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![Page 1: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection andReconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma
Manfred Scholer
Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, GermanyQueen MaryCollege, University London, UK
Claus H. Jaroschek
Rudolf A. Treumann
![Page 2: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Hall physics and the importance for collisionless reconnection
2. Onset of reconnection in thin current sheets (PIC simulations)
3. PIC simulations of collisionless reconnection in an electron – positron plasma and particle acceleration
4. Recent PIC simulations of reconnection in large systems (Daughton et al.)
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in outu L u
22
2 2out
out Ao
uBu V
2in
o
u B B
Mass conservation
Energy conservation
Ohm‘s+Ampere‘s law
Sweet-Parker Reconnection
![Page 4: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1/ 2
1/ 2
1in A A
A m
u V VV L R
Sweet-Parker reconnection rate
/m AR LV is magnetic Reynolds number (Lundquist number)
L is of ambient system size and small: Sweet/Parker rate is very small
![Page 5: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Petschek Reconnection
Petschek reconnection rate
1
ln( )in Am
v VR
Because of logarithmic dependence on Rm Petschek rate is much larger
![Page 6: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Outer circle is the ion inertial domain. Inner circle (light blue) is the electron inertial region. Red arrows indicateinflow (of electrons) and reconnection jet outflow. Ions are unmagnetized on the ion inertial scale. Thin blue arrows are the Hall currents which generate quadrupolar Hall magnetic field.
Schematic of Hall Current Systen in Reconnection
![Page 7: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Two-Fluid-Simulation (left) and Cluster Observations (right) of Reconnection on Ion Scale
ReconnectingB-component
Out-of-planeB-component
NormalB-component
Vaivads et al., PRL 2004
Color-coded is out-of-plane magnetic field component (2D two-fluid simulation)
Spaceraft configuration
![Page 8: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Geospace Environmental Modeling Reconnection Challenge Results
Dissipation region of the order of the electron skin depth and thus much smaller than the ion inertial length
At this distance the Hall term in Ohm‘s law becomes important and introduces dispersion
Below ions and electrons decouple. Electrons are frozen in. Whistler waves(and not nondispersive Alfven waves) control dynamics
Electron frozen in condition boken at
Electric field at X line supported by nongyrotropic electron pressure or electron inertia
i e2pe
4 dj 1 1 1E v B j B p j
dt c nec ne
��������������������������� ��
e2pe
4 dj 1E p
dt ne
�
/ pec / pic Scales
Electron inertia Hall termwhistler waves
/ pic
/ pec
![Page 9: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
in outv L v
Why is Wave Dispersion Important?
Quadratic dispersion of whistler wave
2; phask v k Smaller scales have higher velocities
/ 1/in outv v L L
Shay and Drake, GRLett 1998
or
since 1/out phasv v k
Electron diffusion region
![Page 10: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
When electron diffusion region of order of electron inertial scale de (skin depth)electron outflow velocity is of order of electron Alfven velocity
(Ion) Alfven velocity and length of ion diffusion region determines reconnection rate.
2-D fluid, hybrid, and PIC simulations show that length of ion diffusion region isabout 10 di (ion inertial length). Thus reconnection rate (inflow velocity) is about
0.1 vA
(Claim of universal reconnection rate)
Reconnection is independent of and therefore of the mechanism by which the electron frozen in condition is broken (no bottleneck on electron scale)
Shay and Drake, GRLett 1998
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GEM Result – Reconnection Rate in Various Numerical Simulations
2-D Simulation - current sheet withanti-parallel magnetic field.
In GEM challenge initial reconnection isenforced at by superposition of magnetic field disturbance
Reconnection rate independent of dissipation mechanism. Whistler phase speedlimits outflow speed. When diffusion region has electron scale the outflow velocityshould be whistler speed based on electron skin depth = electron Alfven speed.
MHD reconnection is too slow by orders of magnitude
Reconnection rate is slope of reconnected flux vs time
Birn et al., JGR 2001
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VlasovCodes
Full particle codes PIC
Hybrid Code MHD Code
Kinetic Description Fluid Description
Classification of Computer Simulation Models of Plasmas
2 Fluid MHDCode
Electronsmassless fluid
Finite masselectron fluid
Reconnection simulations needan artificial resistivity
Reconnection electric fieldsupported by either electroninertia or pressure tensor
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PIC Simulation Industry
Bhattacharjee, ………, Univ. New Hampshire
Büchner,…., MPI Lindau, Germany
Daughton, Scudder, Karimabadi, Univ. Iowa, UC San Diego
Drake, Sitnov, Swisdak, Shay, Univ. Maryland
Grauer, Schmitz,…, Univ. Bochum, Germany
Hesse, Kutzentsova, Winske, NASA Goddard, Los Alamos Natl. Lab.
Horiuchi, Pei, Sato, Kyoto Univ., Japan
Hoshino, Shinohara, Fujimoto, ..,Tokyo Univ., ISAS, Tokyo Inst. Techn., Japan
Lapenta, Brackbill, Ricci, Los Alamos Natl. Lab.
Pritchett, Coroniti, UCLA
(MPI Garching)
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3-D Full Particle Simulations (PIC) of Reconnection
Double Harris-sheetCurrent sheet width = 1 ion inertial lengthPeriodicity in all three directions
x y z i
i pi
L L L 6
c /
i em /m 150(64)
A
i e
c /V 15
T /T 2.7
6180 10 particles of each species
3-D Particle-in-Cell code (relativistic):Multigrid algorithm for Poisson equationmassively parallel
Investigate reconnection onset
![Page 15: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thin Current Sheet with Antiparallel Magnetic Field
Right: Reconnected flux versus time. The whole flux between thetwo current sheets is reconnected when 0
Left: Magnetic field pattern at four different times (Isointensitycontours of
2z zJ (x, y)
Scholer et al., Phys. Plasmas 2004
Explosive reconnection within a few ion times!
![Page 16: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lower Hybrid Drift Instability at the Current Sheet Edge
Color coded electron density (left) and electric field (right) in the current directionin the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
z is in the current direction – perp to magneticfield
![Page 17: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cuts of Various Parameters BEFORE Reconnection Starts
Cuts of electron contribution to currentdensity (top) and electron density acrossthe current sheet. Profiles at t=0 are shown dashed for reference.
Reduced electron distribution function f(v_z) verusus v_z in the current sheet gradientregion (top) and in the center (bottom) ofthe current sheet exhibiting electron acceleration in the electric field of the LHDwaves.
t=0 t=4
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Thin Current Sheet with Antiparallel Field plus Guide Field(Sheared Field Configuration)
B = 1
In the guide field case the LHDI develops as well, but it takes considerbly longertime for reconnection to set in. After reconnection onset the reconnection rate is about the same as in the exactly antiparallel case.
z
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Reconnection in a Pair Plasma: 2-D and 3-D Full Particle Simulations
Jaroschek et al., Phys. Plasmas 2004
Simulation:
Initial state: 1-D curent sheet, relativistic Maxwell-Juettner plasma (100 keV)Reconnection initialized by disturbance in center of current sheet
Parameters: current sheet width (1 – 2 inertial lengths do) c / vAo between 1 and in a 3-D run about 2 x 109 particles
Pair dominance in plasma of
a) Relativistic extragalactic jetsb) Pulsar outflows (Crab)c) Core of AGN‘s
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Ez
n
Current sheet and quasi-static accelerationregion begin to sparate
X-line at early times
Ez
Reconnection rate after onset phase(electric field along X line) (E > 0.2)
![Page 21: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Multiple X line and island coalescence phase
Field lines
Ez
Particle acceleration ()along center line
Schematic offield topology
y
x
y
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Temporal development
0 ton tcoa
tsep tequ
Single X line Separation of X linesalong current sheet
Islandcoalescence
tc = 40
80 140
X line buildup
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Temporal development of the distributionfunction in the 2-D run
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More (2-D) PIC Simulations of Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma
(From Bessho and Bhattacharjee, PRL 2005)
![Page 25: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reconnection rate
Bessho and Bhattajarchee: High reconnection rate in pair plasma (E > 0.2)
Note: there is no Hall current in a pair plasma!
![Page 26: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Results from a 3-D PIC Simulation
x
yEz /B
z
x
Ez
z
x
density
Fast onset of relativistic driftkink instability due to RTSI
Acceleration regionabout 20 electroninertial lengths in current direction (z).Limits to 30.
vz
z
Heating by a relativisticBuneman-type Instability (RTSI)
Trapping
![Page 27: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Total spectral synchrotronoutput as a function of co
(co = cyclotron frequency)
Application to Pair-Dominated Active Galactic Nucleus Core Regions(Extremely hard radio spectra, Power output of P ~ 1047 ergs/sec)
Jaroschek et al., ApJ Lett. 2004
Model assuming stochastic distribution of reconnection zones over the entire coronalsouce region can explain power output and spectra
![Page 28: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
There is no Hall current system in a pair plasma,yet reconnection is fast
Is Hall physics really the key mechanism for fast reconnection in an electron – proton plasma?
![Page 29: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Large Scale PIC Simulation of Reconnection (Electron-Proton Plasma)
Daughton et al. Phys. Plasmas 2006
Extent of electron diffusion region > 10 di
Island formation
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Daughton et al.:
The results are not consistent with the standard model of Hall mediated fastreconnection.
Fast reconnection may still be possible so long as the process for generating secondary islands remains vigorous…
![Page 31: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
y-component of ion vorticityBy – field (out-of-plane)
B B (m / e) u
is frozen into ion fluid u. In the inflow region both termsare zero. Occurrence of vorticity has to be cancelled by By
Hybrid Simulation of Tail Reconnection
Arzner and Scholer, JGR 2001
![Page 32: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Reconnection in a pair plasma (no Hall physics involved) is fast
In the late phase reconnection in a pair plasma is violent and particlesare accelerated to high energies (>30 , also in 3-D)
PIC simulations of (undriven) reconnection in an electron – proton plasma in a long system show that the electron diffusion region becomesvery large, more than 10 ion inertial lengths long
Hybrid simulations (massless electrons) with a large (resistive)diffusion region exhibit quadrupolar (Hall-type) magnetic fields.(Hall magnetic fields may only tell us that the plasma is collisionless)
Summary
![Page 33: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Physics of collisionless reconnection continues to be an open question
![Page 34: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Electron Acceleration in Collisionless Reconnection
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PIC Simulations of Reconnection – Electron Acceleration
Drake et al., PRL 2005
Electron distibution at three times
(Large Guide-Field Simulation)
Stong parallel electric fields
en
eT
E
Electron holes
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2-D PIC Simulations of Reconnection – Electron Acceleration by Surfing
(Strongly driven inflow)
Ez polarization electric field near sepatarix
zeE/y xev B c
Electric force can balance
Lorentz force
yE
Hoshino, JGR 2005
Electron stays there and gains energy by moving inthe y direction
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Development of electron spectrum
![Page 38: The Hall Current in Collisionless Reconnection and Reconnection in an Electron-Positron Plasma Manfred Scholer Max-Planck-Inst. Extraterrestrische Physik,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e9e5503460f94b9f348/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Acceleration in Contracting Magnetic Islands
Drake et al. Nature 2006
Test particle simulation of electron Fermi acceleration in squashed flux bubblesPIC reconnection simulation producing magnetic
islands