The Great War: There and HereThe Great War: There and Here

Section 7.3

Today’s Agenda

• Review America’s foreign policy and outbreak of WWI

• 7.3 slide show

• Homework– Notebook check Thursday!!!!– 1st Quarter over Friday– Read 7.4

Review• Term for when one nation dominates

another• TR foreign policy• Great White Fleet• Reason for building Panama Canal• Roosevelt Corollary• White Man’s Burden• Zeitgeist of Europe in 1914• Gavrilo Princeps• Triple Entente/Central Powers• Lusitania• Wilson’s 1916 Election Platform• Zimmerman Note• Wilson’s reason for going to war

Today’s Objectives:

• Define mobilization

• Explain how the United States– Raised an army– Financed the war– Managed Public Opinion– Produced Industrial

Materials– Enlisted the support of

labor

What is mobilization?• When a government

takes a nation to war– Forming, training &

deploying an army– Utilizing businesses,

citizens, and natural resources

• Schlieffen Plan– Germany rapid

mobilization plan– Defeat France

before Russia has time to mobilize

America Goes To War

What does a nation need to do in order to prepare for and conduct a war?

1. Finance the war

2. Raise an army

3. Convert factories from peacetime to wartime

4. Cooperation from organized labor

5. Shape Public Opinion

How did the government finance the war?

• Tax Increases– $10 Billion

• Government Loans– war bonds and

stamps– $23 Billion

• War costs over $30 billion (a huge increase in federal spending)– total federal

spending in 1913 was only $970 million

• Voluntary recruitment campaigns

• Conscription (draft)

– The Selective Service Act of 1917

– mandatory enrollment for all men ages 18-45

– Lottery system

– No substitutions allowed

• Progressive reaction

– Great equalizer

• Upper & lower classes together = brotherhood

• African-Americans segregated

– 600 black officers never rose to high rank

How did the government raise an army?

• Yes: Article I Sec. 8 of the US Constitution

– To raise and support Armies

• No: 13th Amendment

– "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude...shall exist within the United States."

Does the government have the power to draft?

• George Creel

– Headed the Committee on Public Information

– Propaganda agency

– Edited/carefully chosen information meant to shape public opinion

– Used flyers, movies, conferences, speeches, posters to shape public opinion

• 75 thousand 4 minute men

– Used peer pressure, fear, patriotism stirred the public

How did the government shape public opinion?

Role of Propaganda

How Did Government Enlist the Cooperation of Big Business?

• War Industries Board took direct control over all economic activity – Headed by Bernard

Baruch• Wall Street stock

broker, speculator• Allocated resources, fixed

prices, directed production of all factories

• But ensured businesses that they would make a profit

• Profits tripled Where is our government on the political spectrum?

War Industries Board

How did the government control other economic resources?

• Food Administration– Herbert Hoover– Conserve food for Allies– “wheatless Tuesdays”,

“meatless Fridays”– Victory gardens

• Fuel Administration– Daylight saving time– Rationing coal, gasoline– 4 day workweek for

nonessential factories

War Industries Board

How did the government attempt to win the support of Labor?

• Samuel Gompers (AFL)

– Agreed to No-Strike contracts

– Funneled $ to discredit socialists (IWW)

• War Labor Board

– Standardized wages (even for women), working hours, gave right of collective bargaining

– Strongly discouraged strikes

– Nationalized telephone & arms manufacturers when they went on strike

What happened to civil liberties and free speech during the war?

• Espionage Act of 1917– Any obstruction to the war

effort illegal• Sedition Act of 1918

– forbade "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language"

– Encouraged reporting on disloyal people

• Post Office read socialist mail• Emma Goldman

– Led “No Conscription League”

– Imprisoned for 2 years

We say that if America has entered the war to make the world safe for democracy, she must first make democracy safe in America. How else is the world to take America seriously, when democracy at home is daily being outraged, free speech suppressed, peaceable assemblies broken up by overbearing and brutal gangsters in uniform; when free press is curtailed and every independent opinion gagged? Emma Goldman

Describe the Schenck v. U.S. Case.• Charles Schenck• circulated Anti-war

pamphlets– cited the Thirteenth

Amendment– War driven by

capitalist• Charged with violating

Espionage Act• Supreme Court

unanimous decision in favor of U.S.

• Oliver W. Holmes – Clear & Present

Danger Decision

The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent."The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.

Free Speech During WWI

How far does/should free speech go?

SNL Palin

I Rack

Big QuestionThe government needs extra power in a time of war. How much is enough?

Sedition/Espionage ActsPatriot Act “Illegal Combatant” Redefining Geneva Convention NSA Warrant-less Wire Tap GITMOWaterboardingKhalid Sheikh MohammedTrial in Civilian or Military Tribunal?

Post 9/11 America