The Ganges Basin Development Challenge: Increasing the resilience of agricultural and aquaculture...
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The Ganges Basin Development Challenge (GBDC)
Increasing the resilience of agricultural and aquaculture systems in the coastal
areas of the Ganges Delta
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Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Water for a food-secure world
The short, short version• Coastal Bangladesh, seasonal salinity, “polders”
• Low productivity farm systems
• Enormous potential to intensify systems if better water control
• But infrastructure for water control needs improvement
• Multiple institutions working on water infrastructure –coordination problems
• CPWF projects working with National Planning Commission and other local institutions on practical steps to upgrade infrastructure – could involve up to USD1b of investment
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Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Water for a food-secure world
LOCATION OF GANGES RIVER BASIN
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Polde
r 31
Polder 30
Ri
ve
rInlet to
sluice
gate
Sluice
gate on
river sideSluice
gate
inside the
polder
Focal study areas in Bangladesh
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West Bengal, IndiaSouth West Bangladesh
Patuakhali STU
Polder 43/2/F
Polder 30
Polder 3
North 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas
Andy Nelson
“LOW SALINITY”
•Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm
several weeks in aman
•River water fresh 10-11 months
•Mild soil salinity in dry season
“MEDIUM SALINITY”
•Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm
several weeks in aman
•River water saline mid-Feb-Jun
•Medium soil salinity in dry
season
“HIGH SALINITY”
•Water “stagnation” 30-50 cm
several weeks in aman
•River water saline Dec-Jul
•High soil salinity in dry
season
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Increasing area affected by soil salinity
Soil salinity
None
Very slight
Slight
Strong
Very strong
3/12
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Study sites for improved technologies
Polder 3
Rice/Aquaculture &
Shrimp/Shrimp
Polder 30
Intensification from one to
two crops
Polder 43/2f
Intensification from
one/two to three crops
2/12
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10 Apr
30 June
10 July
15 Nov 05Apr
Rabi (130-140 d)
1 Dec
T. Aman (130-140 d)Aus (100-105 d)
A M J J A S O N D J F M A
Low salinity areas: Aus-Aman-Rabi Cropping System
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15 July
15 Nov 30 AprRabi (120-140 d)
Dec/Jan
Aman (140 d)
M J J A S O N D J F M A M
Terminal Drainage
Moderate salinity areas: Aman-Rabi Cropping System
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Wet seasonDry season
Gher
preparation
Seedling
Bagda Rice+Fish
High salinity areas: Improved aquaculture-rice
Drain out saline water,
expose gher soil to
rainfall to leach down
soil salinity
Poorly-drained gher in polder 3 Well-drained gher
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Average of Peak water level during kharif-2
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• In the low saline zone freshwater is available for the whole year at presentand future and three crops can be established instead of one crop atpresent;
• Gravity irrigation is feasible during Aman Crop;
• Costal polder needs improved water management with additional drainageand flushing sluices and ensuring proper operation of gates;
• Internal road network needs adequate number of cross-drainage structurefor drainage improvement;
• Excavation of internal drainage khal for drainage improvement and waterstorage for agriculture;
• In the high saline zone, unauthorized pipes/structure are used for salinewater supply can be replaced by few number of flushing sluices for betterwater and conflict management and safety of the embankment ;
• The effects of external drivers on water resources is significant and needs tobe considered in future plannning.
Details: What “water control” means in this case
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Re-defining the roles of polders
• Each polder needs to be considered as an integrated water management unit
• The original role of the polders was to enable one crop of tall, long duration traditional aman rice
• HYVs & improved cropping system technologies now available, but require better water control
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Effective water management at polder level require separation of lands on the basis of land topography to form a small water management unit by about 50 cm high farm levee
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How to reduce drainage problems and conflicts?
Divide polders into smaller hydrological units (SHU).
Use LGED rural roads as hydrological boundaries
For even smaller boundaries, use UP social safety funds for ail construction
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Why are water infrastructures not maintained?
• WMOs were created for solving ‘deferred maintenance’
• Why communities don’t maintain?– Public goods dilemma
– Even so called ‘minor’ repair and maintenance may be beyond the capacity of communities
– Incentive problems: if communities don’t fix it in time, government or donor will in a few years time
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Solutions beyond community levels
• Use existing social safety net funds of UP, like 40 days work, KABHIKA for polder maintenance
• Twin benefits of employment creation (LCS) and infrastructure maintenance
• Coordination between UP, BWDB, LGED and Central Government
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Solutions by donors and central government
• Create of Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance of Water related infrastructure in Bangladesh
• All polder/sub-projects get allocations for repair and maintenance every year from interest amount of Trust Fund
GoB
Development partner
Donor Government Trust Fund
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Trust fund money is allocated to every polder each year for Repair and Maintenance
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Polder 31
Polder 30
River
Inlet to sluice gate
Sluice gate on river side
Sluice gate inside the
polder
5 research projects - expected outcomes Use of suitability domain maps as a decision support toolsDevelop, evaluate, and adapt new and improved cropping and aquaculture systems
Better polder governance through reduced conflict between fishermen and farmers
Understanding of the key external drivers of change in water resources
Establish a policy framework for scaling up/out of technologies to enable changes in HH of Ganges coastal zone (team effort)
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Thank you