Jobs without Frontiers: the Potential of the Single European Labour Market
The Gender Jobs Split How young men and women experience the labour market
description
Transcript of The Gender Jobs Split How young men and women experience the labour market
The Gender Jobs SplitHow young men and women experience the labour market
Katy Jones and Ian BrinkleyCongress House, 1st November 2013
Young people in employment
2 key areas:
• Occupational segmentation – which occupations do young men and women work in? has this changed over time?
• Underemployment – how has underemployment impacted on young men and women?
Young people in employment: gendered occupational segmentation
Source: Labour Force Survey, average of four quarters, 2011, weightedNote: occupations shown on the left are those dominated by young women, those on the left are dominated by young men
Personal
servic
es
Administrati
ve an
d secre
tarial
Sales
and cu
stomer
servic
e
Associa
te pro
fessio
nal an
d tech
nical
Profes
sional
Manage
rs an
d senior o
fficials
Unskilled
Proces
s, plan
t and m
achine o
peratives
Skilled
trad
es
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Occupations of young men and women, ages 16-24 (% points difference)
1993 2011 % point change 1993- 2011
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Managers and senior officials 6 6 6 40 -2
Professional occupations 5 3 5 40 1
Associate professional and technical 7 7 10 103 3
Administrative and secretarial 13 31 6 13-7 -18
Skilled trades occupations 23 3 20 1-3 -2
Personal service occupations 9 19 5 21-4 2
Sales and customer service occupations 11 19 17 246 5
Process, plant and machine operatives 12 5 6 1-6 -4
Elementary occupations 14 7 25 21 11 14
Main job major group, 16-24 year olds, %
Source: Labour Force Survey, average of four quarters in 1993 and 2011, weighted
Young people in employment: gendered occupational segmentation
Young workers: dependence on private sector employment
Men WomenPrivate sector employment 92 87Public sector employment 8 13
Source: Labour Force Survey, 4-quarterly average for 2011. NB: Public sector figures in the LFS are based on self-reporting and so deviate from the ONS estimates of public sector employment. The public sector figures in the LFS are known to over-estimate the size of the public sector because they can include university staff and agency workers. The data presented in the chart/table are adjusted down to reflect this using the method suggested in Millard, B. and Machin, A. (2007) ‘Characteristics of public sector workers’ Economic and Labour Market Review 1:5, pp 46-54.
Public and private sector employment, 2011 (%)
Underemployment: young men most affected
Age group 16 – 24 year olds
25 + year olds
Reason for part-time job Men Women Men WomenStudent or at school 62 61 6 2Ill or disabled 1 1 5 2Could not find full-time job
30 21 29 11
Did not want full-time job
7 18 61 85Source: Labour Force Survey, average of four quarters, 2011, weighted
Underemployment: reason for part-time job, %
• How do young people’s qualifications vary by gender?
• How do young people’s experiences of apprenticeships differ by gender?
Young people in education
Men Women
Degree or equivalent 10 12
Higher education 4 4
GCE A Level or equivalent 33 36
GCSE grades A-C or equivalent 33 32
Other qualifications 9 7
No qualification 10 9
Highest qualification levels of 16-24 year olds, %
Source: Labour Force Survey, average of four quarters, 2011, weighted
Young people in education: qualifications
Young people in education: apprenticeships
Rail Tr
ansp
ort En
gineer
ing
Construction
Glass In
dustry
Vehicle
Main
tenan
ce an
d Repair
MES Plumbing
Public Se
rvices
Horticultu
re
Driving G
oods Veh
icles
Engin
eering
Provid
ing Secu
rity S
ervice
s
Warehousin
g & St
orage
Road Pass
enger
Tran
sport - B
us and Coach
Industrial
Applications
IT and Te
lecoms P
rofes
sionals
(inc IC
T)
Active Le
isure
and Le
arning
Food M
anufac
ture
Sales
and Te
lesale
s
Cleaning a
nd Support
Servic
e Industr
y
IT User
Hospitality
and Cate
ring
Manage
ment
Customer
Servi
ce
Accountan
cy Reta
il
Business
Administrati
on
Equine In
dustry
Health an
d Socia
l Care
Hairdres
sing
Children
's Care
Learn
ing and Dev
elopmen
t
Beauty
Thera
py 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Level 2 Apprenticeship programme starts by sector framework (all ages)
MaleFemale
Source: The Data Service, 2011/12
Young people not in education, employment or training• Economic activity
• Flows from unemployment
• Youth claimant counts
Young people not in education, employment or training
2007 2011
Economic activity Men Women Men Women
Employed74 67 68 63
Unemployed15 10 21 14
Inactive11 23 11 23
Of which:
- Inactive but seeking 1 1 1 1
- Inactive, not seeking but would like 3 6 3 6
- Inactive, not seeking and would not like 7 16 8 16
- Inactive, looking after family/home 0 13 1 14
Economic activity of 16-24 year olds, excluding full-time students
Source: Labour Force Survey, average of four quarters, 2007 and 2011, weighted
Young people not in education, employment or training
Men Women
In employment 26 28
ILO unemployed 58 48
Inactive 16 24
Destinations of young men and women from unemployment
Source: Labour Force Survey, 2 quarter datasets, Jan 05-June12, weighted
Key findings and implications• Hiring paradox – private sector employers have created
over 1.3 million jobs in just three years but has had little impact on number of young people in work;
• Glacial progress towards reducing gender segmentation, particularly in vocational choices such as apprenticeships – very hard to address once young people are in the labour market;
• Growth of unskilled work, especially for young women, and continued importance of skilled trades for young men;
• Significant problem of under-employment for young men and women, but especially for young men;
Key findings and implications• Few OECD economies have successfully addressed high
unemployment among under 25s, and none have succeeded without a strong employer based vocational training system;
• Transition from school to work is critical – what happens in schools as important as first contacts with the labour market;
• Labour market connections through private and public sector “intermediaries” matter to increase the willingness of employers to take on non-graduate young people;
• Wider policy levers to reduce the share of unskilled work and increase access to higher skill work for under 25s – for example, higher priority for quality of work in public employment services, public procurement, industrial policies to ensure strong manufacturing and construction base and expansion of technical skills in high value add services;
• Implications for social mobility and generational gap in numeracy and literacy skills.