The Follow-Up Investigation and Investigative Resources.

The Follow-Up Investigation and Investigative Resources

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Describe the use of solvability factors. Explain the preparation of a case file. Discuss reinterviewing victims and witnesses. Describe the purpose and use of NamUs. Summarize NCIC files and capabilities. Explain LeadsOnLine. Identify behaviors in which investigators should

not engage with informants. State the purposes of physical surveillance. Describe how a photo lineup should be conducted. Identify three potential indicators of a staged

crime.

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES continued

Describe the intelligence cycle. Summarize the use of facial recognition

software by law-enforcement agencies. Identify the ways crime analysts link crimes. Explain the role of the scientific method in crime

scene reconstruction. Describe the four factors on which criminal

profiling focuses. Summarize geographical profiling. Provide four examples of remote sensing. Identify four ways investigators use the internet.


The Decision to Initiate a Follow-up Investigation When an incident report is referred to the

investigation division, it is screened to determine whether a follow-up investigation is warranted.

This determination may be done by judgment or by applying mathematical weights to the presence or absence of certain factors in the incident report, such as: Is the suspect named? Can the suspect be identified? Is there a detailed description of the suspect?


The Follow-up Investigation Process1. Prepare a case file

2. Read the offense report and any supplemental reports

3. Get criminal histories of named suspects

4. Obtain credit histories if necessary

5. Visit the crime scene and review visual documentation

6. Review other incidental reports

7. Attempt to link suspects to other crimes by M.O. analysis

8. Examine physical evidence and lab results

9. Contact victims and witnesses for interviews© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5

The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued10. Assess the credibility of witnesses

11. Deliver death notices if necessary

12. Arrange for a drawing/likeness of suspect

13. Reevaluate the case periodically

14. Disseminate information about the crime and suspects within the agency

15. Coordinate with other jurisdictions

16. Explore lines of inquiry and pursue leads


The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued17. Identify and interview known associates of

the suspect

18. Obtain documentary evidence

19. Conduct a custodial interrogation

20. Talk to informants as needed

21. Use specialized investigative procedures

22. Prepare affidavits, apply for warrants

23. Identify, locate, and apprehend suspect


The Follow-up Investigation Process, continued24. Recover stolen property

25. Determine if the suspect’s auto or other property is subject to seizure

26. File supplemental reports

27. Keep records organized

28. Keep victim/victim’s family informed

29. Meet with the prosecuting attorney


Reviewing the Incidental and Supplemental Reports

These reports may answer: How, when, and where the crime was

committed, including a chronological description of the events

The victim’s identity and if appropriate, his/her medical condition and statement

The number of suspects, if any are in custody, whether they are in the jail or a hospital, and their descriptions or identities


Reviewing the Incidental and Supplemental Reports, cont. Whether composite sketches of suspects at large have

been prepared and distributed The words spoken by suspects during the commission

of the crime, spontaneous statements made by them following their arrest, and any post-Miranda statements made by them to the arresting officer

The identities and statements of witnesses and any conditions noted, such any degree of drinking or appearance of having been using drugs

The nature and value of the property stolen The types of physical evidence seized Description of any vehicles involved or a copy of an

impound report for vehicles seized.


Jail Booking Report

Created when a subject is in-processed at a jail

Often computer generated May have an incident report integrated into

it May have a color photo, fingerprints, and

details about suspect’s health and medications and mental state

May have a description of the suspect, including physical details, employment and home addresses, aliases, etc.

May include an inventory of personal effects© 2012 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 11

Field Interview/Information Reports A field interview/

information card (FIR) is filled out when patrolling officers identify persons or vehicles that are suspicious to them but are not connected to any particular offense.

(Source: Courtesy Springfield, Missouri, Police Department)


Using Databases

International National

Regional Information Sharing Systems (RISS)

State and Local Systems Nonprofit and Private Sources


Surveillance

Purpose of surveillance Establishing the existence of a crime Obtaining probable cause for a search warrant application Apprehending suspects as they commit a crime Identifying the associates of criminals and the places they

frequent Determining the reliability of informants Providing protection for undercover officers and informants Locating people, places, and things Gathering intelligence about targets and premises prior to serving

a warrant Gathering intelligence on the activities of illegal groups and gangs Preventing a crime by signaling police awareness of specific

subjects


Procedures For Photo And Live Lineups Include only one suspect in each

identification procedure. Select “fillers” (nonsuspects) who

generally match the witness’ description of the perpetrator.

If multiple photos of the suspect are available, use the one made closest to the time when the crime was committed.

Lineups should include a minimum of five fillers.

If there are multiple witnesses, consider placing the suspect in different positions each time a lineup shows to a witness.


Procedures For Lineups continued If a new suspect is developed, avoid using

fillers which have been used in a previous lineup for the same witness

Make sure that no writing or information about the suspect's previous criminal history can be seen by the witness

Before the witness views the lineup, check again to make sure the suspect doesn’t unduly standout

Record the presentation order or the lineup and handle the original photographs as evidence

Write a supplemental report which chronologically describes what happened


Staged Crime Scenes

Purpose: to misdirect investigators Investigation requires:

What act is the staging intended to conceal?

What was the motive?


Fusion Centers

Turning information and intelligence into actionable knowledge

The fundamental process by which homeland security and crime-related information and intelligence are shared

About 70 fusion centers are operational


Intelligence Units

Four types: Indicative intelligence Tactical intelligence Strategic intelligence Evidential intelligence


The Intelligence/Analytical Cycle The intelligence/analytical cycle is a

five-step process which is continuous: Planning and direction Collection Processing Analysis and Production Dissemination Reevaluation


Analytical and Investigative Tools Crime Analysis: the process of

using systematic analytical methods to acquire timely and pertinent information on crime patterns and trend correlations.


Analytical and Investigative Tools There are three general types of

crime analysis by which analysts link crimes:1. Tactical2. Strategic3. Administrative


Crime Analysis

Commonly used methods to link crimes: Trends Patterns Series Sprees Hot Spots Crimogens


Crime Scene Differences


Time-Event Chart


Link Analysis


The Internet Appealing to the public for information about

specific crimes, often through “crime-stopper” programs.

Requesting information about missing children and adults.

Posting federal, state, and local most-wanted lists. Soliciting information about individuals who are

wanted as fugitives. Alerting the public about jail and prison escapees

and requesting information if they are sighted. Requesting information about the identities of

unknown subjects (“unsubs”). Showing photographs of recovered stolen property

so that the owners can identify and claim it. Providing crime-mapping capabilities so that

investigators can approach their work with better information and citizens can be informed.


The Follow-Up Investigation and Investigative Resources.

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