The Great The Great Seal of the Seal of the

United United StatesStates

Ch. 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Ch. 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young RepublicRepublic

The olive The olive branch branch

symbolizes symbolizes peace.peace.

E Pluribus E Pluribus Unum is Latin Unum is Latin

for “Out of for “Out of many, One”. It many, One”. It is the national is the national

motto.motto.

The arrows The arrows symbolize symbolize

war.war.

How many How many stars are stars are there?there?How many How many stripes are stripes are

there?there?

The 13 Stars The 13 Stars and Stripes and Stripes

represent the represent the original 13 original 13

states.states.The bald The bald

eagle eagle represents represents freedom freedom

and power.and power.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy ““Foreign” means that it involves Foreign” means that it involves

other nations or governments.other nations or governments. A “policy” is a plan or course of A “policy” is a plan or course of

action that a government intends to action that a government intends to follow (one example – a policy of follow (one example – a policy of isolationism)isolationism)

Thus, “foreign policy” is a planThus, “foreign policy” is a planor course of action that aor course of action that agovernment follows whengovernment follows whendealing with other parts of the dealing with other parts of the world.world.

Isolationism Involvement

The Role of the PresidentThe Role of the President One of the main One of the main

responsibilities that responsibilities that presidents have is presidents have is setting foreign policy for setting foreign policy for the nation.the nation.

In fact, President Bush’s In fact, President Bush’s presidency has been presidency has been defined by his foreign defined by his foreign policy with the wars in policy with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and Iraq and Afghanistan and his dealings with his dealings with countries like North countries like North Korea and Iran.Korea and Iran.

President President Barack ObamaBarack Obama

President Barack Obama President Barack Obama had relatively little had relatively little foreign policy foreign policy experience when he was experience when he was elected president.elected president.

As president, he has had As president, he has had to deal with foreign to deal with foreign policy decisions made policy decisions made by the last president, by the last president, George W. Bush. It is George W. Bush. It is now his responsibility to now his responsibility to decide what course decide what course America takes regarding America takes regarding the wars in Iraq and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.Afghanistan.

President President Barack ObamaBarack Obama

Since taking office, Since taking office, Obama has sought to Obama has sought to improve America’s improve America’s image around the image around the world and improve world and improve its relations with its relations with other nations, other nations, including countries including countries that America has had that America has had a poor relationship a poor relationship with in the past.with in the past.

Vice-President Vice-President Joe BidenJoe Biden

One reason for Obama One reason for Obama choosing Joe Biden to be choosing Joe Biden to be his Vice-President was his Vice-President was because Biden served as because Biden served as the Chairman of the the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Senate Foreign Relations Committee, meaning that Committee, meaning that he had a lot of experience he had a lot of experience dealing with issues dealing with issues involving foreign countries.involving foreign countries.

Obama sent Biden to Iraq Obama sent Biden to Iraq in August and September in August and September of 2009 to meet with Iraq’s of 2009 to meet with Iraq’s leaders and discuss with leaders and discuss with them Iraq’s future. He them Iraq’s future. He helps get Obama’s helps get Obama’s message across when message across when Obama can’t be there Obama can’t be there personally.personally.

Secretary of StateSecretary of State The Secretary of State is responsible for The Secretary of State is responsible for

advising the President on foreign policy advising the President on foreign policy decisions and meeting with foreign decisions and meeting with foreign leaders to help improve relations leaders to help improve relations between the U.S. and other countries.between the U.S. and other countries.

SeSe

Secretary of State Secretary of State Hillary ClintonHillary Clinton

The Secretary of State The Secretary of State often travels around the often travels around the world to meet with world to meet with foreign leaders.foreign leaders.

The current Secretary of The current Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, is State, Hillary Clinton, is well-known because of well-known because of her recent run for the her recent run for the U.S. presidency and for U.S. presidency and for being a former first lady.being a former first lady.

The Secretary of State is The Secretary of State is considered to be the considered to be the most important member most important member of the Executive Branch of the Executive Branch after the President and after the President and Vice-President.Vice-President.

Western Hemisphere (home to the Americas- North & South)

The U.S. claimed The U.S. claimed less land in the less land in the Americas as its Americas as its own than Britain own than Britain or Spain, which or Spain, which both maintained both maintained large colonial large colonial empires in the empires in the New World.New World.

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

He established He established the policy of the policy of isolationism isolationism during his during his presidency in an presidency in an effort to keep our effort to keep our nation from being nation from being destroyed by destroyed by foreign conflict.foreign conflict.

Why a policy of “neutrality”?Why a policy of “neutrality”?There are three main reasons why There are three main reasons why Washington followed a policy of Washington followed a policy of neutralityneutrality (not taking sides in disputes (not taking sides in disputes between nations):between nations):

1. America had no standing army.1. America had no standing army.

2. America was surrounded by 2. America was surrounded by unfriendly countries.unfriendly countries.

3. America couldn’t afford to get 3. America couldn’t afford to get involved in Europe’s conflicts (i.e. the involved in Europe’s conflicts (i.e. the war between Britain and France)war between Britain and France)

How does a nation achieve “neutrality”?How does a nation achieve “neutrality”?Answer: Follow a policy of IsolationismAnswer: Follow a policy of Isolationism

Washington established isolationism as Washington established isolationism as the foundation of American foreign the foundation of American foreign policy.policy.

IsolationismIsolationism is a policy of avoiding is a policy of avoiding political or military agreements with political or military agreements with other nations. By not entering into other nations. By not entering into agreements, the United States agreements, the United States attempted to stay out of conflicts attempted to stay out of conflicts between other nations (It didn’t take between other nations (It didn’t take sides). sides).

John Adams’ PresidencyJohn Adams’ Presidency President John Adams triedPresident John Adams tried

to follow Washington’s to follow Washington’s policy of neutrality.policy of neutrality.

In 1794, he sent Supreme Court In 1794, he sent Supreme Court Justice John Jay to London to bring Justice John Jay to London to bring an end to British interference with an end to British interference with American trade ships and to American trade ships and to resolve disputes between the two resolve disputes between the two countries that had existed since countries that had existed since the end of the Revolutionary War.the end of the Revolutionary War.

The Jay TreatyThe Jay Treaty John Jay negotiated what would be John Jay negotiated what would be

known as the Jay Treaty.known as the Jay Treaty. It improved relations between the U.S. It improved relations between the U.S.

and Britain by settling old disputes, and Britain by settling old disputes, such as Britain agreeing to turn over such as Britain agreeing to turn over control of forts located within control of forts located within American territory.American territory.

However, the French felt betrayed and However, the French felt betrayed and began attacking and seizing American began attacking and seizing American merchant ships headed for Britain.merchant ships headed for Britain.

President Adams sent three envoys (representatives) to France to convince the French to stop their attacks on American ships.

The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair French Foreign Minister Talleyrand French Foreign Minister Talleyrand

refused to meet with the American refused to meet with the American envoys. Instead, they were met by envoys. Instead, they were met by secret agents, later identified only as secret agents, later identified only as X, Y, and Z.X, Y, and Z.

The agents said that no peace talks The agents said that no peace talks would be held unless Talleyrand would be held unless Talleyrand received a large sum of money as received a large sum of money as tribute (a bribe).tribute (a bribe).

The Americans were insulted by the The Americans were insulted by the demand.demand.

The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair

Congress soon voted to recruit an Congress soon voted to recruit an army of 10,000 men and build 12 army of 10,000 men and build 12 new ships for the nation’s tiny new ships for the nation’s tiny navy.navy.

The slogan “Millions for defense, The slogan “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” was but not one cent for tribute!” was heard everywhere as Americans heard everywhere as Americans prepared for war.prepared for war.

John AdamsJohn Adams

What should What should President President Adams do to Adams do to protect protect American American ships?ships?

Adams Sends a Adams Sends a Peace Mission to FrancePeace Mission to France

By the time the By the time the peace mission peace mission arrived, Napoleon arrived, Napoleon Bonaparte had taken Bonaparte had taken over the French over the French government and he government and he was eager to make was eager to make peace with both peace with both Britain and the U.S.Britain and the U.S.

A Peace Agreement with FranceA Peace Agreement with France With Napoleon Bonaparte leading With Napoleon Bonaparte leading

France, Adams was able to broker France, Adams was able to broker a peace agreement. The alliance a peace agreement. The alliance between France and the U.S., between France and the U.S., which had caused problems which had caused problems between America and Britain, was between America and Britain, was ended. In exchange, France did ended. In exchange, France did not have to pay for all the not have to pay for all the American ships that it had seized.American ships that it had seized.

THE ELECTION OF 1800

WinnerJohn Adams Thomas JeffersonFederalist Democratic-Republican

Ship Seizures ContinueShip Seizures Continue

Unfortunately, France and Britain Unfortunately, France and Britain would soon be at war again and both would soon be at war again and both sides would resume seizing American sides would resume seizing American ships that were trading with their ships that were trading with their enemy.enemy.

In addition, the British began In addition, the British began kidnapping American sailors and kidnapping American sailors and forcing them to serve in the British forcing them to serve in the British navy, a practice known as navy, a practice known as impressmentimpressment..

The British The British claimed claimed that the that the men they men they impressed impressed were British were British deserters deserters (sailors that (sailors that had left had left their their military military posts).posts).

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

How should How should President President Jefferson deal Jefferson deal with ship with ship seizures and seizures and impressment?impressment?

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 When diplomacy (negotiation) with When diplomacy (negotiation) with

Britain and France failed, Jefferson Britain and France failed, Jefferson chose the isolationist approach of chose the isolationist approach of cutting off all trade with other cutting off all trade with other nations.nations.

He passed the Embargo Act of 1807. He passed the Embargo Act of 1807. An An embargoembargo is a government order is a government order that stops merchant ships from that stops merchant ships from leaving and entering a country’s leaving and entering a country’s ports.ports.

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 Under the Embargo Act of 1807, no Under the Embargo Act of 1807, no

foreign ships could enter U.S. ports, foreign ships could enter U.S. ports, and no American ships could leave, and no American ships could leave, except to trade at other U.S. ports. except to trade at other U.S. ports.

Jefferson hoped that stopping trade Jefferson hoped that stopping trade would hurt France and Britain so would hurt France and Britain so much that they would both agree to much that they would both agree to leave American ships alone. leave American ships alone.

The Embargo FailsThe Embargo Fails The The embargoembargo proved more painful proved more painful

to Americans than to anyone in to Americans than to anyone in Europe.Europe.

Around 55,000 sailors lost their jobs Around 55,000 sailors lost their jobs while their ships lay deserted in while their ships lay deserted in docks, unable to trade with the docks, unable to trade with the outside world.outside world.

In 1809, Congress repealed the In 1809, Congress repealed the Embargo Act. American ships Embargo Act. American ships returned to the open seas, and returned to the open seas, and French and British warships French and British warships continued to attack them.continued to attack them.

Problems with BritainProblems with Britain As Britain continued to seize American As Britain continued to seize American

ships and impress American sailors, the ships and impress American sailors, the U.S. would face another problem.U.S. would face another problem.

There was also considerable evidence There was also considerable evidence that Britain was supplying Native that Britain was supplying Native Americans with guns that they then Americans with guns that they then used to fight and kill American settlers. used to fight and kill American settlers.

Many Americans were outraged and Many Americans were outraged and called for another war against Britain.called for another war against Britain.

After the battle of Tippecanoe Creek, After the battle of Tippecanoe Creek, the American soldiers discovered the American soldiers discovered that the Indians were armed with that the Indians were armed with British guns.British guns.

James MadisonJames Madison

What should What should President President Madison do to Madison do to protect sailors protect sailors and settlers?and settlers?

War HawksWar Hawks War Hawks were Americans who War Hawks were Americans who

wanted war with Britain.wanted war with Britain. They were often from the South and They were often from the South and

the West.the West. They hoped that the war would stop They hoped that the war would stop

the British from arming Native the British from arming Native Americans who fought western settlers Americans who fought western settlers moving into their lands.moving into their lands.

They also hoped to make Canada They also hoped to make Canada (which was still part of Britain) part of (which was still part of Britain) part of the U.S. by invading and seizing it.the U.S. by invading and seizing it.

War of 1812War of 1812 President James Madison ended President James Madison ended

America’s policy of isolationism.America’s policy of isolationism. On July 17, 1812, America declared war On July 17, 1812, America declared war

on Britain.on Britain. At the time, America had an army of At the time, America had an army of

only 7,000 poorly trained men and a only 7,000 poorly trained men and a navy of only 16 ships.navy of only 16 ships.

Both sides found the war to be harder Both sides found the war to be harder than expected.than expected.

War of 1812War of 1812 American forces crossed into Canada American forces crossed into Canada

three times and each time they were three times and each time they were forced back.forced back.

In August 1814, the British army In August 1814, the British army invaded Washington, D.C.invaded Washington, D.C.

The British burned several public The British burned several public buildings, including the Capitol and the buildings, including the Capitol and the White House.White House.

President Madison had to flee for his President Madison had to flee for his life.life.

The Shelling of Fort McHenryThe Shelling of Fort McHenry

The Star-Spangled BannerThe Star-Spangled Banner After capturing Washington, D.C., the British After capturing Washington, D.C., the British

attacked the port city of Baltimore, which attacked the port city of Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry.was protected by Fort McHenry.

American lawyer Francis Scott Key watched American lawyer Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Forth McHenry on as the British bombarded Forth McHenry on September 13, 1814.September 13, 1814.

The bombardment lasted all night and the The bombardment lasted all night and the next morning Key was thrilled to see the next morning Key was thrilled to see the American flag still waving over the fort.American flag still waving over the fort.

It inspired him to write “The Star-Spangled It inspired him to write “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which later became our national Banner,” which later became our national anthem.anthem.

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans One of the greatest American victories One of the greatest American victories

during the war was the Battle of New during the war was the Battle of New Orleans. Orleans.

General Andrew Jackson’s men killed or General Andrew Jackson’s men killed or wounded about 2,000 British soldiers, wounded about 2,000 British soldiers, while only about 20 American soldiers while only about 20 American soldiers were killed or wounded. were killed or wounded.

The victory made Jackson a war hero, The victory made Jackson a war hero, which would later aid him when he ran which would later aid him when he ran for the presidency.for the presidency.

General Jackson leading General Jackson leading his men into battlehis men into battle

The End of the The End of the War of 1812War of 1812

Although both sides claimed victory, Although both sides claimed victory, neither Britain nor the U.S. really won neither Britain nor the U.S. really won the War of 1812.the War of 1812.

The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, settled none of the issues that had war, settled none of the issues that had led to the fighting.led to the fighting.

Instead, the problems of impressment Instead, the problems of impressment and ship seizures faded away as peace and ship seizures faded away as peace settled over Europe.settled over Europe.

As you recall, Spain As you recall, Spain claimed much of the claimed much of the land in North and land in North and South America South America (shown here in (shown here in green).green).

Latin Americans Latin Americans within these Spanish within these Spanish colonies were colonies were inspired by inspired by America’s war of America’s war of independence from independence from Great Britain. Great Britain.

One by one, Latin One by one, Latin American nations American nations would rise up would rise up against Spain and against Spain and gain their gain their independence.independence.

1811- Paraguay1811- Paraguay

1816- Argentina1816- Argentina

1818- Chile1818- Chile

1819- Colombia1819- Colombia

1821- Mexico1821- Mexico

VenezuelaVenezuela

1822- Ecuador1822- Ecuador

1823- United Provinces 1823- United Provinces of Central of Central

AmericaAmerica

1824- Peru1824- Peru

1825- Bolivia1825- Bolivia

1828- Uruguay1828- Uruguay

Ensuring IndependenceEnsuring Independence Americans were excited about the Americans were excited about the

newly independent nations in Latin newly independent nations in Latin America.America.

Britain was also pleased because Britain was also pleased because Spain had previously not allowed it to Spain had previously not allowed it to trade with its colonies, now it could.trade with its colonies, now it could.

However, other European countries However, other European countries were not so pleased and began to talk were not so pleased and began to talk of helping Spain recover its lost of helping Spain recover its lost colonies.colonies.

Britain & the United States Join Britain & the United States Join Forces in Support of Latin AmericaForces in Support of Latin America

In 1823, Britain asked the U.S. In 1823, Britain asked the U.S. to join it in sending a message to join it in sending a message to the leaders of Europe who to the leaders of Europe who sought to retake Latin sought to retake Latin America, telling them to leave America, telling them to leave Latin America alone.Latin America alone.

President James Monroe President James Monroe asked former presidents asked former presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for advice.Madison for advice.

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

James MonroeJames Monroe

What should What should President President Monroe do to Monroe do to support the support the new Latin new Latin American American nations?nations?

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe issues what becomes President Monroe issues what becomes known as the Monroe Doctrine.known as the Monroe Doctrine.

The Monroe Doctrine was a warning for The Monroe Doctrine was a warning for European nations to keep their hands European nations to keep their hands off America. It carried with it the off America. It carried with it the hidden message that the U.S. was no hidden message that the U.S. was no longer a weak collection of states, but a longer a weak collection of states, but a strong and confident nation that should strong and confident nation that should be respected by the world.be respected by the world.