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Transcript of The Health of the St. Croix Estuary in the Next Millennium
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The Health of the St. Croix Estuary
Next Millenniumin the
Report #1
A Restoration / Remediation PlanSt. Stephen Waterfront
2005
EARTH
Art MacKay & Kim Reeder
ACAP St. Croix
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Report #2005-1
A Restoration / Remediation Plan
St. Stephen Waterfront2005
March 2005
Your Environmental Trust Fund at Work
Votre Fonds en ducie pour lenvironment au travail Atlantic Coastal Action PlanEnvironment Canada
Arthur MacKay, Kim Reeder
St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
St. Stephen NB, Canada
Occasional Report No.
Primary Funding Provided By:
The Health of the St. Croix Estuary
in theNext Millennium
St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.St. Stephen, NB, Canada
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. THE STUDY AREA 3
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5
4. ST. STEPHEN SEWAGE SYSTEM 11
5. MATERIALS & METHODS 19
6. RESULTS 21
ZONE 1 - THE COVE 23
ZONE 2 - COMMERCIAL STRIP 31
ZONE 3 - OLD SEWAGE LAGOON AREA 39
ZONE 4 - DENNIS STREAM AREA 45
51
7. RECOMMENDATIONS 53
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 57
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 1999, ACAP St. Croix began a program of study and monitoring
designed to lead to proactive restoration and remediation in the St.
Croix Watershed. A two-year study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604-2004
- the Environmental Health of the St. Croix Estuary after 400 years ,
conducted by ACAP St. Croix, identied and agged problem areas
and sites along the St. Croix Estuary from St. Stephen-Calais down riverto the St.Andrews-Mill Cove area. Based on high E.coli results from
bacteriological samples taken during the study, previous sampling, and
new eld work, the St. Stephen waterfront was identied as a primary
target for action. Consequently, funds were sought to do more detailed
waterfront studies, to produce this report, and begin liaison with the
appropriate authorities with a view to beginning cleanup actions.
During the 2004 eld season, all visible outfalls along the St. Stephen
Waterfront between Dennis Stream and Buchanans Hill (the St. Stephen
Waterfront), were located, surveyed, and sampled.
A pre-collection survey was conducted. This included both the study of
the Towns engineering drawings as well as a visual search conducted at
the lowest low waters of the month of July, 2004. Water samples were
collected and sent within a 24-hour time period to the Water Metrics
(Bacteria and Environmental Services) Laboratory in St. John, NB for
chemical and bacteriological analysis.
Unacceptably high levels of E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria wereconrmed along the St. Stephen waterfront and sources were pinpointed.
The bacteriological results in this study included 19 sites tested, with 9 sites
exceeding the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for secondary contact in
Recreational Waters. Of the remaining 10 sites, 7 had total coliform levels
exceeding the 400/100ml values. There is presently no Canadian standard
for total coliform levels.
Because a new highway will soon by-pass the Town, St. Stephen is
currently looking for new revenue sources and is considering the potential
for the development of eco-tourism related activities in the River.However, the risk to human health, as dened by the Canadian Water
This innocent-looking pipe has E. coli counts in excess of 2 million per100 ml against a standard count of 100 - 400 per 100 ml.
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Quality Guidelines, is great. The highest densities of E.coli have been
recorded along the St. Stephen Waterfront and it is this area that has been
identied for tourist-related development. Unfortunately, current pollution
levels may preclude any worthwhile development based on the River at
this point.
The St. Stephen waterfront was identied as an area in urgent need of
remedial action and is the focus of this report. Recommendations includethe re-building of a salt marsh, the installation of at least 3 lift stations
coinciding with connection of outfall pipes to the wastewater facility as
well as consideration of oil/grit separators, trucking removed street snow
to the wastewater facility, a street sweeping program and educational
programs to be launched in the community.
Recommendations which preclude any further development of the St.
Stephen waterfront include mitigation of the 9 sites which exceed the
Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for secondary contact in Recreational
Waters, plus the mitigation of the outfall directly behind the NB Tel
building which has sanitary products exiting from it.
IMPORTANT NOTATION
Site names used in this report are based on the building nearest the outfall
on the shore. This does not mean sewage is coming from that particular
building. Names are used only to identify the location of the site.
Mitigation priorities as are follows:
a. The Clark Building which has E. coli counts of over 1.5 million and
sewage (toilet paper/sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach,
should be a top priority. This outfall needs to be redirected into the sanitarysewer line that runs along Milltown Boulevard, the line is only the length
of the building away, less than 200m.
b. The Cove 2 site also has E. coli counts exceeding 1.5 million, it needs to
be redirected into the sanitary sewer line, instead of onto the beach.
c. Both the Chocolate Park outfall and the NB Tel outfall have sewage
(toilet paper and sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach and
should also be redirected into the sanitary sewer line.
d. The outfall at the Picnic Kiosk location needs remediation. The E. coli
levels are over 99 000/100ml. This site needs to be tied into the existing
sanitary sewer line.
e. The Pizza Delight outfall has excessive counts of E. coli, over 40 000/
New Sewage Lagoons at Dennis Stream
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100ml. There is no obvious pipe at this location the only way to mitigate
this properly will be a process which includes uncovering the present ll
and investigating the issue. It may be possible that it is a disconnected
pipe, which needs replacement or there may be a possibility of applying a
ltration device.
Objectives and Results were:
Objective 1. To identify all outfalls (seepages, storm drains, open
sewers, etc.) entering the St. Croix Estuary within the Study Area.
Completed.
2. To collect samples from each location and to perform bacteriological
and chemical analyses.
Completed
3. To prioritize sites for action using criteria to be developed.
Completed
4. To recommend methods for elimination of problem sites .
Completed
5. To provide cost estimates for work proposed
Unable to complete without furter input from the Town of St.Stephen. Most
remedial activities fall within the Towns responsibility and, we believe,
can be accommodated within projected budgets shown in the report.
6. To provide a proposed timeline for the work proposed
The existing timeline published by the Town of St. Stephen is adequate.
7. To provide 30 hard copy and 20 CD copies of a restoration plan for
the St. Stephen waterfront
Completed. Copies will be produced and distributed on demand as well as
through the organizations web site.
8. To recommend sources for potential funding for the work proposed
in subsequent years.
Existing funding is adequate. Additional funding for the marsh restoration
project could be obtained through the Gulf of Maine Council and others.
Prelminary contacts were made. Please see the report for details
9. To carry out second annual monitoring in 10 established sampling
zones from St. Stephen to St. Andrews.Completed and report separately.
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Primary funding for this study was provided by: Atlantic Coastal Ac-
tion Program, Environment Canada (ACAP); and the New Bruns-
wick Environmental Trust Fund. Student staff funding was provided
by Human Resource Development, New Brunswicks SEED Program.
We would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance:
Tina Spires, Steven Raye, Mary Gilmore, Bill McAlister, Hugh Akagi,
David Seman, Lomax Baker, Duncan McGeachy, Ron McGuire, Paul Do-
nahue, Phil Holmes, Alan Gillmor, Gerhard Pohle Howard Urdang, and
Ken Reeder.
The following individuals gave valuable advice and assistance:
Environment Canada
Colleen McNeill - Atlantic Coastal Action ProgramRoy Parker - Former ACAP St. Croix liaison (Window)
Peter Johnson - ACAP St. Croix liaison (Window)
Basic Design Associates:
Larry Stewart
Town of St. Stephen:
Brenda Knight, Town Manager
Gerald Mc Earchen, Development Ofcer
Lee Johnson, Engineer
Godfrey & Associates:
Clayton Rogers
Water Metrics:
Ken MacIntosh
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Figure 1.2 This beautiful scene habours one of the most polluted outfalls
on the St. Stephen Waterfront. The wharf is the last of many that lled the
banks of the River at St. Stephen and Calais. (Photo A. MacKay)
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1. INTRODUCTION
Twice each day, the St Croix River Estuary is the stage for a life-
giving event inuenced by the moon and the sun. Fresh seawater
arriving from the Bay of Fundy drives a wedge under the owing
fresh water of the River, gradually moving upstream to tidehead at Salmon
Falls in Milltown.
As the tide sweeps forward, channels, branching across the mud ats and
cobble beaches, are lled with incoming ocean waters and the rising tide
spreads slowly across the intertidal zone. The deepening waters lift the
various seaweeds, ll the burrows of estuary fauna, and creep into tiny
channels that penetrate the shoreline and once-present salt marshes. Then
as the earth turns, the oceans push becomes a pull, and the waters of the
riverine estuary recede. Woody debris at the shoreline edge is grounded
on the mud, the seaweed lies at, and fauna retreats to burrow, hides under
rocks and debris, or become stranded in isolated pools of water warming
in the sun.
Estuaries are unique places where ocean and river mingle to create
dynamic, diverse, and highly productive environments. Plants and animals
thrive in this exclusive environment driven by sunlight and the daily tides.
Humans, too, have historically been drawn to estuaries to harvest food,
travel on their waters, and claim the at lands for their farms and homes.
An estuary is dened as a semi-enclosed body of water, connected to the
ocean, where salt water is measurably diluted with fresh water from theland. In reality, an estuary is a whole lot more. It is a zone of transition
between the marine-dominated systems of the ocean and the upland
river systems, a zone where the mix of the two yields one of the most
biologically productive areas on Earth.
This restoration plan aims to engage our citizens in actions that will see
restoration of this valuable asset to a fully functioning ecosystem.
We have, for decades turned our backs on our rivers, using them as
convenient sewers for the disposal of our industrial and domestic wastes.In the process we have not only created unhealthy environments for
The dam at Salmon Falls, Milltown, showing heavy foam.
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ourselves, we have, paradoxically, eliminated important economic
components that nourished our community in the past and could again
do so in the future. Indeed some communities along the New England
seaboard have reestablished estuarine sh runs that now bring millions of
dollars in revenues.
Until the early 1960s, the St. Croix Estuary supported commercial sheries
worth about 20 million in todays dollars. Today recreational sherieswould add even more revenue ow. Oddly enough, it is not our treasured
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that is most sought after by angler, but the
striped bass (Morone saxatilis), an aggressive ghting sh that can reach
50 pounds or more.
The benets that will emerge as we restore the St. Croix Estuary cannot
be overstated. We have abused our marine resources and it has been a real
loss to our economy. We can restore this balance. Some of us will enjoy
the fruits of these efforts - most certainly our children and grandchildren
will benet.
As dire global warnings about environmental collapse reach our ears,
it is incumbent on us to do our part by caring for our small but valuable
corner of this planet. If we ignore our obligations to our community and
future generations, we do so at our own peril.
Until recent years, weirs were built and shed in the lower St. Croix Estuary up to Oak Bay. Pollution elminated this valuable shery in the 1960s.
Once abundant in the St. Croix Estuary, the Striped Bass (Morone
saxatilis) supports a multimillion dollar shery elsewhere. It could
do so here.
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2. THE STUDY AREA
The Study Area is located in the Outer Bay of Fundy in the St. CroixRiver Estuary between Maine , U.S.A. and New Brunswick, Can-
ada. St. Stephen, NB and Calais, ME are located across from each
other at tide head as shown in Figure 2.1
Study areas or zones were established after sampling was concluded basedon location. These are, as shown in Figure 2.2:
Zone 1 - The Cove.The area from Dover Hill Park to theInternational Bridge.
Zone 2 - Downtown Strip- The area from The InternationalBridge to Princess Street.
Zone 3 - Old Sewage Lagoon Area - Princess Street to the
Seniors Apartment Building
Zone 4 - Dennis Stream Area- Seniors Apartment building
to the Bridge over Dennis Stream.
The St. Croix Estuary is a typical estuary where marine inuences become
more pronounced as one proceeds downstream. The study area has both
freshwater and marine afnities. The River bottom here has been sub-jected to serious industrial pollution and was anaerobic and virtually dead
during the sixties.
While the River is not fully recovered, some hardy colonizers now occur inthe study area, including Sand Shrimp (Crangon septemspinosus), Green
Crabs (Carcinus spp.), Annelid Worms, seaweeds and some molluscs. The
once large runs of anadromous shes is virtually gone. The recovery has along way to go and the River is still inuenced by chronic pollution from
industrial releases and domestic sewage leakages into the River.
The Study Area is primarily inuenced by domestic sewage leakages fromthe Town of St. Stephen and industrial pollution from industrial plants
located upstream. Sampling along the Calais waterfront did not nd highbacterial levels during the 2002-2003 study.
The Study Area
Passamaquoddy Bay
Bay of Fundy
Figure 2.1 The Study Area in the St. Croix Estuary with locator map.
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Study Zone 1
THE COVE
Study Zone 2
DOWNTOWN STRIP
Study Zone 3
OLD SEWAGE LAGOON AREA
Study Zone 3
DENNIS STREAM AREA
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When Champlain and Demonts arrived at St. Croix in 1604,
the area was much different than it is today. The shorelines
were dominated by huge cathedral pine that created forests
much like the rain forests of the west coast; towering trees that created
a wet, dark understory. The trees we see today were much less commonand were found on hill tops, burns, and swampy areas. White-tailed deer
were absent or rare and the dominant species included caribou, moose,
and wolves. Labrador duck, the great auk, passenger pigeon, sea mink and
other extinct species were common.
The St. Croix Estuary thronged with sh, osprey, eagles, and other species
that fed on the abundant marine forage to be found here. Champlain stated
that, In May and June there is taken there (Salmon Falls) so great an
abundance of herring and bass that vessels could be loaded with them.
The water quality of the St. Croix River Estuary started to suffer during the
logging days. As industry rushed to the St. Croix to capitalize on the forest
wealth, sawmills, chandlers, brokers, and various industries established
themselves on wharves along the St. Stephen and Calais waterfronts. At
the height of commercial activity, there were more than 40 active wharves
along the shores of St Stephen and Calais. ( Figure 3.1)
Dams, and sluiceways were constructed along the River and sh runs
began to diminish. A dam at the Union was particularly hard on sh runs
since it spanned the entire River. Eventually sh ladders were built to in an
attempt to restore the important St. Croix sh runs.
In addition, shoreline stability was reduced due to deforestation, Tons of
sawdust, wood debris, and chemicals accumulated in the River creating
anaerobic processes that greatly reduced the environmental health of the
Estuary. To this day, shoreline sediments have created huge intertidal ats
and banks. that are virtually uninhabitable sawdust ats - a 150 year old
legacy.
In the 1960s the lower River and Estuary became grossly polluted as
the mill at Woodland, operated at that time by Georgia-Pacic, began
dumping black liquor and other wastes directly into the St. Croix River.
The health of the estuary declined rapidly and the impacts were felt both
on the American and Canadian sides of the estuary as well as downstream
into Passamaquoddy Bay. Recreational shing disappeared, commercial
shing began a precipitous decline, paint peeled from houses, and
respiratory problems arose.
The conditions of the River at St. Stephen even gave rise to a little ditty
- St. Andrews-by-the-sea - St. Stephen-by-the-smell. On both the Canadian
and American sides, at least 9 signicant clam ats have been closed due
to bacterial contamination. On the US side, these closures have been in
effect since 1969 and on the Canadian side, since 1988.
Elevated levels of pollution continued until the 1970s when the waste
treatment protocols at the mill in Woodland, Maine were upgraded underpressure from government. Nevertheless spills and controlled releases still
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Figure 3.1 The St. Stephen - Calais Waterfront in 1849.
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1
2
3
4
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occur and highly toxic materials also enter the groundwater and watershed
from the air. In addition, the old sewage infrastructure of St. Stephen
continues to leak and seep signicantly high levels of E. coli and other
bacteria into the Estuary.
The St. Croix Estuary was once a vital environment, supporting
diverse populations of sh and marine invertebrates recently valued at
approximately $20 million in todays dollars
Our study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604-2004. The Environmental Health of
the St. Croix Estuary after 400 year,showed how the health of the St. Croix
estuary has declined over 400 years. A model of the original biodiversity
of the Estuary was constructed based on historical information. This was
compared with studies done in the 1970s and in 2001- 2002. As can be
seen in Figures 3.3 and 3.4, both plants and shes have declined; shes
signicantly. Similar results were obtained for other groups of marine
animals.
Non-point source (NPS) pollution is now a major stressor of the St Croix
River Estuary. The NPS pollution affecting the St Croix River Estuary
can be divided into three general categories, atmospheric deposition, land
run-off, and marine activities. In this study of the St Stephen waterfront,
the concentration is centered on the land run-off category and specically
the present-day storm and sanitary drain system.
The Town of St. Stephen is presently looking at the potential for the
development of eco-tourism related activities in the River. Since St.Stephen will soon be by-passed by a new highway, it is recognized that
a new approach to tourism is essential if visitors are to be attracted to the
Town. However, the risk to human health, as dened by the Canadian
Water Quality Guidelines, is great. The highest densities of E.coli have
been recorded along the storm drain outfalls and mysterious seepages of
the St. Stephen waterfront; the area that has been identied for tourist-
related development. Unfortunately, the risk to human health is real and
this fact may preclude any worthwhile development based on the River at
this point.
Among the various types of organisms found in the St Stephen sewage
outfalls are disease-causing organisms or pathogens and fecal coliforms,
bacteria found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded mammals and a
standard used to determine the extent of sewage contamination. Fecal
coliform bacteria themselves are not necessarily hazardous to humans.
However, they provide an indication of the amount of total fecal matter
present and indicate the possible presence of other pathogens, such as
hepatitis B, cholera, and typhoid. When high levels of fecal coliform arepresent, swimming and other recreational uses of water are prohibited
(APA Web Site).
Fecal coliforms, particularlyE. coli (Figure 3.5), indicate the presence of
mammal or bird feces in the water. Certain types of E. coli, particularly
those from cattle, can cause death in humans. In fact, there have been many
dramatic instances of contamination causing death and contaminated water
is of great concern to all municipal ofcials everywhere
Enterococcus bacteria are a type of fecal streptococcus and are another
valuable indicator for determining the amount of fecal contamination of
water. According to studies conducted by the EPA, enterococci have a
greater correlation with swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness in
both marine and fresh waters than other bacterial indicator organisms,
and are less likely to die off in saltwater. (www.oasisdesign.net/water/
quality/coliform.htm).
Additionally, cleanup and restoration of the St. Stephen waterfront is
essential to the return of the valuable runs of anadromous sh species.Marshes, ponds, and streams have been destroyed during the long
history of development of the waterfronts of St. Stephen and Calais.
Habitat destruction, together with pollution from industrial and domestic
sources, has resulted in the loss of important forage species such as smelt,
sticklebacks, mummichogs. and important marine invertebrates, as well as
spawning habitat for species such as striped bass, American eel and other
estuarine shes and invertebrates. With proper environmental design,
some of this habitat may be reclaimed during the process of reducing and
eliminating pollution sources in the Town of St. Stephen.
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The St. Stephen waterfront has been identied as an area in urgent need of
remedial action and it is this area that is the focus of this report.
Figure 3.5 (above) Escherichia coli(E.colibacteria) Courtesy Univer-
sity Oregon Web Site.
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Figure 3.4. Rated distribution
and abundance of shes over
time based on the number and
abundance of species. Existing
data suggests a decline of speciesdiversity and abundance in the
St. Croix Estuary. The lighter the
color, the lower the biodiversity
(See rating scale).
Figure 3.3. Biodiversity ratings
for Marine Plants over time based
on the number and abundance of
species. The lighter the color, the
lower the biodiversity (See rating
scale).
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4.3 Combined Sewers
Combined sewers are an older type of collection system that carries both
wastewater and stormwater in the same pipe. This combination of both
sanitary and storm sewers was less expensive to install and maintain when
it was built. Most of the time, combined sewers carry sanitary wastewater
and captured stormwater to a treatment plant to be treated before it is
released into the river or ocean. However, in at least 6 circumstances in
the St Stephen system, this is not the case and the outfalls release directly
into the river without rst going to the Treatment Plant. Figure 4.2
4. ST. STEPHEN SEWAGE SYSTEM
Incorporated in 1871, St. Stephen is, by North American standards at
least, an old town. Its infrastructure grew on the basis of demand
using available materials. Waterfront ll projects over the years
covered sewers, marshes, brooks, and storm drains alike. Each and every
year, the Town now strives to not only maintain a functioning system,
but, also to gradually improve and update the system. The record has beengood in this regard and annual plans can be seen in the last section of this
report. Unfortunately, the River continues to receive raw sewage from
seepages and combined septic and storm sewers. This study shows that, on
the whole, there is little reason for this to continue and elimination of these
problem should be possible in a relatively short time.
4.1 Storm Sewers
Storm sewers are an underground collection system to which storm water,snow and ice melt drain.Storm sewers are probably best known to the
public for their catchbasins commonly seen at intervals along street curbs.
Water that drains into catch basins travels through a network of pipes to
storm outfalls seen along the banks of the St Stephen waterfront.
4.2 Sanitary Sewers
The sanitary sewer system is where everyones toilets ush, dishwashers
and washing machines discharge, and sinks and shower tubs drain.
Sanitary sewers are so named because they allow for the streets of our
towns to remain relatively clean and sanitary, since the sewage remainsunderground. Wastes collected by the sanitary sewer system are to be
discharged to the Sewage Treatment Plant. This is so that wastewater can
receive treatment to make it relatively clean before releasing it into the St
Croix River. The St Stephen Municipal Plan 2004, section 3.20.3 states:
It shall be a policy of Council to give priority to storm and sanitary sewer
separation. Sewer separation may be combined with other infrastructure
improvements such as sanitary sewer and water main upgrading.
Figure 4.1 The Old Sewage Lagoon on the banks of the St. Croix Estuary
at Budd Avenue.
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identies the 6 outfalls: 3 were identied on the Town map and the other
3 were conrmed by the observation of feminine sanitary products and
toilet paper at outfall locations during the eld work of 2004. Also, when
it rains heavily, the volume of stormwater runoff can become too large
for the combined sewers to handle. This has caused additional polluted
runoff to reach the River (the old waste water lagoon in Milltown was
particularly bad).
Figure 4.2 shows the sanitary sewers and Figure 4.3. shows the sanitary
and combined sewers in St Stephen, NB as prepared for the Town by SGE
Acres in June of 2003. The full document is available from the World Wide
Web at http://www.chocolatetown.ca/documents/StStephenMaps.pdf
It is important to understand the seriousness of the situation which exists
at this time. As shown in Tables 4.1 and 4.2, wastewater sewage (sanitary
sewage) is not just made up of human excrement and water. It may contain
other unidentied pathogens, and it known to contain over 200 chemicals
and other toxic pollutants which enter the sewer system from households,businesses and industrial operations. It also includes debris such as gravel,
grit, tampons, condoms, rags and hair (Figure 4.4).
At least 6 outfalls are introducing these materials into the St Croix River.
However, adequate treatment could remove many of these toxic substances
from sewage efuent and capture them in the sludge (solid waste left
over after treatment of liquid waste) as long as the efuents were to be
redirected to the Treatment Plant.
Although combined sewer systems bring with them the problems ofoverows, the alternative of separate sewers for stormwater runoff and
domestic sewage can also have signicant adverse effects. In St Stephen,
where we have this type of separation, stormwater runoff is not usually
treated at all but runs straight into the receiving water, even when the
domestic system is not overloaded and could treat this discharge. As a
result, heavy metals and toxic synthetic chemicals that collect in storm
drains are constantly being discharged raw.
Section 3.2 of the St Stephen Municipal Plan states:With respect to
efcient development, it shall be a policy of Council to encourage:minimization of the need to pump sewage due to cost and maintenance
implications.
Therefore, in the recommendations section it will be found that design
includes drafts of collecting ows by gravity and diverting to a lift station
to lift the wastewater to the adjacent gravity sewer.
4.3 Sewage Lagoons
Until recently the Town of St. Stephen had 2 wastewater treatment
facilities: A small open system at Milltown and the main two-cell system
on the waterfront at the end of Budd Avenue (Figure 4.1). The recent
construction of a larger new lagoons on the banks of Dennis Stream will
lead to the closure of these facilities. The old main lagoons are being
considered for conversion to a constructed marsh for tertiary treatment of
some sewage. The new facility has had serious leakage problems that are
being addressed. However, the proximity of the complex to Dennis Stream,
an important stream for many reasons, is of concern. These considerationsare beyond the scope of this work.
Figure 4.4 Particularly disgusting sewage drains directly into
the St. Croix Estuary at several locations.
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Figure 4.2 Sanitary Sewers in the Town of St. Stephen. Sanitary Sewer in Blue. Combined Sewer in Red. (AGE Acres, 2004).
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Figure 4.3 Storm Sewers in the Town of St. Stephen. Sanitary Sewer in Blue. Combined Sewer in Red. (SGEAcres, 2004)
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Table 4.1 Potential health and environmental effects of toxins found in sewage treatment plant efuents (www.environmentprobe.org).
Toxins Potential health and environmental effects
Heavy metals
Cadmium neurotoxin (attacks nerve cells), teratogen (causes birth defects)
Chromium carcinogen (causes cancer)
Lead neurotoxin, teratogen, affects female fertility, bioaccumulativeMercury neurotoxin, teratogen, affects female fertility, bioaccumulative
Zinc excessive ingestion is uncommon but can cause gastrointestinal
distress and diarrhea
Agricultural chemicals
2,4-D teratogen
Lindane carcinogen, teratogen, immunotoxicity (damages immune system)
Methoxychlor reduces fertility, bioaccumulative
DDD and DDE neurotoxin, affects fertility, immunotoxicity, carcinogen
Industrial chemicalsPCBs neurotoxin, carcinogen, suppresses immune system in animals,
causes skin disorders, liver damage, depression and internal
bleeding, affects fertility
Chloroform carcinogen, affects female reproductive capacity
Xylene affects male reproductive capacity
Tetrachlorethylene affects respiratory system, very persistent in the environment
Trichloroethylene poisonous by ingestion or absorption through skin, skin irritant
Cresol, Phenol poisonous by ingestion or absorption through skin
PAHs carcinogens, biotransformable (shift forms once in the organism)LABs persistent in the environment, effects not yet known
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Table 4.2 Diseases associated with pathogenic micro-organisms found in domestic sewage (www.environmentprobe.org).
Type Disease or syndrome causedBACTERIAAeromonas hydrophila Enteritis (inammation of the intestine)Campylobacter Enteritis, diarrheaClostridium perfringens Enteritis (indicator)Escherichia coli Enteritis, diarrhea
Francisella tularensis TularemiaLeptospira Jaundice, meningitisListeria monocytogenes ListeriosisMycobacterium Tuberculosis, skinPseudomonas Skin, ear infectionsSalmonella (1700 types) Enteritis, typhoidShigella (4 species) Enteritis, diarrheaStaphylococcus aureus Skin infectionsVibrio cholerae and parahemolyticus Cholera, skin infectionsYersinia enterocolitica & pseudotuberculosis EnteritisHELMINTHSAscaris lumbricoides Ascariasis
Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm infectionsTrichuris trichiura TrichiuriasisTaenia TaeniasisToxocara Abdominal painsStrongyloides Abdominal painsPROTOZOANSEntamoeba histolytica and coli Enteritis, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscessGiardia lamblia Giardiasis, enteritisCryptosporidium parvium Enteritis, diarrheaBallantidium coli Enteritis, diarrheaNaegleria fowleri MeningoencephalitisAcanthamoeba spp. MeningoencephalitisVIRUSESPolioviruses (3 types) Paralysis, meningitisEchoviruses (34 types) Meningitis, diarrheaCoxsackieviruses A and B (30 types) Meningitis, conjunctivitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, myocardia, diabetesHepatitis A and E viruses Epidemic hepatitisEnteroviruses 68-71 Meningitis, conjunctivitisRotaviruses (+4 types) EnteritisReoviruses (3 types) Enteritis, respiratoryAdenoviruses (+40 types) Enteritis, eye and respiratoryNorwalk and like viruses GastroenteritisCaliciviruses and Astroviruses Enteritis
Coronaviruses EnteritisParvoviruses (2 types) Enteritis, respiratory in children
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Figure 4.4 Decommissioned Wastewater System at Milltown.
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Figure 4.5 New Wastewater Treatment Lagoons at Dennis Stream. Two views.
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Major pollution sources along the St. Stephen Waterfront from
Dennis Stream to Buchanans Hill had previously been
identied in the study, The St. Croix Estuary 1604 - 2004.
A detailed follow-up examination was conducted during 2004. A pre-
collection survey was carried out to identify all outfalls in the study area;
this included both the study of the Towns engineering drawings as well
as a visual search conducted at the lowest low waters of the month of
July, 2004 and later in March, 2005. Based on this survey, outfalls into theSt. Croix River Estuary were located, tested and sampled. Seepages not
previously located were identied.
Field days were selected that coincided with monthly low tides. A new,
detailed, pre-restoration survey was conducted to obtain additional current
data that could be used to develop recommended remediation strategies.
Two teams were deployed to collect photographs, GPS points, weather
data, sediments and water samples. The water samples were collected in
separate laboratory-issued bottles for each of the tests; bacteria, total oiland gas, PCB and mercury. Water samples were sent within a 24-hour
time period to the Water Metrics (Bacteria) and Environmental Services
Laboratory in Saint John, NB for chemical and bacteriological analysis.
Test methods used were AWWA 9223 for bacteria, GC-ECD for PCB,
AWWA 5520C for total oil and gas (hydrocarbons c6 to c50) and test
AWWA 4500-HgB for Mercury. Bacteria tests were preformed on July 25
and chemistry was preformed between July 7th
and 17th
.
5.1 Sampling and Sample Sites
1. All outfalls (seepages, storm drains, open sewers, etc.) entering the St.
Croix Estuary within the study area were identied.
2. Bacteriological analyses were conducted on all sites including 4
previously unidentied sites. Of the nineteen total samples, ve had been
sampled in 2003 as part of ACAP St. Croixs annual monitoring program.
3. Samples were collected from each location and bacteriological and
5. MATERIALS & METHODS
chemical analyses was preformed.
4. Prioritization of sites for action, recommendations of methods for
elimination of problem sites, cost estimates for work proposed and a
proposed timeline for the work is found in the recommendations section
of the report.
5. The second annual monitoring in 10 established sampling zones from
St. Stephen to St. Andrews was also carried out. See separate report.
5.2 Marsh Restoration
Certain sites along the waterfront were know to have marshes. Consideration was
given to marsh restoration as a mechanism for treating seepages in certain areas.
Larry Stewart of Basic Design Associates was contracted to work with ACAP St.
Croix staff to produce a plan for this future, potential work
Figure 5.1 Field staff collecting samples in 2003.
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Water Metrics220 King Street East
Saint John, N.B.
E2L 1H3
506-693-6799
Report Number: 17-04-25U
Date: July 20, 2004
Page: 1 of 1
PLEASE NOTE: UNITS HERE ARE IN UNITS PER ML OR MG/Ll. ACAP ST. CROIX USES THE MG/100ML STANDARD AND THIS ISUSED THROUGHOUT THIS REPORT.
In the following table, a result of
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Figure 6.1 Hot Spots - Sample sites with elevated E. coli and TOG levels
layered over a map of the storm and combined sewers in St Stephen, NB.
(SGE Acres in June, 2003) Red star = Elevated E.coli Yellow star =
elevated TOG
6. RESULTS
Results for the eld survey are presented Zone-by-Zone and
ste-by-site. Most of the notations are self evident. ND = not
detectable.
Figure 6.1 shows sites with elevatedE. coliand Total Oil and Gas (TOG)
levels.
Table 6.1 shows the actual analysis data from the testing laboratory,
Water Metrics.
Table 6.2 shows comparative results for selected sites during 2003 and
2004, as follows:
Cove 1- Coliforms and E. coli were greatly reduced , but were still
above acceptable levels.
Clark Building- Remained excessively high exceeding the plate
count level.
The Picnic Kiosk at Tourist Bureau- Unacceptably high.
Signicantly higher E. coli levels.
Dennis Stream - Coliforms up signicantly
Old Sewage Lagoon Outfall- Very low readings, probably due tochlorine treatments. Coliforms elevated in 2004
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Site
2003
Total Coliforms/
100ml
2004
Total Coliforms/
100ml
Change
2003
E.coli/
100ml
2004
E.coli/
100ml
Change
Acceptable
Based on CWQG
for E. coli in
Recreational
Waters
Cove 1 200 000 14 450 Down 80 000 1 370 Down no
Clarke > 2 000 000 >2 000 000No
Change> 2 000 000 1 651 000
No
Changeno
Picnic
K200 000 831 000
No
Change6 500 99 000 Up no
Dennis 810 7 820 Up 110
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6. ZONE 1 - THE COVE
Z1-001 Gateway Cathedral
Z1-002 Cove 1
Z1-003 Cove 2
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Z1-001 GATEWAY CATHEDRAL
LOCATION Z1-001 GATEWAY CATHEDRAL , Scoodic Street
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 17 26
DATE JUNE 24 / 04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E. COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 MLTOTAL COLIFORM
4 060 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEMThis site was not found to be a problem based onCanadian Guidelines for E. coli in recreational
waters.
RECOMMENDATIONNew housing starts can be anticipated in this
locality. Continue to monitor.
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Z1-002 COVE 1 - DOVER HILLLOCATION Z1-002 COVE 1 - DOVER HILL
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 17 14
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIANSTANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI1370 / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM14 450 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This outfall services 1.5 km of primarily residential
storm drainage. The E. coli levels are excessive. Oil
and grease are present. Inputs are believed to come
from houses along Scoodic Street and adjacent areas.
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY The outfalls Cove 1 and 2
drain into the historic site of a 1 ha marsh. The marsh
processes no longer provide water ltration, nutrient
cycling, or spawning habitat and the area has minimal
value as habitat. Please see the following pages for
marsh restoration preliminary planning.
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LOCATIONZ1-003 COVE 2 -BUCHANAN ST.
GPSN 45 11 33
W 67 17 11
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI885 000 / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM20 000 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL ANDGREASE MG / L
19
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This outfall is connected with 0.3km of storm
drain. The count of E. coli recorded here is
excessive. Oil and grease are present. Inputs
are believed to come from Buchanan Street and
adjacent areas.
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY The outfalls Cove 1 and
2 drain into the historic site of a 1ha marsh.
The marsh processes no longer provide water
ltration, nutrient cycling, or spawning habitat
and the area has minimal value as habitat.
Please see the following pages for marsh
restoration preliminary planning.
Z1-003 COVE 2
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Figure 6.2 Aerial photograph of Cove area.
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Figure 6.3 Conceptual drawing of Marsh Restoration in The Cove.
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6.2 Marsh Restoration Plan
Signicant pollution from storm drain pipes and embankment seepages
were encountered in The Cove during surveys in 2002 - 2003. Town in-
frastrucure drawings were not made available at this time, so ACAP St.
Croix staff carried out an inspection of the area. On this basis, a sampling
program was designed for 2004-2005 and a strategy was devised to seek
funding for the restoration of an old marsh that existed here before thelumbering era. Preliminary contacts were made and a positive response
was received from a funding source that provides assistance for marsh
restoration. ACAP St. Croix was encouraged to submit an application.
On this basis a development scenario was established and Larry Stewart,
Landscape Architect, Basic Design Associates, Sussex, NB was invited to
join us in producing a conceptual design of the project.
The proposed design remains to be developed into a full-edged proposal,
but the basic elements are as follws:
The development should:
1. Result in the restoration of an historic marsh.
2. Provide habitat for sh and invertebrate forage species, as well as mam-
mals, birds, and plants.
3. Provide spawning habitat for important anadromous shes such as
striped bass, smelt, trout, etc.
4. Integrate into the park at Dover Hill and provide paths and access that
would attract visitors to the area.
5. Have an innovative demonstration hatchery component that would
provide a beginning to the restoration of striped bass, attract tourists, and
serve as an educational tool for marsh restoration, river rehabilitation,
sewage management, etc.
6. Act as a lter for river-bank seepages and inputs that cannot be con-
trolled by infrastructure development and repair.
Figure 6.3 shows a plan that incorporates all of these components. It has
been presented to St. Stephen Town Council and others and was, we be-
lieve, well received. As a preliminary step to developing a proposal, ACAP
Marsh at The Cove. 1810? (From Ronald Rees, Images of our Past, His-
toric St. Coix, St. Stephen, Calais. Nimbus, 2003
St. Croix contacted a senior ofcial in the New Brunswick Department
of Environment and Local Government. Unfortunately, we were told that
no permits would be issued for this work. No reasons for this were given.
Nevertheless, the project has real merit as an international demonstration
project. In addition, it would draw St. Stephen to the forefront of Green
towns and help bring the town into the important sphere of Environmen-
tal Tourism.
ACAP St. Croix will continue to pursue this development, but will not
produce a proposal until the appropriate authorities approve of the devel-
opment, at least in principal. Once this is accomplished a proposal will
be prepared and submitted to appropriate funding agencies with a view to
initiating this exciting and worthwhile project.
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ZONE 2 - COMMERCIAL STRIP
Z2-001 NBTel Bldg Z2-002 Clark Bldg Z2-003 Chocolate Park
Z2-004/5 Boat Ramp Z2-006 Pizza Delight
Z2-007 Picnic Kiosk
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Z2-001 NBTEL SHORELOCATION Z2-001 NBTEL SHORE
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 16 34
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI 100 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM 2070 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / LND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
Toilet paper and sanitary products observed, this
outfall is linked to0.3 km of commercial efuent
sewer line
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY Thisoutfall should be hooked
into a system with the 5 outfalls within a 570 metre
(1700 foot) stretch including Clarke site, Picnic
Kiosk site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp
East Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility
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Z2-002 CLARK BUILDINGLOCATION Z2-002 CLARK BUILDING
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 16 46
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARDE COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI1 652 000 / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM>20 000 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
GREASE MG / L11
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This outfall services 5.4km of
commercial/residential and parking
storm drainage. The E. coli levels
are excessive. Oil and grease are
present
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY Thisoutfall
should be hooked into a system
with the 5 other outfalls within
a 570 metre (1700 foot) stretch
including NB Tel site, Picnic Kiosk
site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp
and Ramp East Sites and proceed
to a lift station which will divert
contaminants to the St Stephen
Wastewater Treatment Facility.
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Z2-003 CHOCOLATE PARKLOCATION Z2-003 CHOCOLATE PARK STORM DRAIN
GPSN 45 11 30
W 67 16 45
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARDE COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI53 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM560 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEMToilet paper and sanitary products observed.
Excessive E.coli count.
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY - Thisoutfall should behooked into a system with the 5 other outfalls
within a 570 metre (1700 foot) stretch
including NB Tel site, Clarke site, Picnic Kiosk
Site, Ramp and Ramp East Sites and proceed to
a lift station which will divert contaminants to
the St Stephen Wastewater Treatment Facility
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Z2-004 BOAT RAMP WESTLOCATION Z2-004 BOAT RAMP WEST
GPSN 45 11 32
W 67 16 43
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARDE COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM3 240 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
GREASE MG / LND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This site was not found to be a problem when
comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E.
coli in recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION
Thisoutfall should be hooked into a system with
the 5 outfalls within a 570 metre (1700 foot)
stretch including Clarke site, Picnic Kiosk site,
Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp East Sites
and proceed to a lift station which will divert
contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility
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Z2-005 BOAT RAMP EASTLOCATIONL Z2-005 BOAT RAMP EAST
GPSN 45 11 32
W 67 16 42
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E. COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI500 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM7 820 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
ANDGREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM This seepage has unacceptable E. coli counts.
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY - Thisoutfall should be hookedinto a system with the 5 outfalls within a 570
metre (1700 foot) stretch including Clark site, NB
Tel site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Picnic
Kiosk Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility
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LOCATIONZ2-006 PIZZA DELIGHT SITE
GPSN 45 11 32
W 67 16 34
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
GREASE MG / LND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM Seepage issue no obvious pipe
RECOMMENDATION
Uncover ll present and investigate issue/hook
up disconnected pipe or apply a ltration device,
street sweeping or vegetation program may work
to offset issue.
Z2-006 PIZZA DELIGHT SITE
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LOCATION Z2-007 PICNIC KIOSK STORM DRAIN
GPS N 45 11 31
W 67 16 49
DATE JUNE 24/05
CANADIAN
STANDARDE COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI99 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM831 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEMThis outfall services 0.3km of commercial storm
drainage. The E. coli levels are excessive
RECOMMENDATION
HIGH PRIORITY Thisoutfall should be hookedinto a system with the 5 other outfalls within a 570
metre (1700 foot) stretch including NB Tel site,
Clarke site, Chocolate Park Site, Ramp and Ramp
East Sites and proceed to a lift station which will
divert contaminants to the St Stephen Wastewater
Treatment Facility.
Z2-007 PICNIC KIOSK
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Z3-002 Sewage 1Z3-003 Sewage 2
Z3-004 Seniors
Apartment 1
Z3-001 Vacant Lot
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Z3-008 VACANT LOTLOCATION Z3-001 VACANT LOT
GPSN 45 11 33
W 67 16 49
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM870 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL AND
GREASE MG / LND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This site was not found to be a problem when
comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E.
coli in recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
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Z3-002 SEWAGE LAGOON 1LOCATION Z3-002 SEWAGE LAGOON 1
GPSN 45 11 30
W 67 16 06
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM1 500 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This site was not found to be a problem when
comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli
in recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION
The old sewage lagoon has consistently produced
low bacterial readings. Undoubted this results from
the large quantities of chlorine that are used in
the municipal water system. Chlorine impacts are
beyond the scope of this work. Continue to monitor
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Z3-003 SEWAGE LAGOON 2LOCATION Z3-003 SEWAGE LAGOON 2
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 16 05
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM4 780 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OILAND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This seepage was not found to be a problem
compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
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Z3-004 - SENIORS APARTMENT 1LOCATION Z3-004 - SENIORS APARTMENT 1
GPSN 45 11 30
W 67 15 59
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIANSTANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM4 780 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This seepage was not found to be a problem when
comparing it to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli
in recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
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Z4-002 Seniors Apartment 3
Z3-004 Old Wharf
Z4-006 Dennis Stream
Z4-001 Seniors Apartment 2
Z4-003 Deep PipeZ4-005 Old Fertilizer
ZONE 4 - DENNIS STREAM AREA
Z4 001 SENIORS APARTMENT 2
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Z4-001 SENIORS APARTMENT 2
LOCATION Z4-001 SENIORS APARTMENT 2
GPSN 45 11 31
W 67 16 53
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM310 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This site was not found to be a problem compared
to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
Z4 002 SENIORS APARTMENT 3
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Z4-002 SENIORS APARTMENT 3LOCATION Z4-002 SENIORS APARTMENT 3
GPSN 45 11 26
W 67 15 52
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLI310 / 100 ML
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM42 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OILAND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEMThis seepage has nearly unacceptable E. coli counts.
There is no obvious pipe to mitigate
RECOMMENDATION
Uncover ll present and investigate issue/hook up
disconnected pipe or apply a ltration device, street
sweeping or vegetation program may work to offset
issue.
Z4 003 DEEP PIPE OUTFALL
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Z4-003 DEEP PIPE OUTFALLLOCATION Z4-003 DEEP PIPE OUTFALL
GPSN 45 11 25
W 67 15 49
DATE MARCH 28/05
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLINo data - unable to reach outfall
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORMNo data - unable to reach outfall
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
No data - unable to reach outfall
RESULT PCB MG / L No data - unable to reach outfall
PROBLEM
Staff was unable to reach this pipe on foot due to
the soft sediments. It is a major outfall and requires
examination
RECOMMENDATION Monitor at low Neap tides by boat.
Z4 004 OLD WHARF
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Z4-004 OLD WHARFLOCATION Z4-004 OLD WHARF
GPSN 45 11 25
W 67 15 49
DATE JUNE 24/04
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM150 000 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
8.3
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This seepage was not found to be a problem
compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli inrecreational waters. Total coliform counts are high.
Oil and grease are present
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
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Z4 005 DENNIS STREAM
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Z4-005 DENNIS STREAMLOCATION Z4-005 DENNIS STREAM
GPSN 45 11 33
W 67 15 32
CANADIAN
STANDARD
E COLI
100 COUNT / 100 ML PRIMARY CONTACT
400 COUNT / 100 ML SECONDARY CONTACT
RESULT / 100ML
E.COLIND
RESULT / 100 ML
TOTAL COLIFORM7 820 COUNT / 100 ML
RESULT TOTAL OIL
AND
GREASE MG / L
ND
RESULT PCB MG / L ND
PROBLEM
This site was not found to be a problem when
compared to the Canadian Guidelines for E. coli in
recreational waters.
RECOMMENDATION Continue to monitor
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
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The environmental implications of these data are great, butthe negative impacts of current sewage-related pollutionthat impact the St. Croix Estuary can be easily mitigated byproactive planning and restoration actions; largely, we believewithin existing budgets.
This study allows us to recommend remedial options for eachsite. Options to eliminate, reduce, or purify the leakages,seepages and contaminants entering the estuary include the useof pollution prevention, detention basins, retention/inltrationdevices and/or vegetative controls. Some of the outfall issuesmay be simply dealt with by the reconnection of broken pipesor re-establishment of proper domestic sewage connections.
Other possibilities may include marsh rebuilding, therebysimultaneously implementing waterfront beautication, habitatrestoration, biota restoration, and water quality improvement; allcomponents of the St. Stephen Green Community initiative.
Protection of humans and the biota through water qualityprotection and restoration is the primary objective of this project.By annually neutralizing or eliminating some of these sources,it is possible over the long-term to dramatically reverse the
negative impacts of two hundred years of neglect and, further,to reestablish the important social and economic benets of ahealthy river.
ACAP St Croix is dedicated to this becoming an ongoingproactive project that will result in the restoration of the St.Croix Estuary. For this to happen, specic restoration programsmust be chosen and initiated on an annual basis over the long-
term determined by needs and funding.
Recommendations outside the specic sites include the re-
building of salt marshes, consideration of oil/grit separators in
sewer lines, trucking removed street snow to the wastewater
facility and a street sweeping program.
Barriers to action include the perceived level of difculty and
expense of identifying the problem spots and repairing the
infrastructure. For example, the in-lling of the St Stephen
waterfront resulted in outfall pipe locations being lost making
improvements in this area an interesting puzzle. Presently a
percentage of these outfalls still seep contaminants and these
provide the clues to restoration. Elsewhere, it is clear that
combined storm and septic systems have not been shifted over
to septic.
There are also issues surrounding the municipal government.
For 3 years in a row the Town of St. Stephen has agreed to
improving the water quality problems as they relate to estuary
pollution, but they have not yet produced a repair schedule or
committed any real dollars to the infrastructure that leads to the
River. A study carried out by the St. Croix Estuary Project Inc.
in the mid-nineties, also identied many of these problems. Tothis date, it seems apparent that the Town of St. Stephen has
not been prepared to address their contribution to the pollution
of the St. Croix River. Hopefully, this study will create a
positive movement to accomplish the elimination of waterfront
pollution.
Table 7.1 shows the projects and probable budget for work
on the sewage, storm drain, and water systems over the next
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 7 1 St Stephen infrastructure plans for the period 2004 to 2009
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INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
YEAR 2004
Sanitary, Storm & Road Riverside Dr Milltown Blvd to Civic #1 $400,000.00
YEAR 2005
Sanitary, Storm Water & RoadPleasant Street Milltown Blvdto Riverside Drive
$320,000.00
YEAR 2006
Sanitary, Storm & Road Cedar Street $110,000.00
Sanitary, Storm, Water & Road Pine Street - Cedar to Queen $250,000.00Total $360,000.00
YEAR 2007
Sanitary, Storm & RoadQueensway - Church to Centre Street& Centre St.
$250,000.00
YEAR 2008
Sanitary, Storm & Road
Sanitary, Storm & Road Queensway #47 to Church St $200,000.00Queensway #47 to Hill St $160,000,00
Total $360,000.00
YEAR 2009
Sanitary, Storm & RoadPrince William Street Duketo Thompson Ave.
$140,000.00
Sanitary, Water & Road Dow St. - All west fow $155,000,00
Total $295,000.00
Table 7.1 St. Stephen infrastructure plans for the period 2004 to 2009
5 years There appears to be no commitment to restoring the is a disconnected pipe, which needs replacement or there may be a
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5 years. There appears to be no commitment to restoring the
system along the waterfront. The cost for virtually eliminating
pollution along the waterfront would be only a minor portion of
these planned expenditures.
We request:
1. that the restoration and repair of sewer and storm
drains along the waterfront be included in the long-term
workplan of the Town of St. Stephen.
2. That priority be given to the following sites:
a. The Clark Building which has E. coli counts of over 1.5 million
and sewage (toilet paper/sanitary products) being disposed of on the
beach, should be a top priority. This outfall needs to be redirected intothe sanitary sewer line that runs on Milltown Boulevard, the line is
only the length of the building away, less than 200m.
b. The Cove 2 site also has E. coli counts exceeding 1.5 million, it
needs to be redirected into the sanitary sewer line, instead of onto the
beach.
c. Both the Chocolate Park outfall and the NB Tel outfall have sewage
(toilet paper and sanitary products) being disposed of on the beach
and should also be redirected into the sanitary sewer line.
d. The outfall at the Picnic Kiosk location needs remediation. The E.
coli levels are over 99 000/100ml. This site needs to be tied into the
existing sanitary sewer line.
e. The Pizza Delight outfall has excessive counts of E. coli, over 40
000/100ml. There is no obvious pipe at this location the only way to
mitigate this properly will be a process which includes uncovering
the present ll and investigating the issue. It may be possible that it
is a disconnected pipe, which needs replacement or there may be a
possibility of applying a ltration device.
3. that funds be allocated specically for this work, and
4. that the Town St. Stephen should institute an annual
monitoring program for the waterfront, conducted by
trained Town staff or under contract to the St. Croix
Estuary Project Inc.
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