THE HABSBURG DYNASTY

AUSTRIAS

AUSTRIASMAYORES

AUSTRIASMENORES

CARLOS I

FELIPE II

FELIPE III

FELIPE IV

CARLOS II

• The dynasty of the “Austrias” has this

name because the family of the

Habsburg had its origin in Austria.

Carlos I’s father (Felipe el Hermoso)

belonged to that dinasty.

THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I

• Carlos I came to the throne in 1516, when his grandfather Fernando el Católico died. His mother, Juana la Loca was still alive.

• Carlos I was the first king of Spain from the Habsburg dynasty, the dynasty of the “Austrias”.

• Carlos I of Spain, who was also Carlos V of Germany was the son of Juana de Castilla (daughter of the Catholic Monarchs) and the Austrian prince Philip of Habsburg.

His inheritance included:

From his mother’s side: – The Crown of Castilla.– Navarra– The Crown of Aragon– Territories in África, América and Italy

From his father’s side:– Flanders (Belgium and The Netherlands),

Luxemburg and Franche-Comté (Franco Condado).

– Austria– Title of Emperor of Germany.

PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE

• The Revolt of the Comuneros o Comunidades (1520-1521).

• It was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castile against the king’s economic policy. They asked that the wool from Castilla was worked here, instead of being exported and they asked that the charges of the Court were for Castilian people, Carlos I had taken with him many foreigners as counselors.

• The leaders of the Revolt of the Comuneros were Juan Bravo, Juan de Padilla and Francisco Maldonado.

• The revolt was defeated by the army of Carlos I. • The Comuneros’ leaders were executed in Villalar in

1521.

• The Revolt of the Brotherhood o Germanías (1521-1523)

• It was an uprising of artisans and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca.

• The artisans wanted access to government office.

• The peasants wanted better rental conditions.

• The king’s army suppressed the revolt.

PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE

PROBLEMS ABROAD• Carlos I had to fight

against foreign powers to defend his authority and the Catholic religion. He had to fight against: FranceTurksProtestants

Carlos V at the Battle of Mülhberg

Carlos I’s foreign policy

Objectives

To defend his

authority

To defend the

Carholic religion

Against

France Turks Protestants

FRANCE

• Carlos I fought against Francisco I of France,

his great European rival.

• They had common interests in Italy (Milán)

and certain parts of Flanders and Burgundy.

• Carlos I defeated Francisco I in the Battle of

Pavía, even he was his hostage.

CAUSES

TERRITORIAL INTERESTS

IN ITALY

IN FLANDERS

IN BURGUNDY

CONSEQUENCES

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION: MILANESADO

MILITARY PRESTIGE:

PAVÍA

ENORMOUS EXPENSES

FRANCE

Francisco ICarlos I de EspañaCarlos V de Alemania

• After the Battle of Pavía, Francisco I was Carlos I’s prisoner.

• Francisco I renounced to his try to conquer areas of Italy if

he was set free.

• Francisco I and Carlos I signed a Treaty, as a guarantee,

Francisco gave Carlos his two sons: Francisco, seven years

old and Enrique, eight years old..

• Once Francisco was free, he broke all the agreements. The

king’s sons were captives during 5 years.

• As curiousity, during his captivity in Madrid, Francisco I

didn’t want to bow in front of Carlos V. Carlos, to force him

to bow, received him in a room with a very small door, so he

had to bend to be able to enter the room. Once, Francisco

realized, he entered the room bent, but giving his back.

Carlos visiting his prisoner Francisco I with Margarita de Angulema (Francisco’s brothers)

CAUSES

TERRITORIAL INTERESTS

IN HUNGARY

IN THE MEDITERRANEA

N

CONSEQUENCES

NORTH AFRICAN

CONQUESTS: TÚNEZ

NORTH AFRICAN LOSTS:

TRÍPOLI AND BUGÍA

ENORMOUS EXPENSES

TURKS / OTOMAN EMPIRE

• He fought the Turks, who threatened to invade the area around the River Danube and the Mediterranean Sea.

• Carlos V conquered Tunisia.

Carlos V in TunisiaSolimán el Magnífico

CAUSES

DEFEND THE CATHOLICISM AGAINST

PROTESTANTISM

DEFEND THE AUTHORITY OF THE EMPEROR

AGAINST THE GERMAN PRINCES

CONSEQUENCES

LEAGUE OF SMALKALDA

COUNCIL OF TRENTO

(COUNTER-REFORMATION)

PEACE OF AUGSBURG

WAR

ENORMOUS EXPENSES

PROTESTANTS

Carlos V wasn’t able to get the religious unity.

• The German Empire was divided into many territories governed by princes.

• The King of Austria used to be the Emperor of the German Empire (he had to be chosen).

• Carlos V was the emperor of Germany after the death of his grandfather Maximilian of Austria, in 1519.

• Many German princes converted to Lutheranism, beginning the conflict with Carlos V, main defensor of the Catholic Churh.

• There was a war between the Protestant princes, grouped in Smalkalda League and the Emperor Carlos V.

• Despite the imperial victory at Miihlberg in 1547, in 1555 Carlos signed the Peace of Augsburg, which gave religious freedom to the German princes.

• By the Peace of Augsburg (1555), every German territory could have the religion chosen by its prince.

Emperatriz Isabel de Portugal, señora de San Clemente

• In 1556 Carlos I resigned (abdicó). • Carlos gave the title of Emperor of

Germany and his Austrian territories to his brother Fernando.

• He gave the rest of his territories to his son Felipe II.

• Carlos I retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Cáceres, where he died in 1558.

Carlos I abdicated the throne

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiRSjxfrjpA

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MSA61UAujk

THE HISPANIC MONARCHY OF FELIPE II

LA MONARQUÍA HISPÁNICA DE FELIPE II

DOMESTIC POLICY

• Philip II paid special

attention to the

interests of the

Spanish monarchy.

• Madrid became the

state capital in

1561.

• Philip II governed with

the help of an army of

civil servants. He used

the system of advisory

councils (sistema

polisinodial).

• The corregidores

governed the towns and

villages. The virreyes

governed in the

Virreinatos.

INTERNAL PROBLEMS

• Revolts of the Alpujarras. – The Moriscos had to convert to

Catholicism under the Catholic Monarchs (1502).

– The ban on using their langue cause the revolt of the Moriscos in Las Alpujarras.

– Felipe II repressed severely the Revolt and dispersed the Moriscos throughout Castilla. His brother don Juan de Austria led the troops who defeated the Moriscos.

REVOLT IN ARAGÓN

• This conflict was originated following the case of Antonio Pérez, secretary of the king who was accused of treason and murder.

• Antonio Pérez fled to Zaragoza in 1590 to benefit from the privileges or Aragonese laws (fueros), supported by part of the population.

• Given this, Felipe II ordered his troops to occupy Aragon, ended the rebellion of Zaragoza and limited the Aragonese fueros.

Felipe II Antonio Pérez, his secretary

FOREIGN POLICY

• Felipe II tried to maintain Spanish power in Europe and impose the Catholic religion.

• He had lots of enemies: France, the Turks, England, Holland.

FRANCE

• One of the enemies of Felipe II was Enrique II of France, Francisco I’s son.

• The French Wars of Religion were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). Felipe II supported the Catholics.

• Felipe defeated the French in the Battle of San Quintín in 1557.

• After that battle, Felipe ordered to build a monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial (as the battle was San Lorenzo’s day – 10th August)

Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial

ENGLAND• Felipe II was the king of

England between 1554 and 1558, as he was married to the Queen María Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII and Catalina de Aragón. María Tudor was Felipe II’s aunt, 11 years older than him).

• María was known as Bloody Mary (because of the executions of Protestants she ordered).

• When María Tudor died, the new Queen was her half-sister Isabel I of England, she was daughter of Henry VIII and Ana Bolena. Isabel I was anglican.

• Isabel I of England was one of the biggest Felipe’s enemies.

• She helped pirates to attack Spanish ships in their way to América, even she ennobled some pirates, for example Sir Francis Drake.

• She helped the Dutch (Protestants) when they rebelled against Felipe II.

• In 1588, Felipe organized a fleet (Armada), called the Armada Invencible or the Spanish Armada. The goal of this Armada was to invade England.

• But the fleet was destroyed in several storms.

THE TURKS

• Felipe II organised a Holy

League (Santa Liga) between

Spain and the Republic of

Venice, the Republic of Genoa,

the Papal States, the Duchy of

Savoy and the Knights of Malta.

The joint fleet consisted of 200

ships (60 galleys and 140 other

vessels) carrying a total of

30,000 soldiers.

Don Juan de Austria. Marco Antonio ColonnaSebastián Vernier

• They wanted to avoid the

Ottoman domination of the

Mediterranean.

• The Holy League defeated the

Turks, with the destruction of

nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at

the Battle of Lepanto in 1571,

under the command of Philip's

half brother, Don Juan of Austria.

• Lepanto marked a permanent

reversal in the balance of naval

power in the Mediterranean and

the end of the threat of Ottoman

control.

THE DUTCH

• The North provinces of Flanders (the Netherlands) revolted against high taxes and suffered because of the religious conflict.

• Felipe II sent tercios (infantry formations) to the area, but they were unable to solve the problem.

• Belgium remained Catholic and didn’t rebelled against the king Felipe II.

Margarita de Parma, hermana bastarda de Felipe II ygobernadora de Flandes

• Un tercio era una unidad militar

del Ejército español durante la

época de la Casa de Austria. Los

tercios fueron famosos por su

resistencia en el campo de

batalla, formando la élite de las

unidades militares disponibles

para los reyes de España de la

época. Los tercios fueron la pieza

esencial de la hegemonía

terrestre, y en ocasiones también

marítima del Imperio español.

• Cada tercio en 10 capitanías o compañías, 8 de piqueros y 2 de arcabuceros, de 300 hombres cada una, aunque también se podía dividir el ejército en 12 compañías de 250 hombres cada una. Cada compañía, aparte del capitán, que siempre tenía que ser de nacionalidad española y escogido por el rey, tenía otros oficiales: un alférez, quien era encargado de llevar en el combate la bandera de la compañía, un sargento, cuya función era preservar el orden y la disciplina en los soldados de la compañía, y 10 cabos (cada uno de los cuales mandaba a 30 hombres de la compañía)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkWkTsSjhsw

PORTUGAL

• In 1578 young king of Portugal, Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcazarquivir without descendants. His uncle the elderly Cardinal Henry succeeded him as king. He died without descendants two years later.

• Felipe II was grandson of Manuel el Afortunado (Felipe’s mother, Isabel the Portugal was Manuel’s eldest daughter), former king of Portugal, so he had rights to the throne.

• Felipe II of Spain was crowned as king of Portugal in 1581.

END OF FELIPE II’S REIGN

• Under Felipe II, Spain was the first world power.

• However, that meant he had to face many problems and foreign wars.

• This complex situation was complicated by the continuing financial problems of the monarchy. This was evident with the three bankruptcies during his reign.

• In 1598 Felipe II died leaving several unresolved problems for his heir Philip III: War of the Netherlands and the financial crisis of the Spanish Monarchy.

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16TH CENTURY

• During the 16th century, large amount and silver were brought to Spain from América.

• This caused price rises, reducing the purchasing power and standards of living of ordinary people.

• Trade and commerce increased thanks to the demand for goods from América.

• Most trade took place in Castilian cities and the Atlantic ports, above all, Sevilla.

Map showing main Portuguese (blue) and Spanish (white) oceanic trade routes in the 16th century

• In the 16th century the population of Spain increased, especially in Castilla. The majority of the population lived in the countryside.

• Nobles and clergy owned most of the land.

• More than 80 % of the population were peasants without land.

LOS AUSTRIAS MENORES

• A valido or favourite was a person in whom the king had total confidence and who led the government.

FELIPE III(1598-1621)

Felipe III delegated power to his valido the Duke of Lerma, who maintained peace abroad.

He fixed Valladolid as capital of Spain. He signed a peace with the Dutch

provinces, called the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609-1621).

Felipe III ordered the expulsion of the moriscos in 1609. 300,000 moriscos were expelled from Spain, they were peasants, so it was a terrible economical problem for Spain.

Duque de Lerma, valido de Felipe III

FELIPE IV(1621-1665)

• During the reign of Felipe IV Spain entered a deep economic, financial, social and political crisis.

• Given their lack of interest by the government of the monarchy, Felipe IV decided to leave the business of government in the hands of the Conde-Duque de Olivares, his favorite (valido)

DOMESTIC POLICY• The Count- Duke of Olivares developed a

plan called the Unión de Armas. According to the plan, all the Spanish kingdoms had to contribute money and support armies to war, not only Castilla.

DOMESTIC POLICY• That plan made that some rebellions and

conspiracies against Felipe IV began: Catalonia. In 1640 occurred the rebellion of the

Catalans in the so-called Corpus de Sangre. Catalonia proclaimed independence. After years of struggle, the troops of Philip IV managed to take Barcelona in 1652.

Portugal. In 1640 the Portuguese rebelled against Philip IV and proclaimed king the Duke of Braganza, John IV of Portugal. After a long war, in which the Portuguese had the help of French and English, in 1668 Spain had to recognize the independence of Portugal.

Other revolts. There were also separatist movements in Andalusia, which were in all cases hard and quickly repressed by Felipe IV.

FOREIGN POLICY

• Olivares wanted to restore Spanish power in Europe, so the Monarchy became involved in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and a long war with France.

• In the end, Spain was defeated, having to recognize the independence of the Netherlands in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

• Spain had also to give various territories (Roussillon, Artois) to France in the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.

• Thus Spain kept be the dominant power in Europe, being relieved by France. At the time, it was confirmed and the profound political, economic and social decline of the Spanish Monarchy was emphasized.

La rendición de Breda. Velázquez

CARLOS II(1665-1700)

• Carlos II was Spain’s last Habsburg monarch (último monarca de la dinastía de los Austria).

• His validos were Nithard, Valenzuela y Juan José de Austria.

• The crisis was caused by the king’s incompetence, corruption among his favourites and a number of economic problems.

• When Carlos II died without an heir in 1700, the Spanish War of Succession broke out.

• Finally, Felipe V will be the first monarch of the Borbón dynasty.

María Luisa de Orleans Mariana de Neoburgo

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 17TH CENTURY