330-32, 334Rajum Hani' stone, 61Ramesses II, 119, 124Ramesses IV, 124, 126-27Ramesses IX, 126Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 10Ra's Shamrah, 107Ravenna, 239,260, 322, 488Ravenna cosmography, 235, 238 n.25, 240,

260, 348and charts, 381place-names, 106projection of, 322

Raxon de marteloio, 441, 442 n.504Raymond of Marseilles, 323 n.184Re (Egyptian god), 120Red Sea

and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261on Greek maps, 153, 254-55on mappaemundi, 326, 328, 357on portoIan charts, 393on Roman maps, 240, 245, 254as trade route, 178and Turin papyrus, 122, 123, 124

Referativnyt zhurnal: Geografiia, 32Reference lines, 504, 505-6. See also Grids;

Meridians; ParallelsReggio Emilia, 196Registers (pictorial), 90, 91, 117Reichenau, local maps from, 283

591

Reinel chart of ca. 1483,374,400, 413Relief maps

Frontlnus's aqueduct maps as, 232Ionian coin map compared to, 158prehistoric, 80-81

Religion. See also Bible; Christianity;Mythology; Ritual

and constellations, 277and Egyptian cartography, 120-21and maps, 4, 504, 507

orientation, 506prehistoric, 48, 63, 504

and prehistoric art, 55as context for maps, 48, 63and cosmology, 85, 92sacred sites, 57, 75 n.97shrines, 58, 73Tal Qadi "star stone," 83votive objects, 80, 88 n.176

Roman, 205, 252Renaissance

cartographic history in, 7and mappaemundi, 299, 314maps, antiquarian market for, 8Marco Polo's influence on, 316and medieval cartography, 293, 509and Ptolemy, 189

Renaissance, Carolingian, 299, 467Renaissance, twelfth-century, 299, 304,

306 n.99Rents, Roman, 222 n.42Reparaz, Gon~al (Gonzalo) de, 432Representation, cartographic, and

cartographic history, 17, 35Resection and intersection, 387Retimo (Rethymnon), 434, 437Reuwich, Erhard, 474, 476Revelli, Paolo, 411 n.305, 414, 431,

433 n.429Rey Pastor, Julio, 403Rhabana, 199Rhadamanthys, 248Rhapta, 172 n.75, 186Rheinberg, 236 n.13Rhine River, 236 n.13

Dionysius on, 173estate maps and surveys, 470, 494

Rhodescelestial arctic circle for, 162, 174at center of Greek maps, 153, 156as cultural center, 161and Hipparchus, 164latitude of

and Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71globes constructed for, 170, 171

meridian through, 152, 156, 169, 506parallel through, 156, 170, 179, 276, 506

and Ptolemy, 179, 183, 184, 185on periploi, 237on portolan charts, 378, 401 n.233,

407 n.274Posidonius at, 168

Rhone River, 223, 224, 378Rhone Valley, 220

592

"Rhumb line charts," 375. See alsoPortolan charts

Rhumb lines, 376-77. See also Windscircles, hidden, 376, 391, 392, 396,431and compass (magnetic), 384, 385and compass roses, 395-96drafting, 390-91elaboration to thirty-two, 396, 397and grids, square, 381, 392illustrated, 394, pls.16, 23, 24, 30as loxodromes, 385on Maghreb chart, 445 n.533on mappaemundi, 292, 314, 358and plotting of coastlines, 392 n.200variation in, 384

Riario, Cardinal Raffaello, 435Ribes, Jacme. See Cresques, JefudaRicart, Robert, 493Richard of Haldingham (Richard de Bello),

309,312Richborough, 236Richelieu atlas, 423Ridumo, 238Rigel, 165Rijksarchief (Netherlands), 19Rimini, 383, 425Ring marks. See Cup-and-ring marksRio de Oro, 413. See also Gold, River ofRio de palermi, 414 n.310Ripoll, Berenguer, 431 n.412

chart of 1456, 429, 431 n.412, 437Ritter, Carl, 16Ritual

initiation, 59and megalithic sites, 81 n.127

Rivers. See also individual rivers; Paradise,rivers of

on mappaemundi, 325symmetrical, 345, 346truncated, 344Y-shaped, 345, 346

on medieval local and regional maps,481,490,496

on portolan charts, 393, 481deltas, 378

in prehistoric art, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76,79

on Ptolemaic maps, 269on Roman maps, 222, 223, 224

Peutinger map, 238, 239Rivet, A. L. F., 194Road maps. See ItinerariesRoads

Persian, 135, 149Roma~201,204,236.Seeaho

Itinerariesand Agrippa's map, 209building of, and maps, 252and centuriation, 212, 213, 215, 222,

223in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217decumani, 213, 215, 218, 219, 222,

223kardo, kardines, 213, 215, 219, 222,

223

on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 241-42on Urbino plan, 226

Robert (king of Naples), 481Robert, Jehan, 374Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 11Robinson, Arthur H.

on analogical space, 5on communication and cartography, 33,

36on variety of maps, 4

Roca, Cape, 243Rock art. See Art, prehistoricRocky Valley (Tintagel, Cornwall),

88 n.177Rodez, 487, 489R6diger, Fritz, 54, 64, 65Rods, measuring, 125, 214 n.l0, 494Roger of Hereford, 323Romaic Gulf, 261, 262. See also

MediterraneanRoman cartography

and administration, 205, 210, 227,252,278, 507

archival preservation, 210and Byzantine, 234, 258-60cadastral maps, 209-10, 220-25, 255,

278decline in, 234empire

early, 212-32, 242-43late, 234, 236-42, 243-45places associated with, 235

Etruscan influence on, 201, 202evidence for, 106, 503and Greek cartography, 105, 177, 277and intellectual elite, 506legal character of, 210legal definitions, illustrated by maps,

218-19,220,221losses and survivals, 106, 201, 222military, 210 n.46, 253-54, 278

itineraries, 236-37lamps, 250, 251and Peutinger map, 238

miniature mapsofcenturiation,21~219,22~221

of estates, 226, 228in Virgil manuscripts, 239

nature of, 105, 161, 201, 205picture maps, 205, 218, 219, 220

in Notitia Dignitatum, 244, 245places associated with, 202plansaqueduc~,210-11,230,232

of baths, 225, 226on coins, 245-46earliest, 204of estates, 225-26, 227on lamps, 250, 251land status illustrated by, 219, 221legal status of, 252, 278in mosaics, 248and medieval maps, 278, 466, 467of tomb plots, 252of towns, 201, 225, 226, 229, 230. See

General Index

also Forma Urbis Romaefor tunnels, 230Urbino, 225-26, 227

and propaganda, 205, 253, 254, 278,507, 508

scale, 278of cadastral plans, 222, 224explicit, 226, 276of Forma Urbis Romae, 227, 229, 276of miniature estate maps, 226

and survey. See Survey, RomanRoman cosmography, 87, 242, 243-44,

300Roman geography. See Latin geographyRomances, medieval, 290, 330, 333 n.229Romania, 65 n.60Romano, Virginia, 390Romans

knowledge and use of maps and globes,159-60,171-73,234,252-56,276,503

artifacts indicating, 245, 250Philhellenism, 161, 234as road makers and soldiers, 276

RomeArchimedes' globes in, 159at center of maps, 340, 505Charlemagne's map of, 303, 469chartmaking in, 437chronology, 204 n.14city administration, 227Cloaca Maxima, 163colonies, 212, 216, 278. See also

individual coloniesof Augustus, 207in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217-18, 219Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15

as cultural center, 161expansion, 105, 161, 177, 178, 204, 205,

254expeditions and campaigns, 106, 173,

178,253exploration, 178founding of, 204Greeks in, 161, 162-63, 173,205,255and Heron's distance measurement,

232 n.66itineraries to and from, 235, 237 n.18,

497land allocation, 212, 216

of Augustus, 207, 220-21in Campania, 204-5, 209-10, 218

land registration, 210, 216on mappaemundi, 312, 328, 330, 340"maps and plans department," 244medieval painting of, at Mantua, 493medieval plans and views of, 476-77,

478, 492, 493, 495, pl.33on Peutinger map, 238, 239, pl.5plan of, ancient. See Forma Urbis Romaeon portolan charts, 400, 401, 405 n.262,

428prefect, city, 244roads. See Roads, Romantrade, 207, 246

General Index

Ros River, 70Roselli, Petrus, 431, 432

and Atlantic coastline, 414chart of 1447 (in North America),

431 n.411, 435 n.454chart of 1447 (Volterra), 431chart of 1449, 396, 397chart of 1456, 397chart of 1462, 414chart of 1464, 398, pl.28chart of 1468, 425legends (cartographic), 437place-names, 425and rhumb lines, 396, 397reversion to earlier design, 415

Rosenthal of Munich, 22 n.177Rosselli, Francesco, 477, 493

map of Florence, 464, 465, 477Rostovtzeff, Mikhail I., 72Rothiemay stone, 82Rotz, Jean, 434 n.441, 443Routes. See also Itineraries; Periploi;

Pilgrimages; Portolani; Trade routes;Wayfinding

Babylonian, 108, 111early maps as route maps, 48to Indies, 371 n.1maps related topologically to, xviiplanning of, and mappaemundi, 288, 342prehistoric mapping of, 64, 76

paths, 74, 75, 77, 78representation of

and cognitive development, 52by indigenous peoples, 53

Rowtin Lynn, 64Royal Geographical Society of London, 14Rudimentum novitiorum, 318 n.147, 328Ruge, Sophus, 294Ruggles, Richard I., 37Rulers (measurement)

on Babylonian statue, 110and portolan charts, 391, 443Ptolemy on use of, 186Roman, 214 n.10

Runic inscriptions, 91 n.191Russell, Bertrand, 326Russia, on mappaemundi, 328. See also

Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsRusso, Pietro, 458Rust, Hanns, 318 n.147Ruysch, map of 1507, 316

Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 306, 307, 314,321

Sahara. See also Garamantesrock art from, 63, 69, 89, 90

Sailing directions. See Periploi; PortolaniSaint Albans Abbey, 469, 496Saint Augustine's Abbey (Canterbury), 492Saint Elizabeth's Day Flood, 486, 493Saint Gall

mappamundi at, 303, 343, 357plan of, 466-67, 468

and Roman plans, 278, 466, 467

scale, 466, 467Stiftsbibliothek Codex 237, 303, 343

Saint Mary's Abbey (York), 490St-Paul-Trois-Chateaux, 222Saint Peter, Church of, 239Saint Peter's Abbey (Ghent), 485Saint Reparatus Basilica, 252Saint Sever map, 327, 330Saint Stephen's (Vienna), 470Saint Zacharias, Church of, 265Saints, on portolan charts, 398Saints Cosmas and Damian, Church of, 227Sala dello Scudo, 315Saldae (Bejaia), 211Salerno, University of, 306Salinari, Marina, 422 n.342Salishchev, K. A., 23 n.187Salline, 425Sallust

De hello Jugurthino, 334, 343, 344gardens of, 227mappaemundi

T-O maps, 334, 337, 343-44,346tripartite/zonal type, 355, 357

source for Isidore, 301Salonika (Thessalonica), 239, 258

on portolan charts, 400, 401 n.233Salvator mundi, 290Salviat, F., 222, 223Salzburg, 252Samaria

lamp with plan from, 250, 251on mappaemundi, 330

San iacomo, 439San Michele di Murano, 324San Nicola (ship), 439Sand, George, 373 n.21Sandglass, 386, 441Santanazes, 411Santarem, Manuel Francisco de Barros e

Sousa, Viscount ofAtws, 12, 14, 18,292"cartography" coined by, xvii, 12and classification of mappaemundi, 294debate with Jomard, 13Essai, 292on Medici atlas dates, 448as pioneer, 14on utility of early maps, 17on Vesconte atlas (of 1321, Zurich),

435 n.447mentione~ 293,457

Santiago de Compostela, 330Santo Sepulchro, 432Santorini, 132Sanudo, Marino, 315, 316, 391 n.189, 392,

427Liber secretorum fidelum crucis, 7, 314,

355,406,473, pl.16map of Holy Land, 473, 475, 476, 496-

97plans of Jerusalem, 473, 474, 478portolano, 427 n.383world map, 333, 409

Sanudo-Vesconte atlas in British Library.

593

See Vesconte, Pietro, atlas of ca.1325

Sanudo-Vesconte atlas of ca. 1320. SeeVesconte, Pietro, atlas of ca. 1320

Saone River, 487Saracen, 332Sarcophagi, 121, 171. See also Coffins,

paintedSardinia

on Greek maps, 152, 157, 197on portolan charts, 371 n.5, 399, 405,

424 n.361, 428Roman map of, 204, 205, 254

Sardis, 140Sargon of Akkad, King, 107, 109Sarmatia, 189, 198Sarton, George, 173, 293Sarzana, Raffaelino, 431 n.415Satyrs, promontory of the, 199Savona, 383, 437Saxon Shore forts, 245 n.69Saxony, Lower, 80 n.121Saya Island, 411Scalars, 288Scale. See also Portolan charts, scale;

Roman cartography, scaleAlberti's work regarding, 495ancient, 276in Babylonian plans, 109, 110, 113, 276and Egyptian plans, 126-27Greek, 140, 174,371mappaemundi, 286, 289, 292, 314medieval building plans, 466, 467and medieval itinerary maps, 495-98medieval local maps, 371-72, 474, 478,

479and prehistoric maps, 80 n.121variation of, 505

on mappaemundi, 289on Matthew Paris map of Britain, 288,

496on portolan charts, 384, 389, 390, 391,

414,421Scamandre, 487Scandinavia

on portolan charts, 409-10, 415prehistoric

art, 53 n.18, 76astronomy, 82cosmology, 87periods, 57ship carvings, 87

and Ptolemy, 197Viking memorial stones, 87 n.169, 90, 91

Scent marking, 50Schaffhausen (Switzerland), 47 n.14, 64, 65,

66 n.61Scharfe, Wolfgang, 37, 38Schedel, Hartmann, 332 n.223Scheldt, 486, 488-89Schleswig-Holstein, 80 n.121. See also

HolsteinSchnabel, Paul, 269Scholasticism, 508Schonfeld, Dr. M., 82 n.133

594

Schulz, Juergen, 493Schurtz, Heinrich, 47Schutte, Gudmund, 82-83Science, history of

bibliography in, 20 n.157and history of cartography, 3, 13, 16,

293and history of technology, 35

Scilly Islands, 252 n.103Scipio, Publius, 220Scipio Aemilianus, 161Scipionic circle, 161Scotland

cup-and-ring marks from, 81-82labyrinths ("tangle threids"), 88 n.174on medieval maps, 496medieval maps from, 489on portolan charts, 403prehistoric map of, 63, 66and Ptolemy, 194, 199and Pytheas's voyage, 150rock art of, 64 n.56

ScribesEgyptian, 124medieval, 428, 429of Palestine, 115scribal traditions in chartmaking, 428-29Sumerian, 107

Scylax of Caryanda, pseudo-, 253, 383,387

Scymnus, Pseudo-, 150, 502Scythia, Scythians

Ephorus on, 144on Ptolemy's map, 182, 189in Timosthenes' scheme, 153

Scythian Ocean, 198Seals. See SphragidesSeas. See also Oceans

enclosed, on Ptolemy's map, 189on mappaemundi, 325prehistoric representations, 68

Seasonsin art, 266on mappaemundi, 335

Sebastye, lamp with plan from, 250, 251Seidl, Ursula, 110Seine, 494Seine estuary, 374Sekhet-Hetepet, 119Semeianf;a del mundo, 288Semiology, 2, 34Semitic peoples, 334Senegal, 14Senmut, 121Sensing, remote, xviiSeptentrio, 296Septizodium,226Sera, Seres, 172, 179, 184Seradina (Capo di Ponte), 75Serapion of Antiocheia, 255, 300Serapis, temples of, 106, 241Sercembi, Giovanni, 397 n.223Servius, 301Sesostris, 124

Sethos I, 119, 123Setrenice, 439Settima, 202Settlements, prehistoric depiction of, 64,

67 n.70, 69 n.79, 71, 73Sevastopol, 428Severianus, 320Severus, Lucius Septimius, 226, 227,

236 n.12Seville, 400, 428Sextant, 387Shackleton Bailey, D. R., 256Shakespeare, William, 138Shape, countries described according to,

157, 174-75, 243. See alsoMappaemundi, shape; Oikoumene,shape

Shepherds, 80 n.120Sherbro River, 414 n.310Sherwood Forest, 495Shetland Islands, 178, 194, 197Shibanov, F. A., 34Ships, on portolan charts, 393. See also

GalleysShouldham, 493, 494Shrines

at <::atal Huyuk, 58, 73Egyptian, 127on portolan charts, 393

Shu (Egyptian god), 121"Siatutanda," 191Sibenik, 425, 428Siberia, 46, 87, 88 n.176Sicily, 202

charts sent to, 437globe-making in, 136on Greek maps, 139, 152, 174, 197, 209,

277measurements for, ancient, 209Norman kingdom of, 388and portoIan chart origins, 38~

on Roman itineraries, 236mentioned, 387

Sicily, Strait of, 387. See also Messina,Straits of

Sidra, Gulf of, 198Siena, 491, 493Sigeum,253Sigilo, 414Signs, astronomical, Ptolemy's use of, 191Signs, cartographic, 504. See also Color;

Portolan charts, flags onas alphabet, 35in Arabic cartography, 326in Australian aboriginal art, 58 n.18Byzantin~ 190,268,269,270for churches, 470, 471circles, 69 n.79, 87, 88cultural specificity of, 3frequency of occurrence, 62lines, 123, 220in Madaba mosaic, 265on mappaemundi, 324, 325, 326, 327,

354

General Index

Mont Bego figures as, 67 n.70for mountains, 71, 72, 73, 114, 269, 326,

393on portolan charts, 378, 393, 397

stamped, 391 n.189and prehistoric art, 60, 61-62, 69 n.79,

74-75,92for rivers, 220, 269, 393

prehistoric, 72, 73, 79for roads, 220Roman

on Dura Europos shield, 249on Forma Urbis Romae, 229, 230on Peutinger map, 239Ptolemy's use of, 190, 191

semicircles, 113for settlements and towns. See also

Ideograms, cityon mappaemundi, 326, 327on portolan charts, 391 n.189, 393,

397prehistoric, 69 n.79, 71on Ptolemaic maps, 269, 270Roman, 239, 240

squares, 114for staging points, 249stippling, 67, 74, 76, 78, 79triangles, 71, 72, 111for water, Egyptian, 123

Signs, hydrographic, 378Silk land, 179 n.15, 189Silk trade, 178Silos map, 327, pl.13Silvam tunnel, 230Simar, Theophile, 295, 296Simois River, 253Sin Hinny stone, 82Sinai, Mount, 265,330,340Sinai desert, 241Singer, Charles, 293Sinus Magnus (Great Gulf), 198, 199Siponto, 426Sippar, map of, 111, 113Sires (tribe), 243Sirius, 85Sisebut, 320Skandia islands, 197Skelton, R. A.

and cartographic historiography, 6, 13,14,23

on cartographic history, 7, 12, 17, 37-38on cataloging of early maps, 20on facsimile atlases, 14on form and content of maps, 34on Genoese and Majorcan collaboration,

430on Higden maps, 312on language and maps, 35 n.294on loss of maps, 6 n.32, 292on map collectors, 16on nationalism in cartographic history, 28on portolan charts, 422on Vinland map, 368on visual impressions, 403

General Index

mentioned, 85"Skin Hill Village," 77, 78Slavs, 328Sluis (Zeeland), 471Societe de Geographie de Paris, 14Societies

cartographic, 32, 37geographic, 14, 19, 32map, 22-23

Socotra, 316Socrates, 137, 139Soler, Guillermo, 393, 432

chart of ca. 1385, 393, 400Paris chart (Res. Ge. B 1131), 418place-names, 425

Soligo, Cristoforo, 432Soligo, Zuane, 432Solin (Yugoslavia), 237 n.18Solinus, Gaius Julius, 299, 301, 330, 332Solstices

and Eratosthenes, 154-55, 162 n.1and Hesiod's agricultural year, 85and Hipparchus, 167at Jerusalem, 340and Pliny's climata, 243at polar circle, 151, 168and Ptolemy, 182Pytheas's correlation with latitude, 150­

51Strabo on, 151 n.21and Thales, 134

Solstitial points, 141, 146, 165Sommerbrodt, Ernst, 307Sone de Nansay, 343Sosius Senecio, Quintus, 253Soul (human), 85, 88, 120Sousse (Tunisia), 252, 383South America, and Ptolemy, 199South Baden, 488South Holland, 486, 487, 494Southampton, 408Southern Cross, 83Southern Ocean, 149Space

analogical, 5and animals, 50cognitive mapping of, 1, 5, 31, 52conceptions of

geometric, 86inclusions and separateness, 69 n.78of indigenous peoples, 52and maps, xv, 31, 506

consciousness of, 51, 52, 92heterogeneous and homogeneous, 505on mappaemundi, 288maps and spatial communication, xv, xvi,

xviii, 1, 34, 50, 504and prehistoric peoples, 45, 47, 48, 50,

51and time, terminology for, 51 n.6topological ordering of, 50

SpainArchivo General de Indias, catalog of

maps, 19

cartographic exhibitions in, 21centuriation in, 221, 223distance to China from, 179. See also

Oikoumene, sizemedieval maps from, 465, 489, 503, 509Muslims in, 304, 323on Peutinger map, 238on portolan charts, 386, 400, 401and Ptolemy's signs, 191

Sparta, 134, 139Spas, on Roman maps, 238, 239, 241Speech, 52Spello, 218,219Sphaerica, 154 n.44Sphairopoiia, 136, 148, 159Spheres. See also Globes; Models,

cosmological; Sphairopoiiaand Aristotle, 146armillary, 141, 159, 167, 168, 171 n.66,

188Autolycus on, 154 n.44celestial (sphere of fixed stars), 146,

154 nn.44, 47; 159. See also Globes,Greek, celestial

and Archimedes, 159Hipparchus on, 164-65and Theodosius of Bithynia, 168

concentric, 148Euclid on, 154 n.44of Eudoxus, 140, 146geometry of, 154, 162 n.1, 277

and Crates, 163and Pytheas, 151

homocentric, 140, 146and Pythagoreans, 136

Sphragides, 157, 174Spindle of Necessity, 138Spirals, and death, 88Split (Yugoslavia), 237 n.18Sporer, Hanns, 318 n.147Squarcione, Francesco, 479, 480Square maps, 505Sri Lank~ 182, 198, 270Staatsbibliothek Preuf3ischer Kulturbesitz,

25 n.196Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), 240Stades, 148 n.3, 237, 260 n.16Stadiasmus maris magni, 237, 383Stage maps, 138-39Staging posts, 236, 237, 238, 239, 249, 495Staigue Fort, 64Staines, 491Staircases, cosmological. See Ladders,

celestialStamps (printing), 391 n.189Star fresco (Teleilat Ghassul), 77, 88, pI.1"Star stone" (Tal Qadi), 83, 84Stars

catalogs ofof Hipparchus, 164, 165-66of Ptolemy, 181-82, 183

circumpolar, 85 n.149distance from earth, 170fixed, sphere of. See Spheres, celestial

595

naming of, 132, 181navigation by, 85, 92, 276, 386, 441in Plato's cosmography, 138

Stelae, Egyptian, 123Stella, 213Stephanus of Byzantium, 134 n.20, 266Stevens, Henry N., 17Stevens, Henry, Son and Stiles, 22 n.177Stevenson, Edward Luther, 177 n.5,

179 n.17, 198Stick figures, 60 n.34, 61Stililant, 414 n.318Stillanda, 414Stoicism, in Aratus's Phaenomena, 141Stoics, 131, 154, 163Stolk, Abraham van, 16Stollhof (Austria), 91Stone, Roman maps on, 206-7, 220, 223­

25, 248-49, 278. See alsoPetroglyphs

Stone cutters, 227Stone Tower, 179, 184Strabo, 173-75andAgripp~209,255

on Anaximander, 134, 137, 152 n.27and Caspian Sea, 174, 261 n.25and charts, 381on contributors to geography, 137, 152and Crates, 162, 173, 255on Dicaearchus, 137, 152on Ephorus, 137, 143-44, 152on Eratosthenes, 106, 137, 152 n.27,

154, 156, 157on Eudoxus of Cnidus, 137, 140, 143,

152Geography, 144, 173, 175,261,268on geometry, invention of, 125 n.16on globes, construction of, 163 n.7, 174and Hipparchus, 166, 173on Homer, 131, 132, 152 n.27map of, 172, 173-75on marvels, 330on Pactolus River, 328 n.214on Phoenician route to Cassiterides,

252 n.103and Planudes, 268and Pliny, 243and Polybius, 152 n.27, 161, 162, 173,

174and Posidonius, 152 n.27, 168, 169, 173in Ptolemaic manuscript marginalia, 269on Pytheas, 150and shape of mappaemundi, 318 n.149on Sicily, 209on sunrises and sunsets, 249 n.83on solstices, 151 n.21on Timosthenes, 153mentione~ 234, 309

Strozzi, Alessandro, 492, 495Stylus, 110Subseciva, 212, 223Sudan, 60 n.33Suez, Gulf of, 198Sulla, 210

596

Sully, Due de, 9 n.58Sultan's Library. See Topkapi Sarayi Library

(Istanbul)Sumerians

cultural expansion, 107myths, 86 n.156place-name lists, 107religious center of, in Babylonia, 110scribes, 107

Sunon Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132in Archimedes' planetarium, 160and Eratosthenes, 155, 162 n.land Hipparchus, 164 n.13Isidore of Seville on, 320and latitude, Pytheas's correlation of,

150-51on Piacenza liver, 203, 204in Plato's cosmography, 138and zodiac, medieval graph of, 323

Sundials. See also Gnomonin art, 171, pl.4Greek use of, 150, 169pocket, 497Roman, 255

obelisk, 208portable, 214, 215, 235, 254

Sun-god, 248, 266Sunrises and sunsets, 145-46, 249 n.83,

337Survey

Babylonian, 109, 113Byzantine, 259and cartography, xviiclassical, and mappaemundi, 307Egyptian, 105, 124-25, 128, 213in eighteenth century, 10English, 493-94Etruscan, 201,202Greek, 130, 138instruments

Egyptian, 125Greek, 138medieval, 494Roman, 213-15, 227, 232

in Low Countries, 494medieval, 466, 478, 493-95, 497, 508

compared to Egyptian, 124military, 20modern, 216and portolan chart compilation, 387prehistoric, 80 n.121, 81 n.127Roman, 201, 209-10,212-25,278. See

also Agrimensores; Aqueducts, plans;Centuriation

of Caesar, 205-6, 207, 309earliest recorded survey map, 204,

209-10educationin,21~219-20, 255Etruscan origin of, 202instruments, 213-15, 227, 232and medieval maps, 466, 467, 478mensores, 226, 227methods, 213-16

record office, 210, 216of Rome, A.D. 74, 226use of, 252

topographical, in history of cartography,17

Surveying and Mapping, 33Susa, 89Susiya, 266Sweden, 77, 197, 328. See also Gotland;

LokebergSwitzerland

bone plaques from, 47 n.14, 54, 64, 65cartographic history in, 38maps of, 488, 498

Syene (Aswan), 152 n.30, 167and Eratosthenes' measurement, 154, 155and Ptolemy, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189on Roman maps, 245, 248 n.80, 253

Sylvester II, 494Symbolism

of Achilles' shield, 131and cartography as language, 4on coins, 158, 164cross-cultural, 59-60of globes and orbs, 171, 259 n.7, 290,

337in indigenous societies, 59-60of mappaemundi, 290, 291, 313, 318,

334-39,342of medieval art, 493prehistoric

cosmological, 59, 85-92of cup-and-ring marks, 64, 85-86in maps, 48, 63, 80and megalithic sites, 81 n.127

on Roman maps, 230, 290of Thera fresco, 504

Syncretism, 131, 290Synesius of Cyrene, 237Syracuse (Sicily), 159Syria

Akkadian campaigns into, 107cartographic knowledge in, 115Epiphanius's guide to, 266place-name lists, 107on Roman maps and itineraries,

237 n.18, 241on Theodosian map, 259

Syrtes, 198, 371, 403

Tablesof Charlemagne, 303, 469lunar, 441, 446-47Toleta, 441-43

TabletsBabylonian, 109-15, 135,502Greek bronze, 135Mycenaean clay, 251Roman, 205, 210, 216wax, Arculf's plans on, 466

Tabula, Tabulae, 205, 210,216,238 n.25,253,255-56

charts called, 375mappaemundi called, 287

General Index

Peutingeriana. See Peutinger maptabulae modernae (Ptolemaic maps), 7,

316Tabularium, 210, 220Tacitus, Cornelius, 191, 227Taggia, 427Tal Qadi, 83, 84Talamone, 488, 491, 492Talat N'Iisk, 71-72, 73Talmay, 487Tamar River, 193Tamare, 193Tambourines, 87Tanais River, 183,296. See also Don RiverTangier, 236Tanum, 77, 83Tanworth, 494Taprobane (Sri Lanka), 182, 198, 270Tara (Ireland), 92Taranto, Gulf of, 195Tarascon-sur-Ariege, 55 n.8Tarracina, 218Tarsus, 237, 244, 330Tartaria (Romania), 65 n.60Tartessus, 150Tatar empire, 372Tate, George, 64, 85Taubner, Kurt, 54, 63, 64, 65 n.61, 66Taurus (constellation), 83Taurus, Mount, 244Taurus Mountains

and Alexander the Great, 149on Greek maps, 152, 156, 166, 174-75on mappaemundi, 348

Tarxien, 81, 83Tassili Mountains, 63 n.54, 69, 70Taylor, Eva G. R., 375, 422 n.345, 429,

442 n.510Taxation, 502

Egyptian, 125, 128Roman, 220, 252

Tay River, 240Technology, history of, 3, 35Teixeira da Mota, Avelino

dating of Portuguese charts, 386, 402on Mediterranean navigation, 441on portolan charts, 375, 415, 444on Portuguese chart losses, 374

Telegraphic era, 36Teleilat Ghassul, 58 n.14, 77, 88, pl.lTelloh, 109Tellus, temple of, 205Tenerife, 393Tepe Gawra (Iraq), 70-71, 72Terceira, 410Terra-cotta, 81,203Terra incognita

fear of, 53gesture and sketch maps of, 52Plutarch on, 253and Ptolemy, 189, 194, 197, 199

Terriers, field, 464-65Teruel,60Teutonic order, 488

General Index

Thales, 134Thamudeni, 245Thayngen,64Theater, maps in, 138-39Thebes (Egypt), 118, 124, 125, 128, 265Thematic cartography, xx, 35, 36Theodosius II

map of, 208, 209, 254, 259, 278property law survey of, 259

Theodosius of Bithynia, 167-68Theodulf,327Theon of Alexandria, 248 n.80Theophrastus, 152, 158Theotokos, New Church of the, 265Thera fresco, 62, 131, 132, 504, pl.3Theseus, 252Thessalonica. See SalonikaThevet, Andre, 10, 332 n.223Thomas, Saint, 330Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 321Thomas of Elmham, 492Thorikos (Attica), 139Thrace, 153Thrower, Norman J. W., 47Thu, xvi n.7Thucydides, 150Thule, 172

and Marinus, 179Polybius on, 162, 174and Ptolemy, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188

as Shetland Islands, 194, 197and Pytheas, 150, 151, 162, 174, 179Roman sighting of, 178and Strabo, 174

Tiber River, 204, 229, 239, 245Tiberiades, 490Tiberias (Palestine), 248Tiberius, 212Tibetans, 172Tibur, 211Tides, 387, 429, 440, 447Tigris River

and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262on "Jerome" map of Palestine, 329on mappaemundi, 328on Notitia Dignitatum, 244Strabo on, 175

Tillenay, 487Timaeus, 150Timavus River, 241Timbuktu, 328Time

spatial terminology for, 51 n.6syncretism on maps, 131, 290

Timosthenes of Rhodes, 152-53Tin Islands (Cassiterides), 150, 252Tintagel (Cornwall), 88Titus, city plan of, 226Tivoli, 211Tjangvide, 91 n.193Tmolus range, 158Tobler, Arthur J., 70-71Tobler, Waldo R., 322Toledo (Spain), 323

Toledo tables, 284, 316, 323Toleta, 441-43Tombs

Egyptian, 118, 124, 126-27Roman, 252

Tomis (Tomea, Constanta), 239, 249Tonkin, Gulf of, 198, 199Tooley, Ronald V., 23Toomer, G. J., 165 n.25, 181Topkapi Sarayi Library (Istanbul)

Catalan fragment, 358Deissmann 47, 381, 392Italian fragment,- 394 n.210

Topographos, 205Topology, 505

and cognitive development, 50, 52and early maps, xvii, 66inclusion and separateness, 69 n.78and shape, 67-68

Toprakkale, 81 n.123Torre Annunziata, 171, 240Tortoise, 84Tortona chart, 422 n.343Totems, 80 n.121Toulouse, 237Tournai, 485Toynbee, Arnold ]., xixTracing paper, 391Trade

and portolan charts, 408, 415, 421, 428,444-45

Roman, 207, 246Trade routes. See also Itineraries

Indian Ocean, 178Persian Gulf, 107, 178prehistoric, 64for tin and amber, 150

Tragliatella, 251Traiana, colonia, 236 n.13Trajan, 245, 253Translations, 304, 306. See also Ptolemy,

Geography, translationsTrapezus (Krymskie Gory), 249Trebizond, 249, 258Tree of Life, 87. See also World TreeTrees, on maps, 253, 262Trent River, 490Triangulation, 387, 388, 495Tricastini, 222, 224Trieste, 219Trigonometry, 151 n.20"Trilateration," 388, 390Triora stela, 90Tripoli, 437Tripoli (Libya), 401Trivium, 300, 306Troglodytes, 331, 332Trophee des Alpes, 242 n.42Trophonius, 255Tropics, celestial, 141, 146, 170

on Farnese Atlas, 142 n.71on Ptolemy's third projection, 188and Pytheas, 151, 174

Tropics, terrestrial, 151 n.22

597

on Crates' globe, 164Eratosthenes on, 162 n.lof Geminus, 171and location of Syene, 154, 155and Marinus, 179on Pesaro wind rose map, 248and Ptolemy, 184

Troy, 253, 328Troy, game of, 251Trujillo (Peru), 199Tuan, Yi-Fu, 86Tlibu, plan of, 111Tumbes (Peru), 199Tunis, 439Tunis, Gulf of, 343Tunisia

centuriation in, 198, 212, 219, 223on periploi, 237and Ptolemy, 198mentioned, 387

Tunnels, Roman, 211, 230, 232, 239Turin, 76 n.l03, 239

Map of the gold mines, 117, 121-25,126, 129

mosaic of Fortuna, 339Tiirst, Konrad, 488, 498Tuscan~480,482,488

Tusculum, 210, 211Twins (constellation), 82, 83Tyche, 239Typographic era, 36Tyra, 249Tyre, 178, 237Tyrrhenian Sea, 157, 384 n.129,

387Tyson, Rev. Michael, 11 n.81

Ubangi tribe, 330Ubriachi, Baldassare degli, 430, 436Ugarit, 107Uhden, Richard, 295Ukraine, 70, 71Ulm, 488Ulysses, 163, 253Ummidius Bassus, 221Unger, Eckhard, 88, 91Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See also

Maikop vase; Russia; Sarmatiacartographic history in, 38celestial figure from, 84

United Nations, xvii n.14United States, cartographic history in, 29,

37, 38Universities, medieval, 306Uppsala chart, 397 n.219, 423Urania (Muse), 171Urartu, 112Urban VI, 411 n.299Urbino plan, 225-26, 227Urbs Constantinopolitana nova Roma, 259Urns, funerary, 80Ursa Major (Charles's Wain, Great Bear),

82, 83, 84, 131 n.6, 132, 165, 296,326

598

Ursa Minor (Little Bear), 82, 136 n.31, 296Uruk, 110, 111Usodimare family, 435Utica (North Africa), 237Utrecht, University of, 36Uzielli, Gustavo, 294, 423

Valcamonica, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 92, 503,508. See also Bagnolo stone;Bedolina map; Borno stone

Valence, 237 n.18Valencia, 400, 428Valens, 239Valentinian I, 239, 259 n.7Valentinois, 487Valerio, Vladimiro, 38Valhalla, 91Valley of the Kings (Egypt), 124, 126Valseca, Gabriel de, 432, 433 n.432

chart of 1439, 373, 378, 396 n.215,411 n.296, 440, pl.24

chart of 1447, 378, 393, 394, 435Valtellina,76Vandalas River, 158Vanitas symbol, 337, 339Var River, 195Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de, 12 n.93Varro, 205, 254, 255

on centuriation, 202, 203division of world, 206

Vatican. See also Biblioteca ApostolicaVaticana

wall map displays, 8Vegetius, xvi n.l0, 236-37, 238, 249, 253,

254Vellum, 217, 324 n.190

patched, 324, 325and portolan charts, 373, 376, 390, 391,

415,429,443-44Venetian artists' guild, 428, 430Venice. See also Portolan charts, Venetian

administration and maps, 439, 480archives, 438Barbari plan of, 477colonies and trade, 401, 421, 444Doge of, 435 n.447, 478Flanders galleys, 408, 433, 434geographic information reaching, 407-8on mappaemundi, 328plans and views

de' Barbari's, 477, 493of lagoon, 488outline plan, 478Pagano's, 12 n.93on portolan charts, 397-98, 477

regional maps, 478, 479, 480Sala dello Scudo, 315Vescontes in, 432 n.421, 434 n.439

Venslev, 82, 85Venta Belgarum (Winchester), 245 n.69Venta Icenorum, 240, 245 n.69Ventimiglia, 435Vercelli map, 306-7, 308, 309, 341, 348Verona, 476, 477, 478, 479, pl.34

Versailles, 19 n.150Versi, Pietro de, 384 n.120Verus (surveyor), 213, 214 n.l0Vescini Mountains, 218, 219Vesconte, Perrino, 390 n.179, 406-7, 432,

434, 438atlas of 1321 in Zurich, 378, 398 n.226,

407, 435 n.447, 443attribution of charts to, 404, 407 n.274chart of 1327, 395 n.214, 397,

399 n.231, 407, 427 n.383and place-names, 407, 422, 425

Vesconte, Pietro, 371, 390 n.179, 406, 432,434,438,473

atlas of 1313, 391 n.194, 395, 406, 407,408,411 n.303, 421

atlases of 1318, 376, 378,398 n.226,406, 411, 412

atlas of 1318 (Venice), 434atlas of 1318 (Vienna), 421, pl.31atlas of [1320] (Pal. Lat. 1362A), 392,

399 n.231, 406atlas of [1321] (Vat. Lat. 2972),

399 n.231, 406, 407, 435, pl.29atlas of ca. 1322 in Lyons, 378,

390 n.183, 398 n.226, 406, 407atlas of ca. 1325 (British Library Add.

MS. 27376~:'), 390 n.184, 399 n.231,406, 407, 409, 420, 426, pl.16

attribution of charts to, 404, 406and British Isles, 407-9chart of 1311, 376, 378, 378 n.68, 395,

402, 404, 406, 407, 422, 427 n.383,444

corner portraits, 398, 429, pl.31and Flanders galleys, 408and Madaba mosaic, 469map of Holy Land, 284, 473, 475-76mappaemundi of, 314, 316, 328, 333,

355,357,473maps of Italy, 284and Marco Polo, 315and place-names, 382 n.l0l, 407, 408,

422-23,425,426,427and scale, 421terminology, 375workshops, 429 n.396, 430mentioned, 391 n.189, 395 n.211

Vesica piscis. See Mappaemundi, mandorla­shaped

Vespasian, 212city plan of, 226edict, 220-21, 222, 224and Pliny, 242Temple of Peace, 227

Vespucci, Amerigo, 373Vespucci, Juan, chart of 1520, 391 n.189Vesuvius, Mount, 238, 242Vetera, Germania Inferior, 236 n.13Vettii, Casa dei, 171Via Aemilia, 195,196Via Appia, 204, 218, 248, 249Via di Porta San Lorenzo, 225, 226Via Labicana, 225

General Index

Via Portuense, 229Via privata, 227Via Triumphalis, 239Viaregio (Viareggio), 427Vibius Sequester, 243 n.53Vicarello goblets, 235Vici, 227Vico Equense, 426Vienna-Klosterneuburg map corpus, 316,

317, 357, 358and coordinates, 323, 358Durand's study of, 293, 316, 342

Vienna, scale plan of, 284, 371, 473, 474,478,488,495

Vienna, University of, 316Vienna (Vienne, France), 237 n.18Vietor, Alexander 0., 374Vigiles, 227Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemus, 9Vigna Codini, 237 n.18Viking memorial stones, 87 n.169, 90, 91Viladestes, Matias, 433 n.432Viladestes, Mecia de, 429, 432, 433 n.432

chart of 1413, 393, 411, 419, 445, 446chart of 1423, 419, 425

Villard de Honnecourt, 470Villefranche, 426Vincent of Beauvais, 321, 332Vinland map, 342-43, 368Vipsania, Porticus, 207Vipsania Polla, 207, 208Virga, Albertin de

chart of 1409, 392 n.196, 396 n.215,444,445

mappamundi of, 358, 379 n.71, 446Virgil, 239, 242, 251Virgil of Salzburg, 319Virgo, 83, 248Virtue, Roman temple of, 159, 160Visby, 410Visconte, Petrus, 434 n.439Vistula estuary, 197Vita Karoli Magni, 303Vitruvius, 248 nn.80, 83; 252Volcio, Vincenzo di Demetrio, atlas of

1593,420Volterra, 477Vossius, Isaac, 9, 10Votive offerings, 80, 88 n.176, 125Vyg River, 76

Waal River, 486Wadi al-I:Iammamat, 123, 124Wadi Ramliyeh, 61 n.43Wadis, 122, 123Wagner, Hermann, 414 n.313Walcher, 323Waldhusen, megalith of, 80 n.121Waldseemiiller, Martin, 489Wales, 489,496Wallis, Helen, 36Walls, medieval maps on, 303, 315, 335,

493

General Index

Walsperger, Andreasmap of 1448, 316, 317, 325, 327, 358,

pl.21and monstrous races, 316, 331

Waltham Abbey, 469, 470, 491, 495Wantzenau, 470, 488Warwickshire, 494Wash, the, 489Watling Street, 227Wayfinding, 47, 48, 59, 504. See also

Itineraries; RoutesWeinreb and Douwma, 22 n.177Welser, Markus, 238Welsh language, 337 n.247Werner, Johannes, 187Westedt, Amtsgerichtsrath, 54, 66 n.62Western Ocean, 189, 193. See also Atlantic

OceanWestminster Abbey, 485Wey, William, 476Whaling, 445, 446White Sea, 76Wicklow Mountains, 88 n.177Wieder, Frederik Caspar, 17, 18, 294, 486Wiesbaden fragment, 348, 351Wieser, Franz R. von, 448Wildmore Fen, 484Wilford, John Noble, The Mapmakers, 26William I (king of England), 494William of Conches, 300, 321, 353, 354William of Occam, 304William of Rubruck, 305, 315William of Tripoli, 345Winchester, 245 n.69Winchester Castle, 339Winchester College, 470, 472Wind disks, 393, 394Wind heads, 336, 395 n.214Wind rose maps, 248-49Wind roses. See also Compass roses

defined, 395Etruscan influence on, 202

WindsAristotle's system of, 145-46, 248,

249 n.83and Etruscan division of heavens, 202,

248 n.83and four quarters, 112on mappaemundi, 336, 345on portoIan charts, 377

disks indicating, 393, 394in Propertius, 253Timosthenes' system of, 153Vitruvius on, 248 n.83

Winter, Heinrichon Batista Beccari chart of 1426, 435on Catalan origin of portolan charts, 388,

389, 392 n.201on conservatism of chartmakers, 422on dating, 395, 398, 414, 424on Mediterranean outline, 415on Roselli's legend (chart of 1447), 431

Wisbech, 489Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 51

Wolter, John A., 31Wolves, 50 n.2Wood, Denis, 38Wood panels, Greek maps on, 134, 135Woodcuts, medieval, 493, 497Woodland, in prehistoric maps, 79 n.119Woodward, David

on cartographic history, 38and communication models, 36on technical history of cartography, 35

Working Group on the History ofCartography, 33

Workshopschartmaking, 429, 430, 438 n.475and development of map collections, 8of Massaio, 477of Vesconte, 429 n.396, 430

World, biblical division of, 296 n.39, 331,334, pl.12

World, known inhabited. See OikoumeneWorld maps. See also Greek cartography,

world maps; MappaemundiBabylonian, 88, 91, 111, 114

influence, 130circular, 505. See also Mappaemundi,

circularGreek, 135, 136, 171,277,505of Macrobius, 244of Mercator, 385, 386

World Tree, 91. See also Tree of LifeWorld War II, destruction of maps in, 307,

374Worm, Ole, 63 n.53Wormley (Hertfordshire), 469, 470, 484,

491Wright, John Kirtland, 288, 295, 323 n.187

The Geographical Lore of the Time ofthe Crusades, 284

Wright, Thomas, 13 n.96Writing

beginnings of, 49, 57, 107Chinese, 52 n.17, 60 n.33Egyptian, 57, 117and stylized figures, 60

Wunderkammer ("cabinets of curiosities"),9

Wiirttemberg, 489Wiirttemberg-Baden, 488

Xanten, 236 n.13Xenophon, 149

Yalu, 265 n.38Yates, W. N., 312Ymana Island, 411Yorghan Tepe (Nuzi), 71, 113,114York, 236, 491Yorkshire, 490, 496, pl.3 7

rocks from, 86, 87

Zabai, 198Zaccaria, Benedetto, 382

Zacharias, 303, 319Zagros Mountains, 112Zalavruga, 76Zankle (Messana), 158Zanzibar, 172 n.75al-Zarkali, 284, 323Zarona, 425Zeeland, 471, 485, 486Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 64Zeitz map of ca. 1470,316Zeno, Nicolo (the elder), 414Zeno, Nicolo (the younger), 197 n.97Zeno map, 197 n.97Zenon (estate manager), 128, 129Zephyrus, 144Zeus, 131 n.6, 141Zodiac, 141, 146

in art, 171mosaics, 248, 263, 266, 267

and Babylonian World Map, 112on celestial globes, 170and celestial longitude, 165and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 263cup marks representing, 83Egyptian borrowing, 121of Euclid, 154 n.47on Farnese Atlas, 142on mappaemundi, 317, 353, 357on medieval diagrams, 340medieval graph of, 323and Ptolemy's globe, 181signs, 165 n.21, 166

Zona perusta, 300Zonaras, Johannes, 254 n.111Zones. See also Mappaemundi, zonal

Amphiskian, 169of Crates, 163of Eratosthenes, 162 n.1five

and Aristotle, 145, 169 n.44, 248and Macrobius, 300on mappaemundi, 300, 353and Parmenides, 145, 169 n.44and Pomponius Mela, 242Posidonius on, 136, 169

frigid, 171, 173, 300of Geminus, 170, 171Heteroskian, 169and Isidore of Seville, 320, 321Periskian, 169and orientation of maps, 276on Pesaro wind rose map, 248of Posidonius, 168-69of Ravenna cosmography, 322seven

on mappaemundi, 300, 353, 357of Posidonius, 169

temperate, 151, 163, 171, 174, 300at equator, 162 n.1, 182

torrid, 163, 171Zoroastrians, 337Zuane, Domenico de, 432Zuane di Napoli, 432, 437 n.474Zurla, Placido, 13, 292

599