The following question was posed to the physicist Richard Feynman, winner of the Nobel Prize for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics:

If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the

next generation of creatures, what statement

would contain the most information in the fewest

words?

He said:

I believe it is the atomic hypothesis (or the atomic fact, or whatever you wish to call it) that all things are made of

atoms - little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting

each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another.

In that one sentence, there is an enormous amount of

information about the world, if just a little imagination and

thinking are applied.

Temperature and Heat

Part 1: Temperature Scales

0th Law of Thermodynamics

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, and

system B is in thermal equilibrium with system C, then A and C are in

thermal equilibrium (have same temperature)

Thermal Expansion

TLL Δ⋅⋅=Δ 0α

Volume Thermal Expansion

TVV Δ⋅⋅=Δ 0β

Temperature and Heat

Part 2: Specific Heat and Latent Heat

Specific Heat Specific Heat CapacityCapacity

The amount of water that a

bucket can hold is called the

capacity of the bucket.The more the bucket can

hold, the greater its capacity.

The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of

heat that 1 kg of it can “hold” before its

temperature raises by 1 C.

The more heat it takes to raise the temperature, the larger the heat capacity.

How much heat energy (Joules) is required to

raise the temperature of

this glass of water 1 C?

250 mL (0.25 kg)

It takes 1050 Joules to raise the

temperature of this glass of water 1 C.Therefore it takes 4200 J to raise the temperature of 1

kg 1 C. 250 mL (0.25 kg)

The Specific Heat (Heat Capacity) of Different

Substances

1 C2 C

3 C

4 C

5 C

I need 448

J/(kgC)

Iron

I need 4200

J/(kgC)

Water

I need 900

J/(kgC)

Aluminum

I need 388

J/(kgC)

Zinc

I need 387

J/(kgC)

Copper

I need 377

J/(kgC)

Brass

I need 128

J/(kgC)

Lead

How much heat energy is required to heat 0.5 kg of

copper 25 C?• (0.5 kg) (25 C) (387 J/(kgC) =

• 4838 JHow much heat energy is required to heat 0.5 kg of

water 25 C?• (0.5 kg) (25 C) (4200 J/(kgC) =

• 52,500 J

TmcQ Δ=

How much energy is released when 0.5 kg of water cools 25

C?• (0.5 kg) (25 C) (4200 J/(kgC) =

• 52,500 J

Metal AMetal B

Metal CMetal D Metal E

TmcQ Δ=

TmcQ Δ= mLQ =

TmcQ Δ= mLQ =

Conservation of Energy

Heat gained = Heat lost