The four major The four major biomoleculesbiomolecules

Organic molecules part 1Organic molecules part 1

What are we going to What are we going to learn?learn?

SB1.cSB1.cIdentify the function of the four Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e. major macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). nucleic acids).

BiomoleculesBiomolecules• They are the They are the foundationfoundation for the for the

structure and functionstructure and function of every of every living cell in living cell in every organismevery organism..

• They are the They are the building materialsbuilding materials and the and the storehousestorehouse for energy. for energy.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• AKA CarbsAKA Carbs• A carbohydrate is a A carbohydrate is a

simples sugar or a simples sugar or a molecule composed of molecule composed of two or more simple two or more simple sugars.sugars.

• It is composed of It is composed of Carbon (C) , Carbon (C) , Hydrogen (H), and Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) in a ratio Oxygen (O) in a ratio of 1:2:1.of 1:2:1.

More than one class...More than one class...• Monosaccharides Monosaccharides

are a single sugar are a single sugar molecule. An molecule. An example is example is glucose.glucose.

More than one class ....More than one class ....• Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides

are a short chain are a short chain of two or more of two or more covalently covalently bonded sugar bonded sugar units. An units. An example is example is sucrose. sucrose.

More than one class ....More than one class ....• Polysaccharides are long straight or Polysaccharides are long straight or

branched chains of hundreds even branched chains of hundreds even thousands of sugar molecules in thousands of sugar molecules in length. An example is starch.length. An example is starch.

LipidsLipids• Are organic Are organic

molecules that have molecules that have more carbon-more carbon-hydrogen (C-H) hydrogen (C-H) bonds and fewer bonds and fewer oxygen atom than oxygen atom than carbohydrates.carbohydrates.

• Commonly called fats Commonly called fats and waxes.and waxes.

Wash with soap and hot water....Wash with soap and hot water....• Lipids do not Lipids do not

dissolve in water due dissolve in water due to the nonpolarity of to the nonpolarity of the lipid molecules. the lipid molecules. So you need a little So you need a little bit of soap. bit of soap.

What? We want What? We want fatsfats??• Used for long term energy storage, insulation, Used for long term energy storage, insulation,

and protective coatings.and protective coatings.• Major component of plasma membranes.Major component of plasma membranes.

And so do plants?And so do plants?• Waxes are long chains of fatty acids attached Waxes are long chains of fatty acids attached

to an alcohol. Cutin is a wax that helps plants to an alcohol. Cutin is a wax that helps plants retain water. retain water.

ProteinsProteins• Large complex polymersLarge complex polymers• They are composed of amino acids made of They are composed of amino acids made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.sometimes sulfur.

Here, there and everywhere...Here, there and everywhere...• They help us They help us

contract our contract our muscles, transport muscles, transport OO22 in the blood, in the blood, and the immune and the immune system. system.

• They are also part They are also part of the plasma of the plasma membrane.membrane.

A little bit of this, a little bit of that..A little bit of this, a little bit of that..• Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin, Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin,

insulin, and antibodiesinsulin, and antibodies

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• Nucleic acids are Nucleic acids are

complex complex macromoleculesmacromolecules that that store store informationinformation in in cells in the form of a cells in the form of a codecode..

• There are four There are four different types of different types of nucleotides used to nucleotides used to form a nucleic acid.form a nucleic acid.

Basic structureBasic structure• The three parts of a nucleotide are a five-The three parts of a nucleotide are a five-

carbon sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and carbon sugar, a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group.a phosphate group.

Nucleotides are pretty useful...Nucleotides are pretty useful...• Are the structural units of adenosine Are the structural units of adenosine

phosphates (ATP, NADphosphates (ATP, NAD++, NADP, NADP++), nucleotide ), nucleotide coenzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)coenzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)