University Department of Management ScienceSub –campus Osmanabad

“ IP Addressing and Routing ”

Guided ByMr. Varunraj Kalse

Presented By,

Mr. Gokul A. Mole

Introduction

IP Addresses

Network part and Host part

Network Masks

Network Address and Broadcast Address classes

Look back address

IP routing Concepts

Routing Table

What TCP does?

a. TCP/Reliable Pipeb. TCP Connectionc. Port Numbers

IP Addresses

a. An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a device on TCP/IP network.

b. It is a logical address for network adapter .

c. An IP address can be private for use on LAN and public for use on the Internet or WAN.

d. IP addresses can be determined statistically and dynamically.

e. The address is made up of 32 binary bits.

f. Two IP addressing standards are in use today, IPv4 and IPv6.

Network part and Host part

a. Each IP address is divided into two parts1. Network ID:-

It identifies a single network segment within a large TCP/IP inter-network.

2. Host ID:-It identifies TCP/IP node within each network.

e.g. 131.107.16.200

Network Masks

a. A network mask or net mask is used to divide an IP address into a network address and host address.

b. When you setup a network, the network mask must be common to all network interfaces on that network.

c. The default network mask are 255.0.0.0 for class A, 255.255.0.0 for class B, 255.255.255.0 for class C.

The following figure illustrates the effect on a class B address of extending a network mask from 255.255.0.0 to 255.255.255.0:

Subnets are created by extending network ID portion of an address by taking some bits from the host portion to create a subnet portion.

Network Address and Broadcast Address

a. A network address serves as unique identifier for a computer on a network.

b. When setup correctly, computers can determine the addresses of other computers on network and use these addresses to send messages to each other.

c. Best known form of network addressing is the IP address.d. Another form of address is Media Access Control (MAC). It has 6 bytes

that manufactures network address.

Network Address

Broadcast Address

a. Broadcast address is logical address at which all devices are connected to multiple access communications network are enabled to receive datagram's.

b. IP allows information to be sent to all machines on given subnet rather than specific machine.

c. Generally broadcast address is found by taking the bit complement of the subnet mask and then ORing it bitwise with the IP addresses

Math Example

If a system has the IP address 192.168.12.220 and a network mask of 255.255.255.128, what should the broadcast address for the system be? To do this calculation, convert all numbers to binary values. For bitwise, remember that any two values where at least one value is 1, the result will be 1, otherwise the result is 0.

IP Address 11000000.10101000.00001100.11011100

Reverse Mask 00000000.00000000.00000000.01111111

Bitwise OR ———————————————–

Broadcast Address 11000000.10101000.00001100.11111111

Convert the binary value back to octal and the resulting value is 192.168.12.255.

Address ClassesClass A

a. This class is for very large network such as major international company.b. The IP addresses with first octet from 1 to 126 are part of this class.c. The other three octets are used to identify each host.d. The class A networks, the high order bit value in the first octet is always

zero.

Net Host or Node

115. 24.53.107

Class B

a. Class B is used for medium size network e.g. large collage campus.b. IP addresses with first octet from 128 to 191 the part of this class.c. Class B addresses also include the second octet as the part of the net

identifier.d. The other two octets are used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

145.24. 53.107

Class C

a. Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size business.

b. IP addresses with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this class.

c. Class C addresses also include the second and third octets as part of the Net Identifier.

d. The last octet is used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

195.24.53. 107

Class D

a. Used for multicast, Class D is slightly different from the first three classes.

b. The first 4 bits values are 1,1,1,0 respectively.c. The other 28 bits are used to identify the group of computers the

multicast message is intended for.

Net Host or Node

224. 24.53.107

Loop back Address

Loopback

a. In telecommunication, loopback is a method used to perform transmission test of the line at the switching center.

b. Loopback is communication channel with only one endpoint.c. TCP/IP network specify a loopback that allows client software to

communicate with server software on the same computer.

Loopback Address

a. It is a special IP number(127.0.0.1) that is designated for the software loopback interface of a machine.

b. The loopback interface has no hardware associated with it and it is not physically connected to network.

c. The loopback interface allows IT professionals to test IP software without worrying about broken or corrupted drivers.

d. It is commonly used for troubleshooting and network testing.

IP Routing Concept

a. Routing is the process of forwarding packets between connected networks OR It is process of forwarding packet based on the destination IP address.

b. Routing occurs at a sending TCP/IP host and at on IP router.c. TCP/IP networks segments are interconnected by routers.d. A router is a device that forwards the packets from one network

to another.e. Router are also commonly referred to as gateways.

Two Characteristics of routers1. IP routers are multihomed host. 2. IP routers provide packet forwarding other TCP/IP

hosts.

Direct Routing

Direct routing is used when both the source and destination addresses have the same network number.

Indirect Routing

Indirect routing is used when both the source and destination do not match.

Static Routing

a. Static routing is performed using a preconfigured routing table which remains in effect indefinitely.

b. This is the most basic form of routing, and it usually requires that machines have statically configured addresses.

Dynamic Routing

a. Dynamic routing uses special routing information protocols to automatically update the routing table with routes.

b. These protocols are grouped according to whether they are Interior Gateway protocols (IGPs) or Exterior Gateway Protocols.

Routing Table

a. Routing table is present on all IP nodes.b. The routing table stores information about IP networks and how they

can be reached, because all IP nodes perform some form of routing, routing tables are not exclusive to IP routers.

IP routing tables entry types

An entry in IP routing table contains the following information in order presented.

1. Network ID:Network ID corresponding to the route. The network

ID can be class based, Subnet or an IP address for Host route.

2. Network Mask:The mask that is used to match destination IP

address to the network ID.3. Next Hop:

The IP address of the next hop.4. Interface:

An indication of which network interface is used to forward the IP packet.

5. Metric:The number is used to indicate the cost of route. Common use is to indicate the number of hopes to

the network ID.

Routing table entries can be used to store the following types of routs.i. Directly attached network ID’s

ii. Remote network ID’siii. Host routs.iv. Default routs

What is TCP does?

TCP Characteristics:

1. Connection oriented.

2. Bi-directional.

3. Multiple connected and end point identified.

4. Reliable.

5. Acknowledge

6. Stream oriented

7. Data unstructured.

8. Data flow manage.

TCP-Reliable Pipe

It providing basic reliability using positive acknowledgement with retransmission (PAR). Following figure shows one of the most common simple technique for ensuring reliability.

Send message and start timer

Acknowledgement received

Send message and start timer

Acknowledgement not received

Timer Expiration

Resend message and start new timer

Acknowledgement Received

Receive message

Send Acknowledgement

Message Lost

Acknowledgement not send

Receive recent message

Send Acknowledgement

Message

Acknowledgement

Message

Message

Acknowledgement

TCP Connection

1. TCP provides multiplexing and De multiplexing and error detection in exactly the same manner as UDP.

2. TCP is connection oriented.3. Before one application process can begin to send data to another,

the two processes are happen they must send some preliminary segments to each other establish the parameters of the data transfer.

4. TCP provide for full duplex data transfer.5. TCP is also always point to point.

Application writes data

Application reads data

Socket door Socket door

TCP send buffer TCP receive buffer

Segment

Any Doubts