TheFutureofOffshoreWindinAmericaBeginswithBlockIsland

RyanMerluza

SubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthecourseSustainabilityPolicyandPractice(STS364/H)intheScience,Technology,andSocietyProgramattheNewJersey

InstituteofTechnology

May10,2016

1

TableofContents

TableofContents..................................................................................................................................1Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................2Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................4Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................5I.WhyOffshoreWind?.........................................................................................................................................7

II.WhatWeCanLearnfromEurope............................................................................................................8

III.ReducingtheCarbonFootprintfromElectricity.......................................................................10

IV.OffshoreWindFarm’sEffectonHurricanes.................................................................................11

V.GreenIllusions?..............................................................................................................................................12

VI.DeepwaterWind’sBlockIslandWindFarm.................................................................................14

VII.FutureofOffshoreWindinNY............................................................................................................16

VIII.Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................19Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................21

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Acknowledgements

§ KimFraczek-Co-directorofSaneEnergyProject

□ TheSaneEnergyProjectisagrassrootsactivistgroupdedicatedtoavisionof

a100%renewableenergyNewYorkCityandNewYorkState.Ihadthechance

tomeetwiththegroupandlearnabouttheireffortstoinformthepublicand

pressureNewYork’selectedofficialstofocusonthetransitiontorenewable

energy rather than expand on fossil fuel projects in the state. The panel

discussion they organized gave me the connections that made this report

possible.

§ ClintPlummer–VicePresidentofDevelopmentatDeepWaterWind

□ Mr. Plummer provided the technical details on the project aswell as their

plansforfuturewindfarmsintheregion.Helaidoutthevisionoffshorewind

industryhasforthecountry.

3

§ AmberHewett–RegionalCampaignCoordinatorattheNationalWildlifeFederation

□ Ms.HewittdetailedthecoordinationDeepwaterWindhadwiththeNational

Wildlife Federation during the process of planning and construction of the

BlockIslandWindFarmtoensuretheprotectionoflocalecosystemsandthe

migrationroutesoftheNorthAtlanticWhale.

§ BenAranaandRichardDuva– InternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers

(IBEW)laborunionrepresentatives

□ Mr. Arana and Mr. Duva explained the role labor unions will play in the

transitiontorenewableenergyinNewYork

§ Dr.MarkZ.Jacobsen–ProfessorofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringatStanford

University

□ Dr. Jacobsen and his colleagues has developed state by state plans for the

UnitedStatestotransitionto100%renewableenergyby2050.aswelldone

studiesontheeffectlargescalewindfarmsonhurricanesandtropicalstorms.

4

Abstract

UtilizingthesameenergysourcethatpropelledColumbus’shipsfromSpaintothenew

world,Americaaimstoharnessthewindoverourseasonceagainbybuildingthecountry’s

firstoffshorewindfarm.Thefiveturbine,thirtymegawattwindfarmbeingbuiltoffthecoast

ofBlockIsland,RIhopestosparkthebeginningofabrandnewindustryintheUnitedStates.

Fiveturbinesinthewaterisminisculeincomparisontotherenewableenergyeffortsinthe

EuropeanUnion,whichcurrentlyhas3,230windturbinesinstalledandsupplyingpowerto

thegrid(EWEA).Alittlelatetotheparty,Americahastheopportunitytonotonlycatchup,

butovertakeEuropewiththevastpotentialoftheuntappedenergysourcefoundafewmiles

offthecountry’scoastline.Acleanandsustainableenergysource,offshorewindwillplaya

majorroleincontributingtotheenergymixfromrenewablesourcesifthecountryhopesto

meetthegoalsofreducingitsgreenhousegasemissions.Withthemaingoalinmindbeing

progressingtowardsthemitigationofclimatechange,renewableenergyandoffshorewind

willprovetoplayanevenlargerrolewiththeimpactsitwillhaveonnationalsecurityfrom

thedecreaseindependencefromforeignoiltostimulatingourlocaleconomiesbycreating

jobsinthecountrytomanufacture,install,andmaintainthisnewinfrastructure.Betterlate

thanneverandhopefullynottoolate,TheBlockIslandWindFarmmarksthebeginningof

the offshore wind industry in America and this report will analyze how the future of

harnessing this energy will positively affect the environmental and economic pillars of

sustainabilityforthelocalregionandthestateofNewYork.

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Introduction

This report aims to analyze the impacts offshorewindwill have on the different

pillarsofsustainabilityinboththelocalregionaswellasthestateofNewYork.TheBlock

IslandWind Farm, America’s first offshorewind project, serves as a prototype forwhat

hopes to be an emerging new industry in this country.With the offshorewind projects

alreadyproposed to line thenortheastAtlantic coastline,DeepwaterWind’sBlock Island

Wind Farmwill set the precedence for futurewind farms to come. Studies done by the

NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)showthevastenergypotentialthatliesoff

ourcoastlinesandcountriesinEuropeproveitcanbeharnessedwiththetechnologythatis

available today. Beyond the positive impacts on the environment through reducing the

greenhousegasemissions fromthepowerthecountrygenerates,offshorewindhopes to

createthousandsofjobslocallytobuildtheinfrastructureneededtomanufacture,install,

andmaintaintheturbines.

Bymovingtheturbinesoffthelandandouttothesea,itallowswindfarmstotake

advantageofeconomiesofscalebybuildingbiggerturbinesingreaternumberswhichwould

harnessthewindwhereitblowsthestrongestandduringpeakenergydemandtimes.When

it comes to competing with energy generated from fossil fuels, it is time to add the

detrimentalenvironmentalcost fromclimatechangeto thepriceof fossil fuels througha

carbontax.Yet,lobbyingfromthefossilfuelindustryhassetbackthegovernment’sefforts

toactaggressivelyonclimatechangeandpreventthe implementationofacarbontaxon

fossilfuels.Theabilitytoutilizeeconomiesofscalewouldallowenergygeneratedwithwind

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powertocompetewithenergyproducedfromafossilfuelfiredplantbyreducingtheprice

ofelectricitygenerated.

Thisreportwillbeginbyanalyzingboththebenefitsaswellasthenegativeaspects

ofoffshorewind.ItwillthenmoveitsfocustowardsAmerica’sfirstwindfarm,theimpacts

it will have on the local environment and economy, and the initiative it took to protect

ecosystemsandmigratorypatternsoftheNorthAtlanticWhale.Fromthereitwillprogress

towardsanalyzingthefutureofoffshorewindinthenortheastandtheroletheindustrywill

playinNewYorkachievingitsgoalofhaving50%ofitsenergygeneratedfromrenewable

sourcesby2030andbeyond.

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I.WhyOffshoreWind?

Theeffortstoactaggressivelyonclimatechangeandtransitiontorenewableenergy

hasbeenmetwithextremeresistanceintheUnitedStatesfromtheindustriesthatprofit

fromaneconomythatrunsonfossilfuels.Acorruptcampaignfinancesystemhasessentially

allowedprivateindustrytobuypoliticiansandinfluencetheirdecisionstodrivesubsidies

and legislation over the years thatwork in favor for the fossil fuel industry and against

renewables.Theenergycrisisin1973,whenOPEC(OilandPetroleumExportingCountries)

cutoff thesupplyofoil toAmerica,rosethepublicawarenessontherisks involvedwith

dependenceonforeignoilandafiniteenergysource.Thenyearsofperpetualwarfareinthe

MiddleEasttoensurethecontinuousflowofoiltopoweroureconomyhasleftgenerations

ofAmericansneverlivingadaywithouttheircountryinastateofwar.Pilingallofthison

topofthedevastatingeffectsfromclimatechangebeingexperiencedacrosstheglobe,iswhy

transformingourenergysystemawayfromfossilfuelsshouldbeconsideredatoppriority

byelectedofficials.ThestimuluspackagePresidentObamapassedwithinhisfirstmonthin

officein2009wasquotedtohave“essentiallysavedtherenewableenergyindustryinthe

UnitedStates”(Green,2009).A totalof$90billion in fundingwouldbedirectedtowards

renewableenergy,thelargestbillforrenewableenergyofanypresident,anditwouldspur

thewindindustrytogrow.Theelectricitygeneratedfromwindturbineshastripledsincehis

administrationhasbeeninoffice.Fastforwardtothesummerof2016,thefoundationsfor

America’s first offshore wind farm are installed off the coast of Block Island, RI. By

harnessingtheabundantandrenewableenergyfoundoffofourcoastlines,offshorewind

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hastheabilitytoplayamajorroleinthefutureofourenergyindependenceaswellasto

tacklethechallengescreatedbyclimatechange.

II.WhatwecanlearnfromEurope

America has a lot of catching up to do if it

hopesto followthesuccessesof theoffshorewind

industry inEurope.TheEuropeanUnioncurrently

has 3,230 turbines installed and connected to the

grid,providingatotalcapacityof11,027MWasof

2015. Using the the average consumption for a

home in the US, onemegawatt would power 650

homes.WithEurope’soffshoregeneratingcapacity,itwouldbeenoughtopower7,167,550

homes.Thatis84offshorewindfarmsinelevendifferentEuropeancountries.Denmarkwas

thefirstcountrytoinstallanoffshorewindturbine

back in 1991, twenty-five years before America

installs the foundation for their first. The

infrastructuretomanufactureandinstalloffshore

wind turbines is already established, as the top

offshorewindsuppliersalloriginatefromEurope

with Siemens (Germany) leading the way. With

concernsoftheenvironmentalimpactofoffshorewindfarms,studiesweredonetoassess

theimpactofDenmark’stwolargestwindfarms.Thestudyanalyzedthenumberofspecies

Table1

Table2

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andbiomasswithintheareaof thewindfarm,andfoundthenumbersactually increased

after installation. Offshore wind in Europe currently serves 1.5% of the total electrical

consumption of the European Union, but keep in mind that not every country in the

EuropeanUnionproducesenergy fromoffshorewind.TheUnitedKingdom inparticular,

whocurrentlygeneratesthemostelectricityfromoffshorewindthananyothercountry,has

growntheiroffshorewindeffortsenoughtomeet5%ofitselectricityrequirements.

MapofEurope’sOffshoreWindFarms

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III.Reducingthecarbonfootprintfromelectricitygeneration

Wind turbines give us the ability to transform the kinetic energy fromwind into

electricitywithout emitting any greenhouse gasses. The emissions of greenhouse gasses

from offshore wind does not come from the generation of electricity, but instead the

manufacturing,shippingandinstallation.Thelifecycleanalysisofoffshorewindfarmshave

shownthatoverallemissionsovertheexistenceofawindfarmarelowinrelationtoother

electricity generationprojects such as a fossil fuel fired generatingplant. Significant CO2

reductionsareseen fromthecountries thathaveoffshorewindsupplyingpower to their

grids.Table4displaysthetotalemissionsofanoffshorewindfarmconsistingof80wind

turbines. Theminimum andmaximum values show the emissions if thewind farmwas

produced in one country and shipped to another. This shows the best way to reduce

emissionsoverthelifeofthewindfarmistodeveloptheinfrastructuretomanufacture,ship,

andinstallthemajormaterialslocally.Now,toputthetotalemissionsfromanoffshorewind

farmintoperspective,thehighestemittingcoalfiredplantintheUnitedStatesislocatedin

Georgia.Itproduces23,861,000tonsofCO2eachyear,whilealargescalewindfarmherecan

produceCO2emissionsaslowas60,600tonsoveritswholelifetime(CARMA).

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IV.Offshorewindfarmseffectonhurricanes

With climate change causing the increasing the occurrences of hurricanes and

superstormslikeSandy,researchesfromStanfordUniversitywereinterestedtoseeiflarge

scalewindfarmscannotonlywithstandbutalsopossiblyaffectthehurricaneinanyway.

MarcJacobsenandhisteamutilizedcomputermodelingsoftwaretosimulateandanalyze

theaffectsoffshorewindfarmshaveonhurricanes.Oneoftheobviousconcernswouldbeif

thewind turbines can even handle the extreme conditions of a storm themagnitude of

HurricaneSandyorKatrina,buttheirdatashowsthatturbinesutilizingtoday’stechnology

canwithstand and also weaken the storm through extracting its energy. Their research

showsthatwindturbinesinthewatercanweakenthehurricanebyreducingitswindspeeds

andminimizingstormsurges.Incomparisontocostlyseawallsthathavebeenproposedto

bebuilttoaddresiliencytoourcoastalcities,offshorewindfarmswouldaddthedualbenefit

ofmitigatingthestormsurgewhilealsogeneratingelectricity.Inthiseffect,aninvestment

inoffshorewindasopposedtoseawallswouldpayitselfbackovertime.Theresearchesran

thetestsimulatingthreedifferenthurricanes,Sandy,Isaac,andKatrina.Thedatareturned

forHurricaneKatrinashowedthatwith78,000turbinesinstalledintheGulfofMexicowould

havebeenabletoreducewindspeedsbetween80to98milesperhourandstormsurgesup

to79%.HurricaneSandyalsoreturnedpositiveresults,asthehurricanewasweakenedwith

windspeedsdroppingby78to87milesperhourandareductionof34%inthestormsurge

(Hurricane,Jacobsenetal.).Thesoftwaremodelsshownonthenextpageillustratesthewind

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speedsofHurricaneSandydissipatingdue to the thousandsofoffshorewind farmsas it

reacheslandfall.

V.GreenIllusions?Acriticalviewonwindenergyasatechnocraticsolution

Ozzie Zehner, a visiting scholar from University of California Berkley, authored a

critique to heralding renewable energy sources as the technocratic solution to climate

change.Whileresearching forthisbook,he foundtherewas littleresearchdoneonwhat

negativeeffectsmaycomefromrenewableenergy.Forthe“20%Windby2030”proposal

fromtheObamaAdministration,Zehnernotedthatitwasprimarilywrittenbythepeople

thatwouldprofitoffthegrowthoftheindustry.Forwindinparticular,heofferedacritical

viewonitsabilitytopowerthecountry.Oneconcernwasovertheintermittencyofwindas

anenergysource,basically“howwillitproduceenergywhenthewinddoesnotblow?”This

13

argument is valid, yet studies have shown that itwould take amix of renewable energy

sourcesratherthanjustwindtosufficientlysupplyenoughelectricitytothegridwhilealso

ensuringresiliency.Foroffshorewind,thiswouldbelessofanissueasthestrongestand

most consistent wind patterns can be found off of the coast. Researchers at the

MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyarealsotryingtosolvetheproblemofintermittency

with large commercial scale batteries, createdwith local abundantmaterials, thatwould

storetheenergyfortimeswhenitisneeded.Anotherargumentisthatwindturbinesarenot

completelygreen,asitstillusesfossilfuelstomanufacture,ship,andinstallthem.Alifecycle

analysisprovesthis,butcomparingthelifetimeemissionsofawindfarmtowhattheannual

emissionsofacoalfiredplant,asexplainedinsectionIII.,defeatsthiscritique.Zehneradmits

that thisbook is only a critical takeon renewable energy and that eventually renewable

sources would primarily power the grid. He argues that relying on these technocratic

solutionsonlydistractusfromfocusingonandaddressingtherealissue,overconsumption.

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VI.DeepwaterWind’sBlockIslandWindFarm

The five turbine, thirty megawatts

offshorewind farmbeing constructedoff the

coastofBlockIsland,RImarksthe firstof its

kindinAmerica.Whiletherehavealreadybeen

multiple projects already proposed for the

United States, all are either still stuck in

legislative debates or planning, Deepwater

Windwasabletobreakthroughthelogjamby

collaborating with developers, labor,

environmental,andcommunitygroups in the

process of planning. Compared to the large

windfarmsfoundinEurope,BlockIslandwillbesmallinscale,butitwillserveasaprototype

forfutureprojectsinthecountry.Atacapacityofthirtymegawatts,itwillgenerateenough

electricity for about 17,000 homes in Rhode Island. In generating electricity from a

renewablesource,thewindfarmwilllowerCO2emissionsby40,000tonseachyear.

Bygeneratingtheelectricitylocally,offshorewindgivestheaddedbenefitofkeeping

jobs in the area. For the installation of the foundations done over the summer of 2015,

DeepwaterWindsoughtthehelpoflocallaborunionstodothejob.Unionleadersspokeout

insupportfortheproject,referencingitastheladderoutofRhodeIsland’seconomicholeas

thestatecurrentlyfacesahighunemploymentrate.Theprojectintheshortrunwouldcreate

over300jobs,butasthedemandforoffshorewindwillincrease,thegrowthofthemarket

15

and jobs will follow. Being the first offshore wind farm in America is not easy, as the

infrastructuretomanufactureandinstalloffshorewindonamassivescaleis lacking.The

primarypartsofanoffshorewindturbinearetheturbine,thefoundation,andtheundersea

cable. For Block Island, the General Electric-produced turbine was manufactured and

shippedfromFrance,theunderseacableiscomingfromSouthKorea,andthefoundation

originatesfromMexico.Asstatedearlier,andseenintable4,toreducethecarbonemissions

over the lifecycle of the wind farm, the turbines and major parts would have to be

manufactured locally. Block Island hopes to be the stepping stone in spurring the

developmentoftheinfrastructuretoimplementoffshorewindonalargescale.

Oneof themajor groups that has collaboratedon thedevelopment aswell as the

constructionphaseistheNationalWildlifeFederation(NWF).TheNWFhasbeenastrong

advocateforoffshorewind,andtheorganizationwasatthetableduringplanningtoensure

wildlifeandbiologicalsensitiveareasweretakenintoconsideration.Thedevelopmentofthe

Block IslandWindFarmproposed thechallengeofbeingwithin thevicinityofmigration

routesfortheendangeredNorthAtlanticWhale.Priortoconstruction,studiesweredoneon

themigrationperiodand routesof thewhales toensure constructiondoesnot interfere.

Beyondtheplanningphase,NWFwasalsopresentduringtheinstallationofthefoundation

structure. Organization representatives set strict times to restrict construction and pile

drivingduringmigrationperiods.Thenpiledrivingandsonicpingswouldbestoppedwhen

awhaleenteredthevicinityinordertoreducethenoisepollutioninthewaterwhichwould

interrupt the whale’s communications. All the steps taken to protect the North Atlantic

Whaleandthelocalecosystemshavebeensaidtobestricterandthatitgoesfartherthan

normalgovernmentregulations.

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VII.FutureofOffshoreWindinNewYork

ThecompletionoftheBlockIslandWindFarmhasthepotentialtoraiseinterestand

demand in offshore wind, but the project highlights the necessity to develop the

infrastructure to implement offshore wind on a much larger scale. Studies done by the

NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL),asseeninthismap,showthatourstrongest

andmostconsistentwindscanbefoundalongthecountry’scoastlines.Inordertocreatean

offshorewindindustry,itwouldrequiredockbuilders,steelworkers,electricians,engineers,

andnumerousothers.NRELestimatesthattheAtlanticstates“wouldgenerate$200billion

in new economic activity and create more than 43,000 permanent high-paying jobs if

availableoffshorewindresourceswereutilized”(NWF).Realizingthepotentialforoffshore

windintheregion,itisabrandnewindustrywiththeabilitytogrowandbenefitthelocal

17

areas.WiththeresourcesontheAtlanticCoast,ithastheabilitytogenerateasmuchpower

as52coalfiredplantsemitting97.2milliontonsofCO2annually.

Currently New York has

already set energy goals to be

achievedbytheyear2030.Thoseare:

• 40% Reduction in Greenhouse

Gasesfrom1990levels

• 50% Generation of electricity

fromrenewableenergysources

• 23% Decrease in energy

consumption in buildings from

2012levels

In order tomeet these goals, known asNewYork’s Reforming the Energy Vision (REV),

offshorewindwillhavetoplayamajorroleinthemix.BeyondtheBlockIslandWindFarm,

DeepwaterWindalsohasalargerwindfarmthatwouldprovidepowertoLongIsland.The

mapaboveshowstheproposedwindfarmoffthecoastofRockawayBeach,whichwould

supplyelectricitytoNewYorkCityandLongIsland.Preliminaryproposalshavethewind

farm capacity to be rated at 350Megawatts (112,000Homes), but future developments

wouldraiseitscapacityupto700Megawatts(224,000Homes).

TheInternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers(IBEW)andotherlaborunions

willplayasignificantroleinthetransitiontorenewableenergy.Asthegridshiftstowards

renewables, jobs in the fossil fuel industrywoulddecline steadily.Toensure theirunion

18

memberswouldnotbeputoutofwork,theIBEWhasstateditwouldhelpmemberswiththe

transitionbyprovidingclassesandanewtraining facility inLong IslandCity.Employing

laborunionmembersmeanshiringpeoplefromthelocalcommunitiesandensuringworkers

intheindustryhaveavoicetoreceivedecentpayandbenefits.IBEWhasevenbeenvocal

aboutitsstanceonclimatechange,acknowledgingthatthetransfertorenewableenergyis

biggerthanjobsandtheeconomy.AllenDurand,managerofLocal99ofIBEW,ontheissue

ofcheaperfossilfuelshasstated,“[C]oalischeapertoburnbecauseitdoesnotincludethe

priceoftreatingpeoplewhocontractblacklungdiseaseandotherpollutionrelatedillnesses.

ThebenefitsoftheDeepwaterWindprojectarethedamageweavoidtotheenvironment”

(Stycos).

LookingevenfurtheraheadthanNewYork’sREVinitiativeof50%renewableenergy

by2030,MarcJacobsenfromStanfordhasbeenleadingateamofresearcherstodevelop

plansonastatebystatebasistotransitionto100%renewablesbyusingtoday’stechnology.

InordertoprovideenoughpowertoNewYork’sgrid,itwouldtakeagrandmixofdifferent

technologies to provide a system that is both sufficient and resilient. To choose which

renewableenergytechnologieswouldbesupplyingthegrid,theyanalyzedelevendifferent

criteria: carbon-dioxide equivalent emissions, air-pollution mortality and morbidity,

resourceabundance,footprintontheground,spacingrequired,waterconsumption,effects

onwildlife, thermalpollution,waterchemicalpollution/radioactivewaste,energysupply

disruption, and normal operating reliability (100% RE NY, Jacobsen et al). Using these

determinations,thebiggestcontributortothegridat40%wouldbesuppliedusingoffshore

wind. The rest of the electricity generated would come from a mix of onshore wind,

concentratedsolarplants,solarphotovoltaicplants,rooftopsolarpanelsoncommercialand

19

residentialbuildings,geothermal,wave, tidal,andhydroelectric.Atotalof50%ofenergy

wouldcomefromwindand38%fromsolarastheyarethemostreadilyavailableresources

forthestate.Thestudyalsooutlinesthebenefitsoftransitionto100%renewableenergy,

fromreducingthemortalityratesfromairpollution,boostingtheeconomyinthestatefrom

thedevelopmentofnewindustries,andreducingtheoverallenvironmentaldamageinthe

statebymakingtheswitchto100%renewables.

VIII.Conclusion

Afterweighingtheprosandconsthatcomefromoffshorewind,itishardtoargue

withthevastbeneficialpotentialtheindustryhasforAmerica.ThefirstAmericanoffshore

wind farm inBlock Islandaims tobe completedand inoperationby the fall of2016.By

followingDeepwaterWind’scollaborativeeffortwithenvironmental,localcommunity,and

labor groups, future offshore projects now have a game plan to get the industry off the

groundandrunning.Energyandthetransitiontorenewablesspansawholewidearrayof

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issues,whichmakesastrongcasetoactaggressivelyonthismatter.Offshorewindaddresses

theneedtoreduceouremissionstoavoidcatastrophiceventsfromclimatechange.Ithelps

addressissuesofnationalsecurity,asoffshorewindcanreduceourdependenceonforeign

oil. Doing so would minimize the necessity to have military presence in conflict-ridden

regionsliketheMiddleEast.Itwouldbenefittheeconomicandsocialpillarsofsustainability

by creating well-paying and long-term jobs, strengthening the middle class, and giving

workers a fair shot towardsupwardeconomicmobility.WithEurope’s offshore industry

alreadyinplaceforovertwentyyears,wehavetheaddedbenefitoflearningfromboththeir

setbacksandsuccesses.America’sfirstwindfarmwillcertainlynotbethelast,asthisbrand

newindustryhastheabilitytogrowandevenpossiblyovertakeEurope.Offshorewindgives

Americatheabilitytoharnessavastuntappedrenewableenergysourcefoundjustadistance

offofourcoastlines,anditwillprovetoplayasignificantroleinthecomingyearsasthe

countryhopestobuildtowardsacleanerandmoresustainablefuture.

21

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