The GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST · 2014. 12. 9. · caelatus, Pityogenes hopkinsi, Pityophthorus...

The

GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 14, No. 1 Spring 1981

THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Published by the Michigan Entomological Society

Volume 14 ISSN 0090-0222

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. 1

Annotated List of Indiana Scolytidae (Coleoptera) Mark Deyrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seasonal Flight Patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina Black Walnut Plantation. 2. Coreoida

J. E. McPherson and B. C. Weber .......................................... 11

Seasonal Flight Patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina Black Walnut Plantation. 3. Reduvioidea

J. E. McPherson and B. C. Weber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Seasonal Flight Patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina Black Walnut Plantation. 4. Cimicoidea

J. E. McPherson and B. C. Weber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Fourlined Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), A Reappraisal: Life History, Host Plants, and Plant Response to Feeding

A. G. Wheeler, Jr. and Gary L. Miller.. ..................................... 23

Hawthorn Lace Bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae), First Record of Injury to Roses, with a Review of Host Plants

A. G. Wheeler, Jr. ........................................................ 37

Notes on the Biology of Nersia florens (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae) with Descriptions of Eggs, and First, Second, and Fifth Instars

S. W. Wilson and J. E. McPherson.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ontogeny of the Tibial Spur in Megamelus davisi (Homoptera:

Delphacidae) and its Bearing on Delphacid Classification S. W. Wilson and J . E. McPherson.. ......................

Differences in Emergence Date and Size Between the Sexes of Malacosoma americanum, the Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Donald N. Bieman and J. A. Witter ........................................ . 51

Two Entomophthora Species Associated with Disease Epizootics of the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ontario

D. G. Harcourt, J. C. Guppy, D. M. MacLeod, and D. Tyrrell ................ 55

Key Parameter Comparisons of Fungal Induced Mortaliy in Alfalfa Weevil Larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Robert J . Barney and Edward J. Armbrust ................................... 57

A Checklist of Illinois Centipedes (Chilopoda): Supplement Gerald Summers, J. A. Beatty, and Nanette Magnuson.. ...................... 59

Wolf Spiders of the Genus Pardosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) in Michigan Robert J . Wolff.. ......................................................... . 63

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES .................................................. 69

COVER ILLUSTRATION

Chramesus chapuisii LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae); dorsal and lateral views of male, head views of female (top center) and male (right). Drawing by Mark Deyrup, Department of Entomology, Purdue University.

Vol. 13, No. 3 of The Great Lakes Entomologist was mailed on 10 October 1980 Vol. 13, No. 4 of The .Great Lakes Entomologist was mailed on 4 December 1980

THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1980-8 1 OFFICERS

President President-Elect Executive Secretary Editor

Gary A. Simmons John A. Witter

M. C. Nielsen D. C. L. Gosling

The Michigan Entomological Society traces its origins to the old Detroit Entomological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to ". . . promote the science of entomology in all its branches and by all feasible means, and to advance cooperation and good fellowship among persons interested in entomology." The Society attempts to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information in both amateur and professional circles, and encourages the study of insects by youth. Membership in the Society, which serves the North Central States and adjacent Canada, is open to all persons interested in entomology. There are four paying classes of membership:

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SUBSCRlPTlON INFORMATION

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Copyright (3 1981, The Michigan Entomological Society


ANNOTATED LIST OF INDIANA SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA)l

Mark ~ e ~ r u ~ 2

ABSTRACT

A list of 80 species of Indiana Scolytidae (bark and ambrosia beetles) is presented. Notes on known Indiana hosts and distribution in the state are included for each species.

Little information has been published on the distribution and hosts of the Scolytidae (bark and ambrosia beetles) in Indiana or other parts of the central Midwest; several factors account for this lack of information. One important factor is that most of the workers conducting faunistic surveys of scolytids during the first half of this century did relatively little collecting in the Midwest. They may have had little reason to investigate midwestern scolytids since at that time all evidence suggested that the midwestern scolytid fauna dif- fered from the eastern fauna only by deletion of some species. A second factor is that the small size and cryptic habits of scolytids protect them from general collectors. This is demonstrated by the incomplete treatment of the family by Blatchley and Leng (1916), even though Blatchley did much of his collecting in Indiana. To take a more recent example, the 4-H collections submitted at the 1979 Indiana State Fair consisted of 443 boxes of insects, including thousands of beetles of all sizes, among which was a single scolytid. There has been little economic incentive for the study of Midwestern scolytids because few species cause economic damage in this region. In Indiana only six or seven species can be considered even minor pests. For these reasons, published records of midwestern scolytids are scarce in the survey literature produced by workers such as Blatchley and Leng (1916). Dodge (1938) and Chamberlin (1939). Some additional records can be found in taxonomic works such as Wood's revision of the Cryphalini (1954) and Bright's revision of the Xyle- borini ( 1968).

A field survey of Indiana scolytids conducted in 1978-1979 has produced many new state records and host records; almost half of the 80 species collected were previously unrecorded from Indiana. This list, therefore, adds to the knowledge of the zoogeography and hosts of Nearctic scolytids. It is hoped that publication of this list will help stimulate further collecting and biological studies.

During the survey collecting trips were taken to all parts of the state, although the most intensive collecting was near the author's residence in the north-central part of the state. It was found that most differences in the scolytid fauna of different parts of the state were most simply explained by the presence or absence of certain host plants. Species that breed in larch, for example, are restricted to a few northern bogs, whereas a species that breeds in bald cypress is necessarily confined to a few localities along the Ohio River. Among the polyphagous species, the genus Hypothenemus becomes conspicuously less abundant in both numbers of species and individuals when going from the southern to the northern extremities of the state. It seems likely that climatic factors may directly influence members of this genus, but the possibility remains that distribution may be influenced by a change in the mixture of the many hosts attacked by Indiana Hypothenemus.

A number of Indiana scolytids are exotic. Of 44 species of scolytids introduced in North and Central America (Wood 1977), the following species have invaded Indiana: Crypturgus

l~urdue University Experiment Station No. 8190. 'Department of Entomology. Purdue University. West Lafayette. IN 47907.

2 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

pusillus, Hylastinus obscurus, Hypothenemrrs eruditus, Scolyt~ls mali, S . multistriatus, S. rugulosus, Xyleborinus saxeseni, Xyleborus affinus, X . dispar, X . ferrugineus, X . rubricol- lis, and Xylosandrrrs germanus. Several species which are probably native to Indiana have become much more widespread within the state following the planting of conifers. Wide- spread species which were probably once restricted to conifers around Lake Michigan and Virginia pine in the southeast comer of the state include Ips grandicollis, Orthotomicus caelatus, Pityogenes hopkinsi, Pityophthorus puberulus, and P . opaculus; the last species, which breeds in spruce, is probably not native to Indiana. A well-documented exposition of the history of invasion of conifer scolytids into an area where conifers are not native is provided by Bejer-Petersen and Jorum (1977).

In the present study almost all collections of scolytids were made from host plants. Parent beetles were removed from their galleries, and larvae, pupae, teneral adults, and associated insects were reared by placing the infested material in plastic bags in the laboratory. A small number of specimens, about 80 individuals, were netted as they made dispersal flights during warm evenings in spring. About 40 specimens, mostly Hylesinus, Corthylus, Monarthrum, and Xyleborus, were taken in Malaise traps: no other trapping methods were used. Repre- sentative pinned and labelled specimens, numbering about 2000, are in the Purdue Univer- sity insect collection.

The annotations in the following list indicate the host plant, the condition of the host plant, and the known distribution in Indiana. Hosts listed refer to Indiana records and may not include all known hosts. Collection dates are not presented because, with a few exceptions, adults are present through most of the year. Except in those cases where there is reason to believe that distribution in the state is restricted, distribution is generally described as northern, central, or southern. All records of scolytids and hosts are from the present survey unless other wise indicated.

Keys to Indiana scolytids are in preparation. For the present it is easiest to identify specimens to species by use of Bright's manual of Canadian species (1976), supplemented by Chamberlin (1939) for the more southern groups, bearing in mind the numerous changes in nomenclature since 1939. Species of the tribe Cryphalini can be identified with the keys provided by Wood (1954). Usage of superspecific names below follows Wood (1978).

The distribution of each species in Indiana is indicated by an abbreviation: NI = northern Indiana, NC = north-central Indiana, CI = central Indiana, SI = southern Indiana. County records are included in parentheses. The counties of Indiana are shown in Figure 1.

Family SCOLYTIDAE Subfamily HYLESININAE

Genus HYLURGOPS LeConte

pinifex (Fitch). Inner bark of underside of boles of Pinus virginiana Mill.; SI (Clark). Speci- mens were taken by Blatchley in 1904from Mineral Springs, Laporte Co. This locality has been absorbed by the city of Gary.

Genus HYLASTINUS Bedel

obscurus Marsham. Indiana host not known, but undoubtedly roots of leguminous herbaceous perennials; widespread, N-CI (Adams, Allen, Kosciusko, Marion, Randolph, Starke, Steuben, Tippecanoe, Vigo, Wayne, Dubois).

Genus HYLESINUS Fabricus

acculeatus Say. Inner bark of boles and large branches of recently killed Fraxinus americana L.; widespread. (Boone, Crawford, Clinton, Marion, Whitley, Tippecanoe, Vigo, Wayne, Dubois).

criddlei (Swaine). Indiana host not known, but undoubtedly Frarinus spp. (McKnight and Aarhus 1973); a few specimens taken in flight in NCI (Tippecanoe).


Fig. I . The counties of the State of Indiana.

4 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. I

fasciatus LeConte. Inner bark of recently killed saplings and broken branches of Fraxinus americana; C-NI (Jasper, Marion, Tippecanoe).

pruinosus (Eichhoff). A single specimen emerged from firewood, Fraxinus americana; NCI (Bartholomew, Tippecanoe).

Genus DENDROCTONUS Erichson

simplex LeConte. Inner bark of boles of recently killed Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch; in large tamarack bog, Pinhook, Laporte Co.; might occur in one or two similar sites in NI.

Genus CNESINUS LeConte

strigicollis LeConte. Collected by N. M. Downie from branches of Gleditzia triacanthos L.; NCI (Tippecanoe).

Genus HYLURGOPINUS Swaine

opacuIus LeConte. Inner bark of boles and large branches of recently killed Ulmus rubra Muhl., U . americana L.; CI (Marion, Parke, Tippecanoe).

Genus PHLOEOTRIBUS Latreille

dentifrons (Blackman). Inner bark of recently killed small branches and twigs of Celtis occidentalis L.; widespread (Parke, Jefferson, Posey, Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Wabash).

frontalis Olivier. Inner bark of branches and boles of suppressed or apparently healthy Morus rubra L. ; NCI (Brown, Clay, Parke, Tippecanoe).

liminaris Hanis. Inner bark of branches and boles of injured or recently killed Prunus serotina Ehrh., P . pensylvanica L.; N-CI (Parke, Pulaski, Tippecanoe).

scabricollis Hopkins. Inner bark of branches and boles of injured or apparently healthy Ptelea trifoliata L.: Found only at Indiana Dunes near Lake Michigan (Porter).

Genus CHRAMESUS LeConte

chapukii LeConte. Inner bark of recently fallen small branches and twigs of Celtis occidentalis, older larvae often in wood; NCI (Tippecanoe).

hicoriae LeConte. Inner bark of recently fallen or suppressed branches, twigs, saplings of Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, glabra (Mill.) Sweet; mature larvae often bore in wood; widespread (Brown, Clark, Dubois, Jefferson, Parke, Posey, Steuben, Tippecanoe).

Genus PHLOEOSMUS Chapuis

dentatus (Say). Inner bark of recently killed boles and branches of Juniperus v i r g i n i a ~ L. ; NC-NI (Tippecanoe, Pulaski).

taxodii Blackman. Inner bark of recently killed boles and branches of Taxodium distichurn (L.) Rich.; only from SI (Posey).

Genus CARPHOBORUS Eichhoff

bifurcus Eichhoff. Inner bark of recently killed branches of Pinus virginiana; seen only from native pine stands in SI (Clark).

Genus POLYGRAPHUS Erichson

rufipemis (Kirby). Indiana hosts not reported, but probably found in L a r k larcinia; there are apparently no recent Indiana specimens, but this species may still persist in a few localities in NI (Lake, Steuben).


Subfamily SCOLYTINAE Genus SCOLYTUS Geoffroy

mali (Bechstein). Inner bark of recently killed boles and large branches of Malus pumila Mill. and Crlmus americana; NC-NI (Tippecanoe, Steuben, Pulaski).

m d b s h a b . . (Marsham). Inner bark of recently killed boles and large branches of Ulmus

americana and U . rubra; widespread (Jackson, Posey, Tippecanoe, Warren). muticus Say. Inner bark of freshly killed boles, large and small branches of Celtis occi-

dentalis and Gleditzia triacanthos; older larvae often bore in wood; NC-SI madis is on. Marion, Parke, Putnam, Tippecanoe, Wayne).

piceae (Swaine). Inner bark of freshly killed branches and small boles of Larix laricina; in large tamarack bog, Pinhook, Laporte Co. also from Steuben Co.; might occur in one or two similar sites in NI.

quadrispiwsus Say. Inner bark of stressed or freshly killed boles and large branches of C a ~ a spp.; NC-SI (Posey, Putnam, Warren).

rugolosos (Muller). Inner bark of recently killed branches and twigs of Prunus serotina, P . pensylcanica; P. dornestica L.; Malus pumila, Crataegus sp, Amelanchier sp.; widespread (Jay, Lake, Laporte, Madison, Marion, Martin, Putnam, Posey, Starke, Steu- ben. Sullivan, Tippecanoe, Whitley).

Genus HYLOCURUS Eichoff

rodis (LeConte). Wood, usually sound, of large or small branches of Carya ovata, C . glabra, Ostrya virginiana Scop., Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) K. Koch, Acer saccharurn Marsh., Quercus rubra L. Ulmus sp.; initial galleries made in sound wood, although wood may be partially rotten by the time adults emerge; widespread (Clay, Marion, Parke, Tippecanoe, Warren).

bicornus Blackman. In wood of branches of Carya ovata NCI (Tippecanoe).

Genus MICRACIS LeConte

suturalis LeConte. Sound wood of branches of Cercis canadensis L., Cornus rugosa Lam., Ulrnus rubra, Carya ovata, Liquidambar sfyraciflua L., Robinia pseudoacacia L.; initial galleries are made in sound wood; this species can be found with great regularity in Cercis canadensis; widespread (Clay, Parke, Posey, Steuben, Tippecanoe, Wabash, Warren).

swainei Blackman. Sound wood of branches of Salix nigra Marsh., S. interior Rowlee, Cercis canadensis; may be associated with damage to willow caused by Crytorhyn- thus lapathi (L.); widespread (Newton, Parke, Posey, Pulaski, Steuben, Tippe- canoe).

Genus PSEUDOTHYSANOES Blackman

dislocates (Blackman). Sound wood of twigs of Carya ouata SI (Posey). h t e i Blackman. Inner bark of freshly killed small branches and twigs of Quercus alba

L.. C a p o glabra NC-SI (Posey, Tippecanoe). rigidus ( M o n t e ) . Outer bark of freshly killed branches of Tilia arnericana L.; C-NI

(Laporte. Pulaski, Tippecanoe).

Genus THYSANOES LeConte

fimbrimrnis M o n t e . In sound wood of dry branches or standing boles of small trees of Cays ocata, C . glabra, UImus rubra, Cercis canadensis, Celtis occiden- talir: NC-SI (Brown, Jefferson, Clay, Posey, Tippecanoe).

THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. I

Genus CRYPTURGUS Erichson

pusillus (Gyllenhal). In bark of recently killed branches of Pinus strobus L., probably an inquiline in galleries of Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff); collected at Indiana Dunes near Lake Michigan. (Laporte).

Genus DRYOCOETES Eichhoff

autographus Ratzeburg. Inner bark of root collars of small recently killed Larix lar- cina; in tamarack bog, Pinhook, Laporte Co.

granicollis (LeConte). Collected by N. F. Downie and R. M. Brattain in C-NCI (Madison, Tippecanoe).

Genus LYMATOR Lovendal

decipiens LeConte. Wood of fungus-infested branches of Acer saccharum and Salix interior; widespread (Parke, Pulaski, Tippecanoe).

Genus IPS DeGeer

calligraphus (Germar). Inner bark of recently killed boles and large branches of Pinus sylvestris L.; NI (Lake, Laporte, Porter, Pulaski).

grandicollis (Eichhoff). Inner bark of recently killed boles and large branches of Pinus srrobus, P . sylvestris, P . banksiana Lamb. P . virginiana; widespread (Clark, Lake, Laporte, Pike, Porter, Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Wabash, Warren).

pini Say. Indiana hosts not known, but probably Pinus spp.; NI (Lake).

Genus ORTHOTOMICUS Ferrari

caelatus (Eichhoff). Inner bark of recently killed branches and boles of Pinus strobus, P . sylvestris, P . virginiana, P . banksiana, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Larix laricina; widespread (Clark, Lake, Laporte, Owen, Pike, Porter, Tippecanoe, Wabash).

Genus PITYOGENES Bedel

hopkinsi Swaine. Inner bark of recently killed branches of Pinus strobus, P . sylvestris; widespread (Brown, Lake, Porter, Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Wabash).

Genus XYLOTERINUS Swaine

politus Say. Wood of recently killed boles of Acer saccharum, Tilia americana L., Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Quercus velutina Lam.; widespread (Dubois, Marion, Parke, Pulaski, Tippecanoe).

Genus XYLEBORINUS Reitter

saxeseni (Ratzeburg). Wood of recently killed Acer saccharurn, Tilia arnericana, Quercus alba L., Prunus persica Batsch, Cornus jlorida L., Rhus typhina L.; frequently found flying about picnics, possibly attracted by condiments; widespread (Brown, Dubois, Knox, Posey, Pulaski, Tippecanoe).

Genus XYLEBORUS Eichhoff

affinus Eichhoff. Boles and large stumps of Taxodium distichurn, Quercus rubra., and Pinus sylvestris; NC-SI (Clark, Pike, Posey, Tippecanoe).

celsus Eichhoff. Indiana specimens caught in traps and at lights, not in hosts; NC-SI (Brown, Clark, Posey ,., Tippecanoe).

1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 7

dispar (Fabricius). Specimens in the Purdue collection were taken in pitfall traps; NCI CTippe-oe).

fe%rmgiu= (Fabricius). Specimens in the Purdue collection were collected from Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra; SI (Bartholomew, Clark, Dubois, Tippecanoe, Vigo).

obesos LeConte. Boles and large branches of Fagus grandifolia; CI (Tippecanoe, Parke).

mbricoh Eichhoff. Section of bole of Ulmus americana, branch of Carya glabra; SI (Jefferson).

sayi (Hopkins). Dying twigs of Carya ovata, Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees and Acer saccharinum L.; NC-CI (Clark, Parke, Putnam, Tippecanoe).

tachygraphw Zimmermann. A specimen in the Purdue collection was collected in CI (Marion).

xyhgraphw (Say). Specimens were taken in flight in NCI (Tippecanoe).

Genus XYLOSANDRUS Reitter

germanus (Blandford). Boles and branches of dying or recently killed trees and shrubs. This exotic species was the ambrosia beetle most frequently encountered during the present study. Indiana hosts include Pinus sylvestris, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Juni- perus virginiana, Salix interior, Juglans nigra L., J. cinerea L., Fagus grandifolia, Quercus rubra, Q. imbricaria Michx., Liriodendron tulipifera L., Fraxinus americana, Ulmus rubra, Aesculus glabra Willd., Tilia americana, Acer saccharum, Rhus typhina, Carpinus caroliniana Walt., Platanus occidentalis L., Sassafras albidum, Lonicera sp., Rhododendron sp. Widespread (Brown, Dubois, Greene, Fountain, Parke, Clark, Pike, Putnam, Starke, Vanderburg, Wayne, Wabash, Tippecanoe).

Genus HYPOTHENEMUS Westwood

californicw Hopkins. Collected by Blatchley in SI (Clark). crodise Panzer. Dr. Stephen wood has seen Indiana specimens (in litt.). . . ..

(Zimmermann). Living or recently killed twigs of Cercis canadensis, Carya ovata, C. glabra, Acer saccharinum, A. saccharum, Quercus alba, Q. imbricaria, Celtis occidentalis, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Plantanus occidentalis; widespread (Clay, Clark, Fountain, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Posey, Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Vanderburg, Steuben, Warren).

enditus Westwood. Usually under thin bark of dead standing trees and branches, galleries are in the bark and surface of the sapwood; there are no conspicuous fungi present. Indiana hosts include Carya ovata, C. glabra, Tilia americana, Cornus j7or- ida, Ulmus rubra, Asimina triloba (L.) Dun., Salix interior, Carpinus caroliniana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Cercis canadensis, Quercus alba, Acer rubrum L., Juglans nigra; widespread (Clay, Jefferson, Parke, Porter, Posey, Tippe- canoe).

inkrshhbs .. . Hopkins. Living or recently killed twigs of Ulmus rubra, Carya ovata, C. glabra, Acer saccharinum, Sassafras albidum, Cercis canadensis; NC-SI (Clay, Clark, Marion, Posey , Tippecanoe).

ivtuddk (Eichhoff). Living and recently killed twigs of Quercus alba, Q. imbricaria, C a v a ocara, C. glabra; NC-SI (Posey, Tippecanoe, Vermillion).

swiPtnr (Eichboff). Recently killed twigs of Pinus virginiana, Populus deltoides Bartr., Rhus glabra L. ; NC-SI (Clark, Tippecanoe, Jefferson).

Genus TRISCHIDIAS Hopkins

atoma (Hopkins). Zimler thin bark of dead standing shoots of Liriodendron tulipifera, Ulmus rubra; NCSI (Jackson, Tippecanoe).


Genus CONOPTHORUS Hopkins

coniperda (Schwarz). Living cones of Pinus srrobus; NI (Pulaski). resinosae Hopkins. Living cones of Pinus virginiana; SI (Clark).

Genus GNATHOTRICHUS Eichhoff

materiarius (Fitch). In boles of recently killed Pinus sylvesrris and P . virginiana; SI (Clark, Pike).

Genus PITYOPHTHORUS Eichhoff

consirnilis LeConte. Inner bark of small dying branches of Pinus srrobus, P . virginiana, Larix laricina; NI, SI, not in central part of state. (Clark, Porter, Laporte).

crinalis Blackman. Inner bark of dying and recently killed stems of Toxicondendron radicans (L.) Kuntze; widespread (Marion, Parke, Posey Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Starke, Steu- ben, Wabash).

lautus Eichhoff. Inner bark of dying and recently killed Ulrnus rubra (twigs and small branches only), Acer saccharinurn (large to small branches only), Cercis canadensis (boles and large branches only), Acer saccharinurn (large to small branches), Pinus srrobus (small branches), Rhus glabra, R . typhina, R . copallina L. (twigs, branches, boles). Indiana specimens found in different host genera show small, consistent morphological differences which suggest that Indiana P . laurus is acting as a species complex. Widespread (Clay, Jefferson, Newton, Posey, Parke, Pulaski, Porter, Steuben, Tippecanoe, Wabash. Warren).

opaculus LeConte. Inner bark of dying twigs and small branches of Picea abies; N-NCI (Steuben, Tippecanoe).

puberulus LeConte. Inner bark and pith of living and recently killed twigs of Pinus strobus, P. sylvesrris, P. banksiana, P. nigra Arnold; widespread (Brown, Clark, Clay, Jeffer- son, Porter, Pulaski, Steuben, Tippecanoe).

pulicarius (Zimmermann). Pith and wood of Pinus banksiana; NI (Porter). scriptor Blackman. Inner bark of branches and boles of dying Rhus copallina; SI (Jack-

son). virilis Blackman. Inner bark of branches of dead Rhus arornarica Ait.; NCI (Tippe-

canoe).

Genus PSEUDOPlTYOPHTHORUS Swaine

asperulus LeConte. Inner bark of recently killed small branches and twigs of Quercus rubra and Q. velurina; widespread (Allen, Parke, Pike, Posey, Porter, Tippecanoe, Wabash).

minutissirnus (Zimmermann). Inner bark of recently killed branches and twigs of Quercus rubra, Q . velutina, Q. prinus L., Fagus grandifolia; widespread (Allen, Jefferson, Newton, Parke, Pulaski, Starke, Steuben, Porter, Tippecanoe).

pruinosus (Eichhoff). Inner bark of recently killed branches of Quercus sp.; NI (Steuben).

Genus CORTHYLUS Erichson

columbiius Hopkins. Specimens in the Purdue collection were collected from wood of living Acer saccharurn, A. rubrurn; S-CI (Dubois). The biology of this species in Indiana has been reported by Kabir and Giese (1%).

punetatissiius Zimmermann. Indiana hosts not known; NC-SI (Tippecanoe, Posey).

Genus MONARTHRUM Kirsch

fasciatum (Say). In wood of large branches and boles of recently killed Quercus alba., Fagus grandifolia; widespread (Clark, Dubois, Knox, Kosciusko, Marshal, Parke, Pulaski, Tippecanoe, Wayne).


mali (Fitch). In wood of large branches and boles of recently killed Fagus grandifolia, Qrtercus alba, Juglans cinerea; widespread (Clarke, Crawford, Marion, Parke, Posey. St. Joseph, Tippecanoe, Wayne, Wabash).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank Robert Meyer, John MacDonald, and Gary Walker, Purdue Univer- sity. and Nancy Deyrup for providing specimens. Norville Downie provided numerous original records of collection localities for Indiana scolytids. Stephen Wood, Brigham Young University, was good enough to identify specimens of Hypothenemus and Trischidias. Stephen Wood, Brigham Young University, and Lany Kirkendall, University of Michigan, read the first draft of this paper and provided many valuable suggestions. Donald Bright Jr., Biosystematics Institute, Canada, provided useful information on scolytids during this study. Permission to collect on state land was given by William Walters, Division of State Parks. Indianapolis.

LITERATURE CITED

Bejer-Petersen, B., and P. Jorum. 1977. Dansk barkbillers hyppighed og udbredelse (Cole- optera, Scolytidae). Entomol. Meddr. 25:l-36.

Blatchley. W. S., and C. W. Leng. 1916. Rhynchophora or weevils of Northeastern North America. Indianapolis, Ind.: Nature Publ. Co.

Bright. D. E. 1%8. Review of the tribe Xyleborini in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera; Scolytidae). Canadian Entomol. 100:1288-1323.

. 1976. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 11. The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska. Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Canada Dept. Agric. Publ. 1576.

Chamberlin, W. J. 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico. OSC Coop. Assoc., Cowallis, Ore.

Dodge. H. R. 1938. The bark beetles of Minnesota. Univ. Minnesota Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., 132.

Kabir, A. K. M. F., and R. L. Giese. 1966. The Columbian timber beetle, Corthylus columbianus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). I . Biology of the beetle. Ann. Entomol. Soc. h e r . 59:883494.

McKnight, M. E., and D. G. Aarhus. 1973. Bark beetles, Leperisinus californicus and L. criddlei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), attacking green ash in North Dakota. Ann. En- tomol. Soc. h e r . 66:955-957.

Wood, S . L. 1954. A revision of the North American Cryphalini (Scolytidae, Coleoptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36:959-1089.

. 1977. Introduced and exported American Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Gt. Basin Nat. 37:67-74.

. 1978. A reclassification of the subfamilies and tribes of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Ann. SOC. Entomol. France (N.S.) 14:95-122.


SEASONAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF HEMIPTERA IN A NORTH CAROLINA BLACK WALNUT PLANTATION. 2. COREOIDEA

J . E. ~ c ~ h e r s o n l and B. C. ~ e b e r 2

ABSTRACT

The seasonal flight patterns of 16 species of Coreoidea collected in window traps in a North Carolina black walnut plantation are described. Flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities of Alydus eurinus and A. pilosulus are considered in detail.

This is the second in a series of papers on seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantation near Asheville, North Carolina, and deals with the superfamily Coreoidea; the first paper dealt with the Pentatomoidea (McPherson and Weber 1980). The study was conducted from 24 March to 14 October 1977, and from 24 March to 13 October 1978. Specimens were collected weekly by window trapping; traps were suspended at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 m. The study site and trap construction were discussed in detail by McPherson and Weber (1980). All hemipteran specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Entomology Collection, Zoology Research Museum, Southern Illinois Uni- versity, Carbondale.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sixteen coreoid species were collected during the two years of this study including eight coreids, six rhopalids and two alydids; numbers of specimens for these species ranged from 1 to 145 (Table 1). Although most species were collected at several heights, only Acantho- cephala terminalis, Alydus eurinus and A. pilosulus ranged across all heights (i.e., 1-7 m). The coreids generally flew at heights above those of the rhopalids and alydids; of the eight coreid species collected, six (including the three Leptoglossus species) had average flying heights of 3.67 m or more while four of the six rhopalid species, and both alydid species, had average flying heights of 3.00 m or less.

The coreoids, in general, first appeared in the traps later in the year than the pentato- moids; only 18.7% of the coreoid species were collected as early as March-April (Table 1) while 45.7% of the pentatomoid species were collected during this time (McPherson and Weber 1980).

Most of the species were collected in numbers too low to permit meaningful comparisons of flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities within and/or between genera (Tabk 1). The primary exceptions are the two alydids, which were the most frequently collected of the 16 species.

A. e u n w and A. pilosulus have been collected from black walnut (Nixon and McPherson 19n) but are usually associated with legumes (Schaefer 1980). Yonke and Medler (1%8) studied the life c y c k of these alydids in southern Wisconsin and found both species to be bivoltine and to overwinter as eggs. A. eurinus adults were found from 29 June to 19

l~eparrment of ZoologS.. Southern lllioois University, Carbondale, IL 62901. 2~~~~ Forest Service. Nonh Central Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,

Carbondale, IL 622 1 .


Table 1. Seasonal flight activity of Coreoidea during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation.

- - - - -

Collection Height (m) No. Range of

Taxon Collected KkSE Range Collection Dates

COREIDAE Acatzthocephala terminalis

(Dallas) 9 3.6720.62 1-7 16 June-11 Aug. Anasa armigera (Say) 3 4.33-c 1.45 2-7 12 Aug .4 Oct. Archimerus altertzatus (Say) 3 2.3320.67 1-3 15 ApriMO June Euthochtha galeator (Fabricius) 19 1.0520.05 1-2 16 J u n e 9 Sept. Leptoglossus corculus (Say) 9 5.6720.33 &7 28 April-15 July Leptoglossus fulvicornis

(Westwood) 1 6.00 - 11 Aug. Leptoglossus oppositus (Say) 15 4.67k0.39 3-7 30 June-13 Oct. Merocoris distinctus Dallas 2 5.502 1.50 4 7 25 Aug.-9 Sept.

RHOPALIDAE Arhyssus lateralis (Say) 32 1.5020.14 1-4 28 April-7 Oct. Aufeius impressicolis S t 2 3 4.335 1.67 1 4 23 J u n e 6 Oct. Harmostes fraterculus (Say) 3 3.672 1.45 1 4 12 Sep t .4 Oct. Harmostes rejlexulus (Say) 34 1.8520.27 1 4 20 May-13 Oct. Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) 4 3.0021.22 1-6 22 Sept.-13 Oct. Stictopleurus punctiventris

(Dallas) 4 1.25k0.25 1-2 2 June30 June ALYDIDAE

Alydus eurinus (Say) 145 1.3020.07 1-7 27 May-13 Oct. Alydus pilosulus (Henich-

Schaeffer) 44 1.45'0.19 1-7 13 May-13 Oct.

October, and A. pilosulus adults from 11 July to 17 August. Torre-Bueno and Brimley (1907) found both species (presumably adults) in North Carolina from June to December, with copulation noted in November and December; this suggests life cycles similar to those in southern Wisconsin.

In the present study, A. eurinus and A. pilosulus adults were found from May to October (Table I), and most (ca. 86% of each species) were collected at 1 m (Figs. 1-2). A comparison of the flying height distributions between these species with the x2 test for two independent samples showed there was no significant difference at the 0.01 level (,y2 = 1.49.3

The seasonal flight activities of the two alydids suggest life cycles similar to those reported by Yonke and Medler (1%8) for southern Wisconsin (i.e., bivoltine with the eggs overwintering). The second generation was apparently represented by the peak during September- October (Figs. 3 4 ) and presumably gave rise to overwintering eggs. The subsequent de- velopmental time of nymphs during the following spring would explain the late appearance of adults (i.e., May) in the flight traps. Adults of this generation apparently survived into August (Figs. 3 4 ) . Drops in adult abundance, in addition to those in August and late October, are of such short duration (i.e., 1-2 weeks) that they probably resulted from random variation, or were a response to some environmental factor (e.g., temperature), and do not indicate additional generations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank Dr. R. C. Froeschner, National Museum of Natural History, Washing-

3 ~ a t a were grouped in the following categories for testing: 1-2, 3-4, 5-7 m.

198 1 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 13

Meters Meters

Figs. 1-2. Flying height distributions of two alydid species during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation: ( I ) Alydlrs eurinlrs, (2) A. pilosulus.

Figs. U. Seasonal flight activities of two alydid species during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation: (3) Alydus eurinus. (4) A. pilosulus.

ton. D. C., for confirming our identifications of these coreoids. We also wish to acknow- ledge Mr. D. Brenneman and the staff of the North Carolina Division of Forestry, Morgan- ton. for their help in collecting data and maintaining the window traps. This research was partially supported by the USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

LITERATURE CITED

McPherson. I. E. and B. C. Weber. 1980. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 1. Pentatomoidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 13:177-183.

Nixon, P. L. and I. E. McPherson. 1977. An annotated list of phytophagous insects collected on immature black walnut trees in southern Illinois. Great Lakes Entomol. 10:211- --- , , r --.

Schaefer. C. W. 1980. The host plants of the Alydinae, with a note on heterotypic feeding aggregations (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 53: 1 15-122.

Torre-Buew, I. R. de la and C. S. Brimley. 1907. On some heteropterous Hemiptera from N. Carolina Entomol. News 18:433443.

Yonke. T. R. and I. T. Medler. 1%8. Biologies of three species of Alydus in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61526-531.


SEASONAL FLIGHT PAITERNS OF HEMIPTERA IN A NORTH CAROLINA BLACK WALNUT PLANTATION.

3. REDUVlOlDEA

J. E. ~ c ~ h e r s o n l and B. C. ~ e b e r 2

ABSTRACT

The seasonal flight patterns of 18 species of Reduvioidea collected in window traps in a North Carolina black walnut plantation are described. Flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities of Sinea diaderna and S. spinipes are considered in detail.

This is the third in a series of papers on seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantation near Asheville, North Carolina, and deals with the superfamily Reduvioidea; earlier papers dealt with the Pentatomoidea (McPherson and Weber 1980) and Coreoidea (McPherson and Weber 1981). The study was conducted from 24 March to 14 October 1977, and from 24 March to 13 October 1978. Specimens were collected weekly by window trapping; traps were suspended at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 m. The study site and trap construction were discussed in detail by McPherson and Weber (1980). AU hemipteran specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Ento- mology Collection, Zoology Research Museum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.


Eighteen reduvioid species were collected during the two years of this study including 15 reduviids and three phymatids; numbers of specimens for these species ranged from 1 to 45 (Table 1). Although most species were collected at several heights, only Phyrnata arnericana averaged as high as 5.00 m; unfortunately only two specimens of this species were collected and. thus, the high average flying height may simply reflect random variation.

Most of the species were collected in numbers too low to permit meaningful comparisons of flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities within and/or between genera (Table I ) . The primary exceptions are Sinea diaderna and S. spinipes, which were the most frequently collected of the 18 species.

S. diaderna occurs in grassy and weedy fields (Readio 1924) and feeds on a wide variety of insects (Readio 1924, 1927). In Kansas, where its life cycle has been studied, it overwinters as adults and is bivoltine (Readio 1924, 1927); the first generation matures in June and early July. and the second in August and early September (Readio 1924).

S. spinipes is usually collecttd in woodlands on twigs and leaves of forest trees, including walnut (Readio 1927). In Kansas, it overwinters as adults and is univoltine (Readio 1927). EBS are deposited from late April and early May to early August. Adults of the new generation begin to appear by early July with additional adults continuing to appear until late in the season (Readio 1927).

In the present study, S. diadema adults were found from June to October, and S. spinipes

l~eparrmenr of Zoology. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901. %SDA Fwesr Service. North Central Foresr Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,

Carbondale. IL 6-90 1.


Table 1. Seasonal flight activity of Reduvioidea during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation.


Taxon Collected X2SE Range Collection Dates

REDUVIIDAE Acholla mulrispinosa (De Geer) 6 3.3320.67 1-5 19 Aug.-13 Oct. Apiomerus crassipes (Fabricius) 19 2.26k0.44 1-7 2 June-18 Aug. Arilus cristarus (Linnaeus) 3 4.00 - 15 Sept.-16 Sept. Melanolestes abdominalis

(Herrich-Schaeffer) 4 1.25k0.25 1-2 7 April-15 April Melanolestes picipes

(HenichSchaeffer) 17 1.76t0.34 1 4 14 April-15 Sept. Narvesus carolinensis St51 14 1.43k0.25 1 4 16 June-21 July Oncocepl~alus geniculatus Stil 1 1.00 17 June Pnironris niodesta Banks 14 4.4320.56 1-7 14 April-5 Aug. Pselliopus barber; Davis 3 2.6720.88 1 4 26 May-23 Sept. Pselliopus cinctus (Fabricius) 4 3.5021.50 1-7 15 April-23 June Pygolampis pectoralis (Say) 5 2.80?1.11 I 4 1 April4 Aug. Pygolampis sericea StGI 2 1.00 - 1 April4 April Sinea complexa Caudell 3 3.333 1.20 1-5 14 July-22 July Sinea diadema (Fabricius) 45 1.2920.13 1-5 16 June-13 Oct. Sinea spinipes (Henich-

Schaeffer) 33 4.0620.36 1-7 1 April-22 July

PHYMATIDAE Phymata americana Melin 2 5 .002.00 3-7 15 Sept.-22 Sept. Phymara f. fasciata (Gray) 7 4.43k0.84 2-7 15 April-13 Oct. Phymata pennsylvanica

Handlirsch 2 3.002 1.00 2-4 2 Sept.-15 Sept.

adults from April to July (Table 1). Most specimens of S. diadema were collected at 1 m while those of S. spinipes were more evenly distributed across the seven heights (Figs. 1-2). A comparison of the flying height distributions between these species with the xZ test for two independent samples showed that this difference was significant at-the 0.01 level (i.e., most adults of S. diadema flew at a lower height than those of S. spinipes).3

The patterns of seasonal flight activity for S. diadema and S. spinipes were irregular (Figs. 3 4 , thus, making it difficult to correlate them with the number of generations per year. However, if the life cycles of these species in Kansas (Readio 1924, 1927; see above) and North Carolina are similar, then the flight patterns become more understandable.

In the present study, S. diadema overwintered either as adults or eggs. Assuming its life cycle in North Carolina is similar to that in Kansas (Readio 1924, 1927), then it overwintered as adults which emerged and repmduced early the following spring; overwintered individuals apparently exhibited little or no spring flight activity since no adults were found in the traps during this time. Their adult offspring (summer generation) occurred from mid-June to late July, and were quite active (Fig. 3). Adults of the second (overwintering) generation were active from early September to late October.

S. spinipes also overwintered as adults. These adults began to emerge in late March and early April and were present until at least June (Fig. 4). Adults of the new generation apparently began to appear in late June and early July and were no longer flying by late July. I t is likely, however, that sweeping of vegetation throughout the rest of the season would have shown that the adults were present and still active.

3bata were grouped in the following categories for testing: 1-2, 3-4, 5-7 m; 2 = 31.92.


Meters Meters

Figs. 1-2. Flying height distributions of two reduviid species during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation: (1) Sinea diader?zu. ( 2 ) S . spinipes.

Figs. 3-4. Seasonal flight activities of two reduviid species during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation: (3) Sinea diadema, (4 ) S. spinipes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank Dr. R. C. Froeschner, National Museum of Natural History, Washing- ton, D. C., for confirming our identifications of these reduvioids. We also wish to acknowl- edge Mr. D. Brememan and the staff of the North Carolina Division of Forestry, Morgan- ton, for their help in collecting data and maintaining the window traps. This research was partially supported by the USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

LITERATURE CITED

McPherson, J. E. and B. C. Weber. 1980. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. I . Pentatomoidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 13: 177-183.

. 1981. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 2. Coreoidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 14: 1 1-13.

Readio, P. A. 1924. Notes on the life history of a beneficial reduviid, Sinea diadema (Fabr.), Heteroptera. J . Econ. Entomol. 17:80-86.

. 1E7. Studies on the biology of the Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 173-191.


SEASONAL FLIGHT PATTERNS OF HEMIPTERA IN A NORTH CAROLINA BLACK WALNUT PLANTATION. 4. ClMlCOlDEA

J. E. ~ c ~ h e r s o n l and B. C. ~ e b e r 2

ABSTRACT

The seasonal flight patterns of 12 species of Cimicoidea collected in window traps in a North Carolina black walnut plantation are described. Flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities of Nabis americoferus, N . roseipennis and Orius insidiosus are considered in detail.

This is the fourth in a series of papers on seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantation near Asheville, North Carolina, and deals with the superfamily Cimicoidea; earlier papers dealt with the Pentatomaidea (McPherson and Weber 1980), Coreoidea (McPherson and Weber 1981a) and Reduvioidea (McPherson and Weber 1981b). The study was conducted from 24 March to 14 October 1977, and from 24 March to 13 October 1978. Specimens were collected weekly by window trapping; traps were suspended at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 m. The study site and trap construction were discussed in detail by McPherson and Weber (1980). All hemipteran specimens collected during this study were deposited in the Entomology Collection, Zoology Research Museum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.


Twelve cimicoid species were collected during the two years of this study including six nabids and six anthocorids; numbers of specimens for these species ranged from 1 to 5187 (Table 1).

Most taxa were collected in numbers too low to permit conclusions about seasonal flight patterns. However, Nabisamericoferus, N. roseipennis and Orius insidiosus were collected in sufficient numbers (Table 1) to permit a more detailed discussion of flying height distributions and seasonal flight activities.

N. arnericoferus occurs on grasses and weeds (Blatchley 1926) and feeds on aphids, leafhoppers, and caterpiuars (Hanis 1928). It overwinters as adults (Harris 1928). Stoner et al. (195) felt that it probably has five generations per year in Arizona.

N. roseipennis usually occurs in tall grasses and weeds but can be found in dense upland w d s (Blatchley 1926); it feeds on insects inhabiting grassy and herbaceous vegetation (Blatchley 1926). It overwinters as adults, and is apparently univoltine, in the Cranbeny Lake region of New York (Mundinger 1922).

In the present study, N. americoferus adults were found from late March to mid-October and N. roseipennis, from early April to early October (Table 1). Both species were collected

l~epartment of Zoology, Southern IUinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901. ?USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory,

Carbondale, IL 62901.

20 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. 1

Table 1. Seasonal flight activity of Cimicoidea during 1977-78 in a North Carolina black walnut plantation.


Taxon Collected f ?SE Range Collection Dates

NABIDAE Hoplistoscelis sordidus (Reuter) 1 4.00 - 7 April Lasiomerus annulatus (Reuter) 1 7.00 - 22 July Nabis umericoferus Carayon 58 2.48+0.24 1-7 31 March-13 Oct. Nabis capsiformis Germar 14 4.2920.61 1-7 7 July-29 Sept. Nabis roseipennis Reuter 123 3.07kO. 16 1-7 1 April4 Oct. Pagasa fusca (Stein) 2 2.001.00 1-3 22 July-4 Aug.

ANTHOCORlDAE Anthocoris sp. 2 4.0013.00 1-7 6 May-29 Sept. CaNiodis temnostethoides

(Reuter) 21 5.2420.21 3 4 10 J u n e 4 Oct. Lasiochilus fusculus (Reuter) 2 5.50+1.50 4-7 25 Aug.4 Sept. Lyctocoris campestris

(Fabricius) 1 7.00 - 18 Aug. Lyclocoris stalii (Reuter) 1 6.00 - 30 June Orius insidiosus (Say) 5,187 3.4510.74 1-7 31 March-13 Oct.

at all seven flying heights (Figs. 1-2); however, a comparison of the flying height distributions of these species with the x2 test for two independent samples showed that there was a significant difference at the 0.01 level (i.e., most adults of A. americoferus flew at a lower height than those of A. r o ~ e i ~ e n n i s ) . ~

Both nabid species apparently overwintered as adults and were bivoltine. Overwintered adults began to emerge during late March to early April and gave rise to a summer generation which was present from about June through August and peaked in early to mid-July (Figs. 4-5). This generation gave rise to the overwintering generation which was present from September to October. Additional generations may be indicated by the smaller peaks during the season (e.g., early to mid-August) but these peaks are of such short duration that they probably resulted from random variation or were a response to some environmental factor (e.g., temperature). 0. insidiosus is a common species which feeds on both insects and plants (e.g., Barber

1936, Dicke and Jamis 1%2, Marshall 1930) and is often found on corn (e.g., Barber 1936, Dicke and Jarvis 1%2, Garman and Jewett 1914, Phillips and Barber 1933). Barber (1936) studied its seasonal abundance on corn in Virginia where it occurred from the third or fourth week in June to as late as early November and reached maximum populations during the first o r second week in August. He felt that it usually has two or three generations per year on this plant. Marshall (1930) stated that, in Kansas, it overwinters only as adults.

In the present study, 0. insidiosus adults were found from late March to mid-October (Table 1). They flew at all seven heights but were most frequently collected at 1-3 m (Fig. 3).

This species apparently overwintered as adults and was bivoltine (Fig. 6). Overwintered adults began to emerge in late March and apparently gave rise to a summer generation that was present from about mid-June to late August and peaked in late June to early July; the month difference between this peak and that reported by Barber (1936) may simply reflect the more southern location of the present study. This generation gave rise to the ovenvinter- ing generation that was present from September to October.

3 ~ a t a were grouped in the following categories for testing: 1-2, 3 4 and 5-7 m; ,$ = 10.78.

.Percent of lndividuals A A

m 0 m

Percent of lndividuals A A N I U W

m o m o m o

Percent of lndividuals A A h ) h ) W

m 0 m 0 m 0

Percent of lndividuals

S o " o W P o ~ 8

Percent of lndividuals W P U l d ) o ' o " o o o 0


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank Dr. R. C. Froeschner, National Museum of Natural History, Washing- ton, D. C., for confirming our identifications of these cimicoids. We also wish to acknowl- edge Mr. D. Brenneman and the staff of the North Carolina Division of Forestry, Morgan- ton, for their help in collecting data and maintaining the window traps. This research was partially supported by the USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

LITERATURE CITED

Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publ. Co., Indianapolis.

Barber, G. W. 1936. Orius insidiosus (Say), an important natural enemy of the corn ear worm. USDA Tech. Bull. 504:l-24.

Dicke, F. F. and J. L. Jarvis. 1962. The habits and seasonal abundance of Orius it~sidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on corn. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 35:339- 344.

Garman, H . and H. H. Jewett. 1914. The life-history and habits of the corn-ear worm (Chloride0 obsoleta). Kentucky Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 1873 11-591.

Hanis , H. M. 1928. A monographic study of the hemipterous family Nabidae as it occurs in North America. Entomol. Amer. 9:l-97.

Marshall, G. E . 1930. Some observations on Orius (Triphleps) insidiosus (Say). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 3:29-32.

McPherson, J. E . and B. C. Weber. 1980. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 1. Pentatomoidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 13: 177-183.

. 1981a. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 2. Coreoidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 14:ll-13.

. 1981b. Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 3. Reduvioidea. Great Lakes Entomol. 14:15-17.

Mundinger, F. G. 1922. The life history of two species of Nabidae (Hemip. Heterop.). Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut. New York State Coll. Forest. Tech. Pub. 16: 149-167.

Phillips, W. J. and G. W. Barber. 1933. Egg-laying habits and fate of eggs of the corn ear worm moth and factors affecting them. Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 47:l-14.

Stoner, A., A. M. Metcalfe, and R. E. Weeks. 1975. Seasonal distribution, reproductive diapause, and parasitization of three Nubis spp. in southern Arizona. Environ. Entomol. 4:2 11-2 14.


FOURLINED PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), A REAPPRAISAL: LIFE HISTORY, HOST PLANTS, AND

PLANT RESPONSE TO FEEDING

A. G. Wheeler, Jr. and Gary L. ~ i l l e r l

ABSTRACT

Phenology of the fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus, is presented for southcentral Pennsylvania; life history and habits are re-examined. Although breeding was previously thought to occur only on woody plants, we found that nymphs develop on numerous herbs. An extensive list of hosts, more than 250 species in 57 families, is compiled from the literature and the authors' observations; preferences are noted for plants in the Labiatae, Solanaceae, and Compositae. Damage consists of lesions on foliage, the size and shape of the spots varying with leaf texture, pubescence, and venation. Plant response to feeding is immediately visible, the lesions seeming to appear simultaneously with insertion of the bug's stylets. Histolysis of plant tissues, the most rapid response to mind feeding yet reported, is attributed to a potent lipid enzyme whose active constituents are under investigation.

The fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabricius), is not only one of the most easily recognized members of the taxonomically difficult family Miridae, but one of the first mirids observed to damage plants. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the familiar tarnished plant bug, was the first North American mirid to attract attention of economic workers (Hams 1841); the second species appears to have been P. lineatus. In a little-known note, Hanis (185 1) identified this mirid (as Capsus quadrivittatus) for a correspondent who feared that the unfamiliar insect injuring foliage of burdock might well become a crop pest. Indeed, within a few years there were reports of severe injury to currants (Walsh and Riley 1869, Le Baron 187 1) and to dahlias and weigela (Fitch 1870). In 1892 P. lineatus was found in "alarming numbers" on currants and gooseberries at Ithaca, New York, bushes in the horticultural gardens at Cornell University appearing "as though a fire had swept quickly through and killed the terminal leaves.",This severe damage prompted M. V. Slingerland to investigate the life history. In what was to become a model study in the emerging field of economic entomology, Slingerland (1893) dispelled some of the "unfortunate guesses of earlier entomologists," namely that two annual generations are produced with the adults hibernating in protected areas (Fitch 1870, Le Baron 1871). Slingerland showed that the fourlined plant bug overwinters as eggs inserted in woody tissue of currant and goosebeny and suggested that this univoltine pest can be alleviated by pruning and burning tips of infested plants during the dormant season.

Slingerland's bulletin, typical of his nearly monographic treatments of insect life histories (Cornstock 1909). remains the principal biological study of lineatus. Subsequent workers merely have added to the list of host plants and refined techniques of chemical control. In this paper we re-evaluate the habits of fourlined plant bug and correct several misconcep- tions perpetuated in the literature. We report on the life history of lineatus in southcentral

l ~ u m of F'laat 1ndusn-y. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 171 10. Present address of G.L.M.: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901.


Pennsylvania, noting that nymphs develop not only on woody plants but on numerous herbs; compile from the literature and our observations a list of plants injured by lineatus and analyze the host spectrum; and describe for the first time the unique and immediate damage inflicted to host foliage, speculating that some lipid enzyme is responsible for the remarkably rapid breakdown of plant tissues.

METHODS

Our phenological data are based on collections made at 7- to 10-day intervals at Hams- burg, southcentral Pennsylvania, during April and May 1973-1974 and irregular sampling in other areas of the state during 1973-1976. We also collected weekly at Hamsburg during June and July 1980. We accumulated host records in a number of Pennsylvania garden centers and nurseries and in herb gardens at the Morris Arboretum. Philadelphia, and Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. We also reviewed the literature for published host records and obtained several unpublished hosts from Slingerland's experiment file, Depart- ment of Entomology, Cornell University.

SEASONAL HISTORY

Overwintered eggs began to hatch in mid- to late April. Instars 11-111 were found in early May, stages 111-IV by mid-May, and the first adults by late May (24 May is the earliest record). Fifth instars, however, may be found until about 10 June. Mating and oviposition take place during June, and by early July most of the males have died. Our latest records of this univoltine species in the Harrisburg area are two females taken 19 and 21 July.

Development of populations in northern Pennsylvania occurred 1-3 weeks later, oviposition having been observed as late as 23 July. Slingerland (1893), who did not record egg hatch until late May at Ithaca, New York. apparently did not appreciate how variation in latitude can affect development of insect populations. Puzzled by Webster's (1887) collection of adults at Lafayette, Indiana, on 22 May, he challenged the validity of that record. Webster was quick to inform Slingerland that Ithaca was "fully two degrees of latitude north of Lafayette" and that the earlier appearance of adults in Indiana had "not in the least transgressed the laws of nature."2 Webster's letter prompted Slingerland (1894) to acknowl- edge that it was possible for Indiana populations of lineatus to develop 2-3 weeks earlier than those in New York. In fairness to Slingerland, we should point out that the "bioclimatic law" relating to biological events at different latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes, although generally recognized, had not yet been fully developed (Hopkins 1919).

HOST PLANTS

Our field studies, coupled with numerous notes scattered throughout entomological literature, allow compilation of an impressive list of hosts, or at least plants injured by P. lineatus (Table 1). This almost bewilderingly complex list might suggest that the fourlined plant bug is an indiscriminate feeder; certainly the list of some 250 species in 57 families rivals one that could be compiled for the ubiquitous tarnished plant bug, L. lineolaris. This is not to say that P. lineatus shows no preference for certain plant families or feeds, even as adults, on all common weeds. Monocots are rarely attacked, and among dicots such common plants as crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), dock3 (Rumex spp.), goldenrod (Solidago spp.), ragweed

2~e t t e r dated 20 Nov. 1893 from F. M. Webster to M. V. Slingerland. 3~lthough Hams (1851) recorded "yellow dock" (R. crispus) as an important host and Knight (1928)

noted injury to "Rumex." we wonder whether the plant may have been burdock (Arctirrm minus) which, at least during our observations, was a much more common host.


(Ambrosia spp.), violet (Viola sp.), and wood sorrel (Oxalis spp.) are usually avoided, even when growing in colonies of plants harboring large numbers of the bug. P . lineatus does, however, feed on certain plants that are regarded as relatively free of insect injury, e.g., tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima).

Certain patterns emerge if the host list is analyzed and P . lineatus populations are observed for more than one season in a number of IocaIities. Consistently attacked are pIants of the Labiatae and Solanaceae, and certain composites. Preferred hosts among so-called weed species, both native and naturalized, are bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), bouncingbet (Saponaria oflcinalis), burdock (Arctium minus), Canada thistle (Cirsium aruense), catnip (Nepeta cataria), chicory (Cichorium intybus), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and teasel (Dipsacus sylcestris). Since populations occur consistently in damp, shaded areas, e.g., on weeds bordering hedgerows and along streams, P. lineatus is sometimes regarded as typical of such habitats (Watson 1928). This mirid, though, is almost as likely to be found in old fields and gardens exposed to full sunlight; in fact, Britton (1930) referred to this pest as "always present in gardens."

The fourlined plant bug severely injures a number of flower and herb garden plants. especially members of the Compositae and Labiatae. Consistently damaged mints include hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), lavender (Lavandula spp.), marjoram (Origanum spp.), peppermint and spearmint (Mentha piperita, M. spicata), and sage (Saluia officinalis). Among the many composites serving as preferred hosts are ageratum (Ageratum sp.); coreopsis (Coreopsis spp.); dahlia (Dahlia spp.); florists chrysanthemum, feverfew, and Shasta daisy (Chrysanthemum spp.); gaillardia (Gaillardia spp.): globe thistle (Echinops ritro); tansy (Tanacetum vulgare); and wormwood (Artemisia spp.). In the vegetable garden parsnips have been seriously damaged (Le Baron 1871); cucumbers, lettuce, peas, potatoes, radishes, squash and other vegetables are also attacked (Table 1).

P. lineatus usually is of less importance on ornamental shrubs than on herbs and flowers, or on shade trees where feeding often is restricted to sucker shoots or water sprouts. Only on one occasion (Catalpa bignonioides) did we observe nymphs on foliage of larger branches of a mature tree. Damage to shrubs that might warrant control measures is most likely to be found on azalea, deutzia, dogwood, forsythia, viburnum, and weigela (Table 1). Feeding often is confined to leaves of lower branches and water sprouts.

One of Slingerland's (1893) points of emphasis was that nymphs develop only on woody plants. This interpretation of the host range is too restrictive. While it probably is true that not all the species listed in Table 1 serve as breeding hosts of P . lineatus, we feel that nymphs will at some time develop on nearly all these plants, including herbs. Not only have we observed nymphs on a number of herb and flower garden plants (chrysanthemums, lavender, peppermint, spearmint, sage) but on many common weeds: bouncingbet, burdock, Canada thistle, catnip, dame's rocket, dandelion, evening primrose, motherwort (Leonuris cardiaca), and sweet clover. We also. have found eggs inserted in stems of beggar's-lice (Hackelia virginiana), cinquefoil (Potentilla recta), loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) (Fig. I), and white campion (Lychnis alba).

Finally we note that currants and gooseberries, the plants which stimulated the initial interest in Poecilocapsus life history and habits, may no longer be preferred hosts. We observed only slight feeding in an experimental planting of Ribes being used to screen cultivars for resistance to white pine blister rust. We also did not find P . lineatus on native species of Ribes. Although the idea that Ribes species are no longer preferred hosts is only conjectural, it can be shown that cultivated currants and gooseberries no longer are as available to the mirid as they were in Slingerland's time. The acreage of these small fruits has declined sharply since 1900 (according to statistics of the U.S. Census of Agriculture). Ribes spp. serve as alternate hosts of the fungus which causes white pine blister rust, first discovered in North America at Geneva, New York, in 1906. Since that time, large numbers of plants, especially black currants, have been eradicated by the federal government (An- derson 1956).


Table 1. Plants serving as hosts of or damaged by Poecilocapsus lineatus.

Host,a Locality, and ~eferenceb

SALICACEAE Saliv nigra Marsh.c NY

MORACEAE Cannabis sativa L. PA

URTICACEAE Pilea pumila (L). Gray. PA Urtica dioica L. PA

POLYGONACEAE Rheum rhaponticum L. NH(USNM),~ Rumex crispus L. MA (28), NY (34)

PA(57) PA

NYCTAGINACEAE Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) Macmill. PA

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium viscosum L. PA Lychnis alba Mill. PA Dianthus caryophyllus L. MI (39) L. sp. NY (26) D. sp. CT (7), NY (38) Saponaria officinalis L. NY (17), PA, WV

Silene caroliniana Walt. PA

CHENOPODIACEAE Beta vulgaris L. NY Chenopodium album L. PA

AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus sp. NY (38)

RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum sp. (74) Delphinium sp. MA (USNM) Anemone sp. NY (26) Paeonia sp. CT (6), NY (26), PA Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. PA Ranunculus acris L. MA (40), NY

GUTTIFERAE Hypericum perforatum L. MA (40), NY, PA

PAPAVERACEAE Dicentra spectabilis L. PA Papaver sp. NY (26)

CRUCIFERAE Alliaria ofBcinalis Andrz. WV Hesperis matronalis L. NY, PA Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. NJ (67), WI Zberis sp. MI (39), PA

(USNM) Lobularia maritima Desv. MI (39) Barbarea vulgaris L. NY Lunaria rediviva L. MA (40) Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. NY Raphanus sativus L. NY (38) B. oleracea L. NY (46)

PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L. PA

HAMAMELIDACEAE Liquidambar stryaciflua L.C PA

SAXIFRAGACEAE Astilbe sp. PA Philadelphus coronarius L. var. aureus Deutzia scabra Thunb. Rehd. MA (40)

(= crenata Sieb. & Zucc.) MA (40), 0nt.e Ribes spp.--currants, gooseberries MI D. sp. OH (71), NY (38), RI (USNM), (24) (13). OH (71), Ont. (47), NY (17, 38, 49) Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. MA (40, Saxifraga umbrosa L. NY (38)

ME (45)

198 1 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST

Table 1. (Continued)


ROSACEAE Alchemilla vulgaris L. PA Prunus triloba Lindl. PA Geum laciniatum Murr. PA Pyrus communis L. IN (73) Malus sylvestris ~ i l l e r f PA Rosa sp. NY (17), WI (I) Physocarpus opulijolius (L.) Maxim. PA Rubus sp. NY (39, NY, PA Potentilla recta L. PA

LEGUMINOSAE Lathyrus odorarus L. NY (38) Pisum sativum L. NY (38) Lupinus sp. CT (9), NY (26) Trijolium agrarium L. PA Medicago lupulina L. PA T. hybridum L. PA M. safica L. NY (53, 33), PA T, pratense L. NY, PA Melilotus alba Desr. NY, PA T. sp. MA (28), NY (38) M. oflcinalis (L.) Lam. NY, PA Vicia caroliniana Walt. PA Phaseolus vulgaris L. NY (35)

GERANIACEAE Pelargonium x hortorum L. Bailey. P. limoneum Sweet MA (40)

NJ (69), NY (38), PAB

SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus altissima Swingle. PA

ANACARDIACEAE Rhus radicans L. PA R. sp. NY (17) R. typhina Torner PA

ACERACEAE Acer ginnala Maxim. NY (32) A. japonicum Thunb. MA (40)

BALSAMINACEAE Impatietrs capensis Meerb. PA

AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex aquifolium L. PA

CELASTRACEAE Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. NY (17)

VITACEAE Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planch. Vitis sp. Fr.-Amer. hybrid cv 'Verdelet'

NY, PA PA

MALVACEAE Hibiscus syriacus L. MA (40) H. sp. CT (9), PA

ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. PA

VIOLACEAE Viola sp. PA

CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis sa t i~us L. NY (38) Cucurbita sp. NY (38) C. sp., melon SD (64)

LYTHRACEAE Lythrum salicaria L. NY

ONAGRACEAE Circaea quadrisulcara (Maxim.) Franchet & Oenothera biennis L. NJ (IS), NY, PA

28 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. I

Table I . (Continued)


Savatier. PA, WV 0. fruticosa L. PA 0. sp. CT (5)

CORNACEAE Cornus alternijolia L. PA C. mas L. PA

ARALIACEAE Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino (74) A. sp. MA (59) Aralia spinosa L. MA (40), WV Hedera helix L. NJ (69)

UMBELLIFERAE Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. NY, PA Pastinaca sativa L. and var. syvestris DC. Daucus carota L. NY, PA IL (37), NY, PA

ERICACEAE Rhododendron spp., deciduous & evergreen,

azaleas. PA

PRIMULACEAE Lysinzachia ciliata L. NY Primula sp. PA L. clethroides Duby MA (40)

OLEACEAE Forsythia intermedia Zabel PA F. sp. CT (I I), MA (63), NJ (69), NY (62)

LOGANIACEAE Buddleia sp. NJ (68), PA

APOCYNACEAE Vinca minor L. MA (6L), PA

ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias syriaca L. NY

RUBIACEAE Galium boreale L. MA (40) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. MI (39) G. mollugo L. NY, PA

POLEMONIACEAE Phlox paniculata L. PA P. sp. IN (14) P. carolina L. (as P. suffruticosa). MA (40) Polemonium reptans L. MA (40)

CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus sp., bindweed PA Ipomoea sp. NY (38)

BORAGINACEAE Borago officinalis L. PA Heliotropium arborescens L. CT (1 I), Hackelia virginiana (L.) M. Johnston. PA MA (40)

Symphytum oficinale L. PA

VERBENACEAE Aloysia triphylla Britt. NY (26) V . sp. CT (LO), IN (4), NY (49) Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. PA Vitex negundo L. PA Verbena hastata L. NY

LABIATAE Ajuga sp. PA M. rotundijolia Huds. PA Coleus sp. MI (39). NJ (69) M. spicata L. CT (6), PA Glechoma hederacea L. NY, PA M. sp. MI (64), Ont. (47) Hyssopus officinalis L. PA Nepeta cataria L. MI (56), NY, PA, WV Lavandula latijolia Vill. NY N. x faassenii Bergmans. NY L. officinalis Chaix. NY N. mussinii Spreng. NY,PA

1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGlST 29

Table 1. (Continued)


L. sp. NY (26) Origanum uulgare L. PA Leonurus cardiaca L. NY, PA Salvia officinalis L. CT (5), NH (USNM), Melissa oflcinalis L. NY, PA NY (38), Ont. (19), PA Mentha citrata Ehrh. PA Stachys olympica Poir. PA M . piperita L. WV (USNM) Teucrium canadense L. PA

SOLANACEAE Atropa belladona L. PA (54) N. tabacum L. Can. (3) Capsicum frutescens L. CT (1 1) Physalis alkekengi L. CT ( I I), PA Datura stramonium L. NY P. subglabrata MacKenzie & Bush PA Lycium halimifolium Mill. NY, WV Solanum carolinense L. PA Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. MA (58) S . dulcamara L. NY (17), NY, PA Nicotiana alata Link & Otto (= affinis). S. tuberosum L. MD (25), ME (44), N.S.

NY (49) (52), NY (16), Ont. (20), PA, W1 (USNM)

SCROPHULARl ACEAE Antirrhinum majus L. NJ (68), NY (17), V. thapsus L. NY, PA, WV

Ont. (19) V . sp. MI (66), MI (21), NY (26) Linaria culgaris J. Hill. Can. (SI), NY, PA Veronica chamaedrys L. PA Penstemon digitalis Nutt. PA V . spicata L. PA Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. PA V. sp. NY (26), OH (31) Verbascum blattaria L. PA

BIGNONIACEAE Campsis radicans Seem. OH (3 1) C. ovata DonC PA Catalpa bignonioides Walt PA

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata L. PA P. sp. MA (28), NY (38) P. rugelii Dcne. NY, PA

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. PA V. dilatatum Thunb. PA Lonicera japonica Thunb. CT (1 I), NJ (68), V . opulus L. 'Nanum'. PA

PA V. plicatum Thunb. 'Tomentosum'. PA L. sp., morroni Gray or canadensis Bartr. V. rhytidophyllum Hemsl. PA

PA V. sargenrii Koehne 'Onondaga'. PA L. tatarica L. PA V. sp. NY (65) L. sp. MA(59) Weigela floribunda Mey. PA Sambucus canadensis L. PA W. sp. MD (24), NY (17), OH (71), S. nigra L. var. aurea Sweet. MA^ Ont. (19), RI (60)

S . sp. OH (31) Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. PA

VALERIANACEAE Valeriana oficinalis L. MA (40), PA

DIPSACEAE Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. NY, PA Scabiosa sp. NY (26)

CAMPANULACEAE Campanula persicifolia L. M A (40)

COMPOSITAE Achillea miNefolium L. PA Erigeron canadensis L. PA A. sp. CT (9), MA (40) E. philadelphicus L. NY


Table 1. Plants serving as hosts of or damaged by Poecilocapsus lineatus.

Hosha Locality, and ~eferenceb

Ageratum sp. CT (7), MI (391, NY (26) Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt. PA Ambrosia sp. NY (35) E. maculatum L. NY Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. MA (28), MI E. perfoliatum L. MA (USNM), NY, PA

(USNM), NY (49), NY, PA (79, PA Gaillardia sp. CT (IO), Ont.e, PA Artemisia absinthium L. PA Helenium sp. NY (26) A . pontica L. PA Helianthus tuberusus L. NY, PA A . schmidtiana Maxim. PA H. sp. CT (9), NY (70) A. vulgaris L. PA Heliopsis sp. (74) A . sp. NY (26), WI (USNM) Hieracium pratense Tausch. NY Aster sp. CT ( ] I ) , MI (39), Ont. (22) Lactuca saliva L. NY (38), PA Bidens sp. NY (39 , PA L . scariola L. NY Carduus nutans L. SD (43) Liatris spicata Willd. PA Centaurea cyanus L. NY (26), WV Prenanthes alba L. NY Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. NY, PA Rudbeckia hirta L. 0nt.e. PA C . maximum Ramond. NY (26), PA R. laciniata L. NY (26) C. morifolium Ramat. PA Senecio vulgaris L. PA C . parthenium Pers. MI (39), PA Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. NY C . spp. CT (6), DC (USNM), OH (41), NY S. sp. PA

(38), Ont. (48) Tanacetum vulgare L. MA (40), NY (17), Cichorium intybus L. NY, PA, WV WI (USNM) Cirsium aruense (L.) Scop. NY (49), NY, Taraxacum officinale Weber. NY (49),

PA NY, PA Coreopsis sp. CT (9), NY (26), Ont. (48) Tussilago farfara L. NY, PA Dahlia pinnata Cav. NY (17), Ont. (19), Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex

PA Kearney WV Echinops ritro L. PA Zinnia sp. MA (61), Ont. (23)

LILIACEAE Hemerocallis sp. NY (38) Hosta undulata Bailey PA

IRIDACEAE Gladiolus sp. NJ (69)

aFor commonly recorded hosts such as currants and gooseberries, generally only the older references are cited for a particular state.

b ~ l a n t s followed only by a state abbreviation are those on which we have observed nymphs o r damage.

Weeding limited to sucker shoots or water sprouts. ~u . s . National Museum of Natural History collection. eLetter dated 23 Nov. 1893 from D. W. Beadle, Toronto, Ont., to M. V. Slingerland. f ~ a m a ~ e to grafts of first season; letter dated 1 Dec. 1893 from Theodore Day, Dybeny

(Wayne Co.), Pa., to M. V. Slingerland. gIn greenhouse. h ~ e t t e r dated 15 Dec. 1893 from W. H. Manning, Brookline, MA, to M. V. Slingerland.

FEEDING PROCESS AND PLANT RESPONSE

Symptoms of feeding by fourlined plant bug are well known, Slingerland (1893) having noted "minute semi-transparent darkish spots" on new growth of currant. Others described injury in terms of round, depressed, water-soaked lesions. This description of damage is in many cases accurate, but the visible effects of feeding take on different forms depending on leaf shape, texture, pubescence, and venation. On leaves of bittersweet (Fig. 2) and for-

1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 3 1

Figs. 14. Poecilocapsus linearus. ( I ) Eggs inserted in stem of Lyrhrum salicaria: deposited flush with the stem surface, eggs are pushed out with growth of plant. (2) Adults and injury on Solanum dulcamara. ( 3 ) Transparent feeding areas on Nepera cararia. (4) Holes in leaf of S. dulcamara.

sythia which are relatively broad, thin, and smooth, feeding by P. lineatus produces dis- crete, nearly round spots. Injured areas may become transparent (Fig. 3), and after several weeks, dead tissue may drop from feeding sites, leaving tiny holes (Fig. 4). Such damaged leaves of bittersweet and other plants (particularly Solanaceae) harboring populations of alticine chrysomelids appear as though fed on by flea beetles. Feeding on red clover leaves produces irregular rather than roundish spots, the feeding sites soon turning blackish and conforming to the pattern of venation. Burdock leaves show a reticulate pattern of tiny, irregular spots (Fig. 5). On strongly pubescent foliage even heavy plant bug feeding causes little visible injury. For example, on common mullein (V. thapsus) the dense wool on the thick leaves nearly obscures feeding damage, while on moth mullein (V. blattaria) the thinner, glabrous leaves show more typical symptoms. Feeding may cause severe withering of the tips, or even entire leaves, on plants having linear or dissected foliage (Artemisia, Daucus, Dianthus, Galium).

It is the physiological basis of feeding rather than external symptoms that offers a chal- lenging area for further study. Although there exist numerous accounts of the damage


Figs. 5 4 . Poecilocapsus lineatus injury. (5) Reticulate pattern on leaf of Arctium minus. (6) Circular lesions (ca. 2 mm diam.) appearing immediately after penetration of stylets.

inflicted by the fourlined plant bug, reports are vague concerning the length of time required for expression of symptoms. Indeed, it is implied in most descriptions of damage that a time lag occurs between initial penetration of the stylets and the appearance of local lesions. Lintner (1882) mentioned that semitransparent spots became evident within one or two days after extraction of parenchyma, and Slingerland (1893) noted that after P. lineatus with- draws "interior pulp" from leaf tissue, the layers soon collapse.

Plant response to feeding by P. lineatus, however, is immediate. As soon as the stylets touch the leaf surface, a violent clearing of tissues begins at the point of penetration and radiates to form a roughly circular spot of almost 2 mm diameter (Fig. 6). Formation of the lesion is most readily apparent on thin, glabrous leaves and takes place so rapidly (< 1 sec.) that it gives the appearance of being instantaneous. The bug then begins to feed without removing its stylets from the leaf, and fluids can be seen being taken up from the lesion.

Lygus bugs and related minds of the subfamily Mirinae (to which P. lineatus belongs) are known to feed by the lacerate-flush method (Miles 1972), penetrating both intra- and inter- cellular spaces (Flemion et al. 1954). They induce various phytotoxemias as a result of stylet penetration and withdrawal, coupled with injection of enzymatic and non-enzymatic salivary secretions (see Tingey and Pillemer [1977] for a review of pertinent literature). In intensive studies on the feeding habits of Lygus disponsi Linnavuori, Hori (1971) found that external evidence of leaf feeding did not appear for several hours. More rapid response to mind feeding has been described for the bryocorine mind Helopeltis bergrothi Reuter, which within an hour of stylet penetration produces well-defined, water-soaked areas on stems of tea (Leach and Smee 1933). The cacao capsid (mind) Sahlbergella singularis Haglund, another bryocorine, causes lesions to develop while feeding is still taking place (Carter 1973).

To our knowledge, however, no mind except P. lineatus has been shown to induce an immediate histolysis of plant tissues. It seems probable that this mind injects a potent lipid enzyme which causes a violent breakdown of plant substances. In future biochemical


studies an attempt will be made to determine the biologically active constituents in the salivary secretions of P. lineatus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Ann Rhoads and Cathy Flanders, Moms Arboretum, Philadelphia, for making observations in herb gardens of the arboretum; J. F. Stimmel of this laboratory for taking some of the photographs; and R. J. Hill, Department of Biology, York College of Pennsyl- vania, York, PA, for identifying a number of plant specimens. E. R. Hoebeke, Department of Entomology, Cornell University. Ithaca, NY, and T. J. Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, SEA, at U.S. National Museum, Washington, offered valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. Finally, we are grateful to R. 0 . Mumma, Pesticide Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, for advice and his continuing interest in analyzing the salivary secretions of P. lineatus.

LITERATURE CITED

1. Akingbohungbe, A. E., J. L. Libby, and R. D. Shenefelt. 1972. Miridae of Wisconsin (Hemiptera : Heteroptera). Univ. Wisconsin Coll. Agric. Life Sci. Res. Bull. R2396: 1-24.

2. Anderson, H. W. 1956. Diseases of fruit crops. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 3. Beirne, B. P. 1972. Pest insects of annual crop plants in Canada. IV. Hemiptera-

Homoptera, V. Orthoptera, VI. other groups. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada 85:l-73. 4. Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial

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I

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HAWTHORN LACE BUG (HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE), FIRST RECORD OF INJURY TO ROSES, WITH A REVIEW OF HOST PLANTS

A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1

ABSTRACT

Hawthorn lace bug, Coryrhucha cydoniae (Fitch), is reported for the first time as damag- ing roses. Injury to climbing and hybrid Tea roses is described, and a list of known host plants is provided based on observations in Pennsylvania and review of literature. Preferred hosts are native and cultivated species of Amelanchier and Craraegus and ornamental Cotoneasrer and Pyracanrha. Damage to crabapple. fruit trees, mountain ash. and other rosaceous plants may occur when they are grown near more favored hosts.

The hawthorn lace bug, Coryrhucha cydoniae (Fitch), is one of the most common and best studied North American tingids. Comstock (1880) provided background information on life history, habits, and immature stages; BaiIey (195 1) added considerable new biological data on this univoltine species. Variously referred to as the "quince tingis" (Fitch 1861) and "pyracantha lace bug" (Watts 1947), C . cydoniae is known to feed on a number of rosaceous plants and is considered a pest of ornamental cotoneaster, hawthorn, and pyracantha. Al- though members of the Rosaceae are preferred hosts, specimens also have been taken on plants in other families: buttonbush, Cephalanrhus occidentalis L., Rubiaceae (McAtee 1917) and oak, Quercus sp., Fagaceae (Torre-Bueno 1933).

Despite this rather broad host spectrum, 1 was surprised to discover a population ot hawthorn lace bug breeding on rose bushes at Harrisburg. Pennsylvania. Even though it was obvious that the tingid had moved to rose from nearby cotoneaster, the severity of injury to this unrecorded host was remarkable. In this paper I describe damage to hybrid Tea and climbing roses and review the known hosts. emphasizing ornamental plants. Sources of information include literature references, museum specimens, personal collecting, and nursery inspection reports of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.

INJURY TO ROSE

During 25-26 August 1980, I found lace bug-infested rose bushes growing in a landscape planting of spreading cotoneaster, Coroneasrer diuaricata Rehd. & Wils., at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The rose foliage appeared chlorotic, as though damaged by rose leafhopper, Edwardsiana rosae L., or tetranychid mites. Nearly every leaf of four climbing roses and one hybrid Tea rose showed discoloration or stippling (Fig. 1); some leaves were completely white (Fig. 2). The numerous cast skins and black spots of excrement on the lower surfaces (Fig. 3) were unmistakable signs of lace bug injury; later, adults of C . cydoniae were found.

The numbers of adults on both cotoneaster and rose were small, which is typical of late-summer populations of this lace bug (Bailey 1951). An abundance of cast skins and severe injury indicated that the population had been much larger and was well established. On numerous leaves old eggs were found which had been inserted into midribs on the lower surface.

I~ureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Harrisburg. PA 171 10


Figs. I-?. Damage to rose foliage by Corythucha cydoniae. ( I ) Slight discoloration. (2) Extensive chlorosis.

Fig. 3. Excrement of Corythucha cydoniae on underside of rose leaf.


It is not unusual to find C . cydoniae on a number of rosaceous plants growing near preferred species of Rosaceae. Populations on these other hosts are usually small and cause only slight damage. This makes the anomalous occurrence on roses at Harrisburg all the more noteworthy because of the severe infestation.

HOST PLANTS

The list of hosts (Table I ) is based on Drake and Ruhoffs (1965) world catalogue of the lace bugs and my review of the Insect Pest Survey Bulletin (192142), Cooperative Eco- nornic Itzsect Report (195 1-75) (which became the Cooperative Plant Pest Report 11976-I), Index of American Economic Entornology (1905-59), Review of Applied Entomology (1913-), and the Canadian Insect Pest Revie~rs (1923-). In addition, collecting in Pennsyl- vania during recent years and nursery inspection reports of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (1975-79) provided a number of new hosts, especially cultivars and varieties of ornamental plants.

More than 35 species of Rosaceae serve as hosts of C . cydoniae (Table I), which tends to confirm McAtee's (1923) statement that this lace bug has a somewhat broader host range than is typical of the genus. Also apparent, as noted by Bailey (195 I), is a marked preference for certain rosaceous plants. As Mead (1972) stated, the hawthorn lace bug "selectively attacks" various woody members of the Rosaceae. This idea of preferred hosts is supported by Bailey's observation that black cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh., was not used for breeding, even when its leaves were growing at the branch tips of a common host, Juneberry or shadbush, Arnelarzchier sp. Observations in Pennsylvania show that hawthorn lace bug is able to breed on crabapple (Malus spp.) and mountain ash (Sorbus spp.), but usually in low numbers when these plants are near favored hosts harboring Large lace bug populations. Records of certain other plants (wild cherry and plum. cultivated apple and pear) may also be based on populations of cydoniae that originated from nearby, heavily infested hosts.

The 5-year records of Pennsylvania nursery inspection show that hawthorns, Crataegus spp., are the most frequent hosts observed in nurseries and garden centers (82 infestations). C . cydoniae was encountered less often on Arnelat~chier (4). Cotoneaster (2), Pyracantha (I) , and Sorbus (4). These figures, however, cannot be used to assess host preferences. Arnelanchier is not common in Pennsylvania nurseries, and Cotoneaster and Pyracarztha spp., mainly container-grown plants subject to a rapid turnover, are not normally held long in garden centers and thus are not as apt to become infested as plants growing in the nursery.

My collecting in established landscape plantings, as well as the literature (Table I), shows that C . cydoniae is an important pest not only of ornamental hawthorn but of cotoneaster and pyracantha. Beshear et al. (1976) referred to this lace bug as the most destructive insect affecting pyracantha. In several states different insecticides have been evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling this pest on cotoneaster and pyracantha (Neiswander 1937, Stuckey 1944, Walton 1947, Watts 1947). In the southeastern states loquat, Eriobotrya japonica, apparently becomes an important host (Table I).

Hawthorn lace bug is named for the injury inflicted to quince, Cydonia oblonga. Be- ginning with Fitch (1861) and continuing to at least the 1920's and 30's, C . cydoniae was cited as a serious pest in quince orchards. This plant, however, is no longer as available as a host as certain other rosaceous species. Although quince was more common in Colonial American gardens than apple or pear (Hedrick 1950) and was once grown commercially in western New York and parts of New England (Wilcox and Smith 1905). there were fewer than 30,000 trees left by 1965, mostly in home gardens (Childers 1973). Little commercial acreage remains in western New York (L. L. Pechuman, pers. comm.).

Non-rosaceous species recorded as food plants have been questioned as "true" hosts (Bailey 195 1). McAtee (1923) reported C . cydorziae "in numbers" on buttonbush, Cephalan- thus occidentalis, but did not note whether nymphs were collected. Torre-Bueno (1933) mentioned beating seven specimens from oak, Quercus sp., and I have seen a series of adults taken near Harrisburg, Pa., on other members of the Fagaceae: American chestnut, Castanea dentata Borkh., and European beech, Fagus sylvatica L. Because I was unable to


Table 1. List of the known hosts of Corythucha cydoniae.

Hosta, Locality, and ~e fe renceb

ROSACEAE Amelanchier arborea (Michx. Fil) Fern. PA C . uniflora Moench (as C . parvifolia) A . canadensis (L.) Medic. ND (29), DC (16)

PA (23)C C . viridis L. TX (USNM) A . laevis Wieg. PA C . sp. DC (34,35), DE (53), GA (48,9), IN A . stolonifera Wieg. PA (11, 4), MA (38. 5), Man. (lo), MD (55). A . sp. DC (34, 3 9 , IN ( L l), MA (5. 6), NJ ME (6), MI (31), MO (22), MS ( I ) , NJ (20,

(7, 60) 61), NY (54), Ont. (3), WA (USNM) Aronia melanocarpa Ell. MA (5) Cydonia oblonga P. Mill. DC (35). FL A. sp. IN (11) (24), IN (1 I), MA (21, 12), MD (45), MI Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. PA (30). MO (22), MS (24, 33), OH (43, 39, C . speciosa Nakai NC (28), PA 40). PA (47), PA, WA (42), Mex.-Xoah. C . sp. MA (5). MS (33). NC (13) (USNM), (25)e Cotoneaster apiculata Rehd. & Wils. PA Erioboaa japonica Lindl. FL (52, 36), SC C . divaricata Rehd. & Wils. PA (USNM) C . horizontalis Decne. PA Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. FL (36) C . hupehensis Rehd. & Wils. MA (6) M. jloribunda Sieb. FL (36) C . salicifolia Franch. VA M . halliana Koehne PA C . sp. GA (9), OH (39, 40), Ont. (2), M. pumila P. Mill. OR (46)f

WV (56) M. sp. NC (28). PA Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle or intricata Prunus serrulata Lindl. NC (28)

Lange (as C . coccinea) DC (16) P . subhirtella Miq. NC (28) C . calpodet~dron (Ehrh.) Medic. (as P. sp. (wild cherry & plum) AR (USNM),

C . tomet~tosa) DC (16), NJ (60) OR (46) C . crus-gulli L. DC (16), NC (28), PA Pyracantha coccinea Roem. NC (28), PA C . jloridana Sarg. FL (36) P. coccineu var. lalandi (as P. lalandi) AL C . monogyna Jacq. PA (17). MD (59) C . nitida (Engelm.) Sarg. NY ( U S N M ) ~ P. koidzumii Rehd. (as P. formosana) C . oxycantha L. DC (USNM), MA (19), AL (17)

NJ (62), NY (19), VA (26) P. sp. CT (18, 14), FL (51, 36), GA (8,48, C . oxycantha 'Crimson Cloud' and 'Paulii' 9), MS (32, 33), NC (13,37), OK (57, 50),

PA SC (44, 58), Va (26) C . phaenopyrum (L. Fil) Medic. DC (16), Pyrus communis L. OR (46), WA (41)

NC (28), PA Rosa spp. (hybrid Tea, climbing) PA C . 'Toba' (succulents x oxycantha Sorbus americana Marsh. MA (5)

'Paulii') PA S. aucuparia L. MA ( 9 , PA

FAGACEAE Quercus sp. AR (49)

RUBIACEAE Cephalanthus occidentalis L. DC (34, 35)

aWhere possible, current nomenclature is used with the botanical name as cited in reference listed in parentheses.

b ~ l a n t s followed by "PA" and "VA" without a reference are hosts observed in this study.

CCited as A . intermedia Spach without a state record. d ~ r o m specimens in U.S. National Museum collection. eNo locality given. f ~ e n t a t i v e l ~ identified owing to vague description of damaged specimens.


confirm the presence of a breeding population, these two plants are omitted from Table 1; literature records, of course, had to be accepted at face value.

Hawthorn lace bug can be characterized as a selective feeder on rosaceous shrubs, pre- ferring native and cultivated species of Amelanchier and Crafaegus and ornamental cultivars of Cofoneasfer and Pyracanfha. Its original hosts probably were species of hawthorn (Crataegus) and shadbush (Amelanchier) rather than Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, or Sorbus. Quince was an important host when commercial orchards were more common. An increas- ing awareness of the uses of ornamentals and development of new pyracantha, and especially, cotoneaster cultivars as ground covers and accents may have prompted outbreaks of this lace bug in landscape plantings. Small populations may occur on other rosaceous shrubs, usually when they are grown near more favored hosts. A good example of this lace bug's rather broad host range and adaptability, especially under the more artificial conditions of urban environments, is the unusual infestation reported herein on hybrid Tea and climbing roses.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank my colleague J. F. Stimmel for the photographs. For reading the manuscript and offering valuable suggestions I also thank E. R. Hoebeke, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., and my Harrisburg colleague K. Valley. L. L . Pechuman, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, kindly provided information on quince culture in New York State.

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Corythucha. Psyche 10: 127-134. 39. Neiswander, C. R. 1937. The lace bug on cotoneaster. p. 44-45 in: 55th Ann. Rep. Ohio

Agric. Exp. Sta., Wooster, 1935-1936. 40. Neiswander, R. B. 1966. Insect and mite pests of trees and shrubs. Ohio Res. Dev.

Center Res. Bull. 983: 1-54. 41. Newcomer, E. J. 1940a. A lacebug (Coryrhucha cydoniae Fitch). Insect Pest Surv. Bull.

20:3 1 1. 42. - . 1940b. A lacebug (Corythucha cydoniae Fitch). Insect Pest Surv. Bull. 20:

474. 43. Parks, T. H. 1930. A lacebug (Corythucha cydoniae Fitch). Insect Pest Surv. Bull.

10:223.


44. Rainwater. C. F. 1940. A lacebug (Corythucha cydoniae Fitch). Insect Pest Surv. Bull. 20:474.

45. Siegler, E. H. 1940. A lacebug (Corythucha cydoniar Fitch). Insect Pest Surv. Bull. 20:3 10.

46. Slingerland, M. V. 1895. A new apple pest. Rural New-Yorker 54:425. 47. Stear, J. R. 1923. A tingid attacking quince. J. Econ. Entomol. 16:458. 48. Stuckey, H. P. 1944. Entomology. p. 6 2 4 7 in: 56th Ann. Rep. Georgia Exp. Sta.,

Experiment. 49. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1933. New records of Heteroptera from Arkansas. Bull.

Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 28:228. 50. USDA. 1953. Hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydoniae Fitch). Coop. Econ. Insect

Rep. 3(36):675. 51. - . 1956a. Hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydoniae). Coop. Econ. Insect Rep.

6(5):76. 52. - . 1956b. Hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydoniae). Coop. Eco'l. Insect Rep.

6(43): 10 1 1. 53. - . 1958. Lace bugs. Coop. Econ. Insect Rep. 8(36):789. 54. - . 1965a. Hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydoniae). Coop. Econ. Insect Rep.

15(24):618. 55. - . 1965b. Lace bugs (Corythucha spp.). Coop. Econ. Insect Rep. 15(41): 1162. 56. - . 1978. Hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydot~iae). Coop. Plant Pest Rep.

3(5):42. 57. Walton, R. R. 1947. Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons and sabadilla on insects and

plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 40:389-395. 58. Watts, J. G. 1947. New insecticides. p. 161-164 in: 59th Ann. Rep. South Carolina Exp.

Sta., Clemson Agric. Coll. 59. Weigel, C. A. 1941. Quince lacebug (Corythucha cydotziae Fitch). Insect Pest Surv.

Bull. 2 1:286. 60. Weiss, H. B. 1952. Unusual abundance of lacebugs in New Jersey during summer of

1951. Entomol. News 63: 179-180. 61. - . 1954. The continuing abundance of lacebugs in New Jersey. Entomol. News

65:13@131. 62. Westcott, C. 1973. The gardener's bug book. 4th ed. Doubleday & Co., Garden City,

N.Y. 63. Wilcox, E. V. and C. B. Smith. 1905. Farmer's cyclopedia of agriculture. Orange Judd,

N.Y.


NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF NERSlA FLORENS (HOMOPTERA: FULGOROIDEA: DICTYOPHARIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

EGGS, AND FIRST, SECOND, AND FIFTH I N S T A R S l

S. W. ~ i l s o n 2 and J. E. Mc~herson3

ABSTRACT

Information on food plants and laboratory rearing of Nersiafloret~s st51 is provided, and the eggs and Ist, 2nd, and 5th instars are described.

Nersiajlorens ~ t i l ranges from South Carolina south to Florida, and west to Kansas and Texas; it has also been recul-ded from the West Indies, and Central and South America (Metcalf 1946). The only published information on its biology is its occurrence on coarse grasses (Dozier 1928, Van Duzee 1907).

Two 4th and two 5th instars were observed on I August 1978, feeding on curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) leaves and stems in Thompson Woods, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), Jackson County. These and 14 additional 5th instars, collected on 8 (9 specimens) and 15 August (5 specimens) at the same site, were returned to the laboratory, placed in separate petri dishes in an incubator under a 16L:8D photoperiod at 23 + I . l0C, and reared on curly dock leaves. Each dish (9 cm diam. 2 cm depth) was lined on the bottom with a disc of filter paper, covered with plastic secured by an elastic band, and covered with the lid. The specimens were checked daily; the leaves were replaced, and the filter paper was moistened, every 3 4 days.

One 4th instar died after molting to a 5th instar, but the other reached adult (female); the 5th stadium of this latter specimen was 14 days. Eleven of the 16 field-collected 5th instars (including the two collected on I August) were reared to adult (4 males, 7 females); the remaining five were preserved for illustration and description. None of the 12 adults copulated o r laid eggs. However, an adult female, collected on. 12 September 1978 at the same site as the earlier specimens, laid 42 eggs in the laboratory. Since the curly dock had died by this time, this female was maintained on green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a petri dish prepared similarly to those used for nymphs. The eggs were laid in a scattered pattern on the bottom and walls of the petri dish and on top of the bean; the female appeared to have attempted to insert some eggs in the filter paper. The average incubation period for the 32 eggs that hatched (10 were preserved for illustration and description) was 77.2 days (range = 67-99). The 1st instars were transferred to separate petri dishes, prepared as above, and reared on beans; 30 died within 10 days. The remaining two nymphs molted to the 2nd instar 10 and 15 days after hatching but died during this stadium.

The same SIUC collecting site was inspected weekly in 1979 for N. florens, but neither specimens of this dictyopharid nor curly dock plants were found. However, 31 adults (15 males, 16 females) were collected on 5 September 1979 at a nearby location, feeding on white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn). These were returned to the laboratory and maintained on white snakeroot clippings. However, none copulated or laid eggs.

'part of a dissertation submitted to Southern Illinois University at Carbondale by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Ph.D. degree in Zoology.

Z~resent address: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929. 3~epartment of Zoology, Southern IlIinois University, Carbondale. IL 62901.

THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No. 1

DESCRIFTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES

Specimens to be described were preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol. The description of each stage is based on 10 specimens unless otherwise stated. The 1st instar is described in detail, but only major changes from previous instars are described for subsequent instars. Com- parative statements refer to previous instars (e.g., "darker"). Measurements of eggs and nymphs were made with an ocular micrometer; dimensions are expressed in mm as K ? SE. For nymphs, length was measured from tip of vertex to tip of abdomen; width was measured across the widest part of the body. Thoracic length was measured along the midline from the anterior margin of the pronotum to the posterior margin of the metanotum; this measure- ment was included because total length measurements are affected by differences in head shape between specimens and because the abdomen occasionally becomes bloated when preserved in ethyl alcohol due to relatively broad intersegmental membranous areas. Draw- ings of eggs and nymphs were made with the aid of a camera lucida.

The following descriptions are based on laboratory specimens of eggs, 1st and 2nd instars, and field specimens of 5th instars.

Egg (Fig. 1A). Length 0.85 r 0.008; width 0.42 ? 0.014. Eggs laid singly; each elongate, oval; pale yellowish; chorion translucent, smooth; cephalic end surrounded by a bundle of slender, elongate processes, central process with an anterior pore.

First instar (Fig. 1B). Length 1.03 2 0.023; thoracic length 0.39 2 0.005; width 0.54 ? 0.007.

Form elongate, subcylindrical. widest at juncture of meso- and metathoraces. Body dark brown, head white anteriorly, thorax and abdomen infused with red ventrally; antennae, beak and legs white.

Head brown, white anteriorly. Vertex white with brown lateral borders; subtriangular, narrowing apically, concave medially, lateral margins cannate. Frons white. brown in ventral 113, pits white bordered by brown; subrectangular, longer than wide. broadest just beneath eyes, lateral margins convex; each lateral margin cannate (outer carina) and paral- leled by a second carina (inner carina) 113-112 distance from midline to outer carina; two longitudinal rows of 16 pits between each inner and outer carina; area between inner carinae concave. Clypeus brown with white apex; narrowing distally, consisting of a subconical, basal postclypeus and a beak-like cylindrical, distal anteclypeus. Beak 3-segmented, white with brown apex. extending to apex of abdomen; segment I covered by anteclypeus; segments 2 and 3 subequal. Eyes red. Antennae 3-segmented, white; segment I short, cylindrical; segment 2 subcylindrical; segment 3 bulbous basally, with an elongate bristle-like exten- sion apically.

Thoracic nota dark brown, membranous areas infused with red; divided by a longitudinal mid-dorsal line into three pairs of plates. Pronotum longest medially, produced anteriorly beyond posterior margin of eyes, extending laterally to ventral level of antennae; each plate subtriangular, narrowing laterally, anterior margin arcuate forming a weak ridge extending from midline of pronotum posterolaterally to level of lateral border of eye, posterior border slightly sinuate, with a row of 10 pits which parallels the anterior margin (lateralmost pits not visible in dorsal view). Mesonotum longest medially, median length ca. IYz times that of pronotum; each plate subrectangular, posterior margin arcuate with an oblique canna ong- inating near midline of mesonotum and extending obliquely to about middle of posterior margin of plate, with two pits between carina and lateral margin of mesonotum and two pits (often not visible in dorsal view) near lateral margin of mesonotum. Metanotum longest laterally, median length ca. 314 that of mesonotum; each plate subrectangular, posterior margin arcuate, with a longitudinal carina ca. 113 the distance from midline of metanotum to lateral margin of metanotum, with one small pit between midline qf metanotum and carina, two small pits between carina and lateral margin of metanotum, and one small pit (often not visible in dorsal view) in posterolateral comer of metanotum. Coxae brown basally, infused with red apically; elongate, subcylindrical, posteromedially directed; remaining segments of legs white with very fine setae (not illustrated). Metatibia bearing an apical row of four black-tipped spines ventrally. Tarsi 2-segmented; pro- and mesotarsi with segment I wedge- shaped; metatarsi with segment I cylindrical and bearing an apical row of four black-tipped spines ventrally; all tarsi with segment 2 subconical and slightly curved, with a pair of brown claws and white pulvillus apically.


Fig. I . Immature stages of Nersroflorens. ( A ) egg; (B) 1st instar: (C ) 2nd instar; (D) 5th instar. Vertical bar = 1.0 mm.

Abdomen 9-segmented, subcylindrical, widest basally; segments 7-9 partially telescoped anteriorly giving abdomen a truncate flattened appearance caudally; segment 9 elongate vertically, surrounding anus, with an elongate vertical subtriangular white process on either side of midline. Segments 3-8 with tergites curving around lateral margin to ventral side; segment 9 with dorsum not visible because of telescoping. Each segment with the following number of pits and wax pads on either side of midline (lateralmost and caudal pits often not visible in dorsal view): segments 4-5 each with four lateral pits on tergite, segments 6-8 each with two lateral pits on tergite, segment 9 with one caudal pit; segments 6-8 each with a caudal, elongate, vertical, oval white wax pad, segment 9 without pads. Second instar (Fig. IC). Length 1.64 ? 0.120; thoracic length 0.62 2 0.007; width

0.86 2 0.020; two specimens examined. Form slightly dorsoventrally flattened, widest across mesothorax. Body white with brown

markings.


Frons white, light brown basally and apically with two transverse rows of obscure pits between each inner and outer carina.

Pronotum white with brown lateral markings; pits obscure, more numerous. Mesonotum white, heavily marked with brown; with a median longitudinal carina; each plate with three pits near oblique carina lying between it and lateral margin of mesonotum, and with one incomplete oblique carina near posterolateral border of mesonotum. Metanotum white with brown markings anteriorly near bases of carinae, and in posterolateral comers; with a median longitudinal carina. Coxae white with a few flecks of light brown; remaining segments of legs white marked with light brown. Metatibia bearing three black-tipped spines on lateral margin and an apical row of five black-tipped spines ventrally. Metatarsi with segment 1 bearing an apical row of five black-tipped spines ventrally.

Abdomen with brown markings laterally. Otherwise, approximating 1st instar. Fifth instar (Fig. ID). Length 5.76 2 0.296; thoracic length 2.20 5 0.071; width

3.22 ? 0.1 16; five specimens examined. Body yellow to whitish with brown markings when preserved in alcohol, green with

brown and dark green markings in life. Frons yellow to whitish, mottled with light brown dorsally and laterally, with a brown

transverse stripe ventrally; with a weak median carina; broadest above eyes, outer carinae subparallel beneath eyes; with 4 2 4 7 pits between each inner and outer carina; concave area between inner carinae lanceolate. Clypeus white, heavily marked with brown medially; with a median carina extending from frontoclypeal suture to apex of anteclypeus, and with a pair of lateral carinae extending obliquely from frontoclypeal suture to juncture of post- and anteclypei. Beak with segment 3, 213-314 length of segment 2. Eyes white, infused with red. Antennae with segment 2 bearing ca. 20 pits, each pit surrounded by a ring of short black teeth.

Each plate of pronotum with 33-38 obscure white pits (lateralmost pits not visible dorsally). Mesonotum with median length 2-2% times that of pronotum; each plate with 5-7 obsccre pits near oblique carina lying between it and lateral margin of mesonotum; wingpad broadly expanded, extending beyond apex of metanotal wingpad. Metanotum with median length 112-213 that of mesonotum; each plate with f4 pits near longitudinal carina lying between it and lateral margin of metanotum; wingpad extending to 3rd or 4th abdominal tergite. Metatibia bearing 6 5 black-tipped spines on lateral margin and an apical row of eight black-tipped spines ventrally. Pro- and mesotarsi 2-segmented; metatarsi 3-segmented, segment I bearing apical row of 8-9 black-tipped spines ventrally, segment 2 bearing an apical row of seven black-tipped spines ventrally, segment 3 similar to segment 2 of 2nd instar. .

Abdomen with a mid-dorsolongitudinal carina on tergites 1-7. Segment 9 with the same number of pits as 2nd instar; other segments with the following number of pits on either side of midline (lateralmost pits often not visible in dorsal view): segment 4 with 11-16 lateral pits on tergite, segment 5 with 11-13 lateral pits on tergite, segment 6 with 5-7 lateral pits on tergite, segments 7-8 each with 5-6 lateral pits on tergite. Segment 6 with wax pads lacking.

Otherwise, approximating 2nd instar.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the following faculty members of Southern Illinois University at Car-

bondale (SIUC) for their critical reviews of the manuscript: Drs. R. A. Brandon, B. M. Burr, W. G . Dyer, Department of Zoology, and R. H. Mohlenbrock, Department of Botany. We also thank Mr. J. A. Richardson, Scientific Photography, Department of Botany, SIUC, for his valuable advice in preparing the illustrations.

LITERATURE CITED Dozier, H. L. 1928. The Fulgoridae or planthoppers of Mississippi, including those of

possible occurrence. A taxonomic, biological, ecological, and economic study. Tech. Bull. Mississippi Agric. Exp. Sta. 14:I-152.

Metcalf, Z. P. 1946. General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fasc. IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 8. Dictyopharidae.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1907. Studies in North American Fulgoridae. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia. 59:467498.


ONTOGENY OF THE TlBlAL SPUR IN MEGAMELUS DAVIS1 (HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) AND ITS BEARING ON

DELPHACID CLASSIFICATION

S. W. ~ i l s o n l and J . E. Mc~herson2

ABSTRACT

The forms of the nymphal tibial spur in Megamelus davisi Van Duzee, and their relation to Muir's classification of delphacid subfamilies and tribes, are discussed.

The evolutionary relationships among fulgoroid taxa, in our opinion, are not clearly un- derstood. Although some attempts have been made to clarify these relationships on the basis of adult morphology (e.g., Muir 1930), the morphology of nymphs, including the ontogeny of anatomical features, has been virtually ignored.

The delphacid tibial spur has been used in taxonomic treatments of members of this family (Muir 1915, 1923, 1930). Delphacid nymphs and adults are distinguished from other planthoppers by the presence of a metatibial spur, which appears to have developed from an apical tibial spine (Metcalfe 1%9). Muir (1915) based his arrangement of the delphacid subgroups on the different forms of the spur, which he felt represented a sequence of primitive to advanced states (i.e., thick and spike-like to thin and flattened). The subfamily Asiracinae is characterized by a spike-like spur that lacks teeth (Fig. l), and the subfamily Delphacinae by a flattened spur with or without teeth (Figs. 2 4 ) . Within the Delphacinae, the tribe Alohini is characterized by a thickened spur convex on both sides (Fig. 2), the tribe Tropidocephalini by a thinner spur convex on one side and concave on the other (Fig. 3), and the tribe Delphacini by a laminate spur (Fig. 4). Muir (1915) considered the Asiracinae primitive and the Delphacinae advanced; within the Delphacinae, he felt the Alohini, Tro- pidocephalini and Delphacini to be progressively more advanced.

During a study of the biology of Megamelus davisi Van Duzee conducted from February through November 1979 (see Wilson 1980), we obtained specimens of all nymphal instars of this planthopper; M. davisi is a member of the Delphacini, and occurs on waterlily (Nuphar advena [Aiton]). The spur forms mentioned above appear to be present in these instars. The spur of 1st instars (Fig. 5) is similar in size and shape to the apical tibial spine. Second instars (Fig. 6) have a spike-like spur similar to that found in the Asiracinae. Third, 4th and 5th instars (Figs. 7-9) have spurs somewhat similar to those found in the Alohini, Tropidocepha- lini, and Delphacini, respectively. Thus, there is a progression of forms in M. davisi from a spike-like to a laminate spur. During nymphal development of more primitive delphacids, it is probable that the spur develops to a particular stage that is retained by adults. If so, then the ontogeny of the spur would support the evolutionary relationships reflected in Muir's (1915, 1923, 1930) classification of delphacid subfamilies and tribes.

LITERATURE CITED

Metcalfe, J. R. 1969. Studies on the biology of the sugar cane pest Saccharosydne sacchari- vora (Westw.) (Hom., Delphacidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 59:393408.

'present address: Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929. 2~epartment of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. IL 62901.


Figs. 1-9. Ventral view (a) and cross-section (b) of me~atibial spur (mts) of: (1) Pentagramma uariegata Penner (Asiracinae); (2) Stobaera tricarinata (Say) (Delphacinae: Alohini); (3) Liburniella ornata S& (Delphacinae: Tropidocephalini); (4) Prokelisia crocea (Van Duzee) (Delphacinae: Delphacini); M. davisi (Delphacinae: Delphacini), (5) 1st instar, (6) 2nd instar, (7) 3rd instar, (8) 4th instar, (9) 5th instar.

Muir, F. A. G. 1915. A contribution towards the taxonomy of the Delphacidae. Canadian Entomol. 47:208-212, 261-270, 296-302, 3 17-320.

. 1923. On the classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera). Proc. Hawaiian En- tomol. Soc. 5:205-247.

. 1930. On the classification of the Fulgoroidea. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. (10) 6:46 1478.

Wilson, S. W. 1980. The planthoppers, or Fulgoroidea, of Illinois with information on the biology of selected species. Ph. D. thesis. Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale.


DIFFERENCES IN EMERGENCE DATE AND SIZE BETWEEN THE SEXES OF MALACOSOMA AMERICANUM THE EASTERN TENT

CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

Donald N. ~ i e m a n l and J. A. ~ i t t e r 2

ABSTRACT

Malacosoma americatl~rrn males were smaller and began to pupate earlier than females. Since the sexes spent the same amount of time as pupae, males also emerged earlier. The adaptive significance of these results is discussed. Emergence data revealed an interesting sidelight; no moths emerged from cocoons inside tents.

Stehr and Cook (1968) reported that laboratory reared North American Malacosonla males developed in an average of 36.7 days compared to 37.3 days for females, and that "nearly always more males than females emerged the first few days and more females emerged the last few days that emergence took place." They also reported "that the males tend to emerge slightly earlier than females" for adults reared from field-collected caterpillars and pupae, and that males were smaller than females. Thus, the shorter development time for males corresponds with earlier emergence, and possibly there is a relationship between size and emergence date of the sexes. We report the pupation and emergence dates for M. atnericanunl (Fabricius) in the field, the first such observations recorded for Mala- cosonta. In addition, possible relationships between size, development rate, and emergence date of the sexes are examined and discussed.

METHODS

A 20 x 30 m plot was located on a hill near the Leslie Park Golf Course in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The hill was grass-covered with scattered trees less than 5 m tall. The majority of trees were host species (apple, Malus spp.; black cheny, Prunus serotina Ehrh.; and hawthorn, Crataegus spp.). The caterpillars built most of their tents on apple, the predominant host on the hill.

We looked for pupae in concealed locations (on grass stems and under debris) and inside tents. Eight and 45 were found in concealed locations and inside tents, respectively. All were put in 0.3 litre covered paper cups. Once in cups, the cocoons found in concealed locations were replaced at that location, and the cocoons collected from inside tents were placed below their tents.

In order to observe the start of pupation and to guarantee finding a large sample of cocoons and moths, 883 ultimate larval instars were collected and placed in cups approximately where they were found. Caterpillars were only collected if they were in the grass, where they were assumed to be searching for pupation sites and not food, since leaves remained on the trees containing tents. The caterpillars and cocoons found in the grass were collected between 25 May and 3 June and the cocoons were collected from inside the tents on 5 June 1976.

The beginning of pupation, recognized by the shortening of the larval body, was noted.

11nsect Attractants, Behavior, and Basic Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 2~chool of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.


The diameter and length of cocoons were measured with calipers to 0.1 mm. Cups were inspected daily after pupation began; emergence date and sex were noted.

RESULTS

Eighty-three males and 141 females emerged between 15 June and 1 July 1976. We have no way of knowing how the 24% (2241931) survival for individuals in cups compares with the survival of free-living individuals. All but three of the 224 moths developed from the 883 individuals collected as larvae. Those three emerged from cocoons collected in the grass. This leads to an interesting sidelight; no moths emerged from the 45 cocoons collected from inside tents, though free-living moths were seen in the area indicating emergence from cocoons in concealed sites. We suspect the caterpillars which pupated in tents had been weakened by starvation, disease, and/or parasites and were unable to search for more concealed sites. Unfortunately, mortality factors were not monitored. However, cocoons collected inside tents were smaller (mean & standard error, 1.50 ? 0.09 cm3) than cocoons of individuals collected in the grass which did not mature (1.85 ? 0.09 cm3) and also smaller than those cocoons collected in the grass from which adults did emerge (2.04 r+_ 0.04 cm3) (t-test, P < 0.001 for both comparisons). The smaller size of cocoons inside tents may imply a weakened condition, but it also may indicate a larger proportion of males in this sample than the others. Males were smaller than females (1.59 + 0.05 cm3 for males and 2.30 + 0.04 cm3 for females; t-test, P < 0.0001). The sex of pupae was determined only for those from which adults emerged.

Males began pupating an average of a day earlier than females (3 June compared to 4 June; t-test, P < 0.01). Males and females spent the same amount of time as pupae (19.6 ? 0.2 and 19.7 2 0.2 days for- males and females, respectively, t-test, P = 0.866). Thus, males emerged an average of one day earlier than females (22 June compared to 23 June) (Fig. 1). Stehr and Cook (1968) observed the same pattern for all North American Malacosoma under laboratory conditions. We did not see free-living moths until moths began to emerge in the cups. Therefore, confinement in the cups probably did not affect emergence time.

DISCUSSION

Leonard (1970) argued that males emerged earlier than females in order to search for mates before their sisters emerged and thus promote outbreeding. However, in numerous species in which inbreeding occurs, males also emerge earlier than their sisters (Hamilton 1967, Moser et al. 1971, Werran 1980). Therefore early male emergence clearly does not preclude the possibility of inbreeding. It, in fact, appears to be frequently associated with inbreeding. Two alternative theories to the outbreeding advantage are presented:

(1) Early emergence in males would be favored as early males would find a large number of available mates. Darwin (1871) suggested that when male insects were smaller than females it was because males gained a mating advantage from earlier emergence. He argued that natural selection would pick smaller males because they develop more quickly and emerge earlier. However, the advantage of early emergence would have to surpass the possibility of predation before the first females emerged.

(2) It is also possible that larger females may be selected for because larger females can carry more eggs. In M. disstria Hiibner and M . neustria L. fecundity was positively corre- lated with size (Lorimer 1979, Shiga 1977). Thus females would take more time to develop than males and would emerge later.

Therefore, the difference in emergence dates of the sexes may be due to selection on males for earlier emergence because of the mating advantage or to selection on females for later emergence because of the size advantage. These two theories are not mutually exclu- sive.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the City of Ann Arbor for permitting us to use Leslie Park Golf Course as our study plot. We extend thanks to D. Anne, R. Bramer, and K. Keyes for their help in


1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 0 2 9 3 0 1

J U N E JULY

Fig. I . The number of male and female M u l u c o s o ~ ? ~ ~ otnrricunum emerging per day.

collecting data. We also thank E. Hover, L. Bundy, L. Waisanen, G. Fowler, and B. Low for reviewing the manuscript. Work leading to this publication was funded in part by USDA McIntire Stennis funds.

LITERATURE CITED

Darwin, C. 1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Random House, New York.

Hamilton, W. D. 1%7. Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156:477488. Leonard, D. E. 1970. Intrinsic factors causing qualitative changes in populations of Por-

thetria dispar. Canadian Entomol. 102:23%249. Lorimer, N. 1979. Patterns of variation in some quantitative characters of Malacosoma

disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72:275-280. Moser, J. C., E. A. Cross, and L. M. Roton. 1971. Biology of Pyemotes paruiscolyti

(Acarina: Pyemotidae). Entomophaga 16:367-379. Shiga, M. 1977. Population dy narnics of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lepidoptera: Lasi-

ocampidae): stabilizing process in a field population. Res. Popul. Ecol. 18:284-301. Stehr, F. W. and E. F. Cook. 1%8. A revision of the genus Malacosoma Hiibner in North

America (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) systematics, biology, immatures, and parasites. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 876.

Werren, J. H. 1980. Sex ratio adaptations to local mate competition in a parasitic wasp. Science 208: 1157-1 159.


TWO ENTOMOPHTHORA SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE EPIZ00'1'ICS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTlCA

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN ONTARIO1

D. G. ~ a r c o u r t , 2 J. C. ~ u p p y , ~ D. M. ~ a c ~ e o d , 3 and D. ~ ~ r r e l l 3

ABSTRACT

Recent studies have shown that disease epizootics in Ontario populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), are caused by a complex of two fungi.

Since 1975, natural populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), have been reduced to near tolerable levels throughout Ontario by recurrent epizootics of a fungus disease which attacks and kills the larvae and cocooned stages (Harcourt et al. 1977). Management practices now recognize the disease as a key component in control of the pest.

Recent field and laboratory studies have revealed a disease complex of two fungi which have very similar asexual or conidial states. This similarity has led to taxonomic difficulties which are still not fully resolved. One species, which has long been recognized as a natural control agent in populations of the clover leaf weevi1,H. punctata (Fabricius), throughout North America, has recently been renamed Zoophthora phytonomi (see Ben-Ze'ev and Kenneth 1980). Our discovery of smooth-walled resting spores associated with this pathogen in both weevils supports this change. The second species, which was first observed in Canada in 1973 and described by us under the name Entomophthora phytonomi Arthur (Harcourt et al. 1974), must therefore be renamed, but may be referrable to E. punctata Garbowski if further studies confirm our 1974 proposal that its resting spore state is the rough-walled yellowish-brown spores found in the alfalfa weevil. While Z. phytonomi has been shown to infect both weevils, we have so far observed the second species in Ontario only on the alfalfa weevil.

LITERATURE CITED

Ben-Ze'ev, I. and R. Kenneth. 1980. Zoophthora phytonomi and Conidiobolus osmodes (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae). Two pathogens of Hypera species (Col.: Curcu lionidae) coincidental in time and place. Entomophaga 25: 171-186.

Harcourt, D. G., J. C. Guppy, D. M. MacLeod, and D. Tyrrell. 1974. The fungus Ento- mophthora phyionomi pathogenic to the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica. Canadian Ento- mol. 106: 1295-1300.

Harcourt, D. G., and J. C. Guppy. 1977. The analysis of intrageneration change in eastern Ontario populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Canadian Entomol. 109: 1521-1534.

l~ontribution from the Ottawa Research Station (No. 623) and of the Forest Pest Management Insti- tute.

20ttawa Research Station, Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. Ontario, Canada KIA OC6. 3 ~ o r e s t Pest Management Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Sault Ste. Marie,

Ontario, Canada.


KEY PARAMETER COMPARISONS OF FUNGAL INDUCED MORTALITY IN ALFALFA WEEVIL LARVAE (COLEOPTERA:

CURCULIONIDAE)

Robert J. Barney and Edward J. ~ rmbrus t2

ABSTRACT

Key parameters of alfalfa weevil larval mortality by Entornophthora phytonorni were compared weekly in three alfalfa fields. Rainfall appeared to be the overriding factor in seasonal larval infection rates.

The fungus, Entornophthora (= Zoophthora) phytonorni (Zygomycetes: Entomophtora- ceae), was first detected in larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal (Coleop- tera: Curculionidae), in Illinois in 1979 (Barney et al. 1980). Harcourt et al. (1974) and Puttler et al. (1980) reported alfalfa weevil infection rates of over 90% in some alfalfa fields in Ontario and Missouri, respectively, and suggested that this fungus may become a key mortality factor.

The objective of this paper is to compare the following key parameters of alfalfa weevil larval mortality by the fungus in three fields: H. postica host density, density of the clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata (Fabricius), which is also infected by this fungus, and the infection rate in H. punctata larvae.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sampling was conducted in three alfalfa fields in Washington County, southern Illinois. On each sampling date, ten 0.09 m2 areas of alfalfa (1.0 ft2) from each field were removed to be placed on Berlese funnels in the laboratory (Barney et al. 1978). As the samples were being placed on the funnels, large (3rd and 4th instars) alfalfa weevil and clover leaf weevil larvae were picked out to be reared individually in plastic diet cups to determine the incidence of infection and parasitism. The larvae were reared individually to prevent the spread of infection to larvae which were not infected when removed from the field. The Berlese funnel measurements gave host densities by instar for both the alfalfa weevil and clover leaf weevil during the entire sampling period until cutting (2 April-7 May).


Dead clover leaf weevil larvae were visually found on the alfalfa leaflets from 9 April to 23 April. The mean number of infected larvae for the three fields increased from 6.1% on 9 April to 25.096 on 7 May (3rd and 4th instars).

The initial sighting of diseased alfalfa weevil larvae was 30 April. The mean number of infected larvae increased from 6.0% on 23 April to 21.6% on 7 May. A slightly greater percentage of 4th instars (25.5%) than 3rd instars (22.8%) were found to be diseased.

l ~ h i s research has been financed in part with Federal funds from the Environmental Protection Agency under grant number L 800 146, and in pan by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station and the Illinois Natural History Survey. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environ- mental Protection Agency nor does mention of trade or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

2~llinois Natural History Survey and Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, IL 61801.


Table 1. Comparison of key parameters affecting alfalfa weevil mortality by Entomophthora phyronomi in three alfalfa fields in Washington County. Illinois, 1980.

Alfalfa Fields

Davis Shubert Karg

H . posrica % disease@ 45.6 17.3 4.9 H . postica densityab 200.1 84.3 164.3 H . puncfaru 9% diseaseda 13.9 17.6 2.4 H . punctata densityab 7.2 3.6 6.3

aAverage over duration of sampling period. bper foot?.

Harcourt et al. (1974) suggested that the key parameters in alfalfa weevil larval mortality by the fungus appear to be host density, temperature, rainfall, and the density of H . punc- fafa which may serve as a reservoir for the fungus. A comparison of these parameters for the three study fields showed that the Davis field, which had the highest percentage of diseased alfalfa weevil larvae, had the greatest H . posrica and H . punctata densities (Table I.). However, the Karg field also had very high H . postica and H . punctata densities but had a very low incidence of larval infection for both species.

The overriding factor in the incidence of E . phyfonomi in alfalfa weevil larvae may be rainfall, and the resulting higher humidity. Watson et al. (in press) determined that high humidity was the primary factor initiating sporulation of E. phytonomi in alfalfa weevil larvae. The condition of high humidity protects against rapid dessication and inactivation of the conidea and is advantageous to further infections (Newman and Carner 1974).

During last year's statewide survey for this fungus in alfalfa weevil larvae, we found many fields in this area to have infection rates greater than 80%. A comparison of rainfall data for this area in 1979 and 1980 showed a 78.9% decrease of April rainfall from 1979 to 1980. April 1979 was an exceptionally wet month, 2.76 inches above normal, which may explain why the fungal incidence was so much greater in 1979 than 1980 in this area.

In summary, there were some indications during this study that high host densities of both Hypera species and a high percentage of diseased H . punctata larvae would facilitate the increase and spread of E. phyronomi through the H . postica population. However, it appears that April 1980 was a period of very low precipitation which inhibited the conidial sporulation and spread of the fungus in both the H . posrica and H . punctata populations.

LITERATURE CITED

Barney, R. J., E. J. Armbrust, D. P. Bartell, and M. A. Goodrich. 1978. Frequency occurrence of Bafhyplectes curculionis within instars of Hypera postica larvae in Illinois. Environ. Entomol. 7:241-245.

Barney, R. J., P. L. Watson, K. Black, J. V. Maddox, and E. J. Armbrust. 1980. Illinois distribution of the fungus Ento~nophrhora phytonomi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthora- ceae) in larvae of the alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 13: 149-150.

Harcourt, D. G., J. C. Guppy, D. M. MacLeod, and D. Tyrrell. 1974. The fungus Ento- mophfhora phyronomi pathogenic to the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica. Canadian Ento- mol. 106: 1295- 1300.

Newman, G. G., and G. R. Carner. 1974. Die1 periodicity of Entomophrhora gammae in the soybean looper. Environ. Entomol. 3:888-890.

Puttler, B., D. L. Hostetter, S. H. Long, and A. A. Borski. 1980. Seasonal incidence of the fungus Entomophrhora phytonolni infecting Hypera postica larvae in Central Missouri. J. Invert. Pathol. 35:99-100.

Watson, P. L., R. J. Barney, J. V. Maddox, and E. J. Armbmst. Sporulation and mode of infection of Enromophrhora phyronomi, a pathogen of the alfalfa weevil. Environ. En- tomol. (in press)


A CHECKLIST OF ILLINOIS CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA): SUPPLEMENT

Gerald Summers,l J. A. ~ e a t t ~ , 2 and Nanette ~ a ~ n u s o n 2

(Editor's note. The map figures illustraing the previously published part of this paper [Great Lakes Entomol. 13:24 1-257. 1980.1 were not printed satisfactorily, and some of the information they contained was not reproduced. This supplement combines the annotations and references from the original list with a complete summary of the distribution for each species, including natural divisions and county records. A key to abbreviations for natural divisions [Table 11 and a map of the counties of Illinois [Fig. 11 accompany the original list.)

Order SCOLOPENDROMORPHA Family CRYFTOPIDAE

Subfamily CRYFTOPINAE

Cryptops hyalinus Say 1821. (Fig. 2). B (Cook; Auerbach [1951]), C (Champaign) F (Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Pope, Saline, Williamson), G (Jackson, Jefferson, Perry, Williamson),

H (Clark), I (Randolph, Union), J (Alexander).

Subfamily SCOLOPOCRYFTOPINAE

Scolopocryptops nigridius McNeill 1887. (Fig. 3). F (Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Pope, Saline, Union, Williamson), G (Jackson, Williamson), H (Vermilion), I (Randolph, Union), J (Massac).

S. rubiginosus L. Koch 1878. (Fig. 3). D (Hancock, Jersey, LaSalle, Rock Island), F (Adams, Knox).

S. sexspinosus (Say) 182 1 . (Fig. 4). B (Cook, Lake, Will), C (Champaign, Christian, Coles, Kankakee, Kendall, McLean, Piatt), D (Greene, Lawrence, Wabash), E (Mason), F (Hardin, Pope, Williamson), G (Clark, Effingham, Franklin, Jackson, Marion, Richland),

I (Union), J (Alexander, Pulaski).

Subfamily THEATOPINAE

Theatopsposticus (Say) 1821. (Fig. 5). D (Gallatin), F (Gallatin, Hardin, Pope), G (Jackson), J (Pulaski).

T. spinicaudus (Wood) 1862. (Fig. 5). B (Cook; Auerbach [I95 I]), C (Champaign, McLean), D (Greene, Union), F (Gallatin, Johnson, Pope, Union), G (Jackson, Williamson), I

(Randolph, Union), J (Pulaski).

Family SCOLOPENDRIDAE

Hemiscolopendra punctiventris (Newport) 1844. (Fig. 6). F (Jackson, Pope, Union, Wil- liamson), G (Jackson, Williamson), I (Union), J (Alexander, Pulaski).

Scolopendra viridis Say 1821 (Fig. 6). The only record for this species in Illinois is from Chamberlin's (1944) list of specimens at the Field Museum. We have not been able to

l~ivision of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 6521 I Z~e~artment of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 61901.


locate this specimen and confirm the identification. It is known from the single locality, Alto Pass, Union county, in Natural Division F.

Order GEOPHILOMORPHA Family CHILENOPHILIDAE

Arctogeophilr~s umbraticus (McNeill) 1887. (Fig. 7). F (Gallatin, Union). Pachymerium ferrugineum (C. L. Koch) 1835. (Fig. 7). B (Cook; Auerbach [1951]), C

(Douglas), D (LaSalle, Mason, Peoria), F (Pope, Union). Taiyuna opita Chamberlin 1912 (Fig. 8). A (Jo Daviess).

Family DIGNATHODONTIDAE

Strigamia bidens Wood 1862. (Fig. 8). G (Jackson), I (Union). S . bothriopa Wood 1862. (Fig. 9). A (Jo Daviess), B (DuPage), C (Champaign, DeWitt, Lee.

Piatt), D (Calhoun, Gallatin, Lawrence, Monroe, Union, Woodford), F (Johnson, Pope. Saline), G (Jackson, Richland, Wayne), H (Champaign), I (Union).

S. branneri (Bollman) 1888. (Fig. 10). A (Winnebago), B (Cook, Kane, Lake), C (Cham- paign, Coles, Logan, McLean, Piatt, Tazewell), D (Calhoun, Jersey, LaSalle, Lawrence, Woodford), F (Hardin, Pope, Saline), G (Clark, Cumberland, Fayette, Jackson, Marion, Montgomery, Wayne, Williamson), H (Champaign, Crawford, Vermillion), I (Union).

S . chionophila Wood 1862. This species is easily confused with branneri and many previous reports of chionophila (e.g., Summers and Uetz 1979) have probably been based upon incorrect identifications. We have seen no specimens of this species from Illinois, but we have confirmed the widespread occurrence of branneri and we share the view of Crabill that "many distributional records presumably based upon chionophila have really been founded upon specimens of branneri . . ." (1952: 112-1 13).

Family GEOPHILIDAE

ArenophiIris bipuncticeps (Wood) 1862. (Fig. 11). B (Cook, DuPage, Will), C (Champaign, Coles, Kankakee, Kendall, Piatt), D (Alexander, Peoria, Rock Island), F (Jackson, Pope), G (Clark, Effingham, Lawrence, Perry, Richland, Wayne), H (Champaign, Crawford, White), I (Alexander), J (Alexander).

Brachygeophilus parki Auerbach 1954. (Fig. 12). B (Cook, Lake). B. rupestris Crabill 1949. (Fig. 12). G (Washington). Geophilus ampyx Crabill 1954. (Fig. 13). F (Johnson), G (Jackson). G. mordax Meinert 1886. (Fig. 13). B (DuPage), C (Champaign, McLean, Menard), F (Jack-

son, Pope, Union), G (Clark, Jackson, Shelby), H (Clark). G . vitatrus (Rafinesque) 1820. (Fig. 14). A (Lee), B (Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake. Will), C

(Champaign, Kendall, McLean, Piatt), D (LaSalle), F (Jackson, Knox, Pope, William- son), G (Clark, Cumberland, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson), H (Champaign, Vermilion), I (Randolph).

Family SCHENDYLIDAE

Escaryus missouriensis Chamberlin 1942. .Although we have seen no specimens of this species, Crabill (1961) included the state of Illinois in its range. The type locality is St. Louis, Missouri.

Schendyla nemorensis (C. L. Koch) 1836. (Fig. 15). B (Cook, Lake), C (Champaign, Doug- las), H (Clark), I (Union).

Order SCUTIGEROMORPHA Family SCUTIGERIDAE

Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus) 1758. We have seen a number of specimens from several natural divisions throughout the state; however, this species (the "house centipede") is


undoubtedly found in homes and buildings in every part of the state. It is rarely found outdoors in temperate regions, but may occasionally be found in areas near human habi- tation (e.g., Lee 1980).

Order LITHOBIOMORPHA Family HENICOPIDAE

Buethobius huestoni Williams and Hefner 1928. (Fig. 16). F (Pope). Lamyctes fulvicornis Meinert 1868. (Fig. 16). B (Cook), C (Piatt), D (Peoria; Chamberlin

[1912]), G (Jackson), H (Champaign).

Family LITHOBIIDAE Subfamily ETHOPOLYINAE

Bothropolys multidentatus (Newport) 1845. (Fig. 17). A (Lee, Whiteside), B (Cook, Kane, Will), C (Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Kendall, McLean, Piatt), D (Peoria, Pike, Scott, Woodford), F (Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Pope, Saline, Williamson), G (Fayette, Jackson, Jasper, Lawrence), H (Vermilion, White), I (Union), J (Massac).

Garibius opicolens Chamberlin 1931. (Fig. 18). F (Pope, Williamson), G (Williamson), I (Union).

Subfamily LITHOBIINAE

Lithobius forficatus Linnaeus 1758. (Fig. 19). A (Lee; Chamberlin [1925a]), B (Boone, Cook, DuPage, Lake, Will), C (Champaign, Coles, Kendall, Livingston, Macon, Mc- Lean), D (Crawford, Jasper, Peoria, Whiteside) F (Johnson, Union), G (Jackson, White), H (Vermilion), I (Union), J (Alexander).

Nadabius ameles (Chamberlin) 1944. (Fig. 20). B (Boone, Cook, Lake), C (Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Ford, Grundy, Logan, Mason, McLean, Piatt, Will), D (Calhoun, Hamil- ton, Hancock, LaSalle, Lawrence, Mason), E (Henderson), F (Adams, Hancock, Hardin, Johnson, Pope, Williamson), G (Clark, Cumberland, Fayette, Jackson, Lawrence, Marion, Perry, Shelby, St. Clair, Washington, Wayne), H (Champaign, Vermilion), I (Alexander, Monroe, Union).

Nadabius holzingeri (Bollman) 1887. (Fig. 21). A (Jo Daviess), B (Cook, DeKalb), C (Cham- paign, Ford, Grundy, Piatt), D (Carroll, LaSalle), E (Henderson), F (Pope), G (Lawrence, Montgomery, Perry, Washington, Wayne), H (Champaign, Crawford), J (Massac).

N . iowensis (Meinert) 1886. (Fig. 22). A (Lee; Chamberlin [1922]), B (Cook, Lake), C (Champaign, Christian, Coles, DeWitt, Douglas, Knox, Logan, Piatt, Will), D (Calhoun, Gallatin, Hancock, LaSalle, Lawrence, Peoria, Pike, Rock Island, Tazewell, Whiteside, Woodford), F (Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Pope, Saline), G (Christian, Clark, Cumber- land, Fayette, Jackson, Lawrence, Madison, Marion, Perry, Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson, Woodford), H (Crawford, Vermilion), I (Union).

N . pullus (Bollman) 1887. (Fig. 23). B (DuPage), C (Champaign, Livingston). Nampabius virginiensis Chamberlin 1913. (Fig. 24). F (Hardin, Johnson, Pope), G (Jack-

son), I (Union). Neolithobius mordax (L. Koch) 1862. The Illinois State Natural History Survey has four

specimens from Carbondale and Urbana that were identified as mordux by R. V. Cham- berlin, but the specimens are missing the last two pairs of legs and we are unable to verify the identifications. This species occurs in a variety of locations in the Coastal Plain and Interior Lowland physiographic provinces (cf. Fennemann 1928) and it is not unlikely that it occurs in Illinois; however, these four specimens are the only records we found for the state.

N . tyrannus (Bollman) 1887. (Fig. 25). B (Cook), C (Champaign, Coles, Mason), D (Galla- tin), F (Williamson), G (Perry).

N . voracior (Chamberlin) 1912. (Fig. 26). B (Cook), C (Champaign, Christian, Coles, Kan- kakee, McLean, Piatt), F (Adams, Gallatin, Jackson, Macoupin, Pope), G (Clark, Fay-


ette, Jackson, Jasper, Macoupin, Madison, Perry, Shelby, Washington), H (Champaign), J (Massac).

Pairobius juventrts (Bollman) 1887. (Fig. 27). A (Jo Daviess), B (Cook, DuPage), E (Mason), F (Jackson, Pope), G (Jackson), H (Clark), I (Union).

[Physobius rappi Chamberlin 1945. An examination of the type specimen suggests that this species is based upon an aberrant specimen of a locally abundant centipede (R. E. Crabill, pers. comm.). Furthermore, extensive collections at the type locality have failed to yield topotypes and we therefore exclude it from our list.]

Pokabi~ts bilabiatus (Wood) 1867. (Fig. 28). A (Lee; Chamberlin [1922]), B (Cook, DeKalb. Lake), C (Champaign, Christian, Coles, Ford, Gmndy, McLean, Piatt), D (Alexander. Jersey, LaSalle, Peoria, Rock Island, Union, Whiteside, Woodford), G (Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Marion, Montgomery, Perry, Washington, Wayne, White), 1 (Randolph). J (Massac).

Sigibius urbanus Chamberlin 1944. The only record for this species is the type specimen. a single female collected in Chicago.

Sonibius bius (Chamberlin) 1911. (Fig. 29). B (Cook), C (Champaign), G (Jefferson). S . politus (McNeill) 1887. (Fig. 29). B (Cook), C (Champaign), D (Peoria), G (Jackson). Soz~bius proridens (Bollman) 1887. (Fig. 30). D (Lawrence), F (Pope, Johnson, Saline). G

(Jackson), H (Clark, Crawford). Tidabi~ts plesius Chamberlin 1945. The only record for this species is the type material from

Urbana and Mahomet. Crabill and Lorenzo (1957) have suggested that critical study of the genus Tidabius may reduce several specific names to synonymy. Although we have collected no specimens referable to this species, we retain the name on our list until further study resolves the problem of specific names in this genus.

T . srtirus (Chamberlin) 1911. (Fig. 31). B (Lake). T. tivirts (Chamberlin) 1909. (Fig. 31). B (Cook), C (Champaign, Coles, Livingston. Ver-

milion), D (Peoria and Whiteside; Chamberlin [1913]), E (Gmndy), F (Pope), G (Jackson). H (Champaign), J (Alexander).


WOLF SPIDERS OF THE GENUS PARDOSA (ARANEAE: LYCOSIDAE) IN MICHIGAN

Robert J. ~ o l f f l

ABSTRACT

Distribution, life history, and habitat information is given for I I species of Pardosa which occur in Michigan.

Pardosa are small wolf spiders abundant on the soil surface of fields and other more open habitats. They are a dominant member of the wandering guilds of spiders in temperate regions. Wolf spiders do not build webs, but are active hunters which wander in search of prey.

Michigan distribution is mapped (Figs. 1-1 1) and life history data are presented for each species of Pardosa (Figs. 12-19). Both mature males and females were recorded. Females which were captured with an egg sac attached to the spinnerets or the young spiderlings holding on to her abdominal hairs are recorded in a separate category. For each category and time period, data for a maximum of 25 specimens are included. As specimens were taken by general collecting and pitfall trapping over all seasons, except under snow cover, the data should accurately reflect life histories. It is apparent that Pardosa have one generation a year and overwinter as immatures. Females may live for several months as adults and produce more than one egg sac.

Kaston (1948) may be used for the identification of Michigan Pardosa. Levi and Field (1954) presented figures for identifying fuscula and groenlandica, and Chamberlin (1908) figured hyperborea.

GENUS PARDOSA KOCH 1848

distincta (Blackwall) 1846. (Fig. 2). Maturity is reached in the second half of June, with egg sacs appearing in late June, July, August, and into September (Fig. 12). Young overwinter as immatures. Habitats include beach, shore outcrop, old field, gravel pit, pine plantation, oak woods and maple woods.

fuscula (Thorell) 1872. (Fig. 3). Mature males are found from late April to early June. A female with an egg sac was collected 16 July. They have been found on a sand beach, at the edge of a pond, and in a Typlza marsh.

groenlandica (Thorell) 1872. (Fig. 4). Females were collected from rocky beaches on 28 May, 24 June, 4 July, 17 August and females with egg sacs 27 June and 30 July. A male was taken 25 June.

hyperborea (Thorell) 1869. A single male from a shore outcrop was taken 26 June on Isle Royale, Keweenaw County.

lapidicina Emerton 1885. (Fig. 5). Found in a fir climax forest and on rocky beaches, this species matures in late August and September. Egg sacs appear throughout the summer, particularly in July (Fig. 13).

l ~ i o l o g y Department, Trinity Christian College, 6601 West College Drive, Palos Heights, IL 60463


WISCONSIN

-

Fig. I . The counties of the Stare of Michigan

mackenziana (Keyserling) 1876. (Fig. 6). Maturity is gained in May and June. Females with egg sacs have been collected in July, August, and September (Fig. 14). This species has only been taken on rocky shores.

milvina (Hentz) 1844. (Fig. 7). Maturity is gained in May and June (Fig. 15). Females with egg sacs have been collected in July, August, and September. Habitats include corn and vegetable fields, old field, lawn, mud flat, and swamp.

modica (Blackwall) 1846. (Fig. 8). Maturity is reached in late fall and early spring (Fig. 16). This may be the only M~ch~gan species of which some adults overwinter. Collections are from old fields, oak forests, marsh, and lake shore.


I G? P. groenlondico 4 P. lopidicino

moesta Banks 1892. (Fig. 9). This species matures at the very beginning of May. In 1975, no mature specimens were collected in the first week of May (most were penultimate), while in 1976, after a warm spring, approximately 80% of the spiders collected in Kalamazoo County were mature. Less than 8% were immature in the last week of May in 1976. Egg sacs are produced in May, June, and July, indicating that at least two egg sacs are made (Fig. 17). Habitats include a mowed field, old field, corn field, garden, gravel pit, rocky shore, Typha marsh, and oak forest.

66 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. I

P. mockenriano I

P. modica

FIG. 7

FIG. 9

saxatilii (Hentz) 1844. (Fig. 10). Mature specimens are found in late Yay. Egg sacs are carried in June and July, with probably two sacs produced by each female (Fig. 181. This s ~ e c i e s is known from corn fields, old fields, mowed field. gravel pit. f i p h marsh. and oak woods.

xerampelina (Keyserling) 1876. (Fig. 1 1). Maturity is attained in May. with e a sacs collected in July (Fig. 19). Habitats include rocky shore, birch-maple forest. and a roadside.


P. saxatilis 4 P. xerampelina

FIGURE 12. Pardara dlrrinrta FEMALES WlTH

FEMALES EGG SACS OR YOUNG

MALES 1

MALES

SEPTEMBER 1-15 11 I I I I SEPTEMBER 16-30 11 OCTOBER-APRIL I I

68 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. 1

FIGURE I V Paidora xerompe1,ns 1 FEMALES FEMALES WITH d

EGG SACS Y L B

SEPTEMBER 1-15 SEPTEMBER 16-30 11 1 1 OCTOBER-APRIL 11

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research is part of a thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts at N-estern Michigan University. Partial travel costs were provided through a Graduate College Grant. Western Michigan University. Thanks go to my wife Marcia, J. G. Engemann. C. J. G d - night, W. B. Harrison 111, A. R. Brady, R. L. Fischer, A. Penniman. J . L. Kasrer. and Southern Illinois University, for support, advice. and the loan of specimens.

LITERATURE CITED

Chamberlin, R. V. 1908. Revision of North American spiders of the family L>-cosidae. P~K. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. 60: 158-318.

Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Connecticut -0:I- 874.

Levi. H. W. and H. M. Field. 1954. The spiders of Wisconsin. Amer. Midl. Sat. 5I:+G-K-.


ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

TYPE-SPECIES DESIGNATION FOR THE JURASSIC MAYFLY GENUS M E S E P H E M E R A (EPHEMEROPTERA: MESEPHEMERIDAE)'

Among the many new genera established by Anton Handlirsch in his monumental work "Die .fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Fortnen: Ein Handbuch f i r Paliion- tologet1 utrd Zoologen" (Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, 1906-1908) was a genus of Ephemer- optera for which he designated no type-species and for which one has still not been designated. In this paper I designate a type-species for this genus, Mesephemera.

Mesephemera Handlirsch, 1906 (p. 600) was established with seven included species. I designate the first of these, and the only one figured by Handlirsch, Ephemera procera Hagen, 1862, as type-species. Mesephernera procera is presently considered a junior syno- nym of Mesephemera lithophila (Germar) (cf. Demoulin, Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. 31[39]: 1-14, 1955).

Michael D. Hubbard Department of Entomology Florida A&M University Tallahassee, FL 32307

l ~ h i s paper was supported by a research program (FLAX 79009) of SEAICR, USDA

THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14. No. I

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES

THE FIRST REPORT OF THE OCCURRENCE O F MECIDEA MAJOR (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN ILLINOIS

Species of the phytophagous genus Mecidea occur in the subtropical and adjacent temperate parts of the world and appear to be associated with xerophytic and semixeroph>-tic areas (Sailer, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 102:471-505, 1952). Two species occur in North Amer- ica, M. mitlor Ruckes and M. 1~2ajor Sailer. M. major has a more eastern distribution than minor, ranges from Arizona and Texas north to Kansas and Missouri, and is probably primarily associated with grasses (Sailer, op. cit.). It has not previously been reported from Illinois although Hart (Illinois Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull. 13: 157-223, 1919) felt that i t (listedas M. longula Stil) might eventually be found in western Illinois, and McPherson (Great Lakes Entomol. 12:gl-98, 1979) listed it as a species of possible occurrence in the state.

On 6 September 1980. we swept an adult female of M . major from roadside grass>- and herbaceous vegetation near Fountain Bluff, which is located in the southwest corner of Jackson County. No additional specimens were found on that day nor during a second trip to the same site on 26 September. Thus, it is possible that this specimen was adventitious rather than a member of a local population.

The specimen is deposited in the Entomology Collection, Southern Illinois University Zoology Research Museum.

J. E. McPherson and T. E. \-ogt Department of Zoology Southern Illinois Universit) Carbondale, Illinois 6290 1

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The GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST · 2014. 12. 9. · caelatus, Pityogenes hopkinsi, Pityophthorus...

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