THE GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE IN TRANSCRIPT OF BEYONCÉ INTERVIEW ON PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanity Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Ilham Putra NIM: 1110026000096

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014

i

ABSTRACT

Ilham Putra, The Grice’s Cooperative Principle in Transcript of Beyoncé Interview on Piers Morgan Tonight. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2014.

By Grice’s theory of cooperative principle, this thesis is aimed at identifying the kind types of non-observance that occur in the utterances and to know the meaning behind the utterances of the interviewer (Morgan) and the interviewee (Beyoncé) in delivering their ideas/messages in purpose to reach an ideal communication.

The data are obtained from dialogue Piers Morgan Tonight, Interview with Beyoncé on CNN Channel on June 27, 2011 scripts. Based on the data obtained, there are 20 data that contained implicature, those data are required 4 kinds of maxim and 5 kinds of non-observance maxim. The findings proven that the common type of non-observance maxim occurs is opting-out the maxim, there are 45% of the data. Yet, the least type of non-observance maxim found is suspending a maxim, there is only 1% data found. It shown that the interviewer has a good communication skill to give implicit meaning on his statements; it is to gain deeper information from the interviewee.

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, October 2014

Ilham Putra

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ACKNOWLADGEMENT

In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, And the Most Merciful

First of all, there is no word better than praises be to Allah, who always

gives the writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to

accomplish all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given

to our prophet Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.

Secondly, the writer would like to express his greatest honor to his family,

especially his mother, Liesye Herlina who has been fulfilling the writer’s needs

and always supports in many aspects, may Allah always bless you. The most

thanks is addressed to his greatest honor and thankful to his advisors, Mr. Hilmi

Akmal, M.Hum and Mrs. Sholikatus Sa’diyah M.Pd, who had been fully guiding,

support, and encourage the writer very well in making this thesis from the

beginning until the ending. The writer will never forget about all of their kindness

until the end of time.

Furthermore, the writer would like to express his honor to those who have

helped him in finishing this thesis, they are:

1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum, as the Dean of Letters and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.

2. Mr. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, as the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

4. All the staffs of English Letters Department.

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5. All the Lectures who had been taught him in English Letters Department

from the first semester until he accomplished the study.

6. All his beloved friends in English Letters Department 2010, who have

been accompanying him from the first semester.

Jakarta, October 2014

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………. i

APPROVEMENT ……………………………………………………………… ii

LEGALIZATION ……………………………………………………………... iii

DECLARATION ………………………………………………………………. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………………………………………. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 1

A. Background of the Study …………………………………………….. 1

B. Focus of the Study …………………………………………………… 4

C. Research Question …………………………………………………… 4

D. Significance of the Research ………………………………………… 4

E. Research Methodology …..…………………………………………...5

1. The Objectives of Research …………………………………. 5

2. The Method of Research ...…………………………………..5

3. The Data Collecting Technique ……………………………... 5

4. The Instrument of the Research ……………………………... 6

5. The Unit Analysis …………………………………………… 7

6. Place and Time………………………………………………...7

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK …………………………….. 8

A. Previous Research …………………………………………………… 8

B. Concepts……………... …………………………………………….. 11

1. Discourse Analysis…………………………………………...11

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2. Pragmatics……………………………………………………13

3. Cooperative Principle……………………………………...…14

4. Implicature………………………………...…………………16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS…….……………………………... 20

A. The Data Description ………………………………………………. 20

B. The Data Analysis ………………………………………………….. 21

CHAPTER IV CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION ...…………………… 43

A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 44

B. Suggestion ………………………………………………………….. 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......………………………………………………………… 46

APPENDIX…..………………………………………………………………… 48

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

As human, language is very important thing in life and it is the

power that used as mean of thinking, understanding, and expressing

thoughts and feelings in the society. As the tool, language plays a very

important role in conversation as a social interaction instrument among

people. Conversation is to communicate something which two or more

participants; speaker(s) and listener(s). Speaker’s utterance then is

interpreted by the listener; both of them produce and exchange meaning.

How the listeners interpret the meaning that is determined by the speaker’s

expression.1

As mentioned above, it may conclude that language is a form of

communication that contained the messages to become an ideal

communication. In pragmatics, the way to know how the speaker and the

listener reach an ideal communication can be seen in Grice’s Cooperative

principle theory. According to Grice (1975), “Make your conversational

contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the

accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are

engaged”2 To reach an effective communication, people who are talking

should understand each other what they meant. But, sometimes there are

1 Clark, H & Eve V. C. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1977). p. 437

2 Grice, Paul. "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. Syntax and semantics. 3: Speech acts. (New York: Academic Press 1975). p. 41–58

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several possibilities happen in a communication that caused

misunderstanding, because what the speaker say is not suitable as required

but he/she meant to say, that is what Grice named Implicature. Implicature

is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is

meant in a speaker's utterance without being part of what is said. What a

speaker intends to communicate is characteristically far richer than what

she directly expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the

message conveyed and understood.3

Conversational implicature is a message that is not found in the

plain sense of the sentence. The hearer should be able to infer the message

in the utterance by appealing to the rules governing successful

conversation interaction.4 Levinson (1983) states that conversational

implicature is essentially connected with certain general features of

discourse, and the general features of discourse arise from the fact that if

our talk exchanges are to be rational, they must consist of utterances that

in some ways connected to each other.5

One part of communication that will be used in this research is

interview in a talk show. Interview is a conversation between a journalist

or radio or television presenter and a person of public interest, used as the

basis of a broadcast or publication 6. Interview has several kinds of form,

3 Horn, Laurence R. “Implicature”. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Laurence R. Horn and

Gregory Ward (eds). (Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005). pp.1 4 Ibid. p.3 5 Levinson, S. C. “Pragmatics”. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). p. 97 6 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/interview?q=interview accessed

on April 20, 2014

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based on occasion. As mentioned before, one of television show that

contain of an interview activity is talk show. And talk show is a chat show,

especially one in which listeners, viewers, or the studio audiences are

invited to participate in the discussion.7

Discourse refers to a unity of complete language that generally

wider than a sentence by spoken or written8. Discourse Analysis is a

discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different

sociolinguistic approaches. It aims to study and analyze the use of

discourse in at least one of the three ways; Language beyond the level of a

sentence, Language behaviours linked to social practices, Language as a

system of thought, and more often than not, all of them at once9. For this

reseach is formed of transcript text that will be analyzed with discourse

analysis approaches to find the context meaning

This study focuses on the transcript of Piers Morgan Tonight is a

talk show on CNN that has many famous guests for interview, to gain the

information about their life and issues which are common nowadays, so it

is attracting any kind of viewers to know and those are famous for their

pragmatics language, especially implicature. It is interested to discuss this

study, because conversational implicature make us to infer what people

talk especially in talk show. This study is intended to discover the types of

conversational implicature used by the interviewees.

7 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/talk-show?q=Talkshow accessed

on April 20, 2014 8 Cutting, Joan, “Pragmatics and Discourse”, (London: Routledge, 2002) p. 1 9 Ibid. p. 1

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B. Focus of the Study

This research focused on discourse and moreover on maxims of

Cooperative Principle that are not observed to generate conversational

implicatures and to describe the meaning in dialogue on Piers Morgan

Tonight, Interview with Beyonce on CNN Channel on June 27, 2011.

C. Research Questions

Based on the focus of the study, the research questions are as follow:

1. What kind of non-observance maxims occur in the dialogue?

2. How is the non-observance of maxims generating conversational

implicatures in Piers Morgan Tonight talk show an interview with

Beyoncé?

3. What are the meanings of the conversational implicatures described in

the dialogue?

D. Significance of the Study

The study would be as an additional contribution to pragmatics

research especially in cooperative principle, an inspiration to those who

are majoring English and interested in analyzing interview as the corpus.

Theoretically, this research would give information about cooperative

principle and show how the format of the analysis conducted.

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E. Research Methodology

This study uses qualitative case study method to define intensively,

holistic, description, and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon, or social

unit. Qualitative case study is particularistic, descriptive and heuristic and

relies heavily on inductive reasoning in handling multiple data sources.10

The data will be analyzed of the Cooperative Principle that is not

observance-maxim to generate conversational implicature in the dialogue

Piers Morgan Interview with Beyonce on Piers Morgan Tonight talkshow

on CNN, June 27, 2011.

1. Objective of the study

Due to the research questions above, this research intends:

a. To know the reason why the utterances can be saying as the

implicatures.

b. To know the types of non-observance of the maxim of Cooperative

Principle that generates conversational implicatures in the dialogue

Piers Morgan Interview with Beyonce on Piers Morgan Tonight

talkshow on CNN, June 27, 2011.

c. To describe the meaning of the conversational implicatures.

2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

10 Nunan, David ”Research Methods in Language Learning” (Cambridge:Cambridge

University Press, 1992) p. 77

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This research uses bibliography research method. Bibliography

method is using written sources to gain the data.11 Data gained by

using data card which to the Grice’s Cooperative Principle. In this

research the data are collected by following steps:

a. Read the transcript text.

b. Give mark on the utterance that might be contained

conversational implicature.

c. Write the data gained onto a data card in the order to

number the dialogue.

After the data has been collected, the next step is the data

analysis it is to gain the specific data that concerned to analyze.

The steps run as follows:

a. Categorize and descripting the utterances to maxim of

Cooperative Principle.

b. Descripting the meaning of the conversational implicatures.

c. Make conclusions based on description analysis.

3. Instrument of the research

This research uses data cards as instrument of research to identify,

and classify the data which are needed from the interview

transcript. Then the data contained the non-observance of Grice’

Cooperative Principle maxim are analyzed.

11 Subroto, Edi, ”Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural” (Surakarta:Sebelas

Maret University Press, 1992) p. 77

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4. Unit Analysis

This research is conducted by explanatory descriptive analysis,

used Grice’s theory cooperative principle. The unit analysis in this

research is the interview Piers Morgan with Beyoncé on Piers

Morgan Tonight talk show, June 27, 2011 on CNN. Piers Morgan

Tonight is a talk show on CNN that was hosted by Piers Morgan. 12

The data gained using bibliography technique, to find the

utterances that contain of implicatures. Then, they are identified to

what kind of the maxim formed, what non-observance maxim

occur, and to find what the implicatures are and how the

implicatures happen. The reason why this corpus chosen, because

talk show is an interactive and it is a natural conversation,

furthermore, it is interesting of brings up the famous celebrity in

the world. Data gained in this research are 20 data.

5. Place and Time

This research is conducted in several libraries in Jakarta, such as

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, University of

Indonesia, and Atma Jaya Catholic University in May -

September 2014 during the 8th semester of study.

12 http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/ accessed on March 3, 2014

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CHAPTER 2

THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Researches

In purposed to develop and complete this research about implicature,

here are several related previous researches. These are purposed to know how

the research will be applied:

he first research was done by Irma B. Pakpahan from Universitas

Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia in 2012. Entitled: “An Analysis of

Conversational Implicature in Smart FM’s Radio Talk Shows”. It concerning

about the two types of conversational implicature, namely: generalized

conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature and

the dominant one used in Smart FM’s Radio talk shows. It took fifty eight

conversations which were on air from April 3rd until 24th 2012. It is conducted

by using qualitative descriptive design and has 3 researches question that lead

to find the types of conversational implicature, the dominant conversational

implicature, and the dominant implication (which means analyzed

semantically). The difference between the Irma’s with this research that in

presented is in discourse field, to describe the meanings in the utterances.13

The second research was done by Wakhana Putri from Andalas

University, Padang, Indonesia in 2011. Entitled: “An Analysis of Implicature

13 Pakpahan, Irma. B, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature

in Smart FM’s Radio Talk Shows”, (Medan: Faculty of Arts and Language – Integrated Studies, Universitas Negri Medan, 2012).

8

9

as Found in Transcript of Interview between Barrack Obama and Hisyam

Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV”. It concerning about the implications appear

during interviewing in interview Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem on Al-

Arabiya TV. The data analyses are the responds of Barrack Obama to the

questions asked. They are consisting of 9 dialogues and 21 utterances that are

containing implicature. It only has on 1 research question concern in

implicature (non-observance of maxim) that is “What are the implicatures that

can be found in the transcript of interview between Obama and Hisyam

Melhem about Moslem world and negotiations between Palestinian and

Israeli”. The difference between the Wakhana’s with this research that going

to presented are; this research has 3 research questions which will analyzed

deeper, and in this research will be analyzed also in discourse field, to

describe the meanings in the utterances.14

The third research was done by Vho Thi Thanh Thao from University

of Danang, Vietnam in 2011. Entitled: “A Study of Conversational

Implicatures in Titanic Film”. It concerning in the type of maxims and further

about conversational analysis. Using conversational analysis to know how the

implicature turns out then classify it as a conclusion in every data gained. The

difference between the Vho Thi Thanh Thao’s with this research is in the

technique of collecting and analysis data, because in Vho Thi Thanh Thao’s is

14 Putri, Wakhana, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Implicature as Found in

Transcript of Interview between Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV”, (Padang: Faculty of Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas Andalas, 2011).

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more concerned in conversational analysis at first, the implicature is for

describe the meanings.15

The fourth research was done by Yao Xiaousu from Gent University,

Belgium in 2009. Entitled: “Conversational Implicature Analysis of Humor in

American Situation Comedy “Friends””. It is focused in humor’s meaning.

By identifying the implicature then match up with the culture and situation.

Yao’s uses politeness approach. Yet finally, it keeps on track that is in humor

side. The difference between the Yao Xiaousu’s with this research going to

presented is in the scope of meaning, Yao’s concerns more in humor side.

While in this paper focused in any general meaning purposes with discourse

approach. 16

The fifth research was done by Yuvike from Bina Nusantara

University, Jakarta, Indonesia in 2008. Entitled: The Non-Observance of the

Conversational Maxims Theory Found in Dialogue of The Crucible by Arthur

Miller . It is focused in classifying the types of maxim and its non-observance,

it also purposed to make stronger meaning in utterances consist of flouting

maxims quality by metaphor and hyperbole approach because it is mostly

found. The difference between the Yuvike’s with this research that going to

presented is the Yuvike’s is more concerned in semantically meaning, after the

Grice’s theory. It is analyzed the meaning in semantics side, using metaphor

15 Vho Thi Thanh Thao, Master Degree Thesis: “A Study of Conversational Implicatures

in Titanic Film”, (Danang: College of Foreign Language – Integrated Studies, University of Danang, 2011).

16 Xiaousu, Yao, Dissertation: “ Conversational Implicature Analysis of Humor in American Situation Comedy “Friends”, (Ghent: Faculty of Arts and Philosophy – Ghent University, 2009).

11

and hyperbole’s approach. Where in this paper is intended to analyzed the

meaning by pragmatic’s approach.17

Generally, after review the previous research, the difference of this

research is mostly on corpus that mostly the another research used film’s

scripts. The references (sources) used, and the research questions that there are

3.

These literature reviews demonstrating the strong platform and the

reason why for developing a research about Grice’s theory. The gaps have

been identified well, so may reinventing the wheel won’t happen. Observation

has been done well, to make sure it will be a good project and especially for

academic purpose.

B. Concepts

1. Discourse Analysis

In linguistics, “discourse” refers to a unity of complete language that

generally wider than a sentence by spoken or written. Discourse is a

compatible structure of sentence that connected one idea to the other one, one

sentence to the others those are becomes a unity18. Discourse has contextual

meaning, it is to identify, interpret meaning, such; interwords, intersentence,

17 Yuvike, Undergraduate Thesis: “The Non-Observance of the Conversational Maxims

Theory Found in Dialogue of The Crucible by Arthur Miller”, (Jakarta: Faculty Language and Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas bina Nusantara, 2008).

18 Eriyanto. “Analisis Wacana.” (Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakart, 2001). p. 3

12

interparagraph those are must be coherent for understood by the

reader/listener19.

There are definitions of discourse that many linguistics books on the

subject now open with a survey of definitions. In their collection of classic

papers in discourse analysis, for example, Jaworski and Coupland (1999: 1–3)

include ten definitions from a wide range of sources. They all, however, fall

into the three main categories noted above: (1) anything beyond the sentence,

(2) language use, and (3) a broader range of social practice that includes

nonlinguistic and nonspecific instances of language20.

In (Yule, 1996) Discourse analysis covers an extremely wide range of

activities from narrowly focused investigation of how words such as ‘oh’ or

‘well’ are used in casual talk, to the study of dominant ideology in a culture a

representative21.

A discourse can be analyzed by using pragmatics as its tools because

of concerning in contextual meaning. Context is the part of meaning that can

be explained by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-

psychological factors influencing communication, as well the knowledge of

the time and place in which the wordsare uttered or written22. Typically, there

are three sorts of context to observe: (1) the situational context, that is what

speakers know about what they can see around them, (2) the background

knowledge context, that is what the speaker and the hearer know eachother

19 Ibid. p 5 20 Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton, “The Handbook of

Discourse Analysis” (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher, 2001) p.1 21 Ibid. p 5 22 Joan, Cutting, 2002. Op. cit p. 2

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and the world, (3) the co-textual context, that is what they know about what

they have been saying23. According to Baryadi, the relation of context in a

discourse is divided into (1) the relation of discourse with the speaker, (2) the

relation of discourse with the topic of utterance, and (3) the relation discourse

with the hearer. Context may appears outside text. In the relation of discourse

with the speaker as mentioned above, discourse can be analyzed with the

Cooperative Principle that proposed by Paul. H. Grice24.

2. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. In linguistics, there are

2 field of study about meaning, there are semantics and pragmatics. Semantics

and pragmatics are two main areas of linguistics that concerned at the meaning

of the utterance, spoken and written. In this paper is concerned in pragmatics

side, where pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot

predicted only based on linguistics’ rules, but also takes into account

knowledge about physical, social and everything in human’s life. 25

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies a language from the

external factor as a unit of meaning by depends on the language used26. There

are many linguists especially that concerned in pragmatics defined the

pragmatics differently. Yule (1993:3) classifies the meaning of pragmatics

into kinds as follows: (1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning, (2)

Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning, (3) Pragmatics is the study of

23 Ibid. p. 2 24 Prapto Baryadi, “Dasar-dasar Analisis Wacana”, (Jakarta: Pustaka Gondho Sali ,

2002). p. 40 25 Jean Stilwell Peccei, “Pragmatics”, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1999), p. 2. 26 Yan Huang, “Pragmatics”, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2007), p. 2.

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how to get more communicated way than what it said, (4). Pragmatics is the

study of the expression of relative distance27. Pragmatics nowaday is focused

on four majors, there are: (1) speech act, (2) cooperative principle, (3)

politeness, and (4) relevance theory28. In this research is concerned on

cooperative principle as the main theory to be analyzed.

3. Cooperative Principle

To reach an ideal communication, it must be consists of cooperative in

both the speaker and the listener. In this matter, pragmatics classifies the

concept of Cooperative Principle according to the philosopher, Paul Grice. He

proposed that all speakers, regardless of their cultural background, adhere to a

basic principle governing conversation which he termed as the ‘The

Cooperative Principle’29.

Generally, in a communication progress is possibly assumed the

speaker’s articulates his utterances by intend to inform something to the

opponent (listener), he expects the opponent is understand what he expected.

Therefore the speaker always tries to make his utterance relevant to the

context, clear and understood, concise and straightforward, so the

communication running well30. As the result, Grice defined the cooperative

27 George Yule, “Pragmatics”, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p 3. 28 Gunarwan, Asim. “Pragmatik: Teori dan Kajian Nusantara”, (Jakarta: Penerbit

Universitas Atma Jaya, 2007) p. 2. 29 Jean Stilwell Peccei, 1999, Op. cit. p 27. 30 Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward, “The Handbook of Pragmatics”, (Australia:

Blackwell Publishing, 2006), p. 7

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principle as making your conversational contribution as required, at the stage

at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange31.

Conversational cooperation manifests itself, according to Grice, in a

number of conversational maxims, as he calls them, which we feel the need to

abide by. These maxims look at first sight like rules, but they appear to be

broken more often than grammatical or phonological rules are, for example, as

we will see later, and this is why Grice uses the term 'maxim' rather than

'rule'32. Grice categorized the maxims into 4 maxims, they are;

(1) Maxim of quantity: Make your contribution more informative as is

required. This maxim has 2 specific maxims:

- Make your contribution as informative as is required

- Do not make your contribution more informative than is

required

(2) Maxims of quality: Try to make your contribution on that is true. Do

not make your contribution more informative than is required. This

maxim has 2 specific maxims:

- Do not say what you believe to be false

- Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

(3) Maxim of relevance: This maxim only has 1 form of maxim, that is

- Be relevance.

(4) Maxim of manner: Be perspicuous. This maxim has 4 specific maxims:

31 Grice, H. P. “Studies in The Way of Words”, (Massachusetts : Harvard University

Press, 1989), p 26 32 Grice, H. P. “Logic and conversation”. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds) Studies in Syntax

and Semantics III: Speech Acts, (New York: Academic Press, 1975) p. 183-98.

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- Avoid obscurity expression

- Avoid ambiguity

- Be brief

- Be orderly

Those names are taken from the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant

(Grice1989:26). The purpose of maxims by Grice is for ensure the right

amount of information is provided and the interaction is conducted in a

truthful, relevant and perspicuous manner33.

The main role of these maxims is for recognize how the

conversation run as well as expected, normally assumed that the speaker

are telling the truth, being relevant and crystal clear meaningful without

adding any subjective matters. For these maxims is a regular conversation

only, many speakers maybe not do in this way34.

4. Implicature

There are many cases of breaking (non-observance) those maxims;

once they occur, they lead to be implicature. Implicature is a component of

speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker's

utterance without being part of what is said. What a speaker intends to

communicate is characteristically far richer than what he/she directly

expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the message

conveyed and understood35. Non-observance of maxims divided into 5 as;

33 Yan Huang, “Pragmatics”, 2007. Op. cit., p.25 34 George Yule, 1996. Op. cit., p. 37 35 Laurence R. Horn. Op. cit., p. 1

17

flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting out a maxim,

and suspending a maxim.

Flouting a maxim is failure of maxim that said by the speaker

blatantly. Flouting of a maxim happen because, there is a clash of maxims and

developed to maxim36. Development flouting a maxim may happen in 4

maxims, such as; maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance,

and maxim of manner. Here is an example of flouting a maxim:

(1) A is asking B about C’s new boyfriend:

A: Is he nice?

B: She seems to like him.

‘B’ could possibly answer “no”, so ‘B’ gives appropriate information as

required. But, ‘B’ gives a less informative. Non-observance that ‘B’ does

happen because there is a clash of maxim, maxim of quantity and maxim

of quality, so that ‘B’ cannot say whether the new C’s boyfriend is good or

not, so he says based on what he feels.

Violating a Maxim is an unostentatious observance. If someone does

this, he/she inclined to be lied37. As shows in the example under:

(2) There’s a husband who asks his wife that he thinks she may be having

an affair:

Husband: Is there any another man?

Wife: No. There is no another man.

36 Thomas, Jenny. “Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics”. (London:

Longman, 1997). p. 64 37 Grice, H. P. “Logic and Coversation” in Peter Cole (Ed.). Syntax and Semantics

Volume 3. (New York: Acadenic Press, 1975).

18

The answer of the wife is true that she is not having an affair with any

another man, but it is not totally true. In fact, the wife is having an affair

with another woman! Violating she did is non-observance of maxim of

quantity, because she is not giving an information as required, so the

husband thinks she is not guilty.

Non-observance of maxim may happen because of utterance

disability. This is called infringing a maxim38. It could happen even the

speaker does not mean to lie or make an implicature. The disability may

because less of language knowledge (usually happen on children or

foreigner or when feeling nervous, drunk, too happy) and because the

speaker cannot speak clearly and brief. Sometimes, a speaker says

something unclearly that may caused misunderstanding in a

communication. That case is a form of opting out a maxim. Opting out a

maxim is a non-observance maxim that happen by dodging and make a

mislead information39. Sometime, it is also purposed to be polite or keep

safe cause for the listener. Here is an example:

a. The first speaker is a caller to a radio show. The second speaker is the

host, Nick Ross.

Caller: ….um I lived in uh a country where people sometimes need to flee

that country.

Ross: Uh, where was that?

Caller: It’s a country in Asia and I don’t want to say no more.

38 Jenny, Thomas, 1997. Op. cit., p. 64 39 Ibid. p. 64

19

Sometimes, opting out a maxim may happen caused by an event,

belief, or culture and something like that. This is also known as

suspending a maxim40. For example, in Britain, there are several people on

theatre community are avoiding to mention one of Shakespeare’s work

titled Macbeth, because they believe that it would be a bad luck

(unfortunate). They prefer to say it as “The Scottish Play”. Therefore, they

failed to obey a maxim of quantity.

Those non-observance maxims appear when the speakers saying

utterance that do not require of the 4 maxims (super maxim). The reason

why the speakers do that because of their implying meaning in their

utterance belong to any purposes as mentioned above regarded to the non-

observance maxims. In this research will be analyze with those device, to

identifying and descripting the meanings that could be possibly the fact,

regarded to the contexts described.

40 Ibid. p. 64

20

CHAPTER 3

DATA ANALYSIS

A. The Data Description

Data collecting technique used in this research is bibliography study. It is

using written sources to obtain the data. The steps to collect them are:

1. Downloading the transcript of on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show,

interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN channel. It is taken from

its official website www.transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/;

2. Give mark on every utterance that contains non-observance maxim

(implicature).

3. Then put the marked data into data cards e.g on page 1, data 1: flouting

maxim of quantity, page data 2: flouting maxim of quality, and so on.

Total data obtained on data cards are 20 data. The details are shown on the

tables under:

Table I: The Types of non-observance maxim on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show, interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN channel.

No Types of Non-Observance

Maxim

Total

1 Flouting a maxim 6

2 Violating a maxim 2

3 Infringing a maxim 2

20

21

4 Opting out a maxim 9

5 Suspending a maxim 1

TOTAL 20

Table II: The maxims that unobserved on Piers Morgan Tonight talk show, interview with Beyonce on June 27, 2011 at CNN Channel:

No Unobserve of maxim Total

1 Maxim of quantity 4

2 Maxim of quality 11

3 Maxim of relevance 1

4 Maxim of Manner 4

TOTAL 20

B. The Data Analysis

The 20 obtained data are analyzed for further below:

Data 1:

Flouting a maxim of quantity

MORGAN: It's so nice of you to come all this way to London so that I could

interview you in my own backyard.

BEYONCE: Yes.

MORGAN: And the fact that you are at Glastonbury with last night.

22

BEYONCE: Had nothing to do with it.

MORGAN: A coincidence.

BEYONCE: Yes, just a coincidence

These utterances formed a maxim of quantity. In the beginning of the

show, Morgan was greeting Beyoncé by asking her about what Beyoncé did

last night before she attended there (the talk show). She was in Glastonbury as

performer which it was her first time to show up there. Morgan said the fact

that Beyoncé was at Glastonbury, and he expected Beyoncé just said “yes” to

verify his statement. But, Beyoncé blatantly ignore the statement which is

Beyoncé unobserving maxim of quantity by saying “had nothing to do with

it”. Morgan concluded Beyoncé’s answer with “coincidence” for agreeing her

statement.

Beyoncé did flouting a maxim of quantity because Beyoncé gave

information more than or even did not as required. These can be defined as

implicature when she said “had nothing to do with it” because she knew that

Morgan must be already knew what she did last night and at first she thought

that she had no plan to come on the show then.

Data 2:

Flouting maxim of quantity

MORGAN: Can we expect the little patter of little Beyonce and Jay-Zs?

BEYONCE: Only God knows.

23

MORGAN: Would you mind asking him to tell me?

BEYONCE: I will. We'll have a conversation. I'll whisper, but you can't tell

anybody else.

According to the question, this dialogue formed a maxim of quantity.

Morgan was asking a question that requiring ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer , yet

Beyonce gave the flouted respond.

In this context, Morgan was asking Beyonce about how people’s or

even his expectation to Beyonce and Jay-Z’s mariage life. The expected

answer should be ’yes’ or ‘no’, but Beyonce did not, she flouted Morgan’s

question. Beyonce could give an obvious and surely answer for that. Beyonce

would be has to asnwer it by yes or no. Implicature happened in Beyonce’s

utterance “only God knows” that she intended to be down to earth and keep

her fame-image safe by not overconfidence about anything she or people may

think, she could not give any promises about her marriage, just keep let it

flowing.

Data 3:

Flouting maxim of quality

MORGAN: What made you think that was the right one for me.

BEYONCE: It's all about the color. It's a beautiful day, the warmest day here.

MORGAN: It's the warmest day in Britain for five years. You brought the

heat, lady.

24

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because regarded to the

context that Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about the opinion of

Beyoncé’s ‘outfit.

Morgan tried for Beyoncé understand what he meant, specifically. And

again, Beyoncé gave unexpected answer. She was concerning in color and

general situation. Then, Morgan was exaggerating for once again he gave a

sarcasm utterance on Beyoncé but politely. Beyoncé was said about the

weather in Britain, there was heat, and it is indeed. Beyoncé did flouting

maxim when she said “It's all about the color. It's a beautiful day, the warmest

day here”, she was just not give information as required, as Morgan expected.

The implicature occurs when Morgan said ‘warmest’ because Beyoncé

was wearing an orange dress outfit, made she looked colorful; besides he

intended to give a sarcasm by saying “It's the warmest day in Britain for five

years. You brought the heat, lady”. He made her like she was an ordinary

women up there, by analogical the “heat weather for 5 years”, he intended to

be equal regarded to Beyoncé’s opinion about the outfit, not about the ‘diva

thing’ but only the color which was nothing special.

Data 4:

Flouting maxim of quality

BEYONCE: Well, before I performed, I was so scared. I was like a

leaf. Just -- I was really, really afraid. And I just had to say forget that it's

175,000 people and pretend it's just like the show you did two days ago and

25

you have been doing this your whole life. And just have fun. And, you know,

we all got together, said our prayer. We took our breath and tried to exhale all

the negativity and I just had to tell myself, I deserve it. I'm a diva. I've worked

hard. And I psyched myself up, and once you hear the crowd and you get past

the first couple of minutes, then it's time to rock. It's time to have a good time

and enjoy it.

MORGAN: I love that phrase. I'm a diva. You say that proudly.

BEYONCE: I do.

MORGAN: A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva."

You love being a diva.

In this section, Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about Beyoncé’s

achievements. This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because Morgan was

asking about Beyoncé’s opinion regarded to her statement.

On Morgan’s statement, he did flouting maxim of quality. As

mentioned before, Morgan mostly gave his interviewee statements and

question sarcastically, he intended to gain information as much as possible

from his interviewee. He has a good communication skill in this.

Beyoncé was said that she is as a diva. Regarded to Morgan utterance

“A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva." You love

being a diva.” It made an implicature by Morgan. Morgan thinks that Beyoncé

was over confident or even quite arrogant to say that she is a diva, which was

26

why he bit teasing Beyoncé with his utterance, he tried to convince Beyoncé,

she may think and say wiser or give a reason to convince him about Diva.

Data 5:

Flouting maxim of relevance

MORGAN: I've heard and you can clear up this rumor. This is a brilliant

rumor, even if it's not true. If it's not true, maybe just pretend.

I've heard that Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone. Is

this true?

BEYONCE: I don't know. (LAUGHTER)

MORGAN: That means it is.

BEYONCE: No, it's not. They are amazing. They are wonderful. And I have --

actually, I just worked with the first lady with the Let's Move initiative. And it

was so beautiful

MORGAN: Because she's a remarkable woman.

BEYONCE: She is.

This dialogue formed a maxim of relevance, because what they

were talking about was about the event when Beyoncé sang in president

inauguration’s ball.

Regarded to the context, they were talking about Beyoncé sang in

president inauguration ceremonial. Morgan tried to convince about the

rumor as mentioned before, but Beyoncé kept saying “no”. It did not mean

she was lying or honest; firstly they were concerning about the Mr.

27

President, not his lady. But Beyoncé flouted the subject they concerning

about; she said about the first lady, even indeed there was about

ceremonial the First Lady. But, that was not the point of Morgan’s

question. She was totally ignored the first question about Jay-Z has the

president on the speed dial of his cell phone.

The implicature occurs in the utterance is on Beyonce’s utterance,

when she is concerning about the first lady, she did not take any serious

even she was avoiding to talked about the rumor anymore, that was why

she flouted the topic to the first lady.

Data 6:

Flouting maxim of manner

MORGAN: So, what are you thinking for the outfits for me that I'm

fascinated? I mean, you woke up and thought, it's Piers, it's CNN.

BEYONCE: You know, I just tried on a few dresses and I like the color.

MORGAN: Come on, humor me. How many did you try on before you

thought

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, regarded to Morgan’s

question, it is obviously that he expected Beyoncé prepared the dress

something diva, such as branded or special stuffs to make her shining in

the occasion (on Piers Morgan Show). It was quite unexpected, because

28

Beyoncé only give a simple answer and concerned about the color of the

dress.

It did not make Morgan really feel it, which was why he asking the

specific question for Beyoncé to understand what is Morgan’s expectation

by said “Come on, humor me. How many did you try on before you

thought”. Morgan did not satisfied enough about what Beyoncé said about

the outfits, he felt he had to little pushed her with something

understandable by her. But she kept up with her opinion and gave

unexpected answer. Regarded to Morgan utterance, it made an implicature

that Morgan intended to Beyoncé to show him something awesome,

something diva an such, that was he said “ come on, humor me..” it

represented his feeling that he was expected more than a colorful dress of

Beyoncé.

Data 7:

Violating maxim of quality

BEYONCE: But I found these incredible women and incredible

background singers. And I do have men on the stage as well. I have great

male dancers.

MORGAN: Washing your shoe heels for you?

Regarded to the context, they were talking about the theme “Girl

Power” where she was performed at Glastonbury. This dialogue formed a

29

maxim of quality, because it was talking about Beyoncé’s opinion and so

Morgan did his.

In previous, Beyoncé was said about how she praised female (Girl)

because regarded to the theme, it made Morgan thought Beyoncé quite

intimidating of male gender, by saying “washing your shoe heels for you”.

Beyoncé was trying to fix her statement by appreciating the males. But it

is not enough to convince Morgan to change his assumed about Beyoncé’s

statement about males before. By Morgan’s respond, he was asking as if

the males were not worthy enough than females. Morgan forced Beyoncé

to be honest to what she says. For Morgan’s statement, he did violating

maxim of manner because Morgan still keep his assumption of what

Beyoncé said about males. He was quite pushed Beyoncé about what she

said.

We can see about what type of host Morgan is. Morgan has a trait

sarcastic; he implied it in many utterances when interviewing his

interviewee. By saying “washing your shoe heels for you?” it made an

implicature, because Morgan was asking question sarcastically which was

actually he intended to stay with his assumption about Beyoncé’s opinion

about males.

Data 8:

Violating maxim of manner

30

MORGAN: The president, what did he say? And the first lady. Did you

talk to them?

BEYONCE: I did not speak to them. I wish I had it like that. But I've seen

them years later.

MORGAN: I've heard and you can clear up this rumor. This is a brilliant

rumor, even if it's not true. If it's not true, maybe just pretend. I've heard

that Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone. Is this true?

BEYONCE: I don't know. (LAUGHTER)

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, regarded to Morgan’s

question that requiring of information of Beyonce about the truth, but

Beyonce gave an ambiguity statement.

Regarded to the context, that they were talking about the moment

when Beyonce sang to the president, Barrack Obama. Beyonce was sang

“At Last” in the first Obama’s inaugural ball dance at the Neighborhood

Ball.41

Morgan made a rumor to make the convesation up and also tried to

discover what is the fact about happening on Beyonce’s life. The rumor

Morgan made sound like joke for Beyoncé. The implicature is on

Beyoncé’s utterance “I don’t know" it might she could be knows or even

yes, she does not know the rumor. That was she was laughed, yet it could

be mean she avoiding the rumor gave by Morgan.

41 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-21133940 accessed sept 4, 2014

31

Data 9:

Infringing maxim of quantity

BEYONCE: But I visited, you know, the pyramids and I was able to sing

at the top of the pyramids.

MORGAN: I heard you sang "Ave Maria" in one of the tombs of the

pyramid and it just echoed around. What a moment.

BEYONCE: It was beautiful. And who would ever think that I'd get an

opportunity to do that. I was there along with my family and –

MORGAN: Any truth to the rumor that you and Jay-Z are having joint

pyramids built to be remembered? This is rumor?

BEYONCE: That's a good one

This dialogue formed a maxim of quantity, because Morgan was

asking Beyoncé her agree, based on his rumor question which was

required only ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer.

In this section, Morgan and Beyoncé were talking about the

moment when Beyoncé was singing on pyramid months ago. Morgan just

made a joke about the pyramid, in this section they are talking about

pyramid where Beyoncé was singing and visited with her family. Beyoncé

realized that Morgan is joking, it made she respond it by an opinion

herself. So she was not answer with yes or no (quantity).

The implicature is contained on utterance “that’s a good one” by

Beyoncé. Beyoncé inspired by Morgan about that idea (rumor). That was

32

why Beyoncé said “that’s a good one” did not mean to agree with

Morgan’s rumor because it was unheard of before. She was not intended to

lie, but also did not to say the truth about it. It was because she was

unheard of it before, and because it was only a rumor that Morgan made

up for joke.

Data 10:

Infringing maxim of manner

BEYONCE: OK. I always says I would have a baby at 30.

MORGAN: I know you did.

BEYONCE: I'm 29!

MORGAN: Exactly.

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, because Beyonce was

trying to give a brief information yet perspicious about her.

Regarded to the context that Morgan and Beyonce were talking

abaout Beyonce’s age and maturity. Beyonce was kind of afraid to talked

to Morgan. Now, Beyonce gave a statement that she would have a baby at

30 even she was still 29 at that time. Morgan agreed on her statement, he

did not opting out or teasing her. But Beyonce clarifies her condition by

saying “ I’m 29” because she was afraid that Morgan would teasing her.

Beyonce was kinda kinky to speak, it made her did infringing maxim of

manner. That was why she concerned on the age, she mentioned it again to

disctinct.

33

Data 11:

Opting out maxim of quantity

MORGAN: Does money bring happiness to you?

BEYONCE: No. No. It brings some happiness. It bridges comfort. But

absolutely

MORGAN: I always think, if you have a lot of money, you don't have to

worry about money. A lot of people in the world have to worry about

money.

This dialogue should a maxim of quality, regarded to Morgan’s

question that requiring an answer of something personal idea(asking an

opinion) by asking “ Does money bring happiness to you?”, he expected

Beyonce could fulfill that with something surprising and honest.

The context was still in a Limo heading to South Kingston. The

reason why Morgan asking that question because he knew that Beyonce

now is one of new millionaire for her achievements. It was quite obviously

that Beyonce was opting out, she answers “no” that mean she was

disagree, but then she gave a statement “It brings some happiness. It

bridges comfort. But absolutely “ which as if she was agreed to say ‘yes’

to Morgan’s question. Beyonce did that because she did not intend to be

arrogant, but she could not avoid about the fact that she felt good about it

and to be honest about what she said.

34

Data 12:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: Is that what Glastonburry does to you?

BEYONCE: It’s the mud. It’s all the beautiful people. Everyone is—

MORGAN: A lot of them are ugly actually.

BEYONCE: No, I love it. It's not about fashion. It's not about trying to be

cool. Everyone just is cool. And that's what I love about it. It's not about

your production. It's not about how many hits you have. It's about good

music and everything coming from the inside and everyone has so much

love and appreciation for a good performance. And, you know, I love

when I cannot have to think about all the other things that are not as

interesting and I can just belt out the songs and dance from the heart and I

know that it's appreciated.

These utterances formed maxim of quality, because Morgan was

asking Beyoncé about what was thinking about Glastonbury (the event).

Glastonbury as known as a contemporary art festival held in a small town

named Glastonbury, Somerset, England.42 The condition there when she

performed was muddy because of the place covered with wet soil.

Beyoncé gave statement she said “Mud” she meant indeed, she had

been thinking about what she experienced there. But here, Morgan was

asking Beyoncé about how Beyoncé thought about the event

42 http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/ accessed September 15, 2014

35

(Glastonbury), not about the place or condition there. That was why

Morgan concerned to the people. Then, Beyoncé made the next statement

by opting out it for defending by said “no, I love it”, because she has just

realized that she did not give an answer as required. Beyoncé gave a quite

clear opting out her opinion in the next statement after Morgan said

“people there are ugly...” which actually she did not mean it.

For that, Beyoncé did opting out maxim of quality. In the utterance

the implicature is when Beyoncé said “it’s the mud, it’s all beautiful

people..” she tried to give information as required, but she was misleading

from the focus of Morgan’s question, she intended to say about the

condition there and also the people. But Morgan concerned only about the

people.

Data 13:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: Quite intimidating this thing you do.

BEYONCE: No, but I definitely feel that it is my job to empower women,

and I remember having this dream that my band was all females and I told

my male band at the time -- I'm sorry, guys. You all are so talented but

you're not women. And they all had wigs on and came to the last

performance like, we can do it.

36

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, where Morgan was

asking Beyoncé about her opinion (by his sarcastic statement). They were

talking about the theme of Beyoncé’s concert at Glastonbury last night.

The theme was “Girl Power” which was Beyoncé more likely praised and

rising of women.

The reason why Morgan gives a word “intimidating” is because

she is indeed on her (Beyoncé) theme was Girl Power and she is. But

Beyoncé opting out Morgan’s statement by says “no” yet, if we see her

statement, she kept on intimidating males.

According to Beyoncé’s statement, she did opting out maxim of

quality. It made the Beyoncé’s opinion (utterance) as an implicature,

because she was intending to safe her good opinion from a negative

assumption of Morgan. And she avoided to do not hurt males role, even

she was said it misleading.

Data 14:

Opting out maxim of quality

BEYONCE: Well, I did everything. You know, I definitely enjoyed the

simple things like, you know, driving and picking my nephew up from

school. Traveling but not working and actually visiting museums and

seeing ballets and having great conversations with people on the plane.

MORGAN: Really?

BEYONCE: Yes. Just having normal --

37

MORGAN: Why do I never get to sit next to people like you on a plane?

Can you let me know your schedule next time?

BEYONCE: OK. (LAUGHTER)

This dialogue formed maxim of quality, because they were talking

about opinions of Beyoncé about her greatest moment in life. This is

clearly that Morgan did opting out a maxim, because he was feeling

suspicious of Beyoncé’s statement, he did not sure that Beyoncé gave a

truthful opinion, and because she said that she is a diva. Morgan might

expect something diva experience and such, that was why he said “really”

to verify.

The implicature is on “really?” Morgan and Beyoncé were talking

about the greatest moment in her life. Morgan quite surprised about what

Beyoncé said about she enjoyed something ordinary, not being a diva. He

said “really” meant to clarify it. Morgan still expecting something diva

about Beyoncé, but she did not give any expected ideas.

The implicature also in the laughter, Morgan was quite joking in

his utterance, but he maybe meant that. Beyoncé thought it was totally

joke that was why it made they laugh. The laugh can means Beyoncé agree

or even denying. It also showed that Morgan started to say it sarcastically.

While him asking that question, he said it seriously, but then he laughed

along Beyoncé.

38

Data 15:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: Occasionally, you've just got to sit back and go, you know

what? My husband is a pretty cool guy.

BEYONCE: He is.

MORGAN: And he's a pretty cool guy. He was there last night supporting

you. He's abandoned you with me to go to the tennis, which I'm personally

quite pleased about.

BEYONCE: I'm not. No, I'm happy to be here with you.

This dialogue formed maxim of quality, because Morgan was

trying to know about Beyonce’s relationship with her husband. Morgan

and Beyoncé were talking about Beyoncé’s husband, Jay-Z. Morgan was

teasing Beyoncé with his utterance that as if her husband not as good as

she thought. Beyoncé was said that she found the first and only love on her

husband Jay-Z, and said how she adore of him, he is a kind guy and such.

It is clear how Beyoncé did opting out the maxim of quality. She

was really pranked by Morgan. Morgan gave a statement to lead his

interview misleading of her own statement. Implicature occurs when

Beyoncé keep on her opinion, that she and her husband were pleased to let

Beyoncé got the interview in Piers Morgan by saying “I'm not. No, I'm

happy to be here with you” Here means, Beyoncé was trying to be

defendable her own opinion.

39

Data 16:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes

me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life –

BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom.

MORGAN: No, I didn't say that.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because they were

talking about the opinion of Beyonce. Morgan and Beyonce were talking

about Beyonce’s age, maturity and how proud she was to her mother.

Morgan tried to combined both subjects.

Morgan’s utterance was a trigger that made Beyonce feel like

Morgan was meant to say she is turning like her mother, about the age,

maturity and Beyonce would be like her role model. Beyonce agreed with

that statement. But Morgan was opting out, he made as if she talking by

herself side without any offenced.

The implicature is on utterance “no, I didn’t say that” by Morgan,

showed that Morgan trying to opting out the utterance of Beyonce, as if

she was telling by herself, without forced by him.

Data 17:

Opting out maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes

me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life –

40

BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom.

MORGAN: No, I didn't say that.

BEYONCE: You are trying to say I need to have a baby.

MORGAN: I didn't even ask the question.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality and still in the context

that Morgan and Beyonce were talking about Beyonce’s age, maturity and

how proud she was to her mother. Because this is the sequel of the

previous event, Morrgan did opting out his utterace again, which is

contained an implicature that Morgan act as if Beyonce let her words out

by herself, without any forced by him.

Beyonce felt Morgan was forcing her to say about her maturity as

she said before, that she was going to be at 30 years old in September.

Morgan opting out Beyonce’s statement even he indeed meant to.

Data 18:

Opting out maxim of manner

MORGAN: The big question really, I need to ask you, is you or J.Lo?

BEYONCE: Me or who?

MORGAN: Jay-Lo

This dialogue formed a maxim of manner, because Morgan was

asking a question something informative about his interviewee.

41

Morgan and Beyoncé were in a Limo, heading to South Kingston,

to visit the premiere selling album of Beyoncé there.

Morgan was tempted Beyoncé about what she thought about

rivalry. But Beyoncé was surprised of Morgan’s question. She opting out

the question by verifying question, it made an implicature according to her

utterance, by saying “me or who?” it showed that she was surprised and

she never guessed Morgan would ask that one. She is surprised and

awkward to answer it.

Data 19:

Opting out of maxim quality

MORGAN: You think she's got a better booty than you?

BEYONCE: No, I'm not saying anything. I'm not comparing my booty to

J-Lo's.

MORGAN: Who are the real rivals for you? Don't pretend you don't have

them. Everyone needs rivals. Who are the names you look for to compare

yourself to, in terms of success?

BEYONCE: Well, to be honest with you, in the past, I have always looked

at my last performances and my last chart positions, and tried to figure out

how I can better myself. I don't feel like I really have any -- I don't want to

say rivals. There are people that I respect. There are people that I admire.

42

Like, I love Gaga. She's like -- not even -- more than an artist, as a human

being, she's just so genuine and such a really nice person, and brilliant.

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality, because Morgan was

asking about what Beyoncé think about something. He expected

something personal ideas.

Regarded to the context about Morgan’s tempt to ask Beyoncé

about rivalry on her opinion. Morgan tried to convince about his question

and Beyoncé’s answer even he was trying to forced Beyoncé to speak

controversially.

Beyoncé was opting out her answer by saying”No, I'm not saying

anything. I'm not comparing my booty to J-Lo's” , she said that ashamedly,

and the implicature found in this utterance. She said that because she did

not want to make any rivals by comparing herself with another celebrity

even for a good reason. She was trying to keep herself safe and peace

because it was in public event, which everybody could see.

Data 20:

Suspending maxim of quality

MORGAN: It's the tastiest thing you'll ever eat.

BEYONCE: It's like a Popeyes chicken biscuit, my favorite. I'm supposed

to be proper. I'm having tea.

43

MORGAN: It's pretty cool, isn't it. Isn't it nice?

This dialogue formed a maxim of quality. When Beyonce said

something personal about her opinion of food she eating.

In this section, Morgan invited Beyonce to taste a Scone43.

Beyonce was tasting a scone served by Morgan, scone is a creamed

biscuit, it is a snack for having with a cup of tea in British culture. In

America, Beyonce is a huge fan of the chicken at American food chain

POPEYE'S44.

Implicature occurs while Beyonce said “it’s like Popeye chicken

biscuit…” she said because that was the first time she had a scone, that

was why she comparing or imagine the scone’s cream is like Popeye’s

chicken biscuit in her habitual in America. Because Popeye’s Chiken is

her favorite in hometown, United States of America.

43 Harper, Douglas (2001). "Scone". Online Etymology Dictionary. Dictionary.com. Sept

4th, 2014 44 http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/beyonce-too-embarrassed-to-take-free-

chicken. Sept 4th, 2014

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

The relationship of the interviewer and the interviewee in making

contributions in a conversation may affected unobservant of maxim.

Both of the interviewer and the interviewee are unobserving the maxim in

several ways. Based on the findings, there are 4 types of maxim and 4 non-

observance of maxim. The most common maxim that found unobserved is

maxim of quality. It is because, in an interview, there are many opinions

might be asked and show the facts of the interviewee. And, the most

common type of non-observance of maxim is opting out a maxim. As

mentioned above, inobservance maxim of quality consists of opinions,

and it may leads act opting out a maxim, to defend and also for keeping

the image of the interviewee from unexpected questions. It shows the

differential background of knowledge especially in communication skill of

each participant.

There are several ways that may lead implicature, one of which is

the inobservance of maxim. The inobservance maxim occurs when the

speaker and the listener have different culture, mental, social and

knowledge. Here, Beyoncé and Morgan have differences in culture. While

Beyoncé is American, Morgan is British. Both of them deliver their

message bounded by their own cultural common-sense; it might be

44

45

something personal perception, all of which can be defines as a context.

To understand the communication, the participants should be aware not

only utterances, but also the observance of maxim, to reach the goal as

informative as required.

B. Suggestions

The researcher suggests it would be better do research using the

corpora taken from daily live conversation, so it can makes something

more real, analytical and absolutely will be make some real benefits for

linguistic research. Theoretically, besides cooperative principle, the similar

corpus can be analyzed through some theories in pragmatics, such as

politeness, conversational analysis (CA), and speech act.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, H & Eve V. C. Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1977)

Cutting, Joan, Pragmatics and Discourse, (London: Routledge, 2002) Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton, “The Handbook of

Discourse Analysis” (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher, 2001)

Eriyanto. Analisis Wacana. (Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakart, 2001) George Yule. Pragmatics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) Grice, H. P. Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds) Studies in

Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, (New York: Academic Press,1975)

Grice, H. P. Logic and Coversation. In Peter Cole (Ed.). Syntax and Semantics Volume 3. (New York: Acadenic Press, 1975).

Grice, Paul. Logic and conversation. In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. Syntax and semantics. 3: Speech acts. (New York: Academic Press 1975)

Grice, H. P. Studies in The Way of Words, (Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1989)

Gunarwan, Asim. Pragmatik: Teori dan Kajian Nusantara, (Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya, 2007)

Horn, Laurence R. Implicature. “The Handbook of Pragmatics”. Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward (eds). (Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005)

Jaworski, A. and Coupland N. “The Discourse Reader”. (London and New York: Routledge, 1999)

Jean Stilwell Peccei, Pragmatics, (London and NewYork: Routledge, 1999) Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward, “The Handbook of Pragmatics”, (Australia:

Blackwell Publishing, 2006)

Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) Nunan, David. Research Methods in Language Learning (Cambridge:Cambridge

University Press, 1992)

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Pakpahan, Irma. B, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in Smart FM’s Radio Talk Shows”, (Medan: Faculty of Arts and Language – Integrated Studies, Universitas Negri Medan, 2012)

Prapto Baryadi, Dasar-dasar Analisis Wacana, (Jakarta: Pustaka Gondho Sali, 2002)

Putri, Wakhana, Undergraduate Thesis: “An Analysis of Implicature as Found in Transcript of Interview between Barrack Obama and Hisyam Melhem from Al Arabiya TV”, (Padang: Faculty of Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas Andalas, 2011)

Stelter, Brian.”CNN Fills the Gap Between King and Morgan”. (New York: The New York Times, 2010)

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics. (London: Longman, 1997)

Vho Thi Thanh Thao, Master Degree Thesis: “A Study of Conversational Implicatures in Titanic Film”, (Danang: College of Foreign Language – Integrated Studies, University of Danang, 2011)

Xiaousu, Yao, Dissertation: “Conversational Implicature Analysis of Humor in American Situation Comedy “Friends”, (Ghent: Faculty of Arts and Philosophy – Ghent University, 2009)

Yan Huang, Pragmatics, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2007) Yuvike, Undergraduate Thesis: “The Non-Observance of the Conversational

Maxims Theory Found in Dialogue of The Crucible by Arthur Miller”, (Jakarta: Faculty Language and Culture – Integrated Studies, Universitas bina Nusantara, 2008)

Websites: http://www.glastonburyfestivals.co.uk/ accessed September 15, 2014 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/interview?q=interview accessed on April 20, 2014 http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/talk-show?q=Talkshow accessed on April 20, 2014 http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/ accessed on March 3, 2014

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APPENDIX

Transcript : PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT (Interview with Beyoncé) Aired June 27, 2011 - 21:00 ET PIERS MORGAN, HOST: Tonight, the superstar you've been really waiting for. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) BEYONCE: Hey, Piers, it's me. (END VIDEO CLIP) MORGAN: Beyonce as you've never seen or heard her before. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) MORGAN: So, it's a bit embarrassing because Beyonce hasn't brought any money with her. (END VIDEO CLIP) MORGAN: The woman behind the legend, from Texas schoolgirl, international singing sensation, and a life with husband Jay-Z. Beyonce, world exclusive for an intimate hour. This is PIERS MORGAN TONIGHT. (MUSIC) MORGAN: Beyonce has won over a dozen Grammys and she may have to make room on the shelf for a few more because just hours from now, she releases her new album entitled "4" and Beyonce is with me now. How are you? BEYONCE: I'm so wonderful. MORGAN: It's so nice of you to come all this way to London so that I could interview you in my own backyard. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: And the fact that you are at Glastonbury with last night. BEYONCE: Had nothing to do with it. MORGAN: A coincidence. BEYONCE: Yes, just a coincidence.

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MORGAN: Now, I sat and watched you. I had a couple of beers, turned on the television and watched Glastonbury. You were the first ever woman to headline at Glastonbury, an amazing achievement. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: What was it like for you last night? BEYONCE: Well, you know, I'm still walking on the clouds. I'm still kind of shocked. I can't believe what happened to me happened yesterday. And I think it's because I have seen Glastonbury in photographs and I've seen it, you know, when I've traveled here and on television and only amazing rock stars perform. And it's just the coolest festival and I was able to see my husband perform there a couple of years ago. And it was one of the most exciting nights. He had a bit of controversy. And he came out and performed Oasis song and the crowd went crazy. And I thought, oh, my God, this is -- I'm just so honored to be here and prayed that one day I'd be able to do it. And three years later, I was asked to headline and be the first woman and first African-American woman -- MORGAN: That's the amazing part. Never mind any other criteria. You were the first woman to ever play at this incredible event. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: To ever headline it. BEYONCE: It's a little strange when you think about it, but I'm just happy that I'm the first woman. It was so many women out there and it was incredible because the men usually -- when I have them do certain parts, they are trying to be cool, but they were like just belting out the songs and everybody was just united. And -- MORGAN: Let's watch a little clip from last night and then I'll ask you your reaction to this. BEYONCE: OK. (VIDEO CLIP PLAYS) MORGAN: And watching that, I was struck by several things. One was the glint in your eye when you said you always wanted to be a rock star. Like you finally felt you were a proper rocker. BEYONCE: Exactly. MORGAN: Is that what Glastonbury does to you? BEYONCE: It's the mud. It's all the beautiful people. Everyone is -- MORGAN: A lot of them are ugly actually.

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BEYONCE: No, I love it. It's not about fashion. It's not about trying to be cool. Everyone just is cool. And that's what I love about it. It's not about your production. It's not about how many hits you have. It's about good music and everything coming from the inside and everyone has so much love and appreciation for a good performance. And, you know, I love when I cannot have to think about all the other things that are not as interesting and I can just belt out the songs and dance from the heart and I know that it's appreciated. MORGAN: So, here's the weird thing. Watching you last night, you seemed about 20 feet tall. You were like this giant coming at me on my big widescreen TV, right? You are quite tiny, aren't you? BEYONCE: People say that I'm a lot smaller than they think I am on TV. But I think they -- they say that to everyone. They say it to other girls in Destiny's Child. They say is to my husband, to my mother. I think it's just the television. MORGAN: The thing that struck me watching you about your -- I've never watched a whole Beyonce concert before. So, I was fascinated to see how you go about this. A, the energy levels you kept up were extraordinary. B, the size of your heels. How did -- how did you stay up? (INAUDIBLE) at that stage. BEYONCE: It was very slippery. And the first song I was like, OK, am I going to make it? I thought I was going to have to switch shoes. And actually have (INAUDIBLE) just in case. But I have been practicing in heels since I was 13 years old. And to be honest, it's kind of second nature. The heels are second nature. It's just a part of it, whenever I rehearse I have on my heels. MORGAN: The whole theme of last night was -- I don't like the phrase "girl power." But it was about empowerment of women. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: You were like strutting around that stage making men like me feeling pretty useless at home, like I have no right to be near this woman. BEYONCE: Not at all. MORGAN: Quite intimidating this thing you do. BEYONCE: No, but I definitely feel that it is my job to empower women, and I remember having this dream that my band was all females and I told my male band at the time -- I'm sorry, guys. You all are so talented but you're not women. And they all had wigs on and came to the last performance like, we can do it.

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(LAUGHTER) BEYONCE: But I found these incredible women and incredible background singers. And I do have men on the stage as well. I have great male dancers. MORGAN: Washing your shoe heels for you? BEYONCE: No, some incredible dancers. And it's great to have that camaraderie. I feel like I learned so much from the other musicians and it makes me want to be a better musician. MORGAN: What do you feel? When you are there and you got 175,000 people going crazy, this is never going to happen to me. Much as I'd love to think it will, it isn't. Those days are over. When you walk out and you get this surge of energy from a crowd like that, you've never performed to a crowd that big. BEYONCE: No. MORGAN: What does it feel like? BEYONCE: Well, before I performed, I was so scared. I was like a leaf. Just -- I was really, really afraid. And I just had to say forget that it's 175,000 people and pretend it's just like the show you did two days ago and you have been doing this your whole life. And just have fun. And, you know, we all got together, said our prayer. We took our breath and tried to exhale all the negativity and I just had to tell myself, I deserve it. I'm a diva. I've worked hard. And I psyched myself up, and once you hear the crowd and you get past the first couple of minutes, then it's time to rock. It's time to have a good time and enjoy it. MORGAN: I love that phrase. I'm a diva. You say that proudly. BEYONCE: I do. MORGAN: A lot of stars, you know, they sort of shy away, "I'm not a diva." You love being a diva. BEYONCE: Well, I've met what a diva is supposed to be. And I've met Patti LaBelle and I've met Tina Turner and I've met these incredible women that are graceful. MORGAN: What is a true diva? BEYONCE: Graceful and talented and strong and fearless and brave and someone with humility and I think, you know, it's an appropriate time to be a diva. And you know, I did not show up in my costume that I wore yesterday because --

52

MORGAN: I was kind of hoping you might. It wasn't really a costume. BEYONCE: Yes, it absolutely was. MORGAN: More like a little beachwear. You slapped a jacket on. BEYONCE: No, it was not. It was a costume. And I did not wear that because it's appropriate for the stage, but there is a certain mentality and certain aura that's appropriate for the stage. But it's only appropriate for the stage. MORGAN: So, what are you thinking for the outfits for me that I'm fascinated? I mean, you woke up and thought, it's Piers, it's CNN. BEYONCE: You know, I just tried on a few dresses and I like the color. MORGAN: Come on, humor me. How many did you try on before you thought BEYONCE: I tried on two. I tried on a red suit and tried on this. And I said I like the color. It makes me feel happy. MORGAN: What made you think that was the right one for me. BEYONCE: It's all about the color. It's a beautiful day, the warmest day here. MORGAN: It's the warmest day in Britain for five years. You brought the heat, lady. BEYONCE: Yes. (LAUGHTER) MORGAN: What I'm fascinated with about your new album is the fact you took this year off before you did this. This is a woman that's worked so hard in the way that your parents did before you. When you had this year off, what did you learn about yourself? BEYONCE: I learned a lot about myself. The biggest thing I learned is I love to perform. I love music. I love what I do. I love singing in the studio or writing songs and coming up with video treatments to the point that during that year, I do not count the 72 songs I recorded as work because it's what I was born to do. And I learned balance. I learned the importance of taking time for myself and I was moving around so much that I had no idea that I really have 16 Grammys. Like I have heard that and I got up and accepted my awards, but I didn't realize what an amazing accomplishment that was. MORGAN: You never had time presumably. It's just treadmill. The more successful you get, the less time you have to enjoy anything. BEYONCE: Exactly. MORGAN: So, finally, you went, enough. I'm having a year off. I'm going to enjoy what I've achieved. And realized -- what was the most fun you had in the real world?

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BEYONCE: Well, I did everything. You know, I definitely enjoyed the simple things like, you know, driving and picking my nephew up from school. Traveling but not working and actually visiting museums and seeing ballets and having great conversations with people on the plane. MORGAN: Really? BEYONCE: Yes. Just having normal -- MORGAN: Why do I never get to sit next to people like you on a plane? Can you let me know your schedule next time? BEYONCE: OK. MORGAN: You are on some plane and you start talking to some random person? BEYONCE: Yes. And you know what? And it's great when people really don't know who you are. And it's funny because sometimes say, I'm sorry, I'm just realizing. I didn't know. And I'm like, that's why the conversation was so great because you just forget how wonderful it is to just -- MORGAN: Let me ask you what you do, what do you say? BEYONCE: They didn't. Not until -- not until, you know, people start getting weird and asking for pictures and they are like, what is going on? (LAUGHTER) BEYONCE: But I visited, you know, the pyramids and I was able to sing at the top of the pyramids. MORGAN: I heard you sang "Ave Maria" in one of the tombs of the pyramid and it just echoed around. What a moment. BEYONCE: It was beautiful. And who would ever think that I'd get an opportunity to do that. I was there along with my family and -- MORGAN: Any truth to the rumor that you and Jay-Z are having joint pyramids built to be remembered? This is rumor? BEYONCE: That's a good one. MORGAN: I just made it up. BEYONCE: OK. MORGAN: I thought it was a good one. BEYONCE: It is a good one. I haven't heard that. That's a good one. It might stick.

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MORGAN: We're going to have a little break. And when we come back, I'm going to show you some incredible footage of a 6-year-old Beyonce Knowles performing -- where it all started. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (VIDEO CLIP PLAYS) MORGAN: Tat is hilarious. Even at 6, you were showing off. BEYONCE: I was. MORGAN: Seriously, very precocious performer. BEYONCE: It's very embarrassing. That's not something you need everyone to see. MORGAN: Even as a kid, can you remember the thought process when you were that young? Did you always know, I am going to be a star? I don't care what it takes. BEYONCE: I didn't at al know that I was going to be a star. But I did know that I felt very comfortable when I was on the stage. I was really shy. And I did not speak much. I was more comfortable with adults because my mother owned a hair salon and I stayed in her salon. I was in grown people's business all day trying to listen to their conversation. And when I got on the stage, you know, my mother put me in dance lessons, and I really loved it. And I think, you know, when they saw me perform they were like, wait a minute. She's like in heaven. And they realized that it was where I could step out of my shell and I just felt the most like myself. MORGAN: And I thought that last night watching you. You just seemed like in utopia for you. BEYONCE: Absolutely. MORGAN: Like it just couldn't get better. And yet I keep hearing how shy you are. Last night, I mean, I've never seen such self-confidence in almost any performer. Where do you get it from? I mean, how do you create that kind of aura when, by nature, you're not really like that? BEYONCE: I don't know. I think I -- for one, I'm not shy anymore. I am the person at the dinner party that is quiet and observing and having a one-on-one conversation. I get embarrassed when it's a lot of people and a lot of eyes. And I am still that way. I wouldn't say shy. But now, you know, on the stage, I have been doing it for a while. And it's my place to be me and to be free. And I don't feel like I'm being judged. I feel like it doesn't matter how irritated I am or angry I am or excited or in love or whatever emotion. When I get on the stage, I'm just purely free. And it's -- I feel so honored every time I get on the stage because I know -- you know, I've been doing this for 15 years. And it's what

55

I love to do and so many other people that love to do the same thing and they don't get to perform in front of 175,000 people. MORGAN: A lot of performers come from quite damaged backgrounds or dysfunctional in some way. What's quite refreshing about your story is it's not really like that. You came from a remarkably successful family. Not lots of money, but your dad was a top Xerox guy when he was young. Your mom ran this incredibly successful salon. And they both taught you, (a), that if you want to be successful, you have to work really hard. BEYONCE: Absolutely. MORGAN: And it seemed to me they taught you about the importance of when you get there to be humble, to not lose a sense of who you are. BEYONCE: They absolutely did. I learned -- you know, my mother worked 13 hours a day, and I never heard her complain. I mean, she worked until her feet were calloused. And my father was such an incredible entrepreneur. Anything and everything he said he would have, he worked until he had it. He told me there is no such thing as no. And I had a lot of great support. And I think the support is really a huge, you know, factor in my success, knowing that if something didn't work out, I still was loved and, you know, having that security is really important. MORGAN: Your mom is only 10 feet away -- BEYONCE: Yes, she's here. MORGAN: -- as we speak. So, she's here protecting you even now. And she does come almost everywhere that you go. BEYONCE: She does. MORGAN: What are the values you think she's instilled in you? BEYONCE: Well, definitely that, you know, beauty fades and who you are from within is forever. And definitely be a woman of your word and hard work. She is always correcting me and, you know, I feel like it doesn't matter if you are the janitor or the president, everyone is the same, making sure that I keep my humility and my spirit. You know, she is always honest with me. MORGAN: When has she -- since you became famous and successful, when has she been the most angry with you? BEYONCE: I remember when we first had our single on the radio, and I was starting to feel like I was hot. And I was in the record store and she was talking to me and I started singing, because I didn't want to hear whatever she was saying. And I was about 15. And the song was playing on the radio and I am like, yes, and these guys were looking like, oh, that's Beyonce. And I thought I was hot.

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And she smacked the crap out of me in that store. (LAUGHTER) BEYONCE: When I tell you whack, whack. MORGAN: Really? BEYONCE: Yes, and sent me to the car. And was like, I don't care what song you have on the radio, you are my child. You do not disrespect me, and I will never forget it. It was a great lesson. MORGAN: So you've never sung again like that in a shop with your mom? BEYONCE: No, absolutely. MORGAN: See, when I met her I could tell -- I mean, (a), she's got your beauty. I don't think this beauty thing fades. But there was a steely look in her eyes as if, you mess with my girl, young man or old man, and you're going to get it. BEYONCE: She's strong. MORGAN: So, I'm just a smack, smack away if -- BEYONCE: Exactly. MORGAN: -- one question goes wrong here, right? She's there. BEYONCE: She is. But she is my friend. And, I mean, we don't agree on everything, and I'm an adult and, you know, we have our own -- our moments because we work together with our clothing line. And she is -- MORGAN: What is she most proudest of that you've achieved, do you think? What was the moment for your mom? BEYONCE: I can say probably when I sang "At Last" for the president. I think, you know, my father, all of his history, he grew up in Gaston, Alabama. And he was escorted to school every day because he was one of the first African-Americans in his school. And my mother, you know, in her day, she couldn't ride the front of the bus. So, for her to see her child -- MORGAN: Doesn't this sound amazing when you say things like that now? BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: In this day and age, only in our generation even, that's what your parents had to go through. I find that a staggering thing. BEYONCE: I do, too.

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MORGAN: Even now when I hear it. BEYONCE: It's true. But it's a new day. And my parents saw me being a part of that history. And now, I see my nephew and he is like, I don't understand why everyone is saying that Obama is black, because it's just normal to him. And that makes me -- that's my, you know, my joy. So, you know, it's great to see the growth. And it's great that my parents could live to see that and it makes me very proud. MORGAN: Hold that there because I want to talk to you more about that, an amazing night when you sang at the inauguration because I can imagine for you. You talk about nerves at Glastonbury. The nerves at that event? BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: Let's discuss it in a moment. (LAUGHTER) (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (VIDEO CLIP PLAYS) MORGAN: You have got a pair of chops on you, haven't you? BEYONCE: Thank you. MORGAN: Wow, you belted that. I mean, waiting before you went to sing that, knowing the background, knowing what you've known about your parents, the struggle they've had to come through, like so many African-Americans in America and then Barack Obama has become president, this sea change. And on the night that America celebrates, you are selected to sing. What are you feeling just before you go out? BEYONCE: Right now, I'm -- I am very emotional because it's like I'm reliving it. And it was really powerful and overwhelming. And I kept telling myself, OK, this is not about you. You have to do this for them. You have to do this for history. And it's the only way I was able to get through that song because I wanted to ball, and I wanted to stare and I wanted to watch and I wanted to, you know -- but I was a part of it. So, it was probably the -- oh, my God. I can't believe I was there and I can't believe it was my voice for that moment, and so honored and so many memories -- so many stories from my father and grandparents and my mother all going through my mind. And it was really fantastic. MORGAN: Have you had to put up with racism as you grew up? Did you experience the bad side of it?

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BEYONCE: A bit. But, you know, I -- I feel like now, people -- at least with my career, I've kind of broken barriers. And I don't think people think about my race. I think they look at me as an entertainer and a musician and I'm very happy that that's changing because I think that's how I look at people. And that's how I look at my friends. It's not about color and race and I'm just happy that that's changing. MORGAN: There was a moment around that time when you had the most powerful man in the world, Barack Obama, African-American. You had the biggest TV star in the world, Oprah. You, the biggest singing star in the world. You know, Tiger Woods was then the number one golfer in the world, which would have been unthinkable, 20, 30 years before. BEYONCE: Exactly. MORGAN: The sea change really came through personal achievement as much as anything else. BEYONCE: Absolutely. MORGAN: Did you feel that? BEYONCE: I did. Absolutely. And I'm proud of it. And I'm just praying that we continue to grow and people continue to see the right things in people. MORGAN: What did your parents say after you performed at the inauguration? BEYONCE: Oh, my mom cried forever. And I did, too. It was a beautiful night, and, like I said, definitely the most proud moment for her and for myself. MORGAN: The president, what did he say? And the first lady. Did you talk to them? BEYONCE: I did not speak to them. I wish I had it like that. But I've seen them years later. MORGAN: I've heard and you can clear up this rumor. This is a brilliant rumor, even if it's not true. If it's not true, maybe just pretend. I've heard that Jay-Z has the president on the speed dial of his cell phone. Is this true? BEYONCE: I don't know. (LAUGHTER) MORGAN: That means it is. BEYONCE: No, it's not. They are amazing. They are wonderful. And I have -- actually, I just worked with the first lady with the Let's Move initiative. And it was so beautiful.

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MORGAN: Because she's a remarkable woman. BEYONCE: She is. MORGAN: Whatever side you are on the political divide, whatever your view of how he's doing as president, Michelle Obama has barely put a foot wrong and is a remarkable role model, I think. BEYONCE: She is. And she cares so much. And what she did -- her whole idea was so brilliant because the boys and girls were practicing the choreography, not even realizing that they were taking care of their bodies and moving around. And I'm so happy she asked me to be a part of that. MORGAN: How do you think he's doing as president? What's your verdict? BEYONCE: I think he's doing a great job. I think he's fantastic. I think he needs another term. He needs more time. And I think with the time he has, he's incredible. MORGAN: Will you campaign for him? BEYONCE: Absolutely. MORGAN: On the stump doing your bit? BEYONCE: Absolutely. I did the first time and I will again. MORGAN: But you must have met him now. BEYONCE: No, I've met him. They are amazing. They are so gracious. MORGAN: He has gotten around to thanking you? BEYONCE: Yes, of course. And we performed. I performed at the White House. And they were so gracious. They not only spoke to me. They spent time with every single member of my band. And they are just the epitome of class and heart. It's beautiful. MORGAN: America is going through a sort of difficult phase. Everybody knows that when you are there. Economically, very, very tough conditions. Obviously, wars going on as well. A lot of drain on resource. What do you think? When you look at America now, what do you think America needs to get itself back on its feet properly? BEYONCE: Well, I think we're getting there. I think we need -- we need Obama. And he's doing his job. And we just have to believe in him and trust our president. MORGAN: What do you think about what I detected a slight lack of confidence in America? You are an incredibly confident American businesswoman. What advice do you give to people? Maybe they've lost their jobs. Maybe they are going through difficulty.

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What advice do you give them, as someone who came from no money to build this empire through hard work? What do you say to them? BEYONCE: I would say to continue to work hard and don't give up on your goals. And I know, for me, like I said, I grew up watching my family struggle. And I grew up with family that was successful, but not born successful. And I believe with hard work and with a goal and love and positivity, then eventually we're going to be fine. MORGAN: Well, talking of love and positivity, I am going to have a little break and come back and talk about the man in your life, which I know you love to talk about. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (SINGING) MORGAN: That was "Crazy in Love," which you sang with a certain gentleman, Mr. Jay-Zed, as we call him in Great Britain. Jay-Zed. Now I sat opposite your husband at a dinner. And I didn't know what to expect. You know, you hear sort of ferocious rap star coming to town. Everyone batons down the hatches. In walks this guy, immaculately dressed -- I mean immaculate -- incredibly charming, friendly, easy to talk to, funny, very, very funny. We had two or three hours just talking about life and the universe, a little bit about you and stuff. And I was really impressed with him. I don't say that just to make you feel good. I actually was genuinely struck by -- he's not just a successful singer or a good businessman. He's a good man, it struck me. You could have had your pick of any guy. What was it about Jay- Zed? That's the last time I'm calling him that. But it gets me -- gets me a free laugh in America. BEYONCE: I feel the same way you feel. And I -- Jay and I have kind of made a decision that we want to be known for our music and, you know, not our relationships or scandals. And it's hard, because sometimes, like, OK, I can't talk about him, but he's amazing. MORGAN: He is amazing. BEYONCE: And I agree with all the things -- MORGAN: Occasionally, you've just got to sit back and go, you know what? My husband is a pretty cool guy. BEYONCE: He is. MORGAN: And he's a pretty cool guy. He was there last night supporting you. He's abandoned you with me to go to the tennis, which I'm personally quite pleased about. BEYONCE: I'm not. No, I'm happy to be here with you. MORGAN: But when you sing a song like "Crazy in Love," how many times have you

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been crazily in love in your life? BEYONCE: Not many. Not many at all. MORGAN: And then you meet this guy. BEYONCE: Yeah. MORGAN: That's it. Bang. BEYONCE: I definitely had a very natural friendship and connection with him. And I mean, we've been together for a very long time and very happy. MORGAN: What does love mean to you? Proper love? BEYONCE: Well, you know, love is the foundation of everything -- everything I do. It's -- my music is inspired by love, from my family, from my husband, from my sisters. And it gives me this security and the confidence that you see on the stage. MORGAN: I mean, most people say you have to have had your heart broken to sing with real emotion. I don't get the sense that you ever have. BEYONCE: I've had my life experiences, definitely. I mean, I haven't had this perfect, flawless life. And any relationship, you go through issues and you have to learn each other and you grow and you have painful moments. And I feel like, you know, a lot of my life experiences I used in this album. There's a way that I'm singing that's very different. And I think I had an epiphany when I did "Cadillac Records," when I played Etta James, because for the first time, I had to sing from a different place. She was addicted to heroin. I have never done any drugs. So I had to use the most painful emotions and memories of my life, and sing from that place. MORGAN: Let's just hold and watch a clip from that. It was an incredible performance. BEYONCE: Thank you. MORGAN: And we'll talk about it after this. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) BEYONCE: You wouldn't even begin to know my problems, baby. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Let me. BEYONCE: My mother was a whore. And that fat mother (EXPLETIVE DELETED) just looked me in the face and he didn't see himself. He didn't see his little girl. (END VIDEO CLIP) MORGAN: I mean, a really visceral, raw performance there. And it surprised a lot of

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people. A lot of your critics watched it and were like, whoa, OK, she's not as simple in terms of her performance as we think she is. There was real depth there. That must have been satisfying to you. BEYONCE: It was real satisfying. And I worked really, really hard. So it felt good to know that it was appreciated. And even if it wasn't, it was such growth for me as a human being and as an artist. It made me want to take more risks in my career. It made me a lot braver, and to have the freedom to kind of let go of all ego and not care about what I look like or fitting into a pop star box,. It just was really liberating to me. MORGAN: Do you like the acting? BEYONCE: I do. MORGAN: Do you like the pace of it? I would imagine with singers, when you get on stage, wham, bam. It's all over in two hours. And you get all the energy out and you go home, have a drink, whatever you want to do. When you are acting, all this sitting around, waiting, hundreds of people watching you. BEYONCE: I don't like that as much. But I do like the stability. I like being able to go to the same place every night and your call time is around the same every morning and you are around the same people for six months and you don't have to travel 100 places. So you kind of build a family relationship. And because I've been touring since I was 13, that is something I haven't had in my life. MORGAN: How do you like doing those love scenes? BEYONCE: I don't like them. MORGAN: Do you not? BEYONCE: No. They're uncomfortable. But after maybe -- MORGAN: Even if it's like (CROSS TALK) MORGAN: He was a good looking guy. BEYONCE: He is. But it's weird because, you know, you -- I didn't grow up acting, so I've done six or seven movies, which I've done kind some romantic scenes in maybe three. So it's still new to me. But I realize that, you know, it's a part of it. And after a few times, it kind of becomes choreography, so it gets a little easier. MORGAN: I couldn't do it. BEYONCE: It's strange. It is. I mean, actors don't say that, but I feel that it's strange.

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MORGAN: When we come back, I want to talk to you about brand Beyonce. What it is and how you keep it at the top. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) (NEWS BREAK) MORGAN: Beyonce, it just wouldn't be right for you to be in my hometown of London and I don't introduce you to a classic English tea. BEYONCE: I am very happy. MORGAN: Because I know that despite your very svelte physique, that occasionally you do have lapses and you have these mad eating days. BEYONCE: I do. And I missed it yesterday. MORGAN: Pizza, fried, it all goes swilling in. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: You couldn't have it yesterday because of Glastonbury. You now have a piping hot cup of English tea. Then what you need, especially on a hot summers day like this, is a scone. I'm going to prepare one for you. BEYONCE: OK. What is this for now? MORGAN: It's called a scone. Or if we're really pretentious, you can call it a scone, which is what -- people who think they are members of the royal family or ought to be call them scones. So you take some cream. It's about as fattening as it can possibly get. BEYONCE: It looks delicious. MORGAN: Take a bit of fattening cream, you take some jam, like this, slap it all on. And you put it together. And this is an old- fashioned -- and it basically gives you a heart attack in about five minutes. But on behalf of Great Britain -- BEYONCE: Thank you very much. MORGAN: -- there is your first ever scone. BEYONCE: OK. I'm going to try it. OK, do I just go away. MORGAN: Just go for it. BEYONCE: OK. MORGAN: Now how good is that? Seriously. BEYONCE: Delicious. I love it. MORGAN: Seriously.

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BEYONCE: It's very good. MORGAN: It's the tastiest thing you'll ever eat. BEYONCE: It's like a Popeyes chicken biscuit, my favorite. I'm supposed to be proper. I'm having tea. MORGAN: It's pretty cool, isn't it. Isn't it nice? BEYONCE: The cream is so great. MORGAN: You've spoken quite honestly and openly occasionally about having slight weight problems in your life. How have you dealt with them and what advice do you give your female fans, in particular, who may be going through that period in their lives? BEYONCE: Well, I have found my personal goal, my ideal weight for myself. And I try to stick with that. You can't let anyone tell you what, you know, your best is. You know what your best is. And I work at it. You know, you can have whatever you want. It just takes work. MORGAN: You are 29 years old. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: And in September -- BEYONCE: I'll be 30. MORGAN: The looming, dooming big 30 is emerging in your life. You are pretending to be very, very thrilled about this. Are you? BEYONCE: I am absolutely serious. I can't wait, because 29 is very strange. You are still in your 20s, but you feel like you are supposed to be 30. And I feel like a woman. I feel like I am very aware of who I am and I feel great. And I feel like 30 is the ideal age. because you are mature enough to know who you are, and to have your boundaries and your standards and not be afraid of too polite, but you are young enough to be a young woman. I am so looking forward to it. MORGAN: When I hear you speak like this, this mature, sensible, rational way -- BEYONCE: It's the truth. MORGAN: It's beginning to sound a bit like your mother, which makes me think you are now heading to the right kind of time in your life --

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BEYONCE: I'm turning into my mom. MORGAN: No, I didn't say that. BEYONCE: You are trying to say I need to have a baby. MORGAN: I didn't even ask the question. BEYONCE: OK. I always says I would have a baby at 30. MORGAN: I know you did. BEYONCE: I'm 29. MORGAN: Exactly. BEYONCE: But I also said I was going to retire at 30. So, I don't know. MORGAN: It could be a big year. BEYONCE: Who knows. I'm not retiring, I'll tell you. MORGAN: Can we expect the little patter of little Beyonce and Jay-Zs? BEYONCE: Only God knows. MORGAN: Would you mind asking him to tell me? BEYONCE: I will. We'll have a conversation. I'll whisper, but you can't tell anybody else. MORGAN: We're going to go off in a moment to do a very exciting thing involving your new album. But before we go, if I could ask you to replay the greatest moment in your life, the moment, the five minutes maybe, that you would replay if you had the chance, what would it be. BEYONCE: That's a tough one. MORGAN: So far? BEYONCE: I talked about, I think, two of the highlights, which is Glastonbury and performing for the president. MORGAN: I was kind of hoping that you were going to see tea and scenes with you, Piers. BEYONCE: -- a chance. You just -- you ruined it. MORGAN: For the record, the greatest moment of your life.

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BEYONCE: It's absolutely speaking to you today, Mr. Morgan. MORGAN: Beyonce, I couldn't have asked for more. When we come back, Beyonce, you and I are going to go album hunting. BEYONCE: Yes, we are. There's a special album out today. MORGAN: So I hear. BEYONCE: Yes. MORGAN: I hope they're stocking it. BEYONCE: I hope they are too. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) MORGAN: We are now snaking through South Kensington -- BEYONCE: South Kensington. MORGAN: -- heading towards Harrods. BEYONCE: I can't believe we're actually about to do this. MORGAN: We're actually going to go into Harrods and buy a copy of your album. Imagine the hell that's going to descend on these assistants if they don't have it in stock. BEYONCE: I know. That won't be good. MORGAN: I could see your fuse blowing if that happened. This could be a very tense few moments. BEYONCE: No, no. MORGAN: The big question really, I need to ask you, is you or J.Lo? BEYONCE: Me or who? MORGAN: Jay-Lo? BEYONCE: What? MORGAN: Who has the best booty, obviously? BEYONCE: You are crazy. J-Lo. MORGAN: You don't honestly thing that? BEYONCE: I love Jay-Lo. She's great. MORGAN: You think she's got a better booty than you?

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BEYONCE: No, I'm not saying anything. I'm not comparing my booty to J-Lo's. MORGAN: Who are the real rivals for you? Don't pretend you don't have them. Everyone needs rivals. Who are the names you look for to compare yourself to, in terms of success? BEYONCE: Well, to be honest with you, in the past, I have always looked at my last performances and my last chart positions, and tried to figure out how I can better myself. I don't feel like I really have any -- I don't want to say rivals. There are people that I respect. There are people that I admire. Like, I love Gaga. She's like -- not even -- more than an artist, as a human being, she's just so genuine and such a really nice person, and brilliant. MORGAN: I'm like a magic genie and I can offer you complete anonymity again. You're never going to have another prying camera, never going to have a weirdo fan, just complete privacy for the rest of your life, the only dear is you have to be poor. BEYONCE: I don't know. Because I -- I'm thinking that I would probably go back and -- but then that means that I wouldn't be me. I don't know. That's a tough thing. I'm happy with my choices in my life and I'm happy with my life. So, I don't know. MORGAN: Does money bring happiness to you? BEYONCE: No. No. It brings some happiness. It bridges comfort. But absolutely -- MORGAN: I always think, if you have a lot of money, you don't have to worry about money. A lot of people in the world have to worry about money. BEYONCE: They do and it's tough. It's extremely tough. We've been through times in our family where we had to worry. It's stressful on relationships, on everything. And I'm very happy that I don't right now. Who knows -- look what you did! MORGAN: I'm sorry. I apologize. It's the bane of my life. They follow me everywhere. BEYONCE: Here we go! (CHEERING) MORGAN: Good news, your album is on sale! BEYONCE: It is. That looks so cool. MORGAN: I think we need to buy one, don't you? BEYONCE: I think we do. MORGAN: Good news, we can actually probably get two. BEYONCE: OK. That is great!

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MORGAN: You can afford it, right? BEYONCE: Actually, I didn't bring any cash. MORGAN: You want me to buy them? BEYONCE: Yes, I think -- MORGAN: How much are you worth? Seriously, 100 million dollar woman, and you're making me buy your album? BEYONCE: I don't have any cash. I'm sorry. MORGAN: Seriously, this is really awkward. How about a check. Why don't we get one of these. Here. BEYONCE: Winning! MORGAN: It has to be. This is the perfect t-shirt. BEYONCE: It is. MORGAN: I'm going to get you one of these with one of your albums. I can't be fairer than that. After you. BEYONCE: Thank you. That was great! MORGAN: Quite a racy little number, huh? BEYONCE: Good music on there. MORGAN: Never mind the music. BEYONCE: Good music! MORGAN: It's more pictures I'm interested in. BEYONCE: I appreciate it! MORGAN: Charging me to buy her record. No wonder she's so rich, seriously. BEYONCE: I'm telling you. MORGAN: So this was apparently -- this mayhem was all caused by one Tweet on

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Twitter. BEYONCE: The power of Twitter. MORGAN: Nothing secret anymore, is it? BEYONCE: It's not. That is a little disappointing. It's hard to keep the excitement that I used to have when I saw a photograph of Michael Jackson or Prince, the mystery, and just being able to create the fantasy in your mind, it's so hard to keep that. But -- MORGAN: Is that one of the reasons that you're quite private? BEYONCE: It is. I think it's important. I enjoyed that. It's an exciting thing, as a fan, to be able to yearn for more. MORGAN: It's interesting, Twitter brought them all here and then all the camera phones come out. BEYONCE: Yup. MORGAN: Boom, boom, boom. Everyone is a paparazzi. BEYONCE: Everyone's a director. Everyone's a photographer. MORGAN: Thank you. BEYONCE: Great. MORGAN: Seriously, I loved it. Really good.

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