THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems...
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Transcript of THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems...
![Page 1: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems Replaced old regime with modern society Slogan.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051417/56649c935503460f9494f25e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
![Page 2: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems Replaced old regime with modern society Slogan.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051417/56649c935503460f9494f25e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18TH CENTURY
Transformed social values & political systems
Replaced old regime with modern society
Slogan = “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Bloody conflicts presented dilemma of means vs. ends
![Page 3: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems Replaced old regime with modern society Slogan.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051417/56649c935503460f9494f25e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
Louis XVI not particularly capable
Marie Antoinette perceived as frivolous & callous
Incompetence of French monarchy
Louis XVI (r. 1774-1792)
Marie Antoinette
![Page 4: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. PIVOTAL EVENT OF 18 TH CENTURY Transformed social values & political systems Replaced old regime with modern society Slogan.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051417/56649c935503460f9494f25e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
Enlightenment & public opinion
Philosophes highly critical of existing system
• But not revolutionary
Underground literature more subversive
• Portrayed aristocracy as decadent & monarchy as ridiculous despotism
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
Fiscal crisis of French government
Huge war debt
Tax exemptions of elite = insufficient revenues
Incompetence of system
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
Desire for institutional change
Estates General called in 1789
THIRD ESTATE = driving force of Revolution
• King insisted on vote “by order”
• Delegates of 3rd Estate wanted vote “by head”
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
ORIGINS
The Estates General: 1789
3rd Estate refused to meet separately
Proclaimed itself the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Took “TENNIS COURT OATH”
King recognized Assembly, ordered other Estates to join it
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE CONVERGENCE OF REVOLUTIONS
Masses mobilizing over issues of basic subsistence
Faced severe economic difficulties
Suspicious of aristocrats
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE: July 14, 1789
Finance Minister Jacques Necker dismissed
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE CONVERGENCE OF REVOLUTIONS
Spread of revolt
Cities set up revolutionary governments & militias
Revolt in countryside: THE GREAT FEAR
Peasants attack noble landlords & manors
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE CONVERGENCE OF REVOLUTIONS
Night of August 4: Assembly deputies renounce privileges, appease peasants
Issue “Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen”
Men equal in rights
Sovereignty of nation against king or any other
Authority of legitimate law supreme Liberty defined as ability to do whatever does not harm another