Managing Editor : Soe Yu WaiExecutive Editor : Ko HtikeSenior Editor : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint SweEditor : Thein Yu WaiResearch & Development Editor : Tin Maung AyeEnglish Editor : Dr Mg Mg Myint ThanEnglish Proof : Si Thu Kyaw Tin Arkar MaungConsultant (Chinese) : Stephen LeeChinese Editor : Sai WinChinese Translation : Thein AungR & D Group : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko KoDTP : Mya Thi KhaingMarketing Group : Su Myat MonDistribution Manager : Chan Lin ThuDistribution Group : Myint Myat Mon, Hnin Pwint PhyuFinance Group : Nan Thuzar (Manager)Reception : Moe SandarPublisher : U Tin Maung AyeGraphic Design : Pwint PhyuColor Separation : Shwe HteePrinter : Shwe HteeCirculation : 1000Price : 1500

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tckajym&&ifawmh uRefawmf Nidrf;csrf;a&;yJ

vkyfcsifawmhw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&Sd&if bmrS

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nmaumif? jyef&Sif;avhr&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvdk aevm

cJhwm/

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qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú|? tJ'D

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vkyfvnf; vkyfwwfw,f/ rSefvnf; rSefwm

9

Article

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10

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jzpfw,f/

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uRefawmfwdkYrjzpfrae vkyfaqmifBudK;yrf;&rSm

jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYeJY udkufnDwJh udk,fusihf

w&m;? aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m;awGudk uRefawmf

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wnfaqmufvdkY &EdkifrSm r[kwfwJhtwGuf

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tm;vHk;ysufw,f}vdkY qdkwJh qdk½dk;pum;vnf;

&Sdw,f r[kwfygvm;/

n

11

12

tdk;zeyfxrf;Munfpdk;xGef;

]&JabmfoHk;usdyfwpfa,muf} trnf&Sd

pmwpfyk'fudk a&;NyD;aomtcg ZmwfñTef;a&;

q&monf udk,fhvdyfjymudk,f rvHk. . . / jrefrm

EdkifiH\ vGwfvyfa&;udk touf? acR;? aoG;

paw;í &,lay;cJhMuaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf

taMumif; pOf;pm;Munhfaomtcg tvGef

tHhMop&m? csD;rGrf;p&mrsm;udk awGU&onf/ tjcm;

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rpOf;pm;ygESihfOD;/ *syef

jynfwGif ppfynmoifMum;cJhMuonfh t&G,f

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(AdkvfrSL;atmif)rSm touf 30 om &Sdao;onf/

toufti,fqHk; ocifatmifodef; (Adkvf&JxG#f)

u 18 ESpf? ocifatmifqef;u touf 25?

wu,fh i,fi,f&G,f&G,fuav;rsm; jzpfMu

onf/

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MuavNyDvm; rod/

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awmhonf/

a&aMumif;csDwufzGJU jzifh NrdwfNrdKUbufrS

13

Special Article

csDwufvmaom Adkvfrif;acgif\ rSwfwrf;?

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rSwfwrf;? twGif;olykefwyfzGJUwGif ygvmaom

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rnfodkYqdkap ZmwfñTef;q&monf &Jabmf

oHk;usdyfESihf at;twl yltrQ wwGJwGJ rcGJbJ

vdkufvmcJhonfrSm MumcJhNyD? pm½IolawGuawmh

ZmwfñTef;q&mudk avSmifcsif ajymifcsifMurnf

xifyg\/ touf 18 ESpfrS touf 30 twGif;

&JabmfoHk;usdyftkyfpkxJrS touf 70 eD;yg;

ZmwfñTef;q&mtdkBuD;u bmaMumifh ygvmyg

vdrfh[k atmufarhMuayvdrfhrnf/

ZmwfñTef; a&;&rnfqkdawmh olwdk Y

taMumif; tao;pdwfodrS aumif;rnfrdk Y

olwdkYESihftwlwuG aecJh&jcif;jzpfyg\/ rsKd;cspf

ol&Jaumif;tjzpf rwifpm;vdkygvQifvnf;

pdwfrqdk;yg/ odkYaomf . . .

armif;axmifOD;ausmfvSESihf oHcsKdq&m

OD;ÓmPfus,fwdkY oHcsKdpmaywdkufyGJwGif emrnf

ausmfcJhaom oHcsKdwpfyk'fudk xkwfEkwfjycsif

ygonf/ xdkoHcsKdrSm OD;ausmfvSu OD;ÓmPfus,f

udk rIdcsKd;rQpfcsKd; ESdrhfcsacsyonfh pmjzpfygonf/

]ÓmPfus,fonf wyfwGif;odkYvnf; r0if?

wdkufyGJvnf; rqif&bJESifh udk;NrdKU0ifwyf\

aemufqG,fwGif aumufoif;aumuf tdk;awG

zeyfawGxrf; vdkufcJh&ol} [k csD;rGrf;ajcausmuf

vkyfonhfpmjzpfonf/

ZmwfñTef;q&m onfvnf; NAdwdoQ

awmfvSefa&;wGif ygjcif;r&Sd? zufqpfawmfvSef

a&;udkvnf; rSDcJhzl;ol r[kwfygbJ BuD;BuD;

us,fus,f &JabmfoHk;usdyfwpfa,muf pm&if;

0ifjzpfcsifonfrSm rwefr&mvkyfavonf[k

rjrifMuapvdkyg/ armif;axmif OD;ausmfvS

a&;onfh atmufygoHcsKdudk zwf½Ií. . .

udk;NrdKU0ifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;ESifh acsmif;OD;q,f

&Gmu? e,ftnm'DyJ,if;odkY? axmifuka#

atmifajreif;Muawmh? wyfwGif;ra&mufbJ

&,fESihf? aemufqG,ftwefa0;wGifrS tcav;

awG oli,fcsif;awGESihf? aumufoif;udk vdkufcg

aumufolu? pmavQmufwif0gí vQrf;jyefcJh?

&meef;ydkifwu,frSwfatmifwJh? ÓmPfus,frSm

qefpvG,fcg;ywfu,fESihf tcsKd;qdk udk;Adkvfwyf

wGifrS? tdk;zeyfxrf;. . ./

[kwfuJh. . . ZmwfñTef;q&m tdk;zeyf

xrf;í &JabmfoHk;usdyfESihf vdkufcJh&ygaMumif;/

n

Adkvfjr'if AdkvfÓP Adkvfapmatmif Adkvfrdk; ocifoef;wif

14

2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 12 &ufaeY

xkwf aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif pmwnf;\ ½Iaxmifh

tjzpf bkrod? brod vkyfwwfaom olwdkY

taMumif;udk tusOf;csKH;azmfjyxm;onfudk

zwf½I&ygonf/ pmwnf;BuD;u ]bkrod? brod}

[laom a0g[m&onf taumif;tqdk;udk

a&&mpGm rodvdkuf&bJ? taMumif;t&mwpfckudk

bmrQaocsmpGm rod&SdvdkufbJ xif&mjrif&m

jyKrlvdkufaom trIjzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdk

xm;ygonf/ tawG;tac: jrifhrm;aom? aphpyf

aocsmaom? pl;prf;qifjcifwwfaom tod

w&m;&Sdolonf tajrmftjrif&Sdonfh vlwpfOD;

jzpfum ]bkrod? brod} tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfrnfh

ol r[kwf[k &nfñTef;jyefayonf/ wzef

rdrdtoif;tzGJU EdkifvdkaZm (apwem) jzifh

abmvHk;yGJwpfyGJwGif tm;ay;rI vGefuJí 'ku©

a&mufyHkrsm;udk wifjyxm;rIrsm;onf csrf;,Of

vIdifudk wkefvIyfapcJhygonf/

bkrod? brod a&m*g tvGefaMumufp&m

csrf;,OfvIdifwpfa,muf? iga&m bmawG

rsm; bkrod? brod vkyfcJhovJ[k ezl;ay:

vufwifí pOf;pm;cef;rsm; zGifhygawmhonf/

csrf;,OfvIdifwpfa,muf jynfywGif ynmoif

tvkyfjzifh 14 ESpfwmMumcJhNyD; jrefrmjynf

jyefa&mufcJhygonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif vGwfvGwf

vyfvyfaevdkí tif;pdefNrdKUwGif NcHus,fus,f

wpfckudk 0,f,l aexdkifcJhygonf/ uRefawmf

aexdkifaom &yfuGuftwGif;wGif tajccH

vlwef;pm;rsm;vnf; aexdkifMuygonf/ xdkYtjyif

rlvwef; ausmif;wpfausmif;vnf; &Sdygonf/

xdkausmif;wGif uRefawmfhudk EdkifiHjcm;jyef?

ynmwwfqdkNyD; ausmif;tusKd;awmfaqmif

em,utjzpf wifajr§mufvdkufygonf/ em,u

*kPf (6)yg;udk rod&SdcJhaom em,uBuD;tjzpf

bkrod? brodESifh pwifvkyfaqmifygawmhonf/

uRefawmfwdk Y &yfuGufu rlvwef;

ausmif;uav;wGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol

600 cefY&Sd&m ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol 200

cefYonf ausmif;rSefrSefwufEdkif&ef aiGaMu;

tcuftcJrsm; &SdaeMuygonf/ uRefawmf

wpfa,muf &yfuGufausmif; y&d0kPftwGif;

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI yaysmufa&; tpDtpOfudk

OD;aqmif a&;qGJygawmhonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\

t"duw&m;cHonf aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; rjynfh

pHkjcif;[k owfrSwfum aiGaMu;&efyHkaiG &SmazG

jcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf

aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ &&Sdaom &efyHkaiGrsm;jzifh

EGrf;yg;aom ausmif;om; ausmif;olwdkY\

rdbrsm;udk acs;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;í pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;udk yHhydk;ay;cJhygonf/ yxrtokwf

acs;aiG xkwfacs;&mwGif &mEIef;jynfheD;yg;

jyefqyfojzifh csrf;,OfvIdifwpfa,muf aoG;

em;xifa&mufatmif *kPf,lcJhygonf/ uRefawmf

onf ydkrdk*kPf,lEdkif&ef aiGacs;xm;aom olrsm;

udk wdwfwqdwf vdkufvHpHkprf;ygonf/ txifESifh

tjrifrSm pwifí vGJacsmfygawmhonf/ ,cifu

jyifyrS twdk;BuD;BuD;jzifh wydkifwEdkif pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfolrsm; tqifajyvmygonf/ wcsKdUu twdk;

BuD;jzifh jyefvnfacs;iSm;Muygonf/ wcsKdUu

tvG,f&? tvG,foHk;jzifh rqyfEdkifí twdk;BuD;

jzifh,lum jyefqyfMuonfvnf; awGU&jyefonf/

(Substainable Development) wnfNrJaom

atmifjrifrItwGuf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf trSef

wu,f rjzpfonfudk awGU&Sd&ayonf/ uRefawmf

\ em;xifwGif a&mufaeaom aoG;rsm; ajcz0g;

atmufodkY a&muf&ygawmhonf/ rcHcsdrcHom

jzpfum tpGrf;ukef tajz&Smygawmhonf/

qif;&Japaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;

&SmazGjcif;

uRefawmfESifh &yfuGufol? &yfuGufom;

rsm; pkaygif;&SmazG&m tajccH tajzwpfck

&&SdcJhygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;onf y"me

uRefawmfwdkY\ tusihfqdk;rsm; - 3csrf;,OfvIdif (AMK Foundation)

bkrod? brod vkyfwwfjcif;

15

Opinion

tm;jzifh aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; csKdUwJhrIaMumifh

jzpfaomfvnf; aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; csKdUwJhrIrsm;

ESifhtwl atmufazmfjyyg qif;&JrIrsm;onf

rdom;pkuJhodkY twlwuG udkif;uRef;rSD uRef;udkif;rSD

aeMuonfudk awGU&ygonf/

(u)vlrIa&; qif;&Jjcif;

(Social Poverty)(c) tusihfpm&dwå qif;&Jjcif;

(Character Poverty)(*) avhvmqef;ppfEdkifrI qif;&Jjcif;

(Common Sense Poverty) (C)todynm? twwfynm qif;&Jjcif;

(Knowledge Poverty) (i) owif;tcsuftvuf qif;&Jjcif;

(Information Poverty)aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;udk tvG,fwul

axmufyHhjcif;aMumifh tcsKdUvlrsm;onf vlrI

todkif;t0dkif; tjyifa&mufum ysufpD;jcif;odkY

qdkufa&mufoGm;onftxd jzpfoGm;onfudk

od&Sd&í uRefawmf tvGefpdwfraumif; jzpf&

ygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;onf aiGaMu; t&if;

tESD;csKdUwJhjcif; taMumif;wpfckwnf;aMumifh

r[kwfqdkonfh taMumif;udk uRefawmfwdkY

aumif;pGm oabmaygufcJhygonf/ uRefawmf

wdkY odcJhaom txufyg rdwfzufqif;&Jjcif;

taMumif;w&m;rsm;tjyif tjcm;taMumif;

w&m;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifygrnf[k csrf;,OfvIdif

oHk;oyfrdygonf/ ]ig bkrod? brodeJY vlawGudk

ulnDcJhygvm;vdkY} [k vGefpGm pdwfraumif;

jzpf&ygonf/ jrefrmjynfrSm ighvdk apwem

tjynfhESifh ]bkrod? brod} vkyfwwfolawG

b,favmufrsm;aeNyDvJ[k awG;rd&if; acgif;BuD;

oGm;ygonf/

bkrod? brod a&m*gonfrsm;ESifh

ukxHk;

A[dkOD;pD;pepfwGif us&mwm0efESifh ay;orQ

trdefYrsm;udk rsufpdpHkrdSwf rjzpfjzpfatmif

vkyfaqmifjcif;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod}

a&m*g\ t&if;tjrpfwpfck[k xifjrifrdygonf/

wm0efESifh trdefYrsm;udk ay;ola&m? emcH&olyg

qifjcif oHk;oyfEdkifcGifh&Sdí roifhawmfygu

jyefvnfwifjy aqG;aEG;Edkifaom owådrsm;

arG;jcif;onf ukxHk;wpfck[k xifygonf/

'Drdkua&pD\ tESpfom&ESifh usifhpOfrsm;onf

uRefawmfwdkYvdk ]bkrod? brod} a&m*gonfrsm;

twGuf ukxHk;wpfck[k xifjrifrdygonf/

vwfwavm jzpfcJhaom vufyef;awmif;awmif

jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod} vkyfwwf

aom tusifhqdk;rsm;\ &v'fwpfckyif jzpfyg

onf[k xifjrifrdygonf/

tpdk;&XmetcsKdUwGif xdyfydkif;ae&mrsm;udk

tjcm;Xmersm;rS ajymif;a&TU ae&m,lolrsm;

rMumcP awGUae&ygonf/ ajymif;a&TUvmol

rsm;onfvnf; tqifajyatmif BudK;pm;

vkyfudkifMuonfudkvnf; od&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif

oufqdkif&mXme\ tawGUtBuHK tvGefenf;

aomaMumifh tcsdKUqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf pl;prf;?

qifjcif? a0zefydkif;jcm;jcif; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaom

tcsdefESifh tawGUtBuHKrsm; r&&SdEdkifaomaMumifh

vGJacsmfoGm;onfudkvnf; rMumcP Mum;&yg

onf/ þjzpfpOfrsm;onf ]bkrod? brod}

vkyfjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf[k uRefawmf qifjcif

rdygonf/ bkrod? brod a&m*gqdk;onf ,aeY

csDwwfaeaom 'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOfudk csnfheJY

aom a&m*gonftjzpfa&mufatmif 0g;rsKd

Edkifaom a&m*gqdk;[k oHk;oyfrdygonf/

uRefawmf\ tawGUtBuHKt& qif;&J

EGrf;yg;olrsm;onfvnf; ]bkrod? brod}

vkyfEdkifygonf/ ynmwwfrsm;onfvnf;

]bkrod? brod} jzpfEdkifygonf/ t&m&SdBuD;rsm;?

t&m&Sdav;rsm;vnf; ]bkrod? brod} jzpfEdkif

ygonf/ 'geJY pma&;olwpfa,muf jrefrmjynfrSm

]bkrod? brod} jzpfaeolawG (uRefawmf

tygt0if)udk bkrod? brod rjzpfatmif

b,ftzGJUtpnf;? b,folawGudk tultnD

awmif;&if aumif;rvJ[k pOf;pm;aerdygonf/

pmzwfolrsm;vnf; tBuHÚmPfrsm; &Sdygu

tultnDay;Edkifyg&ef arwåm&yfcHvdkufygonf/

,aeY &awmifh&cJ 'Drdkua&pDjzpfpOfrsm;

qufvufwnfwHhcdkifNrJ zGHU NzdK;ap&ef csrf;,OfvIdif

wdkYvdk ]bkrod? brod} a&m*gonfrsm; tod

w&m;? owdw&m;? oHa0*w&m;rsm;&um

wdkif;cspf? jynfcspf pdwf"mwfrsm;jzifh ]bkrod?

brod}rsm;tjzpfrS ajymif;vJEdkif&ef BudK;pm;Mu

ygpdkY[k qG,fw&m;a[m&if; 'Drdkua&pDt&Sdef

jr§ifhwifa&;udk tm;ay;vdkuf&ygonf/ n

16

wavmu obm0ywf0ef;usif vkyfief;

awGudk wufwuf<u<u aqmif&GufaewJh

trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfOD;eJY yGJwpfyGJrSm awGUqHkcJh

ygw,f/ ,if;okYd awGUqHk&mrSm trsKd;orD;BuD;u

]uRefruawmh EdkifiHa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/

obm0ywf0ef;usif tvkyfawGyJ vkyfcsifw,f/

EdkifiHa&;qdkwmu npfywfrIawG &Sdw,f/ yg0g

ay:vpfwpf (Power Polities) yJ/ udk,f

tmPm&zdkY vkyfMuwm/ obm0ywf0ef;usif

tvkyfqdkwmu vlom;awGudk tusKd;jyKwJh

tvkyf? tjypfuif;pifw,f/ udk,fusKd;twGuf

vkyfMuwmr[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiHa&;udk

rvkyfcsifbl;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif tvkyfawGyJ

vkyfcsifw,f}[k ajymqdkcJhw,f/

ol&JU pum;tqHk;rSmawmh uRefawmf[m

&ifxJuae toHrxGufatmif tm;&yg;&

&,fvdkufrdygw,f/

'DaemufrSmawmh ]uRefawmfu npfywf

rIawG? rormrIawGu EdkifiHa&; e,fy,frSmrS

&Sdwm r[kwfbl;/ ynma&;? usef;rma&;?

bmoma&;? omoema&;? vlrIa&;? tEkynm?

NyD;awmh pmay b,fe,frSmrqdk &Sdw,fAsm/

tJ'gawGudk uif;rJhoGm;atmif vkyfzdkYu EdkifiHa&;

orm;aumif;awGeJY jynfolvlxk&JU tvkyfAs}

]b,fEdkifiHrSmrqdk EdkifiHa&;avmuawGrSm

pkef;jyL;awG? odk;rnf;awG &Sdovdk rdrd&JU b0

wpfckvHk;udka&m rdom;pkb0udkyg EdkifiHtwGuf

vltrsm;tusKd;twGuf ay;qyfxm;wJh vlawG

tajrmuftjrm; &SdcJhw,fAsm}vdkY ajymcJh&ygw,f/

odkYayr,fh xdktrsKd;orD;BuD;u uRefawmf

ajymwmudk b0ifusyHkrjybJ]uRefrawmh obm0

ywf0ef;usifaumif;atmif vkyfwJhtvkyfawGeJY

vlawG aomufoHk;a&&&Sda&;? ynmoifcGifh

r&wJh uav;awG ynmoifMum;cGifh&a&;?

qif;&Jom;awGudk tcrJh aq;0g;ukoay;a&;

pwJhtvkyfawGvdk vlrIa&;tvkyfawGyJ vkyfcsif

awmhw,f}vdkY qufajymjyefygw,f/

EdkifiHa&;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;0if;xG#faZmf

uRefawmfxdkifaewJh pm;yGJa&SUuae xdk

trsKd;orD;BuD; xGufcGm oGm;csdefrSmawmh

uRefawmfh&JU pdwftm½HkxJrSm EdkifiHa&;? npfywfwJh

EdkifiHa&;? NyD;awmh EdkifiHa&;eJY vlrIa&;qdkwJh

pum;oHawG[m yJhwifxyfum usef&pfcJhyg

awmhw,f/

EdkifiHa&;eJY vlrIa&;

EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m vlrIa&;ayyJvm;/

wu,fawmh 'DavmurSm trsKd;om;EdkifiH

awG (Nation State) NrdKU jyEdkifiHawG? zuf'&,f

jynfaxmifpkawG ay:xGef;vmcJhNyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyf

a&; ,EÅ&m;awG? tpdk;&awG ay:aygufvm

csdefupNyD; EdkifiHa&;[m yDyDjyifjyif ay:ayguf

vmcJhwmyg/

]EdkifiHa&; (Politic) qdkwJh a0g[m&[m

*&da0g[m& ay:vpfwDudk (Politikos) rS

qif;oufvmwm jzpfNyD; ]EdkifiHom;wpfOD;&JU

ta&;udpörsm;} vdkY t"dyÜm,f&ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif

aemuft"dyÜm,f wpfckuawmh vufawGU udpö

&yfawGrSm cdkifrmjywfom;wJh tqHk;tjzwfawG

csrSwfEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh vufawGU todynm&SdrI?

vdr®myg;eyfrI? y&d,m,f<u,f0rIpwJh t"dyÜm,f

awGudkvnf; aqmifygw,f/

a,bk,stm;jzifh vltrsm; em;vnfxm;

Muwmuawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m EdkifiH&JU

tkyfcsKyfa&;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;?

usef;rma&;pwJh EdkifiH&JU ta&;t&mudpö&yfawGeJY

ywfoufwJh vkyfief;wpfcktjzpf em;vnfxm;

Muw,f/

xdktjrifuae ay:xGufvmwJh qifhyGm;

tjrifuawmh EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd jynfolawGtm;vHk;&JU

pm;0wfaea&;vkyfief;rSeforQtwGuf vkyfaqmif

MuwJh aqmif&Gufcsuftm;vHk;[m EdkifiHa&;eJY

oufqdkifw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if EdkifiHa&;&JU

tpdwftydkif;jzpfw,fqdkwJh t,ltqygyJ/

xdkt,ltqt&qdk&if puf½Hktvkyform;

awG rdrdwdkY&JU tvkyf½Hk puf½HkawGqDudk oGm;um

tvkyf vkyfaeMuwm[m EdkifiHa&;ygyJ/ ½Hk;0efxrf;

awG aeYpOf½Hk;wufum EdkifiHtwGuf tvkyfvkyfae

jcif;[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;ygyJ/ txufyg t,ltq

t&qdk&if ausmif;q&m q&mrawG pmoifcef;

awGxJrSm ausmif;om; ausmif;olawGudk pmoif

ay;aewm[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;yJvdkY ajymEdkifrSmyg/

17

Point of View

rdom;pkaetdrfawG&JU rD;zdkacsmifawGxJrSm

xrif;[if; csufjyKwfum pD;wJha&? q,fwJh

uefoif; vkyfaeMuol tdrf&SifrawGuvnf;

]olwdkYvnf; EdkifiHa&; vkyfaeMuwmyg}vdkY

ajymaumif; ajymMurSmyg/

odkYayr,fh vlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;csif;taeeJY

rdrdwpfOD;csif;pD&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf (EdkifiH

tusKd;twGufvnf; wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufí

jzpfap oufa&mufrI&SdapEdkifwJh) tvkyfawG

vkyfwmudk EdkifiHa&;vkyfjcif;tjzpf oufa&muf

r,fqdk&ifawmh xdktvkyfawGudk EdkifiHa&;taysmh

(Soft Politics) odkYr[kwf abm*aA' ynm&yf

rSmvdk rdkifu½dkEdkifiHa&; (Micro Politics) tjzpf

om owfrSwfoifhygw,f/

abm*aA' ynm&yfrSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHeJY

oufqdkifwJh pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;udk rufu½dk

pD;yGm;a&; (Macro Economy) vdkY owfrSwfNyD;

EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; wpfckvHk;&JU ao;i,fwJh tpdwf

tydkif;awGudk rdkifu½dkpD;yGm;a&; (Micro Economy) vdkY owfrSwfxm;wmyg/

wu,fawmh vlwpfOD;csif;&JU ukefxkwf

vkyfrI? puf½Hkwpf½Hk&JU ukefxkwfvkyfrI? v,form;

wpfOD; odkYr[kwf v,form;wpfpk&JU qefpyg;

xkwfvkyfrI? ydkYaqmifa&; vkyfom;wpfOD;&JU

0efaqmifrI? ausmif;q&mwpfOD;&JU ausmif;om;

uav;i,fawGudk ynmoifMum;rI pwJh tvkyf

awG[m rdrdwdkYEdkifiH? EdkifiHa&; ,EÅ&m;BuD;

wpfckvHk;&JU 0uftlawG? yifeD,HawG? csdef;BudK;

awGvdk tpdwftydkif;awG jzpfayr,fh xdktvkyf

awG[m yifrEdkifiHa&; vkyfief;awG r[kwfygbl;/

rdkifu½dkEdkifiHa&; r[kwfygbl;/

t,ltqtrSm;ESpfck

odkYayr,fh ,aeYtcsdefrSm ]EdkifiHa&;} udk

yHkysufyef;ysuf jzpfoGm;atmif vltrsm; awGa0

oGm;atmif vGJrSm;pGm t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkyHkazmfaewJh?

yHkazmfaeqJvnf;jzpfwJh t,ltqESpfck ay:ayguf

aeygw,f/

yxrt,ltquawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m

EdkifiHa&;orm;awG tvkyf? omrefjynfolawGeJY

bmrS roufqdkif? EdkifiHa&;&JU taumif;tqdk;udk

EdkifiHa&;orm;awGuom tqHk;tjzwfay;Mu

vdrfhr,f/ EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frSm jyóem tusyf

twnf;wpf&yf BuHKvm&if EdkifiHa&;orm;awG

uom ajz&Sif;Muvdrfhr,f/

jynfolawG&JU wm0efu (vTwfawmf

EdkifiHa&;rSm) rdrdwdkY&JU qE´rJudk ay;NyD;&if

wm0efausNyD; aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHa&; jyóem

awG[m jynfolawGeJY roufqdkifqdkwJh t,l

tqyJ jzpfygw,f/

'kwd, t,ltquawmh ]EdkifiHa&;

qdkwm[m EdkifiHa&;ygwDaxmif? tmPm&atmif

vkyfNyD; rdrdygwD&JU vrf;pOfawGudk taumif

txnfazmf aqmif&GufvkyfudkifrS EdkifiHa&;

r[kwfbl;/ 'ku©a&mufaeolawGudk ulnDwm[m

EdkifiHa&;yJ? ynmoifMum;cGifhr&ol uav;

oli,fawGudk tcrJh ynmoifay;jcif;[m

EdkifiHa&;yJ jzpfw,f/ aq;0g;ukocGifhr&ol

awGudk tcrJh usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIawG

vkyfaqmifay;wm[m EdkifiHa&;jzpfw,f/ qefa0?

qDa0? t0wftxnfa0wJh tvkyfawGudk

vkyfjcif;[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;yJjzpfw,f}qdkwJh

t,ltqygyJ/

wu,fawmh txufyg t,ltq ESpfck

pvHk;[m tay:,HMunfhr,fqdk&if qefYusif

uGJjym;oa,mif&Sdayr,fh wu,fwrf; xdk;pdkuf

avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&ifawmh tajccHtm;jzifh

wlnDaewm awGU&rSmyg/

xdkt,ltqESpfck&JU wlnDwJh tajccH

uawmh EdkifiHa&;udk (&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd jzpfap?

&nf&G,fcsufrJh jzpfap) rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dyÜm,f

zGifhqdkNyD; EdkifiHa&;udk jynfolvlxkeJY tqufjzwf

jcif;om jzpfygw,f/

rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;AsL[m

wu,fawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm[m EdkifiH

twGif;rSm ay:aygufaewJh vlrIa&;'ku©awG?

pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJawG? usef;rma&;? ynma&;

qdkif&m jyóemtcuftcJawG wpfckcsif;udk

]qefpif&m usnfayGUvdkuf} qdkwmvdk ajz&Sif;vdkY

&EdkifwJh udpörsKd;r[kwfygbl;/

pm;p&mr&SdwJh jynfolawGudk qefa0wm

[m vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwJh tvkyfjzpfayr,fh

xdkjynfolawGtaeeJY a&&SnfwnfwHhwJh pD;yGm;a&;

zGHU NzdK;rIudk &&SdydkifqdkifzdkYtwGufawmh wpfEdkifiH

vHk;&JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk zGHU NzdK;atmif vkyfaqmif

EdkifzdkY vdkygw,f/

wu,fawmh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm jynfolawG

&ifqdkifBuHKawGUae&wJh jyóemt&yf&yfudk

atmifjrifpGm ajz&Sif;zdkYuawmh EdkifiHa&;enf;eJY

ajz&Sif;rSom atmifjrifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/

,if;odkY EdkifiHa&;enf;eJY ajz&Sif;zdkYqdk&if

awmh rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;r[mAsL[m enf;AsL

[m awGudk csrSwfum jynfolwpf&yfvHk;udk

OD;aqmifrI ay;EdkifNyD; EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk

vuf0,frSm qkyfudkifxm;EdkifwJh a'gifa'gifjrnf

EdkifiHa&;ygwD wpf&yfuom aqmif&GufEdkifrSm

jzpfygw,f/ n

18

vlESpfq,fudk rMumao;cifu odrf;ydkuf

xm;aom t*FgN*dKvf udkvdkeDay:wGif oGm;a&muf

aexdkif&ef a&G;cs,fxm;\/ ,if;t*FgN*dKvfBuD;

ay:wGif aexdkifpm;aomufp&mrsm;? ZdrfcHypönf;

rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sd\/ N*dKvfay:odkY a&mufoGm;

olrsm;onf ,if;ypönf;rsm;udk rnfonfh tajccH

ay:wGif rlwnfí rnfodkYcGJa0 oHk;pGJMurnfenf;/

xdkjyóemudk oGm;a&mufaexkdif&ef a&G;cs,f

cHxm;&olwdkY urÇmajrrS rxGufcGmcif qHk;jzwf

rnfjzpfonf/ vlwpfOD;csif;pD\ tvkyfpGrf;&nf

tay: rlwnfí qHk;jzwf&rnfavm/ odkYaomf

cufaeonfrSm olwdkY oGm;a&mufaexkdifrnfh

t*FgN*dKvfay:wGif rnfodkYaom tvkyfrsKd;u

ta&;tygqHk;jzpfrnfudk vHk;0rodxm;Mujcif;

jzpf\/ tvkyftm;vHk;onf um,vkyftm;jzifh

vkyfudkif&aom tvkyfMurf;rsm; jzpfaumif;

jzpfEdkif\/ odkYwnf;r[kwf ÚmPfpGrf;&nf tjrifh

rm;qHk;vdktyfaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfcsifvnf;

jzpfEdkifonf/ bmrQ rusdef;aoacs/ bmrQ wdwd

usus odrxm;Muay/

þwGif tcsKdUu þodkY tBuHjyK\/ tm;vHk;

twGuf w&m;rQrQww jzpfoGm;atmif t&m&m

wdkif;udk nDwlnDrQ (Equally) cGJa0,loifh

onf[k qdkMuonf/ (um,tvkyfeJY ÚmP

tvkyf b,f[mta&;BuD;rSef;? ta&;ygrSef;

rod&ifawmh um,&,f? ÚmP&,f cGJraeeJY

awmh/ &SdwmawGudk tm;vHk; nDwlnDrQ cGJa0

,lwm taumif;qHk;yJ[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf)

odkYaomf þtqdkjyKcsufudk tcsKdUu oabm

rwlMu/ tu,fí vkyfp&mtvkyfawG trsm;

BuD;&SdaeNyD; tvkyfawGudk cGJa0vkyfMuwJh tcgrSm

udk,fvkyf&r,fhtvkyfudk wm0efausaus

rvkyfMuwJh vlawGudkvnf; cHpm;cGifhawG tnD

trQ cGJa0ay;rnfqdkvQif rQwrI (Fairness) r&Sd[k axmufjyuefYuGufMuonf/ rSefygonf/

rodrIrsufESmzHk;\ w&m;rQwrIarmifMunfopf

vlawG tvkyfvkyf&ef rufvHk; (incentive) awmh &Sd&rnf r[kwfygvm;/

uefYuGufcsufudk vufcHvdkuf\/ xdktcg

wGif jyóemu ydk½Iyfvm\/ rQwrI[lonf

vlwdkif;udk nDwlnDrQ cGJa0ay;jcif;jzpfonf

[laom t"dyÜm,fonf rcdkifvHkawmhaomaMumifh

jzpf\/ þodkYqdkvQif rQwrI\ t"dyÜm,fudk

rnfodkY cH,l&rnfenf;/

EdkifiHa&; 'óeynm&Sif *Refa&mpf (1921-2002) tvdkt&rl txufyg t*FgN*dKvfay:wGif

oGm;a&mufaexdkifrnfh olrsm;onf rQwrI

t"dyÜm,fudk rodMuaomfvnf; olwdkYonf

rQwrIoabmudk od&Sdem;vnfEdkifonfh taumif;

qHk;erlem taetxm;wGif &SdaeMuayonf/

olwdkYonf olwdkYa&muf&SdoGm;rnfh b0tajc

taeudk bmrQodrxm;Mu/ b,fvdktvkyfawG

vkyfí &Sifoefwdk;wuf&rnf[k odrxm;Mu/

um,vkyftm;ESifh ÚmPvkyftm; b,f[mudk

ydkwefzdk;&Sdrnfudk odrxm;Mu/ b,folu b,f

trsKd;tEG,fu qif;oufvmonf qdkonfrSm

vnf; odxm;p&mrvdkaom tajctaersKd;

jzpf\/ þtaetxm;udk *Refa&mhpfu ]rodrI

rsufESmzHk;} (Veil of Ignorance) [k owfrSwf

ac:a0:cJhonf/ ,if; ]rodrIrsufESmzHk;}jzifh

t*FgN*dKvfay:&Sd ypönf;rsm;udk cGJa0&mwGif

rSefuefaom enf;udk olwdkYonf qHk;jzwfMujcif;

jzpf\/ þqHk;jzwfcsufonf bufvkdufrI vHk;0

uif;&Sif;onf[k ,HkMunfEdkifayonf/

tu,fí uREkfyfwdkYonf þurÇmay:wGif

rQwrIoabmudk odem;vnfvdkygvQif t*FgN*dKvf

19

ay: oGm;a&mufaexkdifrnfh vlrsm;uJhodkY ]rodrI

rsufESmzHk;} wyfxm;aom taetxm;jzifh

pOf;pm;awG;ac: BuHqoifhonf[k *Refa&mhpfu

tqdkjyKonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf EdkifiHawmf\ ypönf;

Opömrsm;udk cGJa0Mu&mwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\

vkyf&nfudkif&nf tpGrf;tp&SdrI? r&SdrI? ÚmPf&nf

xuf rxuf? qif;&JrI? csrf;omrI? a,musmf;

rdef;r vlrsKd;ponfwdkYudk bmrQod&Sdxm;rI

r&Sdonfh taetxm;ay:wGif &yfí pOf;pm;awG;ac:

qHk;jzwfoifhonf/ odk YrSom bufvkdufrI

uif;onfh? rQwonfh cGJa0rIjzpfrnf/ þvkyfief;

pOfudk uREkfyfwdkYonf qifjcifwHkw&m; jynfhpHk

pGmjzifh taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvQif vlYtzGJU

tpnf;twGif; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSí

qif;&Jedrfhyg;aeolrsm;udk taumif;qHk;jr§ifhwif

ay;Edkifrnfh vlaerI pepfwpf&yf wnfaqmuf

Edkifvdrfhrnfjzpfonf[k a&mhpfu tqdkjyKayonf/

þonfrSm uREk fy fwd k Y vlom;rsm;

tqifjcifÚmPf&SdpGm vufcHEdkifaom tqdkjyK

csufjzpfonf[k qdk&rnf/ taMumif;rSm

vlom;rsm;onf vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ rnfonfh

tqifhtwef;? rnfonfh tvTm? rnfodkYaom

rdbrsm;wGif arG;zGm;vmMurnfudk rodEdkif

aomaMumifh jzpf\/ tu,fí uREkfyfwdkYonf

uHraumif;pGmjzifh edrfhyg;qif;&Jaom rdbrsm;rS

arG;zGm;vmapOD;awmh vlom;wpfOD;taejzifh

&ydkifcGifh&Sdaom tcGifhta&;? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk

tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl &Edkifao;aomaMumifh

jzpfayonf/ þonfrSm 18 &mpkESifh 19 &mpk

t*Fvdyf vpfb&,f0g'DBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom

*RefavmhcfESifh a*stufpfrD;vf (John Locke and J.S Mill) wdkY\ vpfb&,f vlrIa&;

'Drdkua&pD (Liberal Social Democracy) vrf;aMumif;udk yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifh cH,lazmfñTef;

vdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ tpOftvm vpfb&,f

0g't& w&m;rQwrIudk pOf;pm;azmfaqmif

&mwGif vlom;wdkY\ obm0taetxm;

(Natural Condtion) ay: rlwnfí wpfajy;

wpfnDwnf; pOf;pm;&rnf[k tqdkjyKxm;

ayonf/

þodkYqdkvQif vlcsif;wlaomfvnf; touf½I

uGmonf qdkouJhodkY tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf

tm;xkwfrI 0d&d,aumif;Mu\/ tcsKd Uu

raumif;Mu/ 0D&d,tm;pdkufwmcsif; twlwl

tcsKdUolrsm;u atmifjrifMu\/ tcsKdUu ratmif

jrifMu/ tcsKdUu vkyfief;vkyfudkif&if; uHaumif;

Mu\/ tcsKdUu uHraumif;Mu/ þodkYaom

rwlnDaom udpörsm;udk rnfodkY pOf;pm;Mu

rnfenf;/ Oyrm pm;aomufqdkif ESpfqdkifonf

tqiftjyif tcrf;tem;vnf; ruGmjcm;Mu/

0efxrf;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;vnf; rwdrf;

r,drf; jzpf\/ refae*smrsm;\ vkyf&nf udkif&nf

ESifh tm;pdkufrIvnf; twlwlyif jzpf\/ odkYaomf

wpfqdkifu pm;oHk;ol t0ifrsm;NyD; 0ifaiG

aumif;\/ wpfqdkifurl t0ifenf;NyD; 0ifaiG

avsmh\/ tb,faMumifh rwlnDMuoenf;/

ausmif;om;ESpfOD;onf ÚmPf&nfvnf; wl\/

0D&d,&Sdwmcsif;vnf; ruGmMu/ oifMum;

q&mrsm;rSmvnf; twlwljzpf\/ odkYaomf

pmar;yGJwGif &rSwfcsif; wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf

rwlMubJ uGmjcm;Mu\/ þodkY udpörsm;udk

rnfodkY ajymrnfvJ/ rrQwbl;[k qdk&rnfavm/

vlYb0ajy;vrf;wGif wmxGuftpwGif nDwl

nDrQ &SdMuaomfvnf; ajy;aomtcgwGif yxr?

'kwd,? wwd,ponfjzifh uGmjcm;Murnfom

jzpf\/ þonfwdkYudk a&mhpfu ]rQwrI&Sdaom

rwlnDrI} (Fair inequality) [k owfrSwf,lq

cJhonf/ þoabmudk uREkfyfwdkYonf ausaus

eyfeyf cGifhjyK&rnf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;uGmjcm;rIrSm

rrQwrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfaomaMumifh

jzpfonf[k a&mhpfu ,lqayonf/ tqif;&J

tedrfhyg;qHk;aom vlrsm;\ rlvrQwrI tcGifhta&;

udk rxdcdkufaom uGm[csufrsm;udk vpfb&,f

'Drdku&ufwpf vlUtzGJUtpnf;taejzifh cGifhjyKoifh

onf[k *Refa&mhpfu tqkdjyKavonf/ n

Political

20

rauoDat;rm (pifumyl) - r*FvmygtefwD uRefruawmh

pifumylu auoDjzpfygw,f/ tefwDtNrJusef;rmNyD; EdkifiH&JUaumif;usKd;rsm;

o,fydk;EdkifygapvdkY qkawmif;ay;vQufyg/ tck tefwDhudk uRefrar;r,fh

ar;cGef;uawmh tck zGJUpnf;vdkufwJh tpdk;&topfeJY tefwD&JU aphpyf

aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm awmfawmfav; atmifjrifaeygw,f/ txl;ojzifh

trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ayghaemf/ tJ'Dawmh tefwDuvnf;

ajymcJhwm &Sdygw,f/ tefwDwpfa,mufwnf;eJY vkyfvdkYrjzpfygbl;/

tm;vHk; 0dkif;vkyf&r,fvdkY ajymxm;ygw,f/ uRefrwdkYuvnf; EdkifiHom;awG

taeeJY tukefvHk;0dkif;0ef;NyD; vkyfudkifay;csifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tefwDh

taeeJY b,fvdk Guide Line av;rsm; uRefrwdkYudk ay;vdkY &ygrvJ/

tm;vHk;twlwl0dkif;vkyfzdkYayghaemf/ tckvkyfaewJh tpdk;&eJY tefwDhMum;rSm&SdwJh

Process awGudk ydkNyD;awmh jrefqefvmzdkYtwGufjzpfygw,f/ aus;Zl;

trsm;BuD;wifygw,f tefwD/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - orD;wdkY jzpfapcsifwmudk tpdk;&uodatmif

ajymqdkMuzdkYu yxrvdktyfcsufyg/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh wdwdususeJY

udpö&yfawGtay: tajccHNyD; vdktyfwJh jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIawGudk

oufqdkif&mXmeawGudk today;NyD;awmh awmif;qdkapcsifygw,f/

'Dhtjyif wpfqifhwufNyD; yg0ifywfoufcsifw,f/ tefwDwdkY&JU 'Drdkua&pD

uGef&ufvkyfief;awGrSm yg0ifapcsifygw,f/ jynfolawG Edk;Mum;wuf<u

Mu&if tpdk;&uvnf; Edk;Mum;NyD; EdkifiHvnf; wdk;wufvmrSmyg/ orD;wdkY

tm;vHk; 'Dvdk wuf<uaeMur,fqdk&if EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifrIvrf;pOf[m

ydkajzmifhjzL;NyD;awmh tefwDwdkY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwmawG[mvnf;

ydkNyD;awmh xda&mufrSm jzpfygw,f/

udkausmfvif; (&cdkifjynfe,f) - tefwDpk usef;rmygap/ uRefawmf

uawmh &cdkifjynfe,ff oHwGJNrdKUe,fu ausmfvif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf

tefwDpkudk ar;csifwmuawmh OD;odef;pdef tpdk;&wufNyD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm

uRefawmfwdkY vlYtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufrIawG &SdaeqJ jzpfygw,f/

txl;ojzifhawmh atmufajcrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIawGvnf; oufqdkif&m

tpdk;&XmeawGrSm bmrS uRefawmfwdkY rawGU&ao;ygbl;cifAsm/ 'D[mudk

tefwDhtaeeJY b,fvdkxifygovJcifAsm/ aemufwpfcku EdkifiHawmftpdk;&

taeeJY vlYtcGifhta&;aumifpDwpfckudk zGJUpnf;NyD;wJh aemufydkif;rSmvnf;

uRefawmfwdkY e,fpyfa'orsm;eJY wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkawGtay:rSm

vlrIa&;csKd;azmufrIawGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh umuG,fay;rIawGudk

uRefawmfwdkY 'DaeYtxd rawGU&ygbl;cifAsm/ wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm

&SdwJh vlenf;pkawG&JU wjcm;bmom0ifawGtay:rSm vlYtcGifhta&;

csKd;azmufrIawG &SdaeqJjzpfwJhtwGuf vlYtcGifhta&; udpöawGudk

wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGtxd us,fus,fjyefYjyefY yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifatmif

tefwDOD;aqmifNyD;awmh wpfEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m vlYtcGifhta&; nDvmcHwpfckudk

ac:qdkay;zdkYudk uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY tefwDhudk awmif;qdkcsifygw,fcifAsm/

a':atmifqef;pkMunf - vlYtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu jynfolawGxJu

wifjyvmwJh vlYtcGifhta&; csKd;azmufrIawGudk udkifwG,fyghr,fvdkY Ouú|

OD;0if;r&u ajymqdkoGm;wmudk a&'D,dkrSm Mum;vdkuf&ygw,f/ om;wdkY

a'orSm jzpfay:aewJh vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufrIawGudk pmeJYa&;NyD;

OD;0if;r&udk wifjyMunfhapcsifygw,f/ *½kwpdkufvkyfr,f rvkyfr,fqdkwm

wifjyMunfhrS od&rSmyg/ BuHKwkef; ajym&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if OD;0if;r&[m

&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ vlYtcGifhta&;eJY ywfoufwJh

nDvmcHawG tpnf;ta0;awGqdkwm us,fus,fjyefYjyefYudk vkyfoifhygw,f/

tefwDwdkYbufuvnf; 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;awG jzpfajrmufa&;udk BudK;pm;

vkyfaqmifoGm;ygr,f/

xGef;xGef; (tar&duefjynfaxmifpk) - uRefawmf&JU emrnfuawmh

xGef;xGef;ygcifAsm/ uRefawmf[m r.q.v acwfu ppfonfa[mif;

wpfOD;yg/ r.q.vacwfu 2^80 qdkNyD; taxGaxG vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhBuD;udk

ay;vdkufygw,f cifAsm/ tJ'DhtcsdefrSm vltrsm;[m aysmf&TifrIawG &&SdcJh

ygw,f/ ,ckOD;odef;pdefacwfrSmawmh (2)Budrf vGwfNidrf;cGifhawG ay;cJhygw,f

cifAsm/ vGwfvmolawGa&m rvGwfao;vdkY usefaewJh rdom;pk0ifawGyg

pdwfcsrf;omrIawG r&SdMuygbl;/ 'DudpöeJYywfoufNyD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

b,fvdkjrifovJqdkwm odvdkygw,fcifAsm/ aemufwpfckuawmh ,ck

vuf&Sdppftpdk;&eJY wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifawG wdkufyGJ0ifaerItay:rSm

ESpfzufrS &Jabmfrsm;om aoqHk;NyD;awmh rdom;pkrsm; pdwfqif;&JrIudk

&&Sdapygw,fcifAsm/ ESpfzufacgif;aqmifawGuawmh csrf;omNyD; pnf;pdrf

vlxkESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunf (7)The Future

Questions & Answers

21

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22

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xm;&m ,cifOya'wGif ryg&Sdaom ydkrd k

30

tcGifhomaom jy|mef;csufjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&

ygonf/

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(5)ESpftwGuf tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh? EdkifiHtusKd;&Sd

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EdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; Oya' (Business Law) tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom Oya' (8)ck

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(1) Law of Contract and Sale of Goods

(2) Law on Business Organization(3) Investment and other Related

Laws(4) Law of Employment(5) Law of Banking(6) Law of Insurance(7) Transport Laws(8) Taxation and Civil Litigation wdkY jzpfygonf/

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2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhonf/ xdkOya'ESifh

tjcm;aom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;jzpfonfh

SEZ Law xm;0,f txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZkefOya'

rsm; taMumif;udk Investment taMumif;wGif

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tvkyform; tzGJUtpnf; Oya'udk atmufwdk

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EdkifiHjcm;oHk;aiG pDrHcefYcGJrI Oya'udk Mo*kwfv

(10)&uf? 2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhonf/

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,cktcgwGif tmrcHvkyfief;udk yk*¾vdu ukrÜPD

rsm;udk vkyfudkifcGifhay;xm;onf/

Transport Laws ESifhywfoufNyD; oD;jcm;

rajymif;vJaomfvnf; yk*¾vduukrÜPDtcsKdUudk

avaMumif;vdkif;wGif ajy;qGJcGifhjyKxm;onf/

Taxation and Civil Litigation ESifh ywfoufí ukefoG,fvkyfief;cGef Oya'ESifh

0ifaiGcGefOya'udk jyifqifonfh Oya'udk

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jy|mef;cJhonf/ xdkYjyif yk*¾vdu vufcpm;vkyfief;

(pDtrfyD)pepfjzifh aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief;rS

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odkYvnf;aumif;? jynfwGif;ae EdkifiHom;ESifh

jynfyae EdkifiHom;rsm; EdkifiHjcm; aiGay;aqmif

onfh 0ifaiGcGefudk 10 &mcdkifEIef;tpm; 2

&mcdkifEIef;odkY avQmhaygh owfrSwfay;cJhNyD; 2012

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Photo - Internet

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33

News

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jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a':vmoef; 200 wefzdk;&Sd qefESifh qefxGufypönf; wefzdk;jrifh ukefxkwfpuf½Hk 5 ½Hk wnfaqmufrnf

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