AH2 Review

Name:

Independence HS

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The Great West & the Rise of the Debtor

In 1848-1949, millions of people moved west in search of gold

Large deposit of ores (gold, sliver, minerals) were found in Nevada

Heads of household were given 160 acres of land in the west for free, as long as they met certain conditions (built a house, farmed at least 6 months out of the year, lived there 5 years, etc.)

States sold land to railroad companies in order to earn money to create land-grant colleges

Houses built out west made of dirt, grass, mud, sticks; sometimes built into the side of a hill

Built by Irish and Chinese Immigrants, this railroad connected the east coast of the United States to the West Coast of the United States, meeting at Promontory Point, Utah.

African Americans who moved west after the abolition of slavery to avoid persecution and start a new life.

Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Little Big Horn; conflicts over settlers moving west and taking over land.

The forcing of a different culture or society upon a people or peoples

Attempted to assimilate the Native Americans, divided up plots of land on which they were forced to live.

Helen Hunt Jacksons novel which described years of mistreatment of Native Americans.

An organization created to help farmers fight unjust economic practices made up of the National Farmers Alliance, Southern Farmers Alliance, Colored Farmers Alliance, etc.

The idea that the United States money should be backed by only gold; this was good for businessmen, but bad for farmers in debt

The idea that the United States money should be backed by gold and silver; this was good for farmers who had debts to pay, as it put more money into circulation

Led by William Jennings Bryan, this political party, also known as the peoples party which was formed mostly by farmers. It supported bimetallism and reforms which would help farmers.

Supreme court case which established the state power in regulating the railroads

Supreme court case which established the federal governments power to regulate the railroads

Reestablished the right to the federal government to regulate the railroads

Leader of the Populist Party, he ran for president in 1896 at which point he delivered his famous cross of gold speech. He lost the election to William McKinley

Barbed Wire, Refrigerator car, Windmill

Directions: Fill in the graphic organizer using ideas, events, technologies that led to W estward expansion & migra-

( Rise of Populism in the WestDirections: Fill in the empty boxes with a description of the item listed.)

THE GREAT WEST AND THE RISE OF THE DEBTOR (1860-1896)

(- Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced.) (- Impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and upon the environment.)

Who migrated West and what problems did they experience?

How did the experiences of the settlers impact their successes or failures?

Why did different groups of people have such varied experiences as they migrated?

How did the environment of the West impact the success of the settlers?

How did the migration of people bring about change in the West?

What caused individuals or groups to migrate?

Was the impact of settlement in the West positive or negative?

How do individuals adapt to their surroundings?

W estward Migration

Comstock Lode/Gold Rush People rushed west starting in 1849 (the 49ers) in hopes of becoming rich off of gold and other ores. TheComstock Lode, a huge silver-mining area in Nevada, yielded about $300 million in silver and gold ore, starting in 1859.

Homestead Act created in 1862, it was signed into effect by President Lin- coln, selling land in the west to people for little money. Settlers had to live on their land for 5 years, build a house, and farm on the land at least 6 months out of the year.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) gave millions of acres of land to states. They were to sell this land and use the money to create colleges.(land- grant colleges)

Oklahoma Land Rush - in 1889, The Oklahoma Land Rush opened the Ok- lahoma Territory to occupation by white settlers, displacing thenatives. The nickname Sooners came from the land rush, as everyone tried to get there sooner than everyone else.

Settlers in the west would often times build sod houses, or soddies, which were houses built of mud and grass, sometimes right into the side of a hill.

U nique Experiences of:

Women were given more freedoms in the west, including voting.

Cowboys led a harsh, outdoor life. 1/5 of cowboys were African Ameri- can or Mexican.

Farmers had a difficult time adjusting to the climate of the west and were often forced to move back east if their farms were notsuccessful.

African Americans who moved west called themselves Exodusters,

after the book of Exodus in which the Jews fled Egypt.

Chinese Immigrants came in through the west coast (Angel Island) and were involved with the building of the Pacific side of thetransconti- nental railroad.

Irish Immigrants came into the United States through the east coast (Ellis Island) and were involved with the building of theAtlantic side

T ranscontinental Railroad

Built by primarily Irish and Chinese immigrants, this cross-continental railroad con-

nected the east coast and the west coast, coming together at Promontory Point, Utah.

A frican Americans

Buffalo soldiers - former slaves, freemen, and black Civil War veterans who formed the first black peacetime regiment in US history

N ative Americans

Dawes Severalty Act attempted to civilize the Native Americans, forcing do minant white culture on to the Native Americans. The act gave 160 acres of land to each Native American household, hoping that by owning their own land the Native Americans would be come self-sufficient. However, the Native Americans were given bad land and many ended up selling it or having it taken over by the whites.

Assimilation policies attempted to transform Native Americans into citizens by stripping them of their lands, cultures, languages, religions, and other markers of their ethnic identity

White settlers often attacked the buffalo, which was essential to the Native Amer- icans livelihood.

Reservation System government assigned land for Native American tribes that they were often forced onto.

Conflicts with Native Americans

Sand Creek Massacre the Cheyenne had attacked settlers near Denver. As a result the US army was ordered to set up at Sand Creek. The US army attacked and killed about 500 Cheyenne, mostly women and children.

Battle of Little Big Horn After much conflict between the Sioux and settlers in the west a peace treaty was signed giving land to the Sioux. In 1876 rumors of gold caused the US army to send General Custer to look for it. Fighting ensued and 2000 Sioux warriors killed Custer and his men this became known as Custers Last Stand.

Wounded Knee The last of this Indian Wars, this battle occurred as the US Army tried to arrest Sitting Bull. He hesitated and was killed by US soldiers, causing his followers to surrender. Many of Sitting Bulls followers died as soldiers opened fire.

of the transcontinental railroad.

Helen Hunt Jacksons A

Century of Dishonor described how Native Americans

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(- Causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism.) (Innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West.)

How and why was the plight of the American farmer so different from that of other Americans?

Why did so many farmers support Populism?

How can economically oppressed groups make their voices heard politically?

Gold standard (Goldbugs) bankers and businessmen who wanted less money in circulation. Loans would be repaid with stable money, deflation would cause pric- es to fall and the value of money would increase; however, fewer people would have money.

Bimetallism a monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. People who supported bimetallism were called silverites. They were farmers/laborers from the south and the west who wanted more money in circulation in order to sell products for higher prices. Inflation would raise prices and the value of money would decrease. More people would have more money.

Munn v. Illinois (1877) stated that the states have the power to regulateRail- roads and commerce.

Wabash v. Illinois (1886) stated that the federal government has the power to regulate commerce.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) enacted to regulate railroad prices.

Populism (Populist Party)

The Grange an organization for farmers to unite voice concern and fight for rights. This gave them more power (power in numbers).

Composed of the National Farmers Alliances, Southern Alliance, and the Col- ored Farmers Alliance.

Economic Reforms wanted to increase the money supply in order to raise prices and make more money for farmers through bimetallism. They also wanted a federal income tax and a federal loan program.

Government Reforms wanted the election of US senators to be by popu- lar vote, a secret ballot to end voting fraud, and an 8 hour workday, and restrictions on immigration.

Election of 1896

William Jennings Bryan of the Populist Party ran for president on a bimetal- lism platform.

He gave the Cross of Gold Speech, stating that Y ou shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold the idea being that the gold standard would kill America.

William Jennings Bryan lost to President William McKinley who had the support of the businesses and industrial population of the north.

How can technological innovations change society?

Why did the agricultural innovations and technological developments impact groups of people in different ways?

How did the existence of the frontier impact the technological development of the U.S.?

Industrialization the building up of industries and therefore cities with business and factories.

Vertical Integration taking over an industry by owning every phase of production of a product. (Think: owning all of the phases of production of steel, from the farms the ore is found in, all the way to the ships that send the final product around the world.)

Horizontal Integration taking over an industry by owning all of the businesses on the same level. (Think: owning all of the oil companies in the US.)

Barbed wire helped farmers section off their land and keep out unwanted livestock (or keep in their own livestock). The invention of the barbed wire close the open range, making it impossible for wild buffalo to roam.

Refrigerator car allowed for much more cost efficient transfer of goods across the United States. Now cattle could be slaughtered on their ranch and the meat preserved as it traveled to its final destination, instead of sending the entire cow.

Windmill allowed farmers to use the power of the wind to run machines, performing tasks like grinding grain.

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Becoming an Industrial Society

Elevator, Electric Trolleys, Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), Typewriter, Bessemer Process (Steel)

Immigrants from the Southern and Eastern parts of Europe who moved to the U.S. knowing little of the culture or language.

Early immigrants from the Northern and Western parts of Europe who were more educated and spoke English.

Author of How the Other Half Lives, a book describing the living conditions of urban immigrant families.

Entrance port for the majority of European immigrants in New York

Community centers developed to aid primarily urban immigrant families made famous by leaders such as Jane Addams

Urban housing developed based on the idea that more windows made for better ventilation and sanitation

Law in effect from 1882-1943 excluding almost all immigrants from China from entering into the United States

Capitan of Industry or Robber Barron in the steel industry

Andrew Carnegies idea that people should be able to make as much money as they can/want to, but they must give back to the community.

Banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time

Capitan of Industry or Robber Barron who controlled much of the oil industry

Family in control of much of the railroad industry

Time period in which the extreme wealth of a few masked the poverty and corruption in the majority of society

Big businessmen and industrialists who were seen as making positive contributions to society

Big businessmen and industrialists who through unfair business practices amassed immense personal wealth

Organization of workers who banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions

Law which placed most federal government employees on the merit system and therefore marked the end of the "spoils system."

Law which aimed to regulate businesses to stop monopolistic practices, but was instead aimed at labor unions

Lead by a boss, this corrupt organization depended on the support of immigrants who receive jobs and services in return for political votes

Leader of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City

Cartoonist who frequently made Boss Tweed the subject of his drawings, showing the corruption of political machines

Illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad during President Grants administration

Illegal diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors during President Grants administration

Also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies

Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union

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(Taking Advantage of Immigrants) (Forcing Changes Labor Unions and Strikes)

( Explain how businesses and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and eco- nomic power) BECOMING AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (1877-1900)

( Evaluate the influence of immigration and industrialization on urban life)

How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life?

How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded Age create economic, social, and political change in the U.S.?

Did immigration and rapid industrialization have a positive or negative impact?

I mmigration

A rriving in America

10 million immigrants between 1865 and 1890 from northwest and central Europe. These old immigrants were English-speaking and had a history of voting.

10 million immigrants between 1890 and 1920 from southern and eastern Europe. Were considered the new immigrants

Most immigrants came into the U.S. through The Golden Door New York City at Ellis Island. A small number of immigrants (mostly from Asia) came through Angel Island in San Francisco.

W here Immigrants Settled

Immigrants often moved to urban areas previously established by settlers from their homeland.

Some immigrants moved west, but only 2% of immigrants moved to the South.

Ghettos, areas in which one ethnic or racial group dominated, formed in many urban areas. Immigrants found comfort in living in a community with a familiar language and traditions.

C hinese Excluded

A quarter million (250,000) Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. to work on the railroads.

Chinese immigrants accepted low wages, which made them valuable employees. American labor unions fought to exclude Chinese immigrants from the work force.

Congress responded to the demands of labor unions by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Until 1943, Chinese immigrants

were not allowed to move to the United States.

U rbanization

E xpanding Cities

Because of mechanization the need for labor on farms decreased. Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans left their farms and moved to urban areas to seek out better opportunities.

H ow Cities Grew

In the late 1800s, motorized methods of transportation made commuting easier. Trains, cable cars, electric trolleys, and the automobile (1910) allowed people to live in suburbs and commute into a large city to work.

When cities couldnt expand farther out, they started building up. Engineering advances and the invention of the elevator allowed

buildings to stand more than 50 feet tall. In 1885 the first skyscraper was built. It was 10 stories tall.

F actory Work

In many industries, workers were not paid by the hour, but by how much they produced. This system of piecework meant that the fastest workers earned the most money.

Most piecework was performed in sweatshops, where employees worked long hours for low wages in poor conditions.

U rban Living Conditions

Some factory workers lived in housing specifically built for them by factory owners.

Tenements were low-cost apartment buildings housed as many families as the owner could pack in.

Poverty, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions were common. Fires were a constant worry. With so many buildings packed togeth- er, a small fire quickly spread.

Great Chicago Fire (1871) 18,000 buildings burned, 250 people died, and 100,000 people left homeless.

Dumbbell tenements were created in order to let every room have a window and allow more air flow. The thought was that this would reduce the spread of disease in cities.

S ocial Reform

T he Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement developed by the churches which provided social services for the poor.

The movement focused on ideals of charity and justice and they fought for labor reform.

S ettlement Houses

Led by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star, young educated women and men would move into a house in the midst of a poor neighbor- hood. They would settle in, and then eventually offer social services.

Settlement house founders believed that money alone could not really help the poor. The houses offered cultural events,

classes, child care, clubs, camps, job-help, legal help, and health care.

What characteristics were vital to the success of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age?

How did captains of industry accumulate wealth and power?

Should an individual be allowed to accumulate as much wealth as possible?

T he Bessemer Process

The Bessemer Process made it possible to mass produce steel and remove the imperfections as steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron (which was previously used for building)

R obber Barons vs. Captains of Industry

Both are powerful industrialists who established large businesses in the 1800s

Robber Barons implies that someone got their money by stealing from the public they ruthlessly drove their competitors into the ground. They paid their workers meager wages and live in unhealthy conditions.

Captains of Industry suggests that the business leaders served their nation in a positive way. It implies that they raised productivity, created jobs, and established museums, libraries, and universities.

John D. Rockefeller created the Standar d Oil Company in 1870. His practices may have been questiona- ble at first, but by the time of his death he had given over $500 million dollars to charities.

Andrew Carnegie was extremely successful in the steel business. He preached a gospel of wealth, that people should make as much money as they can, but then give it away. More than 80% of Carnegies wealth went to some form of education. As with Rockefeller, many people questioned and disapproved of his methods of gaining such wealth.

S ocial Darwinism

Carnegie suggested that the wealthy were the most valuable group in society. The idea came from Charles Darwins theory of evolution (natural selection, survival of the fittest). The theory that only the most wealthy and fit would succeed was deemed social Darwinism.

Most Americans believed that the government shouldnt interfere with private business and as a result, the government didnt tax government profit or regulate relations with workers. (When the government does not interfere with business it is known as laissez-faire hands off government.)

O ligopolies and Monopolies

A market dominated by just a few large companies is called an oligopoly (cereal companies, cars, etc.)

A monopoly is when a company has complete control over a market or service. A company is so big and pow- erful that it would have driven all competition out. Laws were passed in the late 1800s to prevent certain mo- nopolistic practices.

Carnegie Steel became so wealthy and powerful that Car negie decided to buy all of the com- panies that performed all of the phases of steel production, from the mines to the furnaces and mills. He even bought the shipping and rail lines for transport. Gaining control of all aspects of a products development is known as vertical integration (consolidation).

The Standard Oil Company, owned by Rockefeller, became so large and powerful that it decided to buy all of its competitors oil refineries. Bringing together many firms within the same business is called horizontal integration (consolidation).

In order to get around monopoly laws when integrating (consolidating) the Standard Oil Company, Rockefeller formed a trust. The trust allowed the companies to come together under a board of trustees who controlled operations, but not officially merge (which avoided the laws against a monopoly)

In an attempt to limit the control a business could have over an industry, President Benjamin Harrison passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, outlawing any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce. The act was not successful at first, as it went after labor unions instead of monopolies.

M odernization

I nventions & Inventors

Indoor electric lighting was invented in 1865. (Thomas Edison later invented the light bulb)

Oil started being used for power. (Edwin L. Drake discovered oil in PA)

Samuel F.B. Morse perfected the telegraph and Morse code which grew with the railroad.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. By 1900, 1.5 million telephones were in use.

Typewriter created jobs for women.

T he Gilded Age

A term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era Gilded means covered with a thin layer of gold This was a golden period for Americas industrialists the term suggests that a thin layer of gold covered the poverty and corruption in society.

The wealth of the industries helped to mask the problems faced by immigrants, laborers, and farmers, as well as the abuse of power in business and government.

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( Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers) ( Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs)

Why social, economic, and political factors led to the need for the formation of labor unions?

To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers?

How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers?

W orking Conditions

Factory workers were ruled by the clock and discipline was strict. Workers were fined or fired for things such as being late, talking, or not working hard enough.

Workplaces were often unsafe. The noise was deafening, lighting and ventilation were poor, workers were often fatigued, and equipment was not dept up with.

Child labor: By the end of the 1880s, 20% of children between age 10 and 16 were employed. Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work (more often girls than boys). Children as young as 6 or 7 sometimes worked as well.

S ocialism

In 1890, 9% of Americans held 75% of the nations wealth.

Some poor families became interested in the idea of socialism, a philosophy that favors public instead of private property and income. Socialists believe that society, not just private individuals should take charge of a nations wealth.

Most Americans opposed socialism because it threatened the deeply rooted ideals of private property, free enterprise, and individual liberty.

L abor Unions

Unions sprung up to organize workers in certain trades, helping them to express their demands, such as better working conditions, increased wages, and shorter working hours.

In 1869 The Knights of Labor formed to organize all working men and women (black & white). The Knights were able to pursue broad social reforms such as equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour workday, and an end to child labor. They often formed strikes to assert their demands.

The American Federation of Labor, a craft union, formed (by Samuel Gompers) allowing in only skilled workers devoted to a specific craft. The AFL attempted to force employers to participate in

collective bargaining, a process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers. Workers act- ing as a group had more power than a single worker acting alone.

Most employers disliked unions and attempted to take measures to stop unions by:

Forbidding union meetings

Firing union organizers

Forcing yellow dog contracts workers promised never to join a union or go on strike

Prohibiting collective bargaining

V iolent Strikes Rock the Nation

The Great Railroad Strike (1877) Railway workers began to strike 1877 when the B&O Railroad announced a wage cut of 10%. They clashed with the local militia and violence spread from West Virginia to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities.

Haymarket Riot (1886): A group of wor kers started a national demonstration demanding an 8 hour workday. Police had to break up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who came in to replace strikers). A bomb was thrown and a police officer died. Unionists and anarchists (radicals who oppose all government) who participated in the riot became heroes to many union workers.

Homestead (1892): Andrew Carnegies partner Henry Frick attempted to cut the wages of workers at Carnegie Steel. The steel union called a strike and one anarchist attempted to assassinate Frick. The public saw this as too much violence and stopped supporting the unionists.

Pullman (1894): After the Panic of 1893, George Pullman (inventor of the Pullman sleeper railroad car) decided to lay off workers and cut pay by 25%. The American Railway Union (led by Eugene V. Debs) went on strike, and instead of bargaining, Pullman shut down his factory. By 1894 260,000 workers had joined the strike. The strike ended when president Grover Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops to regulate the

union strikers.

How did the governments role in economic and political affairs change during this era?

To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships between government, business, and the worker?

How did technological advancement affect industrialization and the role of the government?

To what extent was the governments changing role necessary and positive in this era?

R esults of City Growth The Rise of the Political Machine

Clashing interests between different community groups (the middle/upper class, immigrants, migrants from the countryside, workers, etc) led to the rise of the political machine.

A political machine was an unofficial organization set up to keep a particular group in power

Political machines were run by a boss and worked through an exchange of favors.

Jobs were given out to citizens in exchange for votes for the machines political candidates.

William Marcy Boss Tweed was one of the most notorious bosses in NYC. Boss Tweed and his associates once got access to the citys treasury and illegally used the money for construction projects and then kept some for themselves.

Thomas Nast, a famous political cartoonist, helped bring Tweed down by exposing him to the public through political cartoons depicting Tweed as a thief and a dictator. Tweeds follow- ers were often uneducated and could not read, but they were able to understand Nasts cartoons.

T he Business of Politics

In the late 1800s, businesses operated largely without regulation. This laissez-faire (hands-off) approach is supported by the belief that if the government doesnt interfere then the strongest businesses will succeed, bringing success to the nation as a whole.

In the Credit Mobilier scandal, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad Company created a construction company called Credit Mobilier. They gave the construction company a contract to build the Union Pacifics railroad tracks at 2-3 times the price it would actually cost. The government was paying for the Union Pacifics construction with grants and loans so the stockholders ended up pocketing $23 million dollars.

Whiskey Ring Scandal IRS collectors and other officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product, which lost the federal government millions of dollars.

C ivil Service Reforms

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president (1877) and refused to follow the spoils system. Instead he appointed qualified leaders to the Cabinet and fired employees who were not needed.

James A. Garfield was elected president in 1880, but his term was cut short when he was murdered by a lawyer who was expecting a job from Garfield. The murder caused an outcry against the spoils system.

After Garfields death, Vice President Chester Arthur became president and passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which created a Civil Service Commission. This classified government jobs and tested applicants fitness for them with a merit exam. The Pendleton Civil Service Act therefore ended the spoils system (as Jackson had created.)

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The Progressive Movement

Authors and Journalists who uncovered evils of society to encourage reform. Examples: Ida Tarbell (History of the Standard Oil Company), Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives)

Many young women were killed at a textile plant fire after having no way to get out of the building

Famous settlement house started by Jane Addams to help poor, urban, immigrant families.

Gave permission to levy an income tax

Direct election of senators by the people

The Volstead Act - started Prohibition - made the manufacturing and sale of alcohol illegal.

Women's suffrage - gave women the right to vote

Law aimed to limit monopolies, but was instead aimed at labor unions

Supreme court dissolved a rail road company monopoly

made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and for companies to receive rebates for using particular railroads

Governor of Wisconsin who increased the power of the states

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson all ran in this Election. Roosevelt and the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party split the republican vote, paving the way for Wilson (D) to win the presidency.

Created a decentralized private banking system which divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional bank in each district

Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, made some monopolistic practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations

Supreme Court case which established the separate but equal doctrine

Civil Rights reformer who started the Tuskegee Institute for the vocational training of African Americans, gave the Atlanta Compromise Speech. Was reassuring to whites because he did not push for radical change.

radical early Civil Rights Leader who pushed for African Americans to get educated in order to advance in society and gain equality. He led the Niagara Movement and was a founding member of the NAACP.

Movement of African Americans from the Jim Crow south to northern cities to escape racism and gain job opportunities.

To take away the vote with strategies such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses

Rules that enforced segregation in the South

electricity, mail order catalogues, Kodak camera, movie camera, airplanes, skyscrapers

$5 day, assembly line, Model T

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Directions Fill in each section of the chart with knowledge of the problems of industrialization and the Progressive Era.

( Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Progressivism) ( Economic and political gains in the Progressive Period.) THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1890-1914)

(12)How did the political, economic, and social conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era?

How did scientific and technological advances create a mass consumer culture?

To what extent did an emerging mass consumer culture define what it means to be an American?

What tactics were most effective in bringing about the social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era?

H ow did conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era?

P olitical Conditions

Many new reform movements were an outgrowth of earlier reform movements, such as the

Populists.

Political corruption and grafts kept public services (pure water, schools, health care)inad- equate.

S ocial Conditions

Many new reform movements sprung up in the Northeast and Midwest. They had their roots in movements such as nativism, prohibition, purity, charity, social gospel, and settlement houses.

Reformers were reacting to rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization.

E conomic Conditions

Industrial workers were over-worked yet underpaid.

Many progressives argued that charity would not be enough to improve the lives of industrial workers.

F our Goals of Progressivism

Reformers never completely agreed on problems or solutions, though their progressive efforts shared at least one of the following goals:

1. P rotecting Social Welfare - to soften some of the harsh conditions of industrialization.

Florence Kelley- advocate for improving the lives of women and children.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 146 young girls were killed when a fire broke out in the building they were working in. The disaster pushed people to demand reform of working conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

2. P romoting Moral Improvement - some reformers felt morality, not the workplace, held the key to improving the lives of poor people.

Prohibition - banning alcoholic beverages to cure society's problems (temperance movement).

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led the crusade for Prohibition, members advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Carrie Nation played a large role in this movement.

3. C reating Economic Reforms

Muckrakers- journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the 20th century.

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle exposing the harsh treatment of workers in the meatpack- ing industry.

Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives hoping to gain support in the reform of tene- ment houses.

Lincoln Steffens uncovered political corruption in St. Louis and other cities.

Ida Tarbell wrote the book The History of the Standard Oil Company in which she investi- gated and revealed the abuses committed by the Standard oil trust.

4. F ostering Efficiency- many progressive leaders put their faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and the workplace more efficient. (Focused on research)

Scientific Management- studies to see just how quick each task could be performed.

Introduction of the assembly line caused a high worker turnover rate, often due to injuries by fatigue workers.

How effective was the Progressive Movement in addressing the political, economic, and social needs of all Americans?

To what extent did progressive reforms successfully combat the social and economic ills created by a rapidly industrializing society?

How successful were the Progressive Era Presidents in leading reform efforts?

Progressives thought that government should increase their responsibility for the well-being of people, which would require more social welfare programs.

R eform at the Municipal (City) Level

Settlement houses such as Jane Addams Hull House were built to improve urban slums/ghettos.

Some mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services which provided things like public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, free kindergartens, lodging for homeless.

R eform at the State Level

Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. He made the railroad industry, a major target. He also instituted a direct primary in which people voted on nominees for upcoming elections.

Initiatives, a process in which citizens can propose a new law to go directly on the ballot, referendums, which allowed citizens to approve or reject a law passed by the legisla- ture, and recall procedures, which permitted voters to remove public officials from office, were also instituted in many states.

R eform at the Federal Level

The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enforced strongly by the Roosevelt administration

The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) banned interstate shipping of impure food andmisla- beling food

16th Amendment (1913) Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes.

17th Amendment (1913) Direct election of senators. Before this, each states legislature chose its own US Senator.

Federal Reserve Act (1913) Created the Federal Reserve System of banks to supervise private banks and ensure a flexible money supply.

18th Amendment (Volstead Act) (1919) Banned the production, sale, or import of alco- hol (prohibition)

19th Amendment (1920) Granted women full suffrage (the r ight to vote)

T heodore Roosevelt

After the Spanish-American War he became the Governor of NY, then vice president, and then after the assassination of McKinley, he became the youngest president at the age of 42.

He saw presidency as a "bully pulpit=he could influence the news and media and shape legislation.

If big business victimized workers, then he would make sure that the common people received a Square Deal - his program of progressive reforms designed to protect people from big businesses.

Roosevelt's real goal was federal regulation of railroads

Congress passed Elkins Act (1903), Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads.

Progressivism as Taft Becomes 27th President

Progressive Movement- in early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct the injustices of American life.

William Howard Taft- handpicked by Roosevelt ran for president in 1908 against William Jennings Bryan. Taft had campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) passed by Taft=a set of tax regulations. It failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods-increasing many rates. This angered progressives who believed Taft had abandoned progressivism.

T he Republican Party Splits

Taft's actions made it impossible to hold together the two wings of the Republican Party. (Progressives want change and Conservatives did not)

Problems within the Republican Party = mass defeat in 1912 & helped Democrats gain control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 18 years.

Bull Moose Party AKA Progressive party (another 3rd-party) led by Theodore Roosevelt. Platform: direct election of senators and adoption in all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall. Advocated women's suffrage, workmen's comp, 8 hour workday, minimum wage for women, federal law against child labor, and the federal trade commission to regulate businesses.

D emocrats Win in 1912

Woodrow Wilson- Democrat reformer and NJ governor.

Wilson only captured 42% of popular vote, he won overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in Congress.

He endorsed a progressive platform, called the New Freedom, which demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.

W ilson Financial Reforms Antitrust Measures

Trust - a corporation made up of many companies that receive certificates entitling them to dividends on profits earned.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) - strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act 1890.

It intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

It prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly.

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) - set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

This watchdog agency was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices.

(- Effects of racial segregation on United States society.)

To what extent were the social, political, and economic standing of African Americans positively affected by progressive efforts?

What did it mean to be black in America at the turn of the century?

Why did multiple perspectives develop for addressing racial injustice during the Progressive Era?

De jure segregation - racial separation (segregation) created by the law

De facto segregation - when segregation is a result of custom and culture, it is a fact, but not a law

R oosevelt and Civil Rights

Roosevelt failed to support civil rights of African-Americans, although, he did support of few individual African-Americans.

Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to White House (symbolic gesture)

Washington respected by powerful whites, but faced opposition from African-Americans like W.E.B. DuBois, for his accommodation of segregationists and for blaming black poverty on blacks - urging them to accept discrimination.

At a Niagara Falls convention in 1909, Du Bois and others founded the NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

R estrictions on Civil Rights

Plessy v Ferguson(1896) Supreme Court case saying segregation was permissible if facilities were equal. (Separate but equal)

Wilmington race riot (1898)

Jim Crow Laws laws requiring segregation.

Disenfranchisement Keeping African Americans from voting.

Literacy Tests reading tests designed to keep African Americans from voting.

Poll Taxes a fee that people must pay before being permitted to vote.

Grandfather Clauses Laws exempting men from certain voting restrictions if they had already voted or if they had ancestors who had voted prior to blacks being granted suffrage.

Great Migration Many African Americans moved north after Reconstruction, when civil rights became restricted.

(- Impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life)

What was the economic and social impact of the technological changes of the Progressive Era?

How was American culture redefined during the Progressive Era?

Does society cause government to change or does government cause society to change?

Electricity General Electric Company was formed in 1892 to take over Thomas Edisons electr ic light business. Electricity became available to consumers to power household appliances.

Mail order catalogs - A rise in goods being purchased through the mail

Kodak camera - took still pictures

Movie Camera - took moving pictures

Wright Brothers Had the first successful airplane flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Henry Fords Innovations:

$5 day - Ford paid his workers more than the average manufacturer, but foreign workers had to enroll in English and civics classes and let investigators inspect their homes. Graduation ceremonies occurred in which workers shed their ethnic identities and became Americans.

Assembly line a manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product. Ford did not invent the assembly line, but he made it more efficient.

Model T - Fords first successfully marketable lightweight, gas-powered car.

Skyscrapers - the Bessemer Process (steel production) and the invention of the elevator allowed for the building of high-rises in cities

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The Emergence of the United States as a World Power

Author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, describing the necessity of a strong navy for a pow- erful nation.

Poem by Josiah Strong making a parody of the duty white men felt to civilize indigenous peoples

The belief that whites were better than peoples of color

Extreme burst of national pride following a period of yellow journalism

Nickname given to the purchase of Alaska from Russia

United States gained this territory after its queen was overthrown by Hawaiian and American businessmen

Nickname given to the Spanish-American War because of its short duration

Led by Theodore Roosevelt, these men charged up San Juan Hill to victory in Cuba

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer led this type of sensationalized journalism which attracted readers using bold titles and outlandish pictures

Sinking of the USS Maine, DeLome Letter, Cuban Rebellion against Spain, burning of US owned sugar plantations by Cubans seeking assistance

Passed before the Spanish-American War, the US told Cuba that it would not annex it

Ended the Spanish American War, the United States gained the territories of Philippines, Guam, and Puer- to Rico

Cuba agreed to add this amendment on to their constitution, allowing the United States to set up a military base, agreeing not to go into debt, and allowing the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime they felt it necessary.

Once controlled by the United States, this connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Ensured that the United States would be able to trade with China

Chinese rebelling against foreign influence in China; killed many foreigners

Added on to the Monroe Doctrine, saying that the United States would intervene in affairs of Latin Ameri- ca if necessary

Roosevelts type of foreign policy, emphasizing a strong military

Tafts type of foreign policy, emphasizing economic aid

Wilsons type of foreign policy, emphasizing the spreading of American morals and ideals.

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United States Imperialism

Country

How did the US obtain or influence this country/ territory?

Why did the US want this country/ territory?

What laws and policies affected this countrys relationship with the US?

Puerto Rico and Guam

Cuba

The Philippines

China

Hawaii

Sewards Folly Alas- ka

( The United States Increasing Role in World Affairs)THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD AFFAIRS

After the Spanish-American War ended, the United States gained the Philippines from Spain. President

(16)How did the governments role in economic and political affairs change as America became more imperialistic?

To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships between government, business, and the worker?

How did technological advancement lead to the United States increased involvement in world affairs?

To what extent was the governments changing role necessary and beneficial as America became more imperialistic?

I mperialism When a str onger nation attempts to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily.

The United states and other powerful countries such as Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were seeking out spheres of influence, or areas of economic and political control, in China.

Alfred T. Mahan wr ote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which argued that the nations economic future rested on gaining new markets (to sell goods) abroad through increasing the size of the Navy.

Leaders like Josiah Strong drew on the ideas of social Darwinism to justify the takeover of new territories. He said that Anglo-Saxons were superior to the societies they conquered, an idea coined, Anglo-Saxon superiority. Those who used this argument believed that they were doing a noble thing for the heathen, uncivilized peoples of the world by introducing them to Christianity and modern society.

Conflicts in Cuba attracted the interest of American journalists. Following a surge of yellow journalism in which journalists such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer sensationalized headlines and stories about foreign affairs in Cuba, there was an intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy. This burst of pride came to be known as jingoism.

( US Military, Economic, and Political Involvement and Influence)

How did America and the world change as the US increased its role in world affairs?

To what extent have the effects of US actions and policies been beneficial or detrimental to other countries?

Why did the United States take an active role in world affairs in the late 19th and early 20th century?

T he Spanish-American War Before the War:

The war began after Cuban rebels began pushing back against their rulers, Spain. Cubans repeatedly urged

the United States to intervene and help them. The United States continued to refuse help. To get the atten- tion of US business owners, Cuban guerrillas burned down American sugar plantations. With pressure from American business owners, plus the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine (which the US blamed on Spain) and the insults aimed at President McKinley unearthed in the de Lome letter, Congress eventually authorized force (war) against Spain.

Cubans insisted on adding the Teller Amendment to Cubas war resolution against Spain. This amendment stated that the United States would not annex Cuba.

During The Splendid Little War

The Splendid Little War was fought on two sides of the world, in the Philippines and in Cuba and Puerto Rico, all three island ter r itor ies under the rule of Spain.

Theodore Roosevelt led a group of soldiers nicknamed the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hill, which became the most famous battle of the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Paris - The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in which the United States paid $20 million dol- lars in return for Cubas independence, and the United States acquisition of The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. In order to protect American interests, the United States installed a military government in Cuba for the next three years.

After the War

Two years after Cuba won its independence the United States military government in Cuba allowed Cuba to draft a constitution. The United States insisted on including the Platt Amendment which stated that the Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, it must allow the US to have naval bases in Cuba, and it gave the US permission to intervene in Cuba whenever the US deemed necessary. The United States established (and still maintains) a military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Dilemma in the Philippines

McKinley felt like he had to annex the island nation but the Filipinos declared themselves an independent republic. For three years, the United States and the Philippines fought a war over control of the islands. After the death of more than 200,000 Filipinos, fighting slowed. The United States continued to occupy the Philippines until 1946.

U S Gains Territories Abroad

Sewards Folly In 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. Many people were against the purchase, which is why it became known as Sewards Folly.

Annexation of Hawaii In 1898, after a power str uggle between Hawaiian r oyalty and planters, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii in order to protect its world trade. With the help of pineapple planter, Sanford Dole, Queen Liliuokalani was removed from her throne and Hawaii was declared a republic.

The Panama Canal was built under T. Roosevelts administration in order to provide a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This would provide for faster and cheaper global shipping as well as increased naval speed in a time of war. After much controversy between France (who owned the land), Columbia (who ruled over Panama), and Panama itself, the United States recognized Panama an independent country (under the protection of the US) and the US was granted a permanent 10-mile-wide strip of land on which to build the canal.

To what extent have the actions and policies of the US affected other countries in the world?

(- Policies and actions of the United States government impacting other countries.)

How has the media shaped US foreign policy?

As the US becomes increasingly involved in world affairs, should its self-perception be impacted by world opinion.

How intrusive should a nation be in the affairs of another?

D iplomacy How a countr y deals with foreign affairs.

R oosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy

In 1904 President Roosevelt issued messages to congress called the Roosevelt Corollary which added on to the Monroe Doctrine saying that the US did not want any more territory, they would only protect smaller/weaker nations, and intervene if problems arose.

Roosevelts main concern in Asia was keeping an open door to trade with China. The Open Door Policy en- sured that the United States would have equal access to Chinas market. China, however, was reluctant to have any foreign influence. This led to the Boxer Rebellion in which 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese were killed.

T afts Dollar Diplomacy

President William Howard Tafts approach to foreign policy was to substitute dollars for bullets, meaning that instead of fighting smaller/weaker nations, the United States should maintain orderly societies abroad by investing in their economies.

W ilsons Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy

Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States took a moral and legalistic approach to diplomacy. The United States would interfere with other countries when they felt a moral and legal responsibility to.

Because of Wilsons decision to intervene in Mexico rebel leader Pancho Villa went on a terrorizing streak through border towns in Mexico and the U.S., burning down towns and killing their residents.

A nti-Imperialism

Anti-Imperialism League - Opponents of U.S. policy in the Philippines established the Anti-Imperialist League. Many argued that if the United States took over nations, those nations citizens should be entitled to the same rights as US citizens.

Many people were against the idea of Anglo-Saxon Superiority and saw it as racism. They therefore did believe in taking over a smaller, weaker, nation because they were uncivilized.

Many southerners feared that by taking over other nations, the US would be forced to absorb people of different races into the United States.

Still others believed that imperialism was too expensive and not worth the costs it took to expand.

The Great War and its Aftermath

His assassination was the immediate spark of WWI in Europe

The building up of nations militaries

Forming agreements with other countries that if one should go to the war, the other will support them

A larger, more powerful country taking over a smaller, weaker country

Pride in ones nation

British boat sunk by a German U-boat (a cause of the US's entry into WWI)

German submarines continued with unrestricted warfare even after promising to warn foreign ships (long term cause of US entry into WWI)

A note written from the Germans to Mexico promising an alliance and returned land from the U.S. if Mexico helped Germany defeat the U.S. in WWI.

United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

President of the U.S. during WWI. He ran for re-election in 1916 and won using the slogan "He kept us out of war". Created the Fourteen Points.

Required young men to register for the draft.

When a country keeps to itself (the policy the United States attempted to follow at the onset of WWI in Europe)

Trench Warfare, No Man's Land", Mustard Gas, Tanks, Airplanes, Telephones

Woodrow Wilson's plan for the end of WWI which aimed to create a lasting peace. This included the League of Nations.

Ended WWI punished Germany by having them accept blame for WWI and pay $33 billion in war reparations. Included the League of Nations. The US refused to ratify this treaty and made their own peace with Germany.

Organization to keep peace through discussion of problems instead of war.

Government agency created to oversee production of goods during the war

Tactics used to convince people to support the war effort

Individuals limit the amount of goods they use so that supplies can be provided for the military

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(Suffrage Isolationist FederalEspionage & Sedition League of Nations) (Progressive Income Tax War Industries Board African Americans WomenWar Bonds Allied Depression) (WomenCivil Liberties Great Migration) (KKKRed Scare Propaganda)Directions: Fill in each blank with the appropriate word from the list to the right of the section.

THE GREAT WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH (1914-1930)

Why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved.

Why was the U. S. unable to maintain a policy of neutrality during World War I?

What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the US into World War I?

Is it possible for a nation to remain neutral during a conflict in another part of the world?

C auses of World War I

Long-Term Causes

Militarism nations of Europe had been building up their armies and weapons

Alliances European countries had created a system of alliances to keep a balance

of power.

Imperialism European countries competing for influence around the world.

Nationalism Countries wanted to gain power and took actions that were in their own interest.

Short-Term Cause

Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife were killed on a visit to Bosnia. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (thinking they were behind the attack).

Other countries became involved due to alliances.

T he Start of World War I

Allies - Russia, France, Great Britain

Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

President Woodrow Wilson issues a statement declaring the United States a neutral or iso- lationist country in order to protect trade.

U S Becomes Involved in World War I

U-Boat submarine warfare German submarines were attacking unarmed Ally merchant and passenger ships without warning. Several Americans were killed in the attacks.

Lusitania a British passenger ship, torpedoed and sunk, killing over 1200, including 128 Americans.

Sussex a French ship torpedoed after Wilson had demanded Germany stop attacking. Germany then made the Sussex Pledge in which they promised to warn ships before they attacked.

Germany ended the Sussex Pledge, causing the US to break off ties with Germany and arm their merchant ships.

Election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson was reelected president under the slogan he kept us out of war.

Zimmermann Telegram A telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted Germany attempted to convince Mexico to declare war on the US in return for land.

April 6th 1917 the U.S. entered into WWI with President Wilson saying we must Make the world safe for democracy

- Political and military turning points of the war and their significance to the outcome of the conflict.

How were certain political and military events significant to the outcome of the war?

To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War I help to determine the outcome of the war?

How did the United States entry affect the nations already involved in the conflict?

C hanging Warfare

Trench warfare - Armies dug long trenches in which they hid, they would stand and shoot out the top short distances away from each other.

"No Man's Land"- an unoccupied region between the two armies.

Mustard gas an efficient way to kill a large number of people.

Tanks, airplanes

U S Entry into War

Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions with the shift from autocracy to a republic, then to communism, the United States was more willing to ally with Russia in WWI.

In 1917, The American Expeditionary Force (aka doughboys) led by GeneralJohn J. Pershing was the 1st set of American troops to arrive in Europe. The Allies only used the group as reinforcements; therefore, they had little impact during the battles.

African American troops served in segregated units and were often not allowed to fight in battle.

Selective Service Act started the draft for young men to serve in the military.

A t home in the U.S.

The war opened up many jobs for minorities.

Many African Americans moved north for factory jobs (The Great Migration)

Women were able to work more, which had a hand in the 19th amendment

War Industries Board, War Labor Board, and Food & Fuel Administration all focused on the American economy supporting the war effort.

T he Wars Conclusion

Wilsons 14 points - stated support for open peace covenants, no secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade, disarmament, adjustment of colonial claims, a League of Nations, and the rights of minorities.

League of Nations a proposal of a group of countries that would keep peace, presented to Senate in what became known as his peace without victory speech. Under the League of Nations, an attack on one was considered an attack on all.

The United States does not join the League of Nations because they did not want to be tied to all of the other countries (isolationism).

The Big Four - These were the four men that were responsible for creating the peace after WWI. They were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, the Premier of Italy, and the Premier of France.

Treaty of Versailles - France was given territory; The Ger man Rhineland area would be demilitarized. England and the U.S. would protect France. Germany was give full responsibility for the war and was forced to billions of dollars in war reparations. This would become a cause of World War II.

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Prosperity & Depression

The secretary of the interior secretly leased oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land

Established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression

Buying stocks without the money to back them

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed

President of the United States during the Great Depression

A reason for the start of the Great depression; people could buy now, pay later using installment plans

Shantytowns nicknamed for President Herbert Hoover, who did not believe in direct relief during the Great Depression

World War I veterans who went to Washington demanding payment of benefits they believed they were entitled to which they did not receive

Nickname for the mid-west during the great depression; dry conditions led to poor agricultural production

Musical style born in New Orleans; uses lots of bass; famous musicians include Louis Armstrong, Bessie Davis

Discontented authors who left America because they did not like the changing and modernization of society; included F. Scott Fitzgerald and Earnest Hemingway

18th Amendment; prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and consumption of alcohol

Illegal clubs which sold alcohol

Illegal manufacturers of alcohol

Weekly radio shows done by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in which he addressed the American people and discussed the state of America

Discriminatory and often violent hate group targeting anyone who was not a white protestant. Their membership skyrocketed during the nativist time period of the 1920s.

African American literary awakening, led by authors such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neal Hurston

Started by Marcus Garvey, this movement encouraged African Americans not to attempt to integrate into white society, but to join together and revive the powerful societies that their ancestors had belonged to in Africa.

Organization started by Marcus Garvey that encouraged African Americans to unite and build a separate society.

Started with the help of W.E.B. Du Bois, Organization that aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races.

Italian immigrants who were charged, convicted, and killed for the murder of two men. Many people thought they were mistreated because of their beliefs and others thought it was because they were immigrants.

Court case in which a biology teacher was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution; a fight over the role of science and religion in public schools

Women of the 1920s who cut their hair short, wore make-up & short skirts, and went out dancing and drinking; challenged the norms of society

FDR New Deal program that provided an income to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed.

Programs created by FDR to help the nation recover from the great depression, provide jobs, and stimulate the economy; included: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), Public Works Administration (PWA), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Works Progress Administration (WPA), National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

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Directions: Place each word from the list at the bottom of the page under the appropriate side of the curve.

(SpeculationBuying on Margin Mechanization Black Tuesday Direct ReliefEasy Credit Installment plan Overproduction HoovervillesSoup Kitchens & BreadlinesRadio Marketing/Advertising JazzTalkiesLost Generation Langston Hughes Louis ArmstrongF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest HemmingwaySpeakeasies Bootleggers Babe RuthCharles Lindbergh Automobiles Fireside Chats Zora Neal Hurston Marcus GarveyUNIAWEB Dubois Fundamentalism Scopes Trial Defecit spending Social Security FDICSECAlphabet Agencies)

Directions: Fill in a description of each term in the flow chart.

(World War I) The Red Scare

( Rise of the Ku Klux Klan The Red Scare Sacco and Vanzetti Case Schenck v. United States The Palmer Raids) ( Isolationism) ( Communism) Nativism

( Immigration Re- strictions)

PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION (1919-1939)

(- Assess the political, economic, social and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations.)How did the war impact Americas social, economic, political, and cultural institutions?

To what extent did World War I change US society and affect other nations?

How did the industrial and technological advancements in this era impact America and the rest of the global community?

How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?

18th Amendment - Prohibition

19th Amendment - Womens suffrage

Committee on Public Information muckraker George Creel was appointed by President Wilson to head this war propagation committee which promoted the war domestically while publicizingAmer- ican war aims abroad

Food Administration - Herbert Hoover headed this organization during WWI, designed to conserve food at home so that it may be provided to allied troops.

War Industries Board - established to mobilize the nation's resources for war while protecting the economy's basic structure and character for the peace that was to follow

Espionage and Sedition Acts - provided the government with powers over the rights of free speech and press.

Eugene V. Debs - started the American Railway Union. He became a socialist leader who opposed World War I and was imprisoned for 10 years during the war under the Espionage Act.

Industrial Workers of the World - labor Union organized in opposition to capitalism and conservative unionism. It believed in revolutionary industrial unionism and One Big Union that combined commitment to industrial unionism, direct action, and building a union controlled by its members.

Schenck v. United States (1919) The case was opened against the Espionage Act, but the Supreme Court decided that in a time of war, extraordinary conditions may allow Congress the right to forbid print- ed materials or speech aimed at hindering the war effort. The test for "a clear and present danger" was formulated to deal with questions regarding freedom of speech.

Palmer Raids because of a fear that Russian communists were going to attempt to overthrow the Amer- ican government, thousands of Russians and socialists in the U.S. were arrested and heldwithout trial. This was also known as the Red Scare. People had an increased feeling of nativism.

United Mine Workers - The Coal Miners Str ike (1919) with their leader, John L. Lewis, pushed for a raise and shorter working hours. The court ordered the miners back to work and an arbitrator put an end to the dispute.

Washington Naval Conference - international conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area.

Dawes Plan - American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale.

(- Cycle of economic boom and bust in the 1920s and 1930s.)

How did the economic, social, and political events of the early 1900s lead to the economic cycles of the twenties and thirties?

How did the variations in the economy in the 1920s cause major changes in that decade and in the 1930s?

How did early government reactions to the economic bust serve to worsen its effects?

Industrialization - when a society changes and becomes based more heavily on industry.

Laissez-faire - the governments hands-off approach to business and economy.

Mechanization - jobs began using more machines and needed less human labor. Ex: assembly line.

Rugged individualism - The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal.

H arding Administration (1921-1923)

Warren G. Harding - Republican President (1921-1923) who ran under the slogan "Less government in business and more business in government." While in office, the Teapot Dome Scandal occurred. Hardings secretary of the interior Albert B. Falls secretly leased oil-rich public land to private compa- nies in return for money and land. Falls was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding at Cabinet post.

In the early 1920s Republicans focused on a Return to Normalcy. They ceased to promise progressive reforms and instead aimed to settle into traditional patterns of government.

C oolidge Administration (1923 1929)

After the death of President Harding, VP Calvin Coolidge took the office. He helped to restore people's faith in their government and in the Republican Party. The next year, Coolidge was elected president.

Speculation - the buying of stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin- paying a small percentage of stock prices as a down payment and bor- rowing the rest.

H oover Administration (1929 1933)

Herbert Hoover - 1928 campaign pledge: A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage. Hoover tried to reassure the nation. He opposed any federal form of welfare, or direct relief to the needy. He said that handouts would weaken people self-respect and moral fiber. He believed individuals, charities, and local organizations should help. His response shocked and frustrated Americans.

Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929 - the bottom fell out of the market and the nations confidence collapsed. By mid-November, investors lost about $30 billion; an amount equal to the costs we spent on the war.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff - passed in 1930 established the highest protective tar iff in US history. This was supposed to protect American farmers, but ended up hurting them. By reducing the flow of goods into the US; the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. (World trade declined).

( Prosperity for different segments of society during this period.)

How were different groups of people affected by the business cycles of the 1920s and 1930s?

How do economic changes impact society?

Why and how does economic prosperity vary so much from one segment of society to the next?

L eading up to the Great Depression

Urbanization Cities spread both up and out with increasing population

Installment plan people could buy on easy credit and then pay off their debt in smaller amounts on a monthly basis instead of paying one lump sum.

Overproduction more goods are produced than necessary, therefore lowering the prices.

Hoovervilles - homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Angry, cold and hungry Americans, who had no other place to reside, nicknamed the shacks in honor of President Herbert Hoover.

Breadlines & Soup Kitchens people received free food almost 25% of the nation was unemployed.

Bonus Army (1932) - A gathering of 12,000 to 15,000 World War I veterans who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., demanding President Hoover give immediate bonus payment for wartime services, to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl - a term born in the hard times from the people who lived in the drought-stricken region during the great depression. Farmers suffered greatly.

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(- Social, intellectual and technological changes of lifestyle in the U.S.)

How do technological and social changes impact American traditions?

To what extent should the federal government attempt to effect economic and social change?

What should the role of the federal government be in the economic and social lives of its citizens?

What long term effects did the New Deal have on the United States?

Technology radio, electricity, automobiles, and airplanes modernized America.

Music The Jazz Age - Grew out of African American music of the south (blues), was largely improvised with an off- beat, syncopated, rhythm.

Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington influential musicians.

Movies Movie attendance skyr ocketed in both silent films and talkies

The Jazz Singer in 1927 was the first film with sound, a talkie

Literature

Lost Generation A group of American writers disenchanted by the growing pop-culture of the United States. They left the U.S. for Europe (primarily Paris). Authors included F. Scott Fitzgerald and Earnest Hemingway

Sinclair Lewis - a writer who was the fir st American to win the Nobel Prize in liter ature. He was among the eras most outspoken critics.

Prohibition the time period after the 18th Amendment and Volstead Act in which the manufacturing, pr oduction, sale, and consumption of alcohol was illegal.

Speakeasies - bars that operated illegally

Bootleggers - suppliers of illegal alcohol

(- Challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender.)

How were government programs in the 1920s and 30s a challenge to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender?

How does conflict promote change in a nations identity?

To what degree did America experience social progress during the 1920s and 30s?

How was America changed the 1920s and 30s?

Women

Suffrage The 19th Amendment fir st gave women the right to vote in 1920.

Women began working out of the home more, attending more social clubs, and having a greater voice in society.

Flappers - American women of the 1920s who were rebellious, energetic, and bold, wearing shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and heavy make-up. While not many women actually adopted the flapper lifestyle, many did adopt new fashion ideas from them, modernizing the American woman.

Eleanor Roosevelt was an outspoken advocate for womens rights.

African Americans

Blacks were still feeling the effects of segregation because of things like Jim Crow Laws and the result of the Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson.

African Americans also felt resistance and violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which was formed

against anyone who was not a white protestant. In just one year, KKK membership grew from 100,000 to 4 million.

Many African Americans joined in the Great Migration, moving from the south to the north for better job opportunities and to escape the violence of the south. The north did offer some relief, it was not the land of equality many hoped for.

Harlem Renaissance the African American literary awakening of the 1920s, celebrating African American culture.

Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous authors.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - led by Marcus Garvey, the UNIA aimed to build up African Ameri- cans self-respect and economic power. Garvey in his Back to Africa Movement urged African Americans to return to motherland Africa to create a self-governing nation.

Some African American leaders criticized Garvey because of his call for the separation of the races

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), led by W.E.B. Du Bois, fought to protect the rights of African Americans

Immigrants

Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, sentenced to death, and killed within 4 months of being arrested for the robbery and murder of a man. Many Americans believed they were arrested mainly because they were immigrants with radical beliefs.

The National Origins Act was passed in 1924, reducing the quota of immigrants allowed in to 2 percent of the 1890 census. It also

specifically excluded the Japanese. President Harding believed that restricting immigration helped the cause of social stability.

Religion

Religious traditionalists pushed Christians toward the idea of fundamentalism, which argued that God inspired the Bible, so it cannot contain contradictions or errors, it is literally true.

Aimee Semple McPherson and Billy Sunday were two influential fundamentalists.

The Scopes Trial after a small town teacher taught the theory of evolution in his biology class, he was taken to court and the case became a battle between two of the countries greatest lawyers William Jennings Bryan (Fundamentalist) and Clarence Darrow (supporter of free speech) over constitutional rights and the changing beliefs and values of the United States. As expected, since Scopes ha d clearly violated Tennessee law, William Jennings Bryan and the funda- mentalists won.

(- Impact of the New Deal reforms in enlarging the role of the federal government in American life.)

How did the role of the federal government change during the 1920s ands 30s?

Is it appropriate for the government to be involved in social and economic change?

To what degree did America change positively or negatively during the 1920s and 30s?

Why did citizens allow the federal government to increase its power during the Great Depression, and how did it impact the future of the nation?

FDRs New Deal

Brain Trust- FDR carefully picked advisers who began to formulate a new set of policies designed to alleviate the problems of the Depression. This became known as the New Deal- a phrase taken from a campaign speech in which Roosevelt had promised a New Deal for the American people. Its policy is focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

Social Security Started by the Social Security Act, it was one of the New Deals most important achievements. It provided financial security in three major parts: old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses, unem- ployment compensation system, and aid for families with dependent children and the disabled.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - put 2.5 million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks. They earned $30 a month and had free housing, food, job training, and healthcare.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - Tried to raise farm prices through subsidies, government financial assistance. The AAA used taxes to pay farmers not to raise certain crops, in hopes that lowering production would cause prices to go up.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Established by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933, the FDIC was established to insure bank deposits up to $5,000 dollars. The FDIC prevented banks from closing, and It still protects our money today.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Set up after the Federal Securities Act (which required companies to release information about their finances if they sell stock), the SEC was set up by congress to regulate the stock market. The commission still exists today.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Sought to raise prices and balance the unstable economy through exten- sive planning. Codes were made to establish fair business practices; it controlled working conditions, production prices, and established a minimum wage.

Public Works Administration (PWA) Preceded by the NIRA, the PWA completed projects ranging from dams to bridges to highways.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power plant used during WWI. It provided cheap power, flood control, and recreational activities to the entire Tennessee Valley.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) Provided work for more than 8 million citizens. It improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, hospitals, airfields, and also supported creative works of artists and writers.

National Labor Relations Board (Wagner Act) - Legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and closed shops (workplaces only open to union members). The NLRB enforced the Wagner Act.

Fair Labor Standards Set the maximum work hours for the week at 44 hrs, to drop to 40 hrs after 2 years. It also set a minimum wage ($.25, which would eventually be raised). It set rules for the employment of those under 16, as well as banned hazardous work for those under the age of 18.

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World War II & the Beginning of the Cold War

Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler (Germany), Emperor Hirohito (Japan), Joseph Stalin (Russia)

Totalitarian leader who promised to lead Germany out of their depression and restore the country to the great nation it once was

Agreement to outlaw war but it could not be enforced

Series of laws enacted by the United States which aimed to keep the United States out of World War II

Agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany that they would not attack each other

Speech given by FDR describing what Americans should fight for

Allowed the US to let countries who were important to its national security borrow supplies needed for war.

Site of Japanese attack on the United States which drew the US into WWII

War strategy - lightening war

Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, D-Day (Operation Overlord), Battle of the Bulge

Battle of Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa

Led the United states in the Pacific during WWII and the Korean War

Battle strategy used in WWII to take over an island and then use it as a strategic base on their way to Japan

Locations for the allies to discuss what would happen at the end of WWII

Victory in Europe Day & Victory in Japan day for the Allies

Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, this secret project created the atomic bombs

War crimes trials that convicted Nazi leaders of the atrocities committed during the Holocaust

Required young men to register for the draft

Government organization that oversaw the production of goods for war

Individuals cut back on the goods they use so that more supplies can be used in the war effort

Money invested in the government to support the war that has a small return over time

Program to give returning GIs housing loans and free college education

Suburbs built primarily for returning GIs; inexpensive because nearly all of the houses were the same.

Population spike after WWII

Propaganda poster used to encourage women to leave the home and work in factories to help the war effort

Rounding up of everyone of Japanese decent in the US and forcing them to live in camps for national security

Supreme Court case which said its legal to take away civil rights during times of emergency

Winston Churchills symbolic divide between the Communist East and Democratic West.

United States policy to stop the spread of communism (containment)

Plan to give economic aid to Western Europe after WWII so that nations would not fall to communism

Allies sent food and supplies into West Berlin despite a Soviet Blockade

War fought to contain communism at the 38th parallel after the Communist North invaded the non-Communist South

Added to the Truman Doctrine, saying that the United States would give aid to countries in the Middle East

U.S. spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union

Communist leader of Cuba

Embarrassing failure of an attempt by the U.S. to overthrow the Communist government of Cuba

Wall dividing the city of Berlin between the Democratic West and Communist East

Nuclear standoff between the USSR and US the cold war began to heat up

Agreement not to test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

Group created to discuss problems between countries in an attempt to avoid war

North Atlantic Treaty Organization a military alliance the United States joined

Military alliance between the Soviet Union and their communist satellite nations

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(Start of World War II AbroadCauses for United States Entry intoWorld War II)Directions: Fill in each box with details about the heading. Use terms from the Goal 10 glossary page if you need ideas.

(Fighting World War II on Two FrontsActivities on The United States HomefrontStart of the Cold WarOrganizations Designed to Maintain Peace)

WWII AND THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR (1930-1963)

(- World War II and reasons for the United States entry into the war.) (- Identify