The Hindenburg Disaster 1937
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The Hindenburg Disaster1937
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MAJOR DISASTERS
The Titanic 1912
Tacoma bridge 1940 Twin Towers 2001
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki1945
Two atomic bombs:
6th Aug 1945 :Little Boy Hiroshima
9th Aug 1945 :Fat Man Nagasaki
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Nuclear Reactions
Fission and FusionGEE KUANG BENG
SMK METHODIST (ACS)
Form 5 Physics
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Little Boy – Atom Bomb – Hiroshima 6 Aug 1945
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CS 5.4Understanding nuclear energy
You should be able to define atomic mass unit (a.m.u)describe and give examples of nuclear fissiondescribe Chain reactionsdescribe and give examples of nuclear fussionrelate release of nuclear energy to the equation E=mc2
describe generation of electricity from nuclear fission
PHEW!
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Fission
When atoms are bombarded with neutrons, their nuclei splits into 2 parts which are roughly equal in size.
Nuclear fission in the process whereby a nucleus, with a high mass number, splits into 2 nuclei which have roughly equal smaller mass numbers.
During nuclear fission, neutrons are released.
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U23592n 1
0
The Fission ProcessA neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium-235 nucleus.
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U23592n 1
0
The neutron strikes the nucleus which then captures the neutron.
The Fission Process
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U23692
The nucleus changes from being uranium-235 to uranium-236 as it has captured a neutron.
The Fission Process
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
The Fission Process
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
The Fission Process
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
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The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable.
The Fission Process
It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time.
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
The Fission Process
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
The Fission Process
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
The Fission Process
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
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It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons.
The Fission Process
14156Ba
9236Kr
n 1 0
n 1 0
n 1 0
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Nuclear Fission
1n + 235U -> 91Kr + 142Ba + 31n
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Nuclear Fission Examples
U235
92 +Ba141
56+ n1
03n
1
0 +Kr 92
36
U235
92 +Cs138
55+ n1
02n
1
0 +Rb 96
37
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Energy Released
The energy released can be calculated using the equation:
E = mc2
Where:
E = energy released (J)
m = mass difference (kg)c = speed of light in a vacuum (3 x 108 ms-1)
E
m c2
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Mass-Energy Relationship
• Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2
• A nucleus is measured to have less mass than the sum of its parts
• 12C has a mass exactly 12.00000 amu• Six protons have mass 6 x 1.00728 amu• Six neutrons have mass 6 x 1.00867 amu• Parts have mass 12.09570 amu
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Mass-Energy Relationship
• So, where does the mass go?• It is the binding energy that is holding the
nucleus together• Interesting to look at the mass per nucleon
as we change the atomic number (change which element we look at)
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Energy from Fission
U235
92 +Cs138
55+ n1
02n
1
0 +Rb 96
37
Element Atomic Mass (kg)235
92U 3.9014 x 10-25
13855Cs 2.2895 x 10-25
9637Rb 1.5925 x 10-25
10n 1.6750 x 10-27
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Energy from FissionCalculate the total mass before and after fission takes place.
The total mass before fission (LHS of the equation):
The total mass after fission (RHS of the equation):
3.9014 x 10-25 + 1.6750 x 10-27 =
2.2895 x 10-25 + 1.5925 x 10-25 + (2 x 1.6750 x 10-27) =
3.91815 x 10-25 kg
3.9155 x 10-25 kg
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Energy from Fission
The total mass before fission =
The total mass after fission =
3.91815 x 10-25 kg
3.91550 x 10-25 kg
total mass before fission > total mass after fission
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Energy from Fission
mass difference, m = total mass before fission – total mass after fission
m = 3.91815 x 10-25 – 3.91550 x 10-25
m = 2.65 x 10-28 kg
This reduction in mass results in the release of energy.
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Energy from Fission
E = mc2
U235
92 +Cs138
55+ n1
02n1
0 +Rb 96
37
Calculate the energy released from the following fission reaction:
m = 2.65 x 10-28 kg c = 3 x 108 ms-1
E = EE = 2.65 x 10-28 x (3 x 108)2
E = 2.385 x 10-11 J
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Energy from Fission
The energy released from this fission reaction does not seem a lot.
This is because it is produced from the fission of a single nucleus.
Large amounts of energy are released when a large number of nuclei undergo fission reactions.
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Energy from Fission
Each uranium-235 atom has a mass of 3.9014 x 10-25 kg.
The total number of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 can be found as follows:
No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 1/3.9014 x 10-25
No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 2.56 x 1024 atoms
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Energy from Fission
If one uranium-235 atom undergoes a fission reaction and releases 2.385 x 10-11 J of energy, then the amount of energy released by 1 kg of uranium-235 can be calculated as follows:
total energy = energy per fission x number of atoms
total energy = 2.385 x 10-11 x 2.56 x 1024
total energy = 6.1056 x 1013 J
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Chain Reaction
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Nuclear fission starts a chain reaction
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Chain Reaction
• The key to keeping the reaction going is that at least one of the neutrons given off, must cause another fission
• Controlled reaction in a nuclear reactor• If two or three cause fissions, you can get a
bomb!• Idea of critical mass
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Critical Mass
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Atom Bomb
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Nuclear Reactor
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Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.
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Nuclear FusionIn nuclear fusion, two nuclei with low mass numbers combine to produce a single nucleus with a higher mass number.
H 2
1 +He 4
2+ n1
0H
3
1 +Energy
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
H 2 1
H 3 1
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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The Fusion Process
He 4 2
n 1 0
ENERGY
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Energy from Fusion
Element Atomic Mass (kg)2
1H 3.345 x 10-27
31H 5.008 x 10-27
42He 6.647 x 10-27
10n 1.6750 x 10-27
H 2
1 +He 4
2+ n1
0H
3
1 +Energy
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Energy from Fusion
Calculate the following:
• The mass difference.
• The energy released per fusion.
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Energy from Fusion
The total mass before fusion (LHS of the equation):
The total mass after fission (RHS of the equation):
3.345 x 10-27 + 5.008 x 10-27 = 8.353 x 10-27 kg
6.647 x 10-27 + 1.675 x 10-27 = 8.322 x 10-27 kg
H 2
1 +He 4
2+ n1
0H
3
1 +Energy
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Energy from Fusion
m = total mass before fission – total mass after fission
m = 8.353 x 10-27 – 8.322 x 10-27
m = 3.1 x 10-29 kg
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Energy from Fusion
E = mc2m = 3.1 x 10-29 kg c = 3 x 108 ms-1
E = EE = 3.1 x 10-29 x (3 x 108)2
E = 2.79 x 10-12 J
H 2
1 +He 4
2+ n1
0H
3
1 +Energy
The energy released per fusion is 2.79 x 10-12 J.
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RADIATION AND SAFETYWhy is ionising radiation harmful?
Radiation may be absorbed by the medium it passes through.
Radiation can kill living cells or change the nature of living cells.
The effects of the damage inflicted by the ionising radiation may:
be severe and cause immediate effects, or not become apparent for a long time.
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SAFETY MEASURES
1. Wear a radiation badge2. Store radioactive material in lead
containers3. Use forceps / tweezers to handle
radioactive subtances
When working with radioactive materials, observe these precautions:
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WHO WILL SURVIVE?
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I will survive