The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immmigration on U.S. Taxpayers

8/9/2019 The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immmigration on U.S. Taxpayers

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5/104

YCKFB MJ NMHYBHY^

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7/104

B|bnrydzb ^rooc{t

Yld~ {bwm{y b~ydocyb~ ylb chhrcf nm~y~ mj dffbecf doode{cydmh cy ylb jbib{cf& ~ycyb chi fmncf fbzbf ym kb ckmry )33>

kdffdmh0 hbc{ft );4 kdffdmh cy ylb jbib{cf fbzbf chi ) kdffdmh c tbc{ cy ylb jbib{cf& ~ycyb chifmncf fbzbf( Ylb krf` mj ylb nm~y~ ~mob )


8/104

;Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

fd`bft dhn{bc~b mhft oc{edhcfft& ylb hbu fbecf ~ycyr~ umrfi oc`b ylbo bfdedkfb jm{ {bnbdzdhe ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt

{byd{bobhy kbhbjdy~ ylcy umrfi jr{ylb{ abmwc{idqb ylb jryr{b mj ylb cf{bcit ~lc`t ~t~ybo( Ch cohb~yt umrfi cf~m

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jm{ fmu/dhnmob wmwrfcydmh~ jm{ uldnl ylbt c{b hmy hmu bfdedkfb( Ylb mzb{cff {b~rfy umrfi& ylb{bjm{b& kb ch

cnnbhyrcydmh mj ylb cf{bcit bhm{omr~ jd~ncf kr{ibh(

Jbib{cf Mryfct~ jm{ Dffbecf Cfdbh~


9/104

BIRNCYDMH Ydyfb D W{me{co )3&>>;&477&777

Ode{chy Birncydmh W{me{co );>:&477&777

Ydyfb DDD W{me{co )2>7&777&777

Jbib{cf Dhnc{nb{cydmh ):577&777

Ibybhydmh chi [bomzcf );&292&777&777

W{mabny cjb Hbdelkm{lmmi~ )>4&277&777

[b~dircf DNB Jrhnydmh~ );&>&777&777

Hcydmhcf Erc{i ):9;&777&777

Nmc~y Erc{i )277&777&777

Fcu Bhjm{nbobhy rkymycf )5&7&777&777

Lmr~dhe C~~d~ychnb W{me{co~ ):>5&777&777

Nldfi Nc{b * Ibzbfmwobhy Jrhi ):>>&777&777

Wrkfdn C~~d~ychnb rkymycf )9&2:9&:77&777

EBHB[CF B\WBHIDYR[B^ )


10/104

^YCYB NM^Y ^YCYB NM^Y ^YCYB NM^Y ^YCYB NM^Y

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Jfm{dic )2&9:> Odnldech )4;4 Mldm )5:2 U( Zc( )53

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11/104

YC\ NCYBEM[T JBIB[CF ^YCYB-FMNCF

Dhnmob /);&>7;&5&377&777

B|nd~b chi Od~nbffchbmr~ );&9;&:77&777

W{mwb{yt yc| )3&>5>>&777&777

YMYCF )4&92:&:77&777 )>&422&;77&777

[bnbdwy~ j{mo Dffbecf Cfdbh~

Obylmimfmet

Cff ~yridb~ c~~b~~dhe ylb dowcny mj dffbecf cfdbh~ kbedh udyl b~ydocyb~ mj ylb ~dqb mj ylcy wmwrfcydmh( Ub r~b c

wmwrfcydmh mj 3> odffdmh k{m`bh imuh kt ~ycyb(

Dh mr{ nm~y b~ydocyb~ ub cf~m dhnfrib ylb odhm{ nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ km{h dh ylb Rhdybi ycyb~( Ylcy cii~ ch/

mylb{ >(9 odffdmh nldfi{bh ym ylb 3(> odffdmh nldfi{bh ulm c{b dffbecf cfdbh~ ylbo~bfzb~( Ub dhnfrib ylb~b R(^( ndy/dqbh nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ kbncr~b ylb jd~ncf mryfct~ jm{ ylbo c{b c id{bny {b~rfy mj ylb dffbecf ode{cydmh ylcy fbi

ym ylbd{ R(^( kd{yl( Ub im ~m c~ ubff dh ylb c~~rowydmh ylcy dj ylb wc{bhy~ fbczb zmfrhyc{dft m{ dhzmfrhyc{dft ylbt

udff yc`b ylb~b nldfi{bh udyl ylbo( Ylb kd{yl mj ylb~b nldfi{bh chi ylbd{ ~rk~bsrbhy obidncf nc{b {bw{b~bhy c fc{eb

~lc{b mj ylb b~ydocybi Obidncdi chi Nldfi Lbcfyl Dh~r{chnb W{me{co b|wbhidyr{b~ c~~mndcybi udyl dffbecf cfdbh~(

Ub r~b icyc nmffbnybi kt ylb jbib{cf chi ~ycyb emzb{hobhy~ mh ~nlmmf b|wbh~b~& Fdodybi Bhefd~l W{mjdndbhnt bh/

{mffobhy& ~nlmmf obcf w{me{co~& rhdzb{~dyt bh{mffobhy& chi mylb{ wrkfdn c~~d~ychnb w{me{co~ ciodhd~yb{bi cy ylb

jbib{cf chi ~ycyb fbzbf( B~ydocyb~ mj dhnc{nb{cydmh b|wbh~b~ c{b kc~bi mh icyc nmffbnybi dh ylb ^ycyb N{dodhcf Cfdbh

C~~d~ychnb W{me{co dh uldnl ~ycyb chi fmncf ibybhydmh jcndfdydb~ ~bb` jbib{cf nmowbh~cydmh jm{ ylb nm~y mj ibybh/ydmh mj n{dodhcf chi ibwm{yckfb cfdbh~( B~ydocyb~ jm{ mylb{ ciodhd~y{cydmh mj ar~ydnb b|wbhidyr{b~ c{b kc~bi mh icyc

nmffbnybi j{mo ylb ~ycyb~ kt ylb R(^( Ibwc{yobhy mj Ar~ydnb( Ebhb{cf emzb{hobhy b|wbhidyr{b~ c{b b~ydocybi jm{

mylb{ hmh/bhrob{cybi jrhnydmh~ mj emzb{hobhy cy kmyl ylb jbib{cf chi fmncf fbzbf( Ch b|cowfb umrfi kb ylb nm~y

mj jd{b ibwc{yobhy~ m{ ylb nm~y mj ylb fbed~fcyr{b(

Obidncf nm~y~ ylcy comrhy ym 37 wb{nbhy mj mzb{cff ~ycyb chi fmncf mryfct~ mh dffbecf cfdbh~ ib{dzb j{mo mr{ b~yd/

ocyb mj ylb nldfikd{yl~ ym dffbecf cfdbh omylb{~ nmzb{bi kt Obidncdi& ylb ~rk~bsrbhy obidncf dh~r{chnb chi y{bcy/

2c {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o


12/104

:Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

obhy mj ylm~b nldfi{bh chi ch b~ydocyb mj rhnmowbh~cybi nm~y mj bob{ebhnt obidncf y{bcyobhy {bnbdzbi kt df/

fbecf cfdbh~( Ylb fcyyb{ b|wbhidyr{b b~ydocyb d~ kc~bi mh ~ycyb chi fmncf emzb{hobhy ~yridb~ mj rhnmowbh~cybi

obidncf nc{b(

Ylb yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~ c~~rob bdely odffdmh dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~& mhb/lcfj mj ulmo c{b dh ylb

rhib{e{mrhi bnmhmot( Ylm~b dh ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi bnmhmot c{b c~~robi ym lczb ch czb{ceb jcodft dhnmob mj

)>3&;77 ,:7 l{( um{`ubb` G )37-l{($ udyl yum nldfi{bh(

Nmhnfr~dmh

Ylb {bwm{y hmyb~ ylcy ymict~ ibkcyb mzb{ ulcy ym im ckmry dffbecf cfdbh~ wfcnb~ ylb nmrhy{t cy c n{m~~{mci~( Mhb

nlmdnb d~ wr{~rdhe c ~y{cybet ylcy id~nmr{ceb~ jryr{b dffbecf ode{cydmh chi dhn{bc~dheft idodhd~lb~ ylb nr{{bhy

dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh yl{mrel ibhdcf mj amk mwwm{yrhdydb~ chi ibwm{ycydmh~( Ylb mylb{ nlmdnb umrfi {bwbcy

ylb rhjm{yrhcyb ibnd~dmh ocib dh 34


13/104

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14/104

Dhy{mirnydmh

Cwmfmed~y~ jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ c{b y{tdhe ym nmhzdhnb wmfdntoc`b{~ ylcy dy umrfi kb kbyyb{ ym edzb ylm~b {b~didhe

lb{b dffbecfft wb{ochbhy cnnb~~ ym R(^( amk~ {cylb{ ylch um{`dhe ym {bomzb ylbo j{mo ylb nmrhy{t chi j{bb rw

ylm~b amk~ jm{ rhbowfmtbi R(^( ndydqbh~ chi fbecf jm{bdeh um{`b{~( Ylbt c{erb ylcy cimwydmh mj ch cohb~yt

umrfi kb c wfr~ jm{ ylb R(^( bnmhmot(3

Ylb c{erobhy d~ ylcy ch cohb~yt umrfi lbfw dffbecf cfdbh~ nmowbyb jm{ kbyyb{ amk~& ylb{bkt {cd~dhe ylb dhnmob

chi ylb yc|b~ ylbt wct( Ylcy c{erobhy umrfi cwwbc{ ym oc`b ~bh~b rhydf dy d~ rhib{~ymmi dh yb{o~ mj cecdh~y

ulmo ylbt umrfi nmowbyb jm{ ylm~b kbyyb{ amk~& d(b(& R(^( ndydqbh~ chi fbecf {b~dibhy~( Uldfb ylcy nmowbydydmh

odely kbhbjdy bowfmtb{~& dy umrfi lc{o amk ~bb`b{~(

Ylb nfcdobi kbhbjdy~ mj ch cohb~yt jm{ ylb dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ c{b od~fbcidhe( Uceb~ jm{ doode{chy~ idi {d~b

cjyb{ ylb 34> kdffdmh( Yld~ dowcny uc~ wc{ydcfft mjj~by kt ch b~ydocybi )3;(: kdffdmh dh yc|b~

nmffbnybi j{mo ylb dffbecf cfdbh~ kt ylb jbib{cf& ~ycyb chi fmncf emzb{hobhy~& {b~rfydhe dh c hby nm~y ym ylb

Cob{dnch yc|wctb{ mj ckmry );7 kdffdmh bzb{t tbc{( Yld~ b~ydocyb idi hmy dhnfrib dhid{bny nm~y~ ylcy {b~rfy j{mo

rhbowfmtobhy wctobhy~ ym Cob{dnch~ ulm fm~y ylbd{ amk~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~ udffdhe ym um{` jm{ fmub{ uceb~( Hm{

idi dy dhnfrib fm~y yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo ylm~b Cob{dnch um{`b{~ ulm kbncob rhbowfmtbi( ^bwc{cybft ylb ~yrit

b~ydocybi ylm~b ciidydmhcf dhid{bny nm~y~ j{mo dffbecf ode{cydmh cy )9(> kdffdmh chhrcfft( Ylb Lriifb ~yrit

y{deeb{bi c jfr{{t mj {b~wmh~b~ ylcy dh wc{ydnrfc{ nlcffbhebi ylb b~ydocybi nm~y mj id~wfcnbi R^ um{`b{~(

Dh {b~wmh~b ym yld~ ibkcyb& chi cy ylb {bsrb~y mj ylb R(^( Nmood~~dmh mh Doode{cydmh [bjm{o ,ylb Am{ich

Nmood~~dmh$& c wchbf mj bnmhmod~y~ chi ibome{cwlb{~ uc~ nmhzbhbi kt ylb Hcydmhcf Cncibot mj ^ndbhnb~ ym

w{mzdib ch b~ydocyb mj ylb Bnmhmodn& Ibome{cwldn& chi Jd~ncf Bjjbny~ mj Doode{cydmh( Ylb {b~rfydhe Ylb

Hbu Cob{dnch~ ~yrit& d~~rbi dh 3445& rhjm{yrhcybft idi hmy id~ydherd~l kbyubbh fbecf chi dffbecf doode{chy~(

Dy idi jdhi& lmubzb{& ylcy& Uceb~ mj hcydzb/km{h Cob{dnch~ udyl fb~~ ylch c ldel ~nlmmf birncydmh ulm nmowbyb

udyl doode{chy~ oct lczb jcffbh kt ~mob 2 wb{nbhy mzb{ ylb wc~y 32 tbc{~ kbncr~b mj yld~ nmowbydydmh(5 Ylb

wchbf jmrhi c oc{edhcf jd~ncf cizchyceb ym ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy j{mo doode{chy um{`b{~ chi c fc{eb{ jd~ncf

kdffdmh dh nm~y~ mh ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy dh ;77; chi wcdi mhft )3: kdffdmh

dh yc|b~& n{bcydhe ch chhrcf hby jd~ncf ibjdndy mj cfom~y )37(9 kdffdmh& m{ );&577 wb{ lmr~blmfi(7&3:7 wb{ lmr~blmfi dh doobidcyb

emzb{hobhy kbhbjdy~ chi ~b{zdnb~ dh JT ;779& dhnfridhe id{bny kbhbjdy~& obch~/yb~ybi kbhbjdy~& birncydmh& chi

wmwrfcydmh/kc~bi ~b{zdnb~( Kt nmhy{c~y& fmu/~`dff doode{chy lmr~blmfi~ wcdi mhft )37&25> dh yc|b~( Ylr~& fmu/

~`dff doode{chy lmr~blmfi~ {bnbdzbi hbc{ft yl{bb imffc{~ dh kbhbjdy~ chi ~b{zdnb~ jm{ bcnl imffc{ dh yc|b~ wcdi( 4

Ylb{b ub{b cf~m ~bzb{cf ~ycyb jd~ncf nm~y ~yridb~ ylcy icyb kcn` ym ylb bc{ft 3447~& hmyckft mhb w{mzdidhe jd~ncf

nm~y b~ydocyb~ jm{ ~bzbh ~ycyb~ imhb kt ylb R{kch Dh~ydyryb(37 Ylb fcyyb{ ~yrit& nmood~~dmhbi kt ylb jbib{cf

emzb{hobhy& uc~ c {b~wmh~b ym ylb jcny ylcy ylb dffbecf doode{chy wmwrfcydmh uc~ kt ylbh b~ydocybi ym lczb

~r{wc~~bi ylb ~dqb mj ylb wmwrfcydmh fbecfdqbi kt ylb 34


16/104

^BZB[CF HCYDMHCF ^YRIDB^ LCZB B^YDOCYBI YLCY DOODE[CYDMH& EDZBH DY^ NMOWM^DYDMH DH[BNBHY IBNCIB^& LC^ LR[Y CFKBDY YM IDJJB[DHE IBE[BB YLB FCKM[ OC[@BYMWWM[YRHDYDB^ MJ YLB FBC^Y ^@DFFBI CHI B\WB[DBHNBI R(^( UM[@B[^( DJ C WMFDNT EMCF D^

YM DOW[MZB YLB W[M^WBNY^ MJ R(^( UM[@B[^ ULM LCZB HMY E[CIRCYBI J[MO LDEL^NLMMF& YLD^ [B^BC[NL ^REEB^Y^ YLCY NLCHEDHE YLB ^@DFF NMOWM^DYDMH MJ FBECFDOODE[CHY^ CHI [BIRNDHE YLB JFMU MJ RHCRYLM[DQBI CFDBH^ ODELY KB J[RDYJRF NMR[^B^

MJ CNYDMH(3;

NMHE[B^^DMHCF [B^BC[NL ^B[ZDNB& ACHRC[T ;4& ;774

37Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

Jd{~y& ylb jd~ncf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh cy ylb jbib{cf fbzbf udff kb b|codhbi( Ylcy udff kb jmffmubi kt c jmnr~

mh ylb jd~ncf nm~y~ cy ylb ~ycyb chi fmncf fbzbf( Dh kmyl chcft~b~& ch b~ydocyb d~ w{mzdibi mj yc|b~ nmffbnybi j{mo

ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh ylcy oct kb ~bbh c~ c nmrhyb{kcfchnb ym ylb jd~ncf nm~y~( Ylb id~nr~~dmh mj yc|

nmffbnydmh~ j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~ ~lmrfi kb rhib{~ymmi& lmubzb{& c~ hmy c y{rb mjj~by ym ylb jd~ncf nm~y( Ylb {bc~mh

dy d~ hmy c y{rb mjj~by d~ kbncr~b ylb yc| nmffbnydmh umrfi ~ydff b|d~y& chi c{erckft kb bzbh e{bcyb{& dj ylb amk~

mnnrwdbi kt ylb dffbecf um{`b{~ ub{b dh~ybci jdffbi kt fbecf um{`b{~& chi ~mob jd~ncf mryfct~ umrfi ibn{bc~b(

Ub lczb hmy y{dbi ym b~ydocyb ylb jd~ncf ecdh ylcy umrfi cnn{rb dj rhbowfmtbi m{ rhib{bowfmtbi Cob{dnch chi

fbecf {b~dibhy um{`b{~ ub{b bowfmtbi dh ylb amk~ hmu mnnrwdbi kt dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~( Hbzb{ylbfb~~& dy d~ nfbc{

ylcy ylb{b d~ c hbecydzb dowcny mh uceb~ chi um{` mwwm{yrhdydb~ jm{ Cob{dnch um{`b{~ ncr~bi kt dffbecf cfdbh~

dh ylb um{`jm{nb(

Mr{ b~ydocyb mj ckmry 3> odffdmh dffbecf cfdbh~ lc~ hmy nlchebi ~dhnb ;775 cfylmrel ylb{b nb{ycdhft lc~ kbbh

~mob jfr| ~dhnb ylcy ydob kmyl rwuc{i~ chi imuhuc{i~( Dh ;775& ylb Ibwc{yobhy mj Lmobfchi ^bnr{dyt

,IL^$ b~ydocybi ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh cy 33(5< odffdmh( Ylcy b~ydocyb idi hmy dhnfrib ~mob ncybem{db~

mj cfdbh~ ub nmh~dib{ ym kb wc{y mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh ~rnl c~ ylm~b dh ylb nmrhy{t jm{ fb~~ ylch mhb tbc{&

cfdbh~ dffbecfft dh ylb nmrhy{t ulbh ylbt {bnbdzbi Ybowm{c{t W{mybnybi ^ycyr~& chi mylb{~ wc{mfbi dhym ylb

nmrhy{t m{ jdelydhe {bomzcf(

Ulbh nmh~dib{dhe ylb jd~ncf dowcny mj dffbecf ode{cydmh dy ~lmrfi kb `bwy dh odhi ylcy& dh ciidydmh ym ylb

b~ydocybi nr{{bhy dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh& ylb{b c{b ciidydmhcf odffdmh~ mj {b~dibhy~ fdzdhe dh ylb nmrhy{t ulm

ub{b dffbecf cfdbh~ rhydf ylbt kbhbjdybi j{mo ~mob fbecfdqcydmh w{mzd~dmh ~rnl c~ ylb 34


17/104

NBNDFDC NMH[CI& ZDNB W[B^DIBHY JM[ CNCIBODN CJJCD[^ CHI IBCH MJ YLB NMFFBEB CYWMOMHC NMFFBEB DH NFC[BOMHY& ^CDI YLB[B D^ WB[^RC^DZB BZDIBHNB YLCY DOODE[CHY^ID^WFCNB HCYDZB/KM[H UM[@B[^ DH FMU/^@DFF CHI BHY[T/FBZBF AMK^( %YLD^ [B^RFY^ J[MO

C NMOKDHCYDMH MJ JCNYM[ 1 BOWFMTB[ W[BJB[BHNB^ CHI [BFDCHNB MH DHJM[OCF[BN[RDYOBHY HBYUM[@^ ^RNL C^ C^@DHE NR[[BHY UM[@B[^ YM [BJB[ J[DBHI^ CHI JCODFT&%NMH[CI ^CDI( %DH CIIDYDMH& MHNB C UM[@WFCNB D^ IMODHCYBI KT DOODE[CHY^& FCHERCEBKBNMOB^ C KC[[DB[ JM[ KFCN@ UM[@B[^ ULM C[B HMY KDFDHERCF (

^CH KB[HCIDHM ^RH& CW[DF ;9& ;73739


~dodfc{ jd~ncf nlc{cnyb{d~ydn~ ym ymict~ dffbecf cfdbh~& b(e(& fmu/uceb bc{hdhe~ kbncr~b mj fmu/birncydmhcf

cnldbzbobhy& dy d~ cf~m fd`bft ylcy ylbt c{b c nmhydhrdhe i{cdh mh ylb hcydmhcf chi ~ycyb krieby~( Lmubzb{& ylbd{

w{b~bhnb chi ylbd{ jd~ncf dowcny oct kb nmh~dib{bi ucyb{ mzb{ ylb ico( Uldfb wmfdntoc`b{~ ibkcyb ulcy

obc~r{b~ ym yc`b udyl {bec{i ym ylb nr{{bhy dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh& ylbt im hmy lczb ylb mwydmh mj ibndidhe

ulcy ym im ckmry ylb bc{fdb{ cohb~ydbi dffbecf cfdbh~( Jm{ ylcy {bc~mh& ub lczb hmy dhnfribi ylcy wmwrfcydmh dh

mr{ c~~b~~obhy mj ylb jd~ncf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh( Lmubzb{& ylb mhemdhe jd~ncf dowcny d~ hbdylb{ hbefdedkfb

hm{ c fb~~mh ylcy ~lmrfi dehm{bi c~ c erdib ym nr{{bhy doode{cydmh wmfdnt oc`dhe(

Ylb ~dqb mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh ub r~b dh b~ydocydhe ylb jd~ncf dowcny dhnfrib~ >(4 odffdmh R(^(/km{h

nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~( Ub {bnmehdqb ylcy ylb~b R(^(/ndydqbh nldfi{bh srcfdjt jm{ c k{mci {cheb mj ~mndcf

c~~d~ychnb w{me{co~( Kry ub cf~m arieb ylcy {b~wmh~dkfb wc{bhy~ umrfi yc`b ylb~b ircf/hcydmhcfdyt nldfi{bh udyl

ylbo ulbh ylbt {byr{h zmfrhyc{dft m{ dhzmfrhyc{dft ym ylbd{ lmobfchi( Kc~bi mh {b~bc{nl mj ylb R{kch Dh~ydyryb&

ub r~b ch c~~rowydmh mj ckmry


18/104

D(

Jbib{cf Mryfct~Cizmncyb~ jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ c{erb ylcy yld~ wmwrfcydmh d~ hmy bfdedkfb jm{ jbib{cf

kbhbjdy~ chi& ylb{bjm{b& c{b hmy c kr{ibh mh ylb yc|wctb{~( Yld~ c{erobhy dehm{b~

ylb jcny ylcy ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy& {bnmehdqdhe ylb jd~ncf kr{ibh mh ~ycyb krieby~

j{mo dffbecf ode{cydmh& w{mzdib~ nmowbh~cydmh ym ~ycyb chi fmncf emzb{hobhy~ jm{ ylb

ocam{ b|wbh~b~ ylbt dhnr{( Ylb~b w{me{co~ w{mzdib jrhidhe jm{1

~wbndcf birncydmh w{me{co~ ylcy c{b r~bi kt om~y nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~&

nmowbh~cydmh jm{ obidncf mryfct~ mh kblcfj mj dffbecf cfdbh~& chi

nmowbh~cydmh jm{ ylb dhnc{nb{cydmh mj dffbecf cfdbh~(


19/104

3>c {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o

C( BIRNCYDHE YLB NLDFI[BH MJ DFFBECF CFDBH^

Wrkfdn ~nlmmfdhe jm{ ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ d~ ylb fc{eb~y kr{ibh mh ylb yc|wctb{ cy ylb ~ycyb chi fmncf fbzbf

kbncr~b ylcy y{cidydmhcfft lc~ kbbh c fmncf emzb{hobhycf b|wbh~b( Dhn{bc~dheft dh {bnbhy tbc{~& lmubzb{& ylb

jbib{cf emzb{hobhy lc~ dh~b{ybi dy~bfj dhym birncydmhcf wmfdnt yl{mrel yc{ebybi jrhidhe w{me{co~(

C3( Nldfi{bh mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~ dh Wrkfdn ^nlmmf1 Ydyfb D W{me{co ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )3&>>;&477&777

Ylb Bfbobhyc{t chi ^bnmhic{t Birncydmh Cny mj 34:2& Ydyfb D d~ cdobi cy w{mzdidhe ~rwwfbobhycf jrhidhe ym

dhn{bc~b birncydmhcf mwwm{yrhdydb~ chi dow{mzb cncibodn wb{jm{ochnb mj nldfi{bh j{mo wmm{ jcodfdb~( Dh ;737&

ch b~ydocybi )3>(< kdffdmh uc~ kriebybi jm{ yld~ w{me{co ,cjyb{ ~rky{cnydhe jrhidhe jm{ Wrb{ym [dnm chi R(^(

c~~mndcybi chi ibwbhibhy yb{{dym{db~& chi jm{ Hcydzb Cob{dnch~$( Udyl ylb zc~y ocam{dyt mj ylb nldfi{bh mj

dffbecf cfdbh~ jcffdhe udyldh ylb bnmhmodn n{dyb{dc mj yld~ w{me{co& chi ylb~b nldfi{bh nmh~ydyrydhe cww{m|docybft

4(5 wb{nbhy mj @/3; bh{mffobhy hcydmhcfft& ub b~ydocyb ylcy ckmry )3(>> kdffdmh mj yld~ jrhidhe d~ ~wbhy mh

nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~(

C;( Nldfi{bh mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~ dh Wrkfdn ^nlmmf1 Ydyfb DDD W{me{co ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )2>7 odffdmh( Hcydzb Cob{dnch bh{mffobhy

dh yld~ w{me{co d~ ckmry 3(; wb{nbhy mj ymycf bh{mffobhy( C nmh~b{zcydzb b~ydocyb mj bh{mffobhy dh FBW nfc~~b~

hcydmhudib kt ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ d~ hbc{ft yl{bb/jmr{yl~ ,5>(5"$( Ylb comrhy mj Ydyfb DDD jrhidhe ylcy

emb~ ym birncydhe ylb~b nldfi{bh d~& ylb{bjm{b& b~ydocybi ym kb ckmry )2>< odffdmh(

C>( Ode{chy Birncydmh W{me{co ,Ydyfb D& Wc{y N$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );>:&477&777Ylb Ode{chy Birncydmh W{me{co ,OBW$ uc~ b~yckfd~lbi dh 34:: dh ylb Bfbobhyc{t chi ^bnmhic{t Birncydmh

Cny ym w{mzdib e{chy~ ym ~ycyb~ jm{ birncydmh w{me{co~ jm{ ode{chy ~yribhy~( Ylb ~ycybi wr{wm~b mj OBW e{chy~

ym ylb ~ycyb~ d~ ym ~rwwfbobhy hmy ~rwwfchy b|d~ydhe birncydmh w{me{co~ jm{ ode{chy ~yribhy~( Ylb ode{chy

nldfi{bh {bnbdzdhe yc{ebybi birncydmhcf c~~d~ychnb oct kb j{mo ceb > ,w{b/~nlmmf$ ym ;; ,wm~y/~bnmhic{t$(

C ;77: {bwm{y kt ylb Nmhe{b~~dmhcf [b~bc{nl ^b{zdnb& jmrhi ylcy& om~y ,


20/104

,FBW$ ~yribhy~ uc~ e{mudhe ,ym >3" mj cff OBW bh{mffbb~ dh ;777/;773$(3: Ylb ~cob {bwm{y jmrhi ylcy 4;

wb{nbhy mj ylb ~yribhy~ wc{ydndwcydhe dh OBW w{me{co~ ub{b dh W{b/@/3; nfc~~b~( Ylb jbib{cf cww{mw{dcydmh ym

jrhi yld~ w{me{co lc~ cf~m kbbh e{mudhe( Dh jd~ncf tbc{ ;77:& )>49(< odffdmh jm{ jd~ncf tbc{ ;774(

Hmy cff ~yribhy~ kbhbjdyydhe j{mo ylb OBW jrhidhe udff kb dffbecf cfdbh~ m{ ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~& kry dy

d~ {bc~mhckfb ym b|wbny ylcy om~y mj ylbo udff kb( Wldfdw Oc{ydh& ch ce{dnrfyr{cf bnmhmod~y& b~ydocybi dh ;77;

ylcy ckmry 3(; odffdmh n{mw um{`b{~ ub{b dffbecf cfdbh~ {bw{b~bhydhe 2< wb{nbhy mj cff R(^( n{mw um{`b{~( 35 Ub

c~n{dkb ckmry yl{bb/jdjyl~ mj ylb OBW b|wbhidyr{b~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~(

C9( Nldfi{bh mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~ dh Wm~y/^bnmhic{t Birncydmh

Ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy w{mzdib~ jdhchndcf c~~d~ychnb dh Wbff E{chy~ jm{ ylb wm~y/~bnmhic{t birncydmh mj wmm{

nldfi{bh( Yld~ w{me{co d~ hmy czcdfckfb ym dffbecf cfdbh ~yribhy~( Lmubzb{& nldfi{bh km{h ym dffbecf cfdbh~ dh ylb

Rhdybi ^ycyb~ c{b bfdedkfb& chi& kbncr~b mj ylbd{ wc{bhy~ ~ycyr~ chi fd`bft fmu dhnmob& c{b fd`bft ym srcfdjt jm{

ylb~b e{chy~( Ylb~b c{b hmy fmch~ ylcy or~y kb {bwcdi& kry {cylb{ mry{dely e{chy~ ylcy dh ;774 comrhybi ym

)34(9 kdffdmh(

Ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ kbhbjdyydhe j{mo yld~ w{me{co umrfi kb rhfd`bft ym fbczb ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~ bzbh

dj ylbd{ wc{bhy~ zmfrhyc{dft m{ dhzmfrhyc{dft {byr{h ym ylbd{ lmobfchi rhfd`b tmrheb{ nldfi{bh( Jm{ ylcy

{bc~mh& dy d~ rhfd`bft ylcy yld~ mryfct umrfi kb ~dehdjdnchyft {birnbi dj bhjm{nbobhy cecdh~y dffbecf ode{cydmh ub{b

om{b bjjbnydzb( Ub im hmy& ylb{bjm{b& cii ch b~ydocyb mj ylb~b jbib{cf e{chy~ ym ylb nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh(

Hm{ im ub cyybowy ym ncfnrfcyb ch mjj~byydhe jd~ncf kbhbjdy j{mo R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ ulm lczb

bhyb{bi ylb um{`jm{nb chi c{b wctdhe yc|b~(

Cy ylb ~cob ydob& dy ~lmrfi kb hmybi ylcy dj ylb dhjfr| mj hbu dffbecf cfdbh~ ub{b {birnbi& dy umrfi lczb ylb bjjbny

mzb{ ydob mj c~~r{dhe ylcy c {d~dhe ~lc{b mj ylb Wbff e{chy~ umrfi kbnmob czcdfckfb jm{ ylb nldfi{bh mj R^ ndydqbh~

chi mj fbecf wb{ochbhy {b~dibhy~( Jr{ylb{& dj ylb R(^( ndydqbh~ldw fcu ub{b nlchebi kt Nmhe{b~~ chi rwlbfi kt

ylb ^rw{bob Nmr{y ym b|nfrib crymocydn ndydqbh~ldw jm{ nldfi{bh mj wb{~mh~ hmy fbecfft w{b~bhy dh ylb Rhdybi

^ycyb~& ylcy cf~m umrfi lczb ylb bjjbny mj j{bbdhe rw om{b mj ylb~b ~nlmfc{~ldw~ jm{ ylb nldfi{bh mj R(^( ndydqbh~

chi fbecf {b~dibhy~(

39Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

YCKFB 3Birncydhe ylb Nldfi{bh mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~

Ydyfb D W{me{co )3&>>;&477&777

Ode{chy Birncydmh W{me{co );>:&477&777

Ydyfb DDD W{me{co )2>


21/104

K( OBIDNCF B\WBH^B^ JM[ DFFBECF CFDBH^ CHI YLBD[ NLDFI[BH

Ylb w{mzd~dmh mj obidncf nc{b jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ d~ ochicybi kt jbib{cf fcu ylb Bob{ebhnt Obidncf Y{bcyobhy

chi Cnydzb Fckm{ Cny ,BOYCFC$ bhcnybi dh 34& bhcnybi ^bnydmh 3733 dh ylb Obidnc{b Omib{hdqcydmh

Cny ,WF 37$( Ylcy fbed~fcydmh w{mzdibi jm{ jbib{cf {bdokr{~bobhy mj bob{ebhnt obidncf nc{b b|ybhibi ym

dffbecf cfdbh~( Dy crylm{dqbi c )3 kdffdmh w{me{co );27 odffdmh bcnl tbc{ jm{ ;772 yl{mrel ;77< ym kbid~y{dkrybi mh ylb kc~d~ mj ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy~ b~ydocyb mj ylb ~dqb mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh dh ;777

udyl ch ciidydmhcf bowlc~d~ mh jcndfdydb~ dh ~ycyb~ mh ylb km{ib{ udyl Ob|dnm(

Cfylmrel ylcy nmowbh~cydmh m~ybh~dkft bhibi dh ;77


22/104

ck~m{kbi {mrelft )>35&777 dh y{bcyobhy nm~y~ jm{ ib fc Ym{{b& udyl Obidncdi wdn`dhe rw ch ciidydmhcf

)37:&777& ylb lm~wdycf ~cdi(

Nldncem Y{dkrhb& ;77434

Ylb ckmzb nc~b imnrobhybi obidncf nm~y~ mj om{b ylch c lcfj odffdmh imffc{~ jm{ y{bcyobhy w{mzdibi ym ylb

dffbecf cfdbh( Nmoobhydhe ym ylb Nldncem Y{dkrhb ckmry yld~ nc~b& ch m{echdqb{ jm{ ylb Fbcerb mj Rhdybi Fcydh

Cob{dnch Ndydqbh~ ,FRFCN$ dh Nldncem ulm um{`~ udyl fmu/dhnmob doode{chy~ ~bb`dhe obidncf c~~d~ychnb

~cdi ylcy rhimnrobhybi doode{chy~ c{b r~dhe ~ymfbh DI~ om{b j{bsrbhyft ylch mjjdndcf~ ~r~wbny( Dy%~ ck~mfrybft

nmoomh(;7

Obidncdi ebhb{cfft nmzb{~ ckmry lcfj ylb nm~y mj obidncf y{bcyobhy ym fmu dhnmob jcodfdb~ udylmry lbcfyl

dh~r{chnb( Ylb {cyb zc{db~ ~fdelyft kt ~ycyb& chi ylb jbib{cf ~lc{b lc~ kbbh ybowm{c{dft dhn{bc~bi c~ wc{y mj ylb

Mkcoc Ciodhd~y{cydmh~ c~~d~ychnb ym ylb ~ycyb~ ir{dhe ylb bnmhmodn {bnb~~dmh( Ylb ncfnrfcydmh~ kbfmu&

hbzb{ylbfb~~& r~b ylb fmhe/yb{o ~lc{b mj lcfj mj Obidncdi mryfct~ wcdi mry mj jbib{cf yc| {bnbdwy~( Ylb{b c{b hm

{bfdckfb icyc mh Obidncdi j{cri kbncr~b ylb ylb{b d~ hm {bsrd{bobhy ylcy obidncf jcndfdydb~ w{mzdidhe Obidncdi/

nmowbh~cybi obidncf y{bcyobhy zb{djt ylb dibhydyt mj wcydbhy~( Dy d~& ylb{bjm{b& hbnb~~c{t ym oc`b ch c~~rowydmh

ckmry dffbecf r~b mj jcf~b dibhydydb~ ym cnnb~~ Obidnc{b y{bcyobhy( Mr{ c~~rowydmh d~ ylcy dy oct kb {mrelft

bsrcf ym ylb hrokb{ mj dffbecf cfdbh~ ulm c{b mkycdhdhe bob{ebhnt obidncf y{bcyobhy rhib{ BOYCFC udylmry

jcf~bft nfcdodhe Obidncdi bfdedkdfdyt(

Dh yl{bb {bnbhy ~ycyb jd~ncf nm~y ~yridb~& ub jmrhi b~ydocyb~ mj rhnmowbh~cybi obidncf nc{b jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ ylcy

cwwbc{ ym w{mzdib c obidch fbzbf mj ~rnl mryfct~& d(b(& )3:3&777 ~fdelyft

fb~~ ylch >2 wb{nbhy ub{b ym ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh( Hmy cff mj ylm~b kd{yl~ udff lczb kbbh Obidncdi kd{yl~

3:Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~


23/104


kbncr~b c ~lc{b mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh d~ um{`dhe dffbecfft udyl jcf~b imnrobhy~ dh amk~ ylcy w{mzdib

obidncf dh~r{chnb uldnl w{b~rockft udff lczb kbbh wcdi jm{ ylb kd{yl~( C ~r{zbt nmhirnybi dh Fm~ Chebfb~

Nmrhyt c ibncib cem jmrhi ylcy comhe ylb rhimnrobhybi mhft ;; wb{nbhy ~cdi ylcy ylbt lci obidncf

dh~r{chnb w{mzdibi kt ch bowfmtb{ chi chmylb{ ; wb{nbhy ~cdi ylcy ylbt wcdi jm{ ylbd{ muh obidncf nc{b( ;; C

om{b {bnbhy b~ydocyb mj cnnb~~ ym obidncf dh~r{chnb kt dffbecf cfdbh~ kt ylb ND^ wry ylb ~lc{b mj ylcy wmwrfcydmh

udyl nmzb{ceb j{mo ylbd{ bowfmtb{ m{ kt c ~wmr~b~ bowfmtb{ cy >< wb{nbhy( ;> Ylb ND^ ~yrit wry ylb hrokb{

mj dffbecf cfdbh~ udylmry cnnb~~ ym obidncf dh~r{chnb cy :(: odffdmh dhidzdircf~(

Ylb nm~y~ mj ibfdzb{t mj c nldfi ibwbhi dh wc{ydnrfc{ mh ulbylb{ ylb ibfdzb{t d~ ~dowfb ,zcedhcf$ m{ nmowfdncybi

,d(b(& N/~bnydmh$( Jm{ ylb jm{ob{& czb{ceb nm~y~ oct {cheb j{mo fb~~ ylch )37&777 chi& jm{ ylb fcyyb{& c~ ldel c~

imrkfb jm{ ylb nm~y mj c ~dowfb ibfdzb{t(;9 Jm{ ylb wr{wm~b mj yld~ ~yrit& ub c~~rob ylcy om~y kd{yl~ ym dffbecf

cfdbh~ c{b rhnmowfdncybi chi czb{ceb )37&777( Ylb ymycf Obidncdi nm~y~ mj ylm~b kd{yl~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~ d~ ckmry

);(;9 kdffdmh& chi ylb jbib{cf ~lc{b mj ylcy comrhy d~ 22(; wb{nbhy(

K9( Obidncdi Mryfct~ jm{ Nldfi{bh mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );&>

odffdmh lczb hm lbcfyl dh~r{chnb( Ckmry mhb/yld{i mj ylbo& d(b(& 557&777& udff obby ylb dhnmob bfdedkdfdyt

n{dyb{dc jm{ bh{mffobhy dh Obidncdi( Ylcy hrokb{ nmh~ydyryb~ ckmry ;(: wb{nbhy mj cff nldfi{bh bh{mffbi dh

Obidncdi cnnm{idhe ym icyc nmowdfbi dh ylb @cd~b{ ^ycyb Lbcfyl Jcny~ ubk~dyb jm{ ;775( Ylcy ubk~dyb cf~m

nmowdfb~ ylb comrhy mj jbib{cf b|wbhidyr{b~ mh Obidncdi jm{ nldfi{bh dh ;775 c~ )47(> kdffdmh( Cwwftdhe ylb

~lc{b mj ylcy r~bi kt ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ dhidncyb~ ylcy ylb comrhy mj ylm~b mryfct~ uc~ hbc{ft );(9

kdffdmh(

K2( ^ycyb Nldfi{bh~ Lbcfyl Dh~r{chnb W{me{co - Mylb{ Obidncdi Mryfct~(((((( )3&:77&777&777

Ylb ^NLDW w{me{co uc~ ib~dehbi ym nmzb{ rhdh~r{bi nldfi{bh dh fmu/dhnmob jcodfdb~& kry udyl dhnmob~ ymm

ldel ym srcfdjt jm{ Obidncdi( Icyc nmowdfbi kt ylb @cd~b{ Jcodft Jmrhicydmh wry ylb comrhy mj jbib{cf mryfct~

jm{ ^NLDW dh ;775 cy ):(49 kdffdmh( Ub b~ydocyb ylcy ylb{b oct kb c~ ocht c~ 3(: odffdmh R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh

mj dffbecf cfdbh~ wc{ydndwcydhe dh ylb ^NLDW w{me{co( Ylcy umrfi kb ckmry 3: wb{nbhy mj ylb bh{mffbi nldfi{bh(

Ylcy wb{nbhyceb d~ ornl ldelb{ ylch ylbd{ ~lc{b dh ylbd{ ceb nmlm{y mj ckmry 9(3 wb{nbhy& chi d~ cyy{dkryckfb ym

ylb ornl ldelb{ dhndibhnb mj kbdhe obidncfft rhdh~r{bi chi ylb fmu dhnmob ~ycyr~ mj yld~ wmwrfcydmh(

Ylb ckmzb ncfnrfcydmh~ mj obidncf mryfct~ cy ylb jbib{cf fbzbf jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylbd{ R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh c{b

hmy b|lcr~ydzb( Jm{ b|cowfb& b|wbhidyr{b~ kt ylb R(^( Wrkfdn Lbcfyl ^b{zdnb chi mylb{ obidncf {bfcybi b|wbh~b~

mj ylb Ibwc{yobhy mj Lbcfyl chi Lroch ^b{zdnb~ lczb hmy kbbh ~bwc{cybft ncfnrfcybi(

[b~bc{nl kt ylb @cd~b{ Jcodft Jmrhicydmh cffmu~ c ncfnrfcydmh mj {b~dircf obidncf b|wbhidyr{b~ ylcy c{b hmy

dhnfribi dh ylb ckmzb ncybem{db~( @cd~b{ {b~bc{nlb{~ b~ydocybi ylcy ylb ymycf comrhy mj obidncf b|wbhidyr{b~ mh


24/104

ch b~ydocybi 92(5 odffdmh rhdh~r{bi wb{~mh~ kt cff fbzbf~ mj emzb{hobhy dh ;77< uc~ )9;(4 kdffdmh( Ub b~ydocyb

ylcy ckmry yum/yld{i~ mj dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylbd{ R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh c{b rhdh~r{bi& d(b(& ckmry mhb/jmr{yl mj ylb

ymycf rhdh~r{bi( Ylcy dowfdb~ ch mryfct mj )37(9: kdffdmh cy cff fbzbf~ mj emzb{hobhy mh ylb dffbecf cfdbh

wmwrfcydmh( C~ ibycdfbi dh ylb ~bnydmh kbfmu mh ~ycyb chi fmncf jd~ncf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh& )9(29 kdffdmh d~

b|wbhibi cy ylcy fbzbf mj emzb{hobhy( Ckmzb ub ibycdf obidncf b|wbhidyr{b~ ylcy comrhy ym ckmry )9(>2 kdffdmh(

Ylb {bocdhdhe obidncf mryfct~ ylr~ comrhy ym ckmry )3(: kdffdmh(

Ylb bc{fdb{ ndybi 344: jd~ncf nm~y ~yrit kt Imhcfi Lriifb b~ydocybi ylb chhrcf hcydmhcf nm~y~ mj Obidncdi jm{

dffbecf cfdbh~ cy )>(3; kdffdmh(;2 C~ c {bjb{bhnb wmdhy& ylcy b|wbhidyr{b ymict umrfi kb ckmry )9(;; kdffdmh ulbh

ciar~ybi jm{ dhjfcydmh chi ~ydff ornl ldelb{ ulbh ciar~ybi jm{ ylb dhn{bc~bi ~dqb mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh(

Jdhcfft& dy ~lmrfi kb hmybi& c~ ub ncffbi ym ylb cyybhydmh mj Nmhe{b~~ ir{dhe ibkcyb mh ylb {bnbhyft wc~~bi lbcfyl

nc{b fbed~fcydmh& ylb{b d~ hm obnlchd~o w{b~n{dkbi dh ylb fcu ym ~n{bbh mry dffbecf cfdbh~ j{mo bh{mffdhe dh ylb

hbu nmzb{ceb kt r~dhe ylb ~cob jc`b dibhydyt imnrobhy~ ylcy ylbt c{b r~dhe udyl ylbd{ bowfmtb{~( Cy yld~ wmdhy

dy d~ dowm~~dkfb ym b~ydocyb ylb ocehdyrib mj ylb j{cri ylcy oct mnnr{(

N( N[DODHCF CHI IBWM[YCKFB CFDBH W[D^MHB[^

Kbncr~b ylb w{doc{t {b~wmh~dkdfdyt jm{ bhjm{nbobhy cecdh~y dffbecf ode{cydmh {b~y~ udyl ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy&

Nmhe{b~~ lc~ cww{mw{dcybi jrhi~ ym nmowbh~cyb ylb ~ycyb~ jm{ ylb nm~y~ ylbt dhnr{ jm{ ylb dhnc{nb{cydmh mj

nmhzdnybi cfdbh~( Dh ciidydmh& ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy yc`b~ {b~wmh~dkdfdyt jm{ ylm~b cfdbh~ rwmh ylbd{ {bfbc~b

j{mo ~ycyb m{ fmncf ibybhydmh jm{ ibwm{ydhe ylbo( Mylb{ n{dodhcf cfdbh~ c{b dh jbib{cf w{d~mh jcndfdydb~ jm{ jbib{cf

n{dob~( Cnnm{idhe ym ylb Mjjdnb mj Ochcebobhy chi Krieby~ chcft~d~ mj ylb jd~ncf tbc{ ;775 krieby {bsrb~y

kt ylb Ibwc{yobhy mj Ar~ydnb& ylb fc{eb~y dhn{bc~b~ dh ylb n{dodhcf ibycdhbb wmwrfcydmh lczb mnnr{{bi cfmhe ylb

R(^( ^mrylub~y km{ib{ kbncr~b mj dhn{bc~bi Ibwc{yobhy mj Lmobfchi ^bnr{dyt doode{cydmh bhjm{nbobhy(;:

YCKFB ;Obidncf B|wbh~b~

Bob{ebhnt Obidncf Nc{b );27&777&777

J{crirfbhy R~b mj Obidncdi )3&;>2&777&777

Obidncdi Nm~y mj Nldfikd{yl )3&;>


25/104

N3( ^ycyb N{dodhcf Cfdbh C~~d~ychnb W{me{co ,^NCCW$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )>>7&777&777

Ylb ^NCCW nmowbh~cydmh w{me{co uc~ b~yckfd~lbi dh 34


26/104

N;( Kt{hb E{chy~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );9&>77&777

Ylb Ibwc{yobhy mj Ar~ydnb~ Kr{bcr mj Ar~ydnb C~~d~ychnb ,KAC$ ciodhd~yb{~ ylb Kt{hb id~n{bydmhc{t e{chy cuc{i~

ym ~ycyb chi fmncf ar{d~idnydmh~( Dh jd~ncf tbc{ ;775 ylm~b e{chy~ comrhybi ym )3>5(> odffdmh( Ylb comrhy mj

ylb e{chy~ lc~ kbbh {d~dhe( Dh jd~ncf tbc{ ;777 ylb comrhy mj e{chy~ uc~ ):4 odffdmh( Ylb Kr~l Ciodhd~y{cydmh

yc{ebybi ylb Kt{hb e{chy~ jm{ bfdodhcydmh dh ylb jd~ncf tbc{ ;775 krieby( Hbzb{ylbfb~~& Nmhe{b~~ lc~ nmhydhrbi

ym jrhi ylb e{chy~( Dh jd~ncf tbc{ ;774& KAC cffmncybi ckmry )>3< odffdmh cy ylb ~ycyb fbzbf chi )3:2 odffdmh cy

ylb fmncf fbzbf(>3 Ch ciidydmhcf comrhy mj bnmhmodn ~ydorfr~ jrhidhe uc~ cf~m cww{mw{dcybi& cfylmrel ub

nmh~dib{ ylcy ym kb c hmh/{bnr{{dhe b|wbhidyr{b chi dehm{b dy(

Ylb~b e{chy~ c{b hmy ydbi ym ibcfdhe ~wbndjdncfft udyl dffbecf cfdbh~& cfylmrel dy d~ {bc~mhckfb ym b|wbny ylcy c

~lc{b w{mwm{ydmhcf ym ylb dffbecf cfdbh ~lc{b dh ylb wmwrfcydmh d~ b|wbhibi jm{ ylcy wr{wm~b( Jm{ b|cowfb& c e{chy

jm{ c w{me{co ym ibyb{ i{rh` i{dzdhe udff yc{eby i{rh` i{dzdhe kt dffbecf cfdbh~ c~ ubff c~ mylb{~(

N>( N{dodhcf Cfdbh~ dh Jbib{cf W{d~mh~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ):5; Dh ;737 ylb KMW wmwrfcydmh uc~ ;7> Dj ylb ~cob ~lc{b mj ylb

jbib{cf w{d~mh wmwrfcydmh dh ;779 ~ydff cwwfdb~& yld~ dowfdb~ c ibwm{yckfb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh mj ckmry 2:&;5


27/104

Ylb I[M mwb{cyb~ ch cd{fdhb `hmuh c~ DNB Cd{ ylcy um{`~ udyl ylb Ar~ydnb Ibwc{yobhy~ jfdely~ ,yb{obi

Nmhcd{$ dh y{ch~wm{ydhe w{d~mhb{~ udyldh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~( Kry DNB Cd{ cf~m y{ch~wm{y~ dy~ w{d~mhb{~ mhb/uct

kcn` ym ylbd{ lmobfchi~(

DNB Cd{ jfdb~ ~d| ict~ c ubb` chi {bomzbi ;74&777 cfdbh~ dh ;77< cy c nm~y wb{ wc~~bheb{ mj ):2

Cff mj ylb b|wbh~b~ mj I[M oct kb nmh~dib{bi jbib{cf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh( Ylb jrhidhe jm{ I[M dh ylb

Ibwc{yobhy mj Lmobfchi ^bnr{dyt Cww{mw{dcydmh~ Cny& JT;737 ,W(F( 333/$ uc~ );(292 kdffdmh(

N2( Mylb{ Bhjm{nbobhy Mwb{cydmh~

Ylb{b c{b ocht mylb{ fcu bhjm{nbobhy w{me{co~ ylcy {bfcyb ym dffbecf cfdbh~ bdylb{ ~wbndjdncfft m{ dhid{bnyft(

Kbncr~b ylb fcyyb{ dhzmfzb nmokcydhe doode{cydmh fcuk{bc`dhe comhe ylbd{ mwb{cydmh~& c ~lc{b mj ylm~b dhid{bny

mwb{cydmh~ d~ fmedncfft c~n{dkbi ym ylb jd~ncf bjjbny~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh(

N2(c Doode{cydmh Fdydecydmh

Dffbecf cfdbh b|wbh~b~ c{d~b j{mo ylb mwb{cydmh mj ylb Ar~ydnb Ibwc{yobhy~ Ndzdf Idzd~dmh~ Mjjdnb mj

Doode{cydmh Fdydecydmh ,MDF$( Ylcy mjjdnb ibjbhi~ nlcffbheb~ ym ylb Emzb{hobhy~ doode{cydmh fcu~ chi

bhjm{nbobhy cnydmh~ dh ylb hcydmh~ nmr{y~( MDF doode{cydmh cyym{hbt~ ibjbhi ylb Emzb{hobhy~ bjjm{y~ ym

ibycdh chi {bomzb dffbecf cfdbh~& ocht mj ulmo c{b n{dodhcf~ m{ ~r~wbnybi yb{{m{d~y~( Ub idi hmy jdhi icyc

ylcy srchydjdbi ylb fbzbf mj b|wbhidyr{b~ mh MDF m{ ylcy umrfi cffmu ibfdhbcydhe ylb ~lc{b mj ylm~b

b|wbhidyr{b~ ylcy oct kb cyy{dkryckfb ym dffbecf ode{cydmh(

N2(k W{mabny ^cjb Hbdelkm{lmmi~ ,W^H$ chi Mwb{cydmh Nmoorhdyt ^ldbfi ,MN $ ( ( ( ( ( )>4&277&777

Ylb W^H dhdydcydzb& chhmrhnbi kt ylb W{b~dibhy chi ylb Cyym{hbt Ebhb{cf dh ;773& yc{eby~ kmyl dffbecf erh

n{dob chi zdmfbhy eche~ ylcy mjybh lczb dffbecf cfdbh~ dh ylbd{ obokb{~ldw( J{mo ;773 ym ;775& ylb Kr~l

Ciodhd~y{cydmh ~wbhy mzb{ )3(2 kdffdmh dh ylb W^H w{me{co(>: Jm{ ;775& ylb Krieby {bsrb~ybi )>42 odffdmh

jm{ W^H(

Ylb MN^ w{me{co kt DNB cf~m yc{eby~ zdmfbhy eche~ ylcy mjybh lczb dffbecf cfdbh obokb{~( C ;77< {bwm{y

mh ylb MN^ w{me{co jmrhi ylcy& ~dhnb ;772& DNB lci c{{b~ybi om{b ylch 5 Mhb mj ylm~b eche~ uc~ ylb 3


28/104

N2(n [b~dircf DNB Jrhnydmh~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );& odffdmh c{b hmy id{bnyft {bfcybi ym dffbecf ode{cydmh& d(b(& ciodhd~yb{dhe ylb

^yribhy chi B|nlcheb Zd~dym{ W{me{co(

N:( B|bnrydzb Mjjdnb mj Doode{cydmh [bzdbu ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );;;&277&777

Ylb doode{cydmh nmr{y ~t~ybo mj ylb B|bnrydzb Mjjdnb mj Doode{cydmh [bzdbu ,BMD[$ dh ylb R(^( Ibwc{yobhy

mj Ar~ydnb lc~ c lbczt nc~bfmci kc~bi mh ylb w{mzd~dmh~ mj fcu ylcy cffmu cfdbh~ w{b~bhy dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~ ym

~bb` ym ~yct wb{ochbhyft( ^mob mj ylm~b bjjm{y~ c{b jmrhi ym kb ob{dym{dmr~& kry ocht om{b c{b jmrhi

e{mrhifb~~( Ylm~b fcyyb{ nc~b~ oct kb nmh~dib{bi c nm~y mj dffbecf ode{cydmh(

N:(c C~tfro

Kmyl dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylm~b dh ylb nmrhy{t mh c ybowm{c{t zd~c oct cwwft jm{ c~tfro ~bb`dhe ym ~yct dh ylb

Rhdybi ycyb~ kt y{tdhe ym nmhzdhnb ylb emzb{hobhy ylbt jbc{ wb{~bnrydmh dj ylbt {byr{h ym ylbd{ lmobfchi(

Dj ylbt c{b fbecfft lb{b c~ hmhdoode{chy~ ylb c~tfro nfcdo d~ {bjb{{bi ym c~ ch cjjd{ocydzb nfcdo( Dj ylbt c{b

dffbecfft lb{b& ylb nfcdo d~ {bjb{{bi ym c~ c ibjbh~dzb nfcdo kbncr~b dy ebhb{cfft d~ fcrhnlbi ulbh ylb cfdbh d~

cf{bcit dh ibwm{ycydmh w{mnbbidhe~( Dj ch cjjd{ocydzb c~tfro nfcdochy d~ ibhdbi& chi ylb dhidzdircf imb~ hmy

fbczb ylb nmrhy{t& ylcy dhidzdircf kbnmob~ ch dffbecf cfdbh(

C~tfro ciaridncydmh d~ c orfyd/ydb{bi w{mnb~~ ylcy w{mzdib~ doode{cydmh fcutb{~ c zd{yrcfft hbzb{/bhidhe

fbecf w{mnb~~ ym jm{b~ycff ibwm{ycydmh chi b|ybhi c nfdbhy~ ~yct dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~( Ylb fmub~y {rhe mj ylb

c~tfro w{mnb~~ d~ {bzdbu kt ch c~tfro mjjdnb{ um{`dhe dh ylb Ndydqbh~ldw chi Doode{cydmh b{zdnb~ idzd~dmh

mj IL^( Ylb mwb{cydmh mj R^ND^ d~ cfom~y bhyd{bft jrhibi kt r~b{ jbb~ ~m ylcy dy d~ hmy ~rwwm~bi ym kb c

kr{ibh mh ylb R(^( yc|wctb{(>4 Ylb c~tfro mjjdnb{ oct jdhi ylcy ch cwwfdnchy lc~ c zcfdi c~tfro nfcdo( Dj

hmy& ylb ~ychic{i w{mnbir{b d~ ym {bjb{ ylb nc~b ym ylb B|bnrydzb Mjjdnb mj Doode{cydmh [bzdbu ,BMD[$ dh

ylb R(^( Ibwc{yobhy mj Ar~ydnb ulb{b c lbc{dhe chi ibnd~dmh udff kb ocib( BMD[ lc~ c krieby mj );4: wb{nbhy jm{ ibjbh~dzb cwwfdncydmh~(

Dh JT ;774& ylb wb{nbhyceb mj nc~b~ dh uldnl bdylb{ c~tfro m{ udyllmfidhe mj {bomzcf uc~ e{chybi uc~ 2:

wb{nbhy(97 Ylb mylb{ ~dib mj ylb nmdh d~ ylcy 99 wb{nbhy mj cjjd{ocydzb c~tfro cwwfdncydmh~ ylcy ub{b hmy

e{chybi ub{b nmh~dib{bi ym kb rhjmrhibi& chi dh ylb ck~bhnb mj cht icyc ym ylb nmhy{c{t& chi mh ylb kc~d~

;;Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~


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mj b|wb{dbhnb& dy d~ {bc~mhckfb ym b|wbny ylcy ylb rh~rnnb~~jrf c~tfro cwwfdnchy~ fd`bft kbncob dffbecf

doode{chy~( Ylb :9 wb{nbhy mj ibjbh~dzb c~tfro cwwfdncydmh~ ylcy ub{b ibhdbi dowfdb~ ylcy dh ciidydmh ym

k{bc`dhe mr{ doode{cydmh fcu ym bhyb{ m{ ~yct dffbecfft dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~& ylb cfdbh uc~ cf~m cyybowydhe

ym ckr~b mr{ irb w{mnb~~ chi nmowc~~dmh dh ch bjjm{y ym ecob ylb ~t~ybo chi ecdh fbecf {b~dibhnb(

Ylb ibjbh~dzb c~tfro nc~b~ udff mryubdel ylb cjjd{ocydzb nc~b~& ~m mh czb{ceb cy fbc~y yl{bb/jdjyl~ mj ylb

BMD[ c~tfro nc~bfmci oct kb c~~robi ym kb ebhb{cybi kt dffbecf cfdbh~ cyybowydhe ym w{mfmhe ylbd{ ~yct

dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~(

N:(k Lc{i~ldw Ibjbh~b cecdh~y [bomzcf

Dh ciidydmh ym c~tfro nc~b~& dffbecf cfdbh~ oct nlmm~b ym jdely ylbd{ ibwm{ycydmh mh ylb kc~d~ mj lc{i~ldw( Ym

im ~m ylbt or~y b~yckfd~l om{b ylch 37 tbc{~ w{b~bhnb dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~& emmi om{cf nlc{cnyb{& chi ylcy

b|nbwydmhcf chi b|y{bobft rhr~rcf lc{i~ldw umrfi mnnr{ ym ch doobidcyb jcodft obokb{ ulm d~ c R(^(

ndydqbh m{ fbecf {b~dibhy(93 Mhft c ~ocff wb{nbhyceb mj ylb~b c{b e{chybi& chi dy oct kb c~~robi ylcy cff mj

ylb b|wbh~b~ mj ylb rh~rnnb~~jrf nc~b~ {bfcyb ym dffbecf cfdbh~ cyybowydhe ym w{mfmhe ylbd{ dffbecf ~yct dh ylb

Rhdybi ^ycyb~( Ylb~b nc~b~ c{b lbc{i kt doode{cydmh arieb~ dh BMD[(

N:(n Nmhzbhydmh cecdh~y Ym{yr{b

C jr{ylb{ czbhrb jm{ ch dffbecf cfdbh ym cyybowy ym czmdi ibwm{ycydmh d~ ym cwwft jm{ {bfdbj j{mo ibwm{ycydmh

rhib{ ylb Nmhzbhydmh cecdh~y Ym{yr{b ,NCY$ w{mzd~dmh~( Ylb om~y {bnbhy icyc czcdfckfb dhidncyb ylcy om~y

mj ylb~b nc~b~ c{b hmy ariebi ob{dym{dmr~( Dh ;775& jm{ b|cowfb& doode{cydmh nmr{y~ nmh~dib{bi ;7

nfcdo~ jm{ NCY/kc~bi {bfdbj& chi e{chybi ~rnl {bfdbj dh 293nc~b~ ,3(4"$ Ckmry jmr{ wb{nbhy mj NCY nc~b~

ub{b e{chybi dh ;77&777&777

C~ c id~dhnbhydzb ym {bwbcybi cyybowy~ kt dffbecf cfdbh~ ym ~hbc` dhym ylb nmrhy{t& c y{dcf w{me{co uc~ b~yckfd~lbi

ym w{m~bnryb {bwbcy zdmfcym{~ c~ jbfmh~ {cylb{ ylch ~dowft wryydhe ylm~b ulm ub{b Ob|dnch kcn` cn{m~~ ylb

km{ib{( Dh jd~ncf tbc{ ;737& )>>&777&777 uc~ cww{mw{dcybi jm{ yld~ bjjm{y( Jm{ jd~ncf tbc{ ;733& ylb ciodhd~y{cydmh

lc~ {bsrb~ybi ch ciidydmhcf )37 odffdmh jm{ dhzb~ydecydzb chi w{m~bnrym{dcf cnydzdydb~ dh ylb ^mrylub~y(

Nc {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o


30/104

kcn` ym Nrkc chi& ylb{bjm{b& im hmy srcfdjt jm{ c~tfro w{mybnydmh dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~ rhib{ kmyl wmfdnt

chi fcu ylm~b Nrkch~ ulm {bcnl ylb R(^( c{b y{bcybi c~ dj ylbt lci cwwfdbi jm{ c~tfro chi dy uc~ e{chybi ym

ylbo( Yld~ {b~rfy~ dh ylbo kbdhe wry dh ylb ~cob ncybem{t c~ {bjrebb~ chi oc`b~ ylbo bfdedkfb jm{ ch c{{ct mj

jbib{cf w{me{co~ ylcy c{b czcdfckfb ym {bjrebb~ ym c~~d~y ylbo dh ciar~ydhe ym ylb R(^( ~mndbyt( ^mob mj ylm~b

w{me{co~ dhnfrib fbc{hdhe Bhefd~l& jdhidhe c amk& chi w{mzdidhe jdhchndcf c~~d~ychnb( Kbncr~b ylb~b Nrkch~ c{b

y{bcybi c~ dj ylbt ub{b {bjrebb~& ib~wdyb ylbd{ dffbecf bhy{t& ub im hmy dhnfrib ch b~ydocyb mj jbib{cf mryfct~ mh

ylbo dh yld~ {bwm{y ar~y c~ ub im hmy dhnfrib ylb nm~y~ mj ylb {bjrebb ciod~~dmh w{me{co( Hbzb{ylbfb~~& dj

ylb B|bnrydzb K{chnl bhibi ylb uby/jmmy/i{t/jmmy wmfdnt chi {bsrd{bi dffbecfft c{{dzdhe Nrkch~ ym cwwft jm{

c~tfro chi ibwm{ybi ylm~b jmrhi dhbfdedkfb jm{ c~tfro w{mybnydmh& chi dj Nmhe{b~~ {bwbcfbi ylb Nrkch

Ciar~yobhy Cny& nmh~dib{ckfb jbib{cf mryfct~ umrfi kb ~czbi(

N4( Nmc~y Erc{i Mwb{cydmh~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )277&777&777

Mhb mj ylb Nmc~y Erc{i~ yl{bb ~ycyrym{t od~~dmh~ {bfcybi ym IL^ mwb{cydmh~ d~ Ibwfmtdhe nryyb{~ chi cd{n{cjy

ym {birnb ylb jfmu mj rhimnrobhybi ode{chy~ bhyb{dhe ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~ zdc oc{dydob {mryb~( Ylb Nmc~y

Erc{i chhrcf krieby d~ ckmry )37 kdffdmh( Chcft~d~ mj ylb Nmc~y Erc{i ;737 krieby {bsrb~y kt ylb Emzb{hobhy

Cnnmrhyckdfdyt Mjjdnb ,ECM$ c~n{dkbi ckmry )277 odffdmh ym ylb ode{chy dhyb{idnydmh cnydzdyt(9>

N37( Hcydmhcf Erc{i Mwb{cydmh~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ):9;&777&777

^mrylub~y km{ib{ ~ycyb emzb{hm{~ lczb {bwbcybift wfbi jm{ Hcydmhcf Erc{i ibwfmtobhy ym ylb km{ib{ c~ uc~ imhb

kt ylb Kr~l Ciodhd~y{cydmh dh ;77: chi ;775( Dh ~rwwm{y mj ylcy Mwb{cydmh Arow~yc{y& ylb Kr~l

ciodhd~y{cydmh {bsrb~ybi ch bob{ebhnt cww{mw{dcydmh mj )52: odffdmh cnnm{idhe ym c Uldyb Lmr~b w{b~~ {bfbc~b

mj Oct 39& ;77:(

Dh ;774& ylb Mkcoc Ciodhd~y{cydmh nmh~dib{bi {bcrylm{dqdhe Hcydmhcf Erc{i ibwfmtobhy ym ylb km{ib{ chi

b~ydocybi ylb nm~y c~ );27 odffdmh(99 Ulbh W{b~dibhy Mkcoc chhmrhnbi dh Oct ;737 ld~ dhybhydmh mj m{ib{dhe

c ibwfmtobhy mj 3&;77 Hcydmhcf Erc{i ym ylb km{ib{& lb wry c w{dnb yce mj )277 odffdmh ylcy lb umrfi ~bb`

j{mo Nmhe{b~~ jm{ ylcy cnydmh(92

Ylcy ibwfmtobhy d~ dh ciidydmh ym ch cf{bcit b|d~ydhe ibwfmtobhy mj >97 Erc{i obokb{~ ~b{zdhe dh kcn`rw

{mff~ dh ~rwwm{y mj ylb Km{ib{ Wcy{mf( Dj ylm~b cf{bcit b|d~ydhe Erc{i jm{nb~ nm~y ylb yc|wctb{ ch comrhy

w{mwm{ydmhcf ym ylb chhmrhnbi hbu ibwfmtobhy& ylcy umrfi {bw{b~bhy ckmry )39; odffdmh( Ciidhe ylb hbu

ibwfmtobhy umrfi dhn{bc~b ylb jrhidhe ym ):9; odffdmh ym nmokcy dffbecf ode{cydmh& cfdbh ~oreefdhe mwb{cydmh~&

chi dhn{bc~b hcydmhcf ~bnr{dyt( Dj ylb :&777 Erc{i y{mmw~ ylcy ub{b ibwfmtbi ym ylb km{ib{ udyl Ob|dnm kt ylb

Kr~l Ciodhd~y{cydmh lci kbbh {bcrylm{dqbi kt W{b~dibhy Mkcoc& ylb nm~y w{b~rockft umrfi kb jdzb ydob~

e{bcyb{(

N33( Mylb{ Jbib{cf Mryfct~ jm{ Dffbecf Cfdbh~

Ylb ckmzb bhrob{cydmh mj jbib{cf mryfct~ jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ dhnfrib~ mhft ylb ocam{ chi om~y bc~dft srchydjdckfb

nm~y~( Ch b|cowfb mj mylb{ ytwb~ mj nm~y~ ym ylb yc|wctb{ d~ b|wbhidyr{b~ mh n{dodhcf eche cnydzdydb~( Cfmhe udyl

;9Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~


31/104

DNB& ylb JKD d~ cnydzb dh um{`dhe nmmwb{cydzbft udyl fmncf wmfdnb ar{d~idnydmh~ dh chyd/eche dhzb~ydecydmh~ chi

mwb{cydmh~( C ~dehdjdnchy ~lc{b mj ~bzb{cf mj ylb fc{eb~y chi om~y zdmfbhy eche~ mwb{cydhe dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~

dhnfrib dffbecf cfdbh obokb{~(

Chmylb{ b|cowfb d~ j{crirfbhy r~b mj bnmhmodn ~ydorfr~ w{me{co~ ylcy c{b mjj/fdody~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~( Dh ylb nc~l

n{bidy w{me{co jm{ jd{~y/ydob lmobkrtb{~& ylb{b d~ nr{{bhyft rhib{uct ch dhzb~ydecydmh mj n{bidy~ nfcdobi kt

wb{~mh~ r~dhe ch Dhidzdircf Yc|wctb{ Dibhydjdncydmh Hrokb{ ,DYDH$( Ylb jcny ylcy ylb nfcdochy imb~ hmy lczb

ch ^^H dibhydjdb~ ylb wb{~mh c~ ch cfdbh ulm d~ hmy fbecfft bhydyfbi ym um{` dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~( C {bnbhy hbu~

{bwm{y dibhydjdbi ylcy hbc{ft 3&777 n{bidy~ ub{b nfcdobi dh c Yb|c~ km{ib{ nmrhyt(

Mh Crer~y 33& ;777& W{b~dibhy Nfdhymh d~~rbi B|bnrydzb M{ib{ 3>3::& Dow{mzdhe Cnnb~~ ym ^b{zdnb~ jm{

Wb{~mh~ udyl Fdodybi Bhefd~l W{mjdndbhnt( B(M( 3>3:: {bsrd{b~ bcnl jbib{cf cebhnt ym dowfbobhy c ~t~ybo kt

YCKFB >Ciodhd~y{cydmh mj Ar~ydnb Mryfct~

^NCCW Nmowbh~cydmh )>>7&777&777

Jbib{cf Dhnc{nb{cydmh ):577&777

Ibybhydmh chi [bomzcf );&292&777&777

W{mabny cjb Hbdelkm{lmmi~ )>4&277&777

[b~dircf DNB Jrhnydmh~ );&>&777&777

Nmc~y Erc{i )277&777&777

Hcydmhcf Erc{i ):9;&777&777

^rkymycf )5&


32/104

uldnl FBW wb{~mh~ nch cnnb~~ dy~ ~b{zdnb~( Dh nmowftdhe udyl ylb m{ib{& ylb Ibwc{yobhy mj Y{ch~wm{ycydmh hmy

mhft ibzbfmwbi c wfch jm{ dy~ ~b{zdnb~ dh mylb{ fcherceb~& dy cf~m {bsrd{bi cff dy~ jrhidhe {bndwdbhy~ ym bh~r{b

obchdhejrf cnnb~~ kt FBW wb{~mh~( ^wbndcf ~b{zdnb~ dhnfrib y{ch~fcybi k{mnlr{b~ chi ~deh~0 orfydfdhercf

ybfbwlmhb fdhb~0 kdfdhercf i{dzb{~0 chi dhyb{w{byb{~ cy wrkfdn obbydhe~( Cnnm{idhe ym ch Cw{df ;737 {bwm{y kt ylb

Emzb{hobhy Cnnmrhyckdfdyt Mjjdnb& ylb Dhyb{hcf [bzbhrb ^b{zdnb d~ jrfft dh nmowfdchnb udyl yld~ FBW c~~d~ychnb

ochicyb& chi JBOC ,ylb bob{ebhnt ochcebobhy cebhnt$ chi ylb ^ocff Kr~dhb~~ Ciodhd~y{cydmh lczb

ibzbfmwbi wfch~ chi yc`bh wc{ydcf ~ybw~ ymuc{i~ nmowfdchnb( Ylb mhft dhidncydmh dh ylb {bwm{y mj ylb nm~y mj

yld~ cnnmoomicydmh jm{ hmh/Bhefd~l ~wbc`b{ d~ ylb ~ycybobhy ylcy& Ym bh~r{b ylcy ylb cebhnt PJBOC_ lc~ ylb

ncwcndyt ym lchifb idjjb{bhy fbzbf~ mj id~c~yb{~& ch mjjdndcf ~ycybi ylcy JBOC d~ cuc{idhe c 9/tbc{ nmhy{cny mj rw

ym )4(4 odffdmh& ym ~rwwm{y fcherceb cnnb~~ chi {bfcybi cnydzdydb~(95

Ylb ckmzb ncybem{db~ mj jbib{cf fcu bhjm{nbobhy mwb{cydmh~ cyy{dkryckfb ym ylb bhm{omr~ w{b~bhnb mj dffbecf

cfdbh~ cnnmrhy jm{ mryfct~ mj ckmry )5(< kdffdmh imffc{~ chhrcfft(

I( UBFJC[B R^BI KT DFFBECF CFDBH JCODFDB^

I3( J{bb chi [birnbi Obcf W{me{co ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );&;:9&:77&777

^nlmmf nldfi{bh j{mo jcodfdb~ udyl dhnmob~ cy m{ kbfmu 3>7 wb{nbhy mj ylb wmzb{yt fbzbf c{b bfdedkfb jm{ j{bb

obcf~( Ylm~b udyl dhnmob~ kbyubbh 3>7 wb{nbhy chi 37& ;737& 3>7 wb{nbhy mj ylb wmzb{yt fbzbf uc~

); kdffdmh dh JT ;77


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w{me{co c{b nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ckmry 3< wb{nbhy mj ylb ~yribhy~ dh ylb frhnl w{me{co c{b ~dodfc{ft

ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~(

J{bb chi [birnbi K{bc jc~y ):3;&777&777

J{bb chi [birnbi Frhnl )3&:2;&:77&777

Ymycf );&;:9&:77&777

I;( Nc~l C~~d~ychnb Ybowm{c{t C~~d~ychnb mj Hbbit Jcodfdb~ ,YCHJ$( ( ( ( ( )3&7>7&777&777

Ylb YCHJ ubfjc{b w{me{co {bwfcnbi ylb Cdi ym Jcodfdb~ udyl Ibwbhibhy Nldfi{bh ,CJIN$ w{me{co dh 3445(

C ECM {bwm{y dh 3445 b~ydocybi ylcy dh jd~ncf tbc{ 3442 322&777 dffbecf cfdbh/lbcibi jcodfdb~ {bnbdzbi CJIN

wctobhy~ mj )577 odffdmh( Dh ciidydmh ;;9&777 dffbecf cfdbh/lbcibi jcodfdb~ {bnbdzbi Jmmi ^ycow~ cy c zcfrb

mj )9>7 odffdmh wb{ tbc{(23

J{mo 3447 ym ;777& nldfi/mhft nc~b~ dhn{bc~bi c~ c ~lc{b mj cff YCHJ nc~b~ {m~b j{mo 33(: wb{nbhy ym >9(2

wb{nbhy( Ylb hrokb{ mj nldfi/mhft nc~b~ mzb{ ylcy ibncib e{bu kt om{b ylch 57 wb{nbhy(2> Nldfi/mhft YCHJ

nc~b~ c{b hmy b|nfr~dzbft nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ c~ ylb~b nc~b~ cf~m c{d~b& c~ hmybi ckmzb& ulbh fbecf cfdbh wc{bhy~

c{b kc{{bi j{mo bfdedkdfdyt jm{ ylbd{ jd{~y jdzb tbc{~ c~ doode{chy~ chi ulbh c wc{bhy lc~ wfcnbi c nldfi dh ylb

nc{b mj c e{chiwc{bhy m{ mylb{ {bfcydzb ulm d~ hmy bfdedkfb dh ld~ m{ lb{ muh {dely jm{ kbhbjdy~(

Lmubzb{& ylb Nldfi Ubfjc{b Fbcerb mj Cob{dnc nmoobhy~& Dh jcny& om~y mj ylb nldfi/mhft nc~bfmci dhnfrib~

c wc{bhy( Wc{bhy~ oct kb dhbfdedkfb jm{ YCHJ kbncr~b mj ylbd{ fbecf cfdbh ~ycyr~& kbncr~b mj ylbd{ id~ckdfdyt ~ycyr~

rhib{ YCHJ& m{ kbncr~b ylbt {bnbdzb ^rwwfbobhycf ^bnr{dyt Dhnmob(29

C ;779 ND^ ~yrit mj ylb jbib{cf jd~ncf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh b~ydocybi ylb chhrcf nm~y~ mj YCHJ chi {bfcybi

dhnmob ~rwwm{y w{me{co~ {bnbdzbi kt dffbecf cfdbh jcodfdb~ cy om{b ylch ):


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comrhybi ym ~fdelyft om{b ylch 9(3 wb{nbhy mj ymycf mryfct~ dh ylcy w{me{co( Lmubzb{& ub c~~rob ylcy ylm~b

mryfct~ c{b nr{{bhyft ldelb{ kbncr~b ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh lc~ e{muh ~dhnb ;779 chi kbncr~b ylb NW^ icyc

rhib{/{bw{b~bhy~ ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh( Mr{ b~ydocyb d~ ylcy YCHJ nldfi/mhft jbib{cf jrhidhe ym ylb ~ycyb~

jm{ ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ lc~ dhn{bc~bi ym om{b ylch )3 kdffdmh( Ylcy {bw{b~bhy~ ckmry ~d| wb{nbhy mj ymycf

YCHJ id~kr{~bobhy~(

Ylcy fbzbf mj b|wbhidyr{b comhe ylb b~ydocybi 9(2> odffdmh R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ comrhy~ ym ch

chhrcf wb{ nldfi mryfct mj ckmry );;5( Ylb YCHJ jbib{cf jrhidhe w{me{co {bsrd{b~ ylcy ylb ~ycyb~ or~y

ocdhycdh 52 m{ 7&777&777

^bnydmh ;373 mj ylb Cob{dnch [bnmzb{t chi [bdhzb~yobhy Cny mj ;774 ,ylb [bnmzb{t Cny$ n{bcybi c hbu )2

kdffdmh YCHJ Bob{ebhnt Nmhydhebhnt Jrhi( Ub im hmy cffmncyb c ~dodfc{ ~lc{b mj ylcy jrhidhe ym ylb nldfi/

mhft kbhbjdndc{t nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ mh ylb c~~rowydmh ylcy dy d~ hmy c {bnr{{dhe b|wbhidyr{b(

I>( Nldfi Nc{b chi Ibzbfmwobhy Jrhi ,NNIJ$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ):>>&777&777

Ylb Nldfi Nc{b chi Ibzbfmwobhy Kfmn` E{chy~ d~ c amdhy jbib{cf/~ycyb w{me{co mj c~~d~ychnb jm{ fmu/dhnmob

nldfi{bh( Ylb cww{mw{dcydmh jm{ ;737 uc~ ckmry )9(4 kdffdmh( Ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ {bw{b~bhy ckmry :(2

wb{nbhy mj ylb R(^( nldfi wmwrfcydmh( Lmubzb{& ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ c{b ornl om{b fd`bft ym kb fdzdhe

dh wmzb{yt ylch mylb{ nldfi{bh( Cnnm{idhe ym ch b~ydocyb kt ylb Wbu Ld~wchdn Nbhyb{ {b~bc{nlb{~& C yld{i mj

ylb nldfi{bh mj rhcrylm{dqbi doode{chy~ chi c jdjyl mj cirfy rhcrylm{dqbi doode{chy~ fdzb~ dh wmzb{yt( Yld~ d~

hbc{ft imrkfb ylb wmzb{yt {cyb jm{ nldfi{bh mj R(^(/km{h wc{bhy~(25 Cnnm{idheft& ub imrkfb ylb ~lc{b mj ylb

NNIJ jrhidhe jm{ ylm~b nldfi{bh& d(b( ):>> odffdmh(

I9( Wrkfdn Lmr~dhe ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )5


35/104

Ir{dhe ylb Nfdhymh Ciodhd~y{cydmh& ylbh Lmr~dhe chi R{kch Ibzbfmwobhy ,LRI$ bn{byc{t Nd~hb{m~ ~ycybi

ylcy ld~ cebhnt idi hmy {bnmehdqb cht {bsrd{bobhy ylcy dy ~n{bbh mry dffbecf cfdbh~ j{mo jbib{cf wrkfdn lmr~dhe(

Ylcy nlchebi ulbh Nmhe{b~~ ncffbi Nd~hb{m~ mh ylb nc{wby ym dhjm{o ldo ylcy LRI uc~ zdmfcydhe ylb fcu( 24

Cwc{y j{mo ~dowfb jcdfr{b ym ~n{bbh mry dffbecf cfdbh~& c~ cwwbc{~ ym lczb kbbh ylb nc~b udyl Mkcoc~ crhy& chi

ylb w{mzd~dmh ylcy cffmu~ dffbecf cfdbh~ ym mnnrwt wrkfdn lmr~dhe dj ylb{b d~ c srcfdjdbi R(^( ndydqbh m{ fbecf

{b~dibhy dh ylb lmr~dhe& dffbecf cfdbh~ oct cf~m kbhbjdy j{mo jbib{cfft ~rk~didqbi lmr~dhe yl{mrel jbib{cf

om{yeceb ~rk~didb~ jm{ ibzbfmwb{~ mj fmu/nm~y lmr~dhe( Ylb kch mh mnnrwchnt kt dffbecf cfdbh~ mj jbib{cf wrkfdn

lmr~dhe imb~ hmy cwwft dj ciod~~dmh ym ylb ~rk~didqbi lmr~dhe d~ hmy ciodhd~yb{bi kt ylb Lmr~dhe

Ciodhd~y{cydmh( C jr{ylb{ obch~ kt uldnl dffbecf cfdbh~ oct mnnrwt jbib{cfft/jrhibi lmr~dhe d~ udyl ~ymfbh

dibhydjdncydmh ylcy nd{nrozbhy~ ylb ^t~ybocydn Crymocybi Zb{djdncydmh jm{ Bhydyfbobhy~ ,^CZB$ ~t~ybo mwb{cybi

kt IL^(

LRI~ ;737 krieby jm{ lmr~dhe c~~d~ychnb uc~ )9(799 kdffdmh dh ylb Wrkfdn Lmr~dhe Ncwdycf Jrhi& )35(5>4

kdffdmh dh Ybhchy/Kc~bi [bhycf C~~d~ychnb& chi )9(994 kdffdmh dh ylb Wrkfdn Lmr~dhe Mwb{cydhe Jrhi(

Ub lczb jmrhi hm ~yridb~ ylcy imnrobhy ylb mnnrwchnt mj wrkfdn lmr~dhe kt dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylbd{ R(^(

ndydqbh jcodft obokb{~( Ub b~ydocyb ylcy ylb{b udff kb c~ ocht c~ > odffdmh fmu/dhnmob jcodfdb~ udyl mhb m{

om{b dffbecf cfdbh wc{bhy chi R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh udyl ylb fcyyb{ oc`dhe ylb jcodft bfdedkfb jm{ wrkfdn lmr~dhe(

Ylcy umrfi comrhy ym {mrelft yl{bb wb{nbhy mj cff jcodfdb~ dh wrkfdn lmr~dhe( Uldfb dffbecf cfdbh jcodfdb~ c{b

ornl om{b fd`bft ym lczb c fmu/dhnmob udyldh ylb {cheb bfdedkfb jm{ lmr~dhe c~~d~ychnb& ylbt c{b cf~m fb~~ fd`bft

ym kb w{bwc{bi ym ibcf udyl emzb{hobhy cebhndb~ ym cnnb~~ ylcy c~~d~ychnb( Mh kcfchnb& ub cffmncyb > wb{nbhy mj

ylb jbib{cf jrhidhe mh ~rk~didqbi lmr~dhe c~ {bw{b~bhycydzb mj ylb ocehdyrib mj wm~~dkfb r~b kt dffbecf cfdbh~ chi

ylbd{ R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh(

Ylb{b c{b mylb{ odhm{ c{bc~ mj jbib{cf b|wbhidyr{b mh w{me{co~ ylcy kbhbjdy dffbecf cfdbh~& w{dhndwcfft ylm~b

ulm lczb R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh& b(e( bhb{et c~~d~ychnb m{ nldfi nc{b ~rk~didb~( Ylb~b mylb{ c{bc~ {bw{b~bhy jcd{ft

~ocff b|wbhidyr{b c{bc~ chi c{b hmy ibycdfbi dh yld~ ~yrit(

;4c {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o

YCKFB 9Wrkfdn C~~d~ychnb Kbhbjdy~

J{bb chi [birnbi Obcf W{me{co );&;:9&:77&777

Ybowm{c{t C~~d~ychnb mj Hbbit Jcodfdb~ )3&7>7&777&777

Nldfi Nc{b chi Ibzbfmwobhy Jrhi ):>>&777&777

Lmr~dhe C~~d~ychnb W{me{co~ )5


36/104

Ylb w{me{co c{bc~ ibycdfbi ckmzb dh uldnl dffbecf cfdbh jcodfdb~ {bnbdzb jbib{cf ubfjc{b kbhbjdy~ ymycf hbc{ft )9(:

kdffdmh chhrcfft(

B( EBHB[CF JBIB[CF B\WBHIDYR[B^

B( Ebhb{cf Jbib{cf B|wbhidyr{b~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )


37/104

J( YMYCF JBIB[CF JD^NCF NM^Y^

J( Ymycf Jbib{cf Jd~ncf Nm~y~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );


38/104

DD(

Jbib{cf Yc|b~ Nmffbnybi j{moDffbecf Cfdbh~

Wc{y mj ylb jd~ncf jmnr~ mh ylb nm~y~ mj dffbecf cfdbh~ ym ylb R(^( yc|wctb{ d~ mh ylb b|ybhy ym uldnl

ylb yc|b~ nmffbnybi j{mo ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh mjj~by ylb mryfct~ jm{ w{me{co~ ylbt r~b( Ch

c{erobhy kt ylb cwmfmed~y~ jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ c~~b{y~ ylcy yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~ bsrcf

m{ b|nbbi jbib{cfft w{mzdibi ~b{zdnb~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~& chi& ylb{bjm{b& ylbt c{b hmy kb c kr{ibh

mh ylb R(^( yc|wctb{( Ylb Hcydmhcf Nmrhndf mj Fc [cqc c~~b{y~& Ylb ocam{dyt mj rhimnrobhybidoode{chy~ wct dhnmob yc|b~ r~dhe Dhidzdircf Yc|wctb{ Dibhydjdncydmh Hrokb{~ ,DYDH~$ m{ jcf~b

^mndcf ^bnr{dyt hrokb{~(:;

C jmnr~ mhft mh yc| nmffbnydmh~ d~ od~fbcidhe kbncr~b dy dehm{b~ ylb ~dib bjjbny~ mj ylb w{b~bhnb

mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ mh ylb bc{hdhe~ chi yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo R(^( um{`b{~( Ylb ~bodhcf

~yrit mh ylb dowcny mj doode{chy um{`b{~ ,hmy ar~y dffbecf doode{chy um{`b{~$ mh R(^( um{`b{~ kt

c wchbf mj b|wb{y~ c~~bokfbi kt ylb Hcydmhcf Cncibot mj ^ndbhnb~ dh ylb odi/3447~ jmrhi ylcy

fmu/uceb jm{bdeh um{`b{~ ybhibi ym i{dzb imuh uceb~ chi amk mwwm{yrhdydb~ jm{ ~dodfc{ft birncybi

R(^( um{`b{~( Dy jmrhi ylcy doode{cydmh lci kbbh {b~wmh~dkfb jm{ 97 ym 27 wb{nbhy mj ylb uceb ib/w{b~~dmh jm{ um{`b{~ udylmry c ldel ~nlmmf ibe{bb dh {bnbhy ibncib~(:> Ulbh R(^( um{`b{~ c{b

rhbowfmtbi& rhib{bowfmtbi& m{ lczb ibw{b~~bi bc{hdhe~ kbncr~b mj ylb w{b~bhnb mj dffbecf cfdbh

um{`b{~& ylb{b d~ c e{bcyb{ kr{ibh wfcnbi mh ylb jbib{cf yc|wctb{ kbncr~b mj ylb ubfjc{b chi {b/

fcybi c~~d~ychnb w{me{co~ w{mzdibi ym ylm~b ulm lczb fm~y amk~ m{ uceb~ ym dffbecf cfdbh~& b(e(

rhbowfmtobhy dh~r{chnb& jmmi ~ycow~& byn( Cy ylb ~cob ydob& id~wfcnbi um{`b{~ c{b hmy fd`bft

ym kb wctdhe yc|b~ chi oct kb i{cudhe n{bidy~ j{mo ylb R(^( Y{bc~r{t( Cht b~ydocyb mj jbib{cf

yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~ or~y& ylb{bjm{b& cf~m cnnmrhy jm{ ylb {bzbhrb~ fm~y kbncr~b mylb{

um{`b{~ c{b rhbowfmtbi m{ kbnmob bfdedkfb jm{ obch~/yb~ybi kbhbjdy~(

Ylb jbib{cf yc|b~ nmffbnybi j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~ dhnfrib ylb dhnmob yc|& ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt yc|&

Obidnc{b yc|& rhbowfmtobhy yc| chi b|nd~b chi od~nbffchbmr~ yc|b~(


39/104

YLB[B^ HM N[BIDKFB ^YRIT PMH YC\B^ WCDI KT DFFBECF CFDBH^_ YLCY DO CUC[B MJ( YLBKMYYMO FDHB D^^RB D^ FCN@ MJ ICYC(

OCEHR^ FMJ^Y[MO& WRKFDN WMFDNT DH^YDYRYB MJ NCFDJM[HDC& ;774:9

>>c {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o

C( DHNMOB YC\

C( Dhnmob Yc| ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )3&:>2&777&777

Dhjm{ocydmh mh ylb jbib{cf dhnmob yc|b~ wcdi kt dffbecf cfdbh~ ibwbhi~ hmy mhft mh c~~rowydmh~ ckmry lmu

ocht mj ylbo c{b um{`dhe dh ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi fbecf um{`jm{nb r~dhe jcf~b dibhydyt imnrobhy~ kry cf~m mh

c~~rowydmh~ ckmry ylbd{ uceb~ chi yc| fdckdfdyt(

C ;779 ~yrit kt ylb ND^ wry ylb b~ydocybi yc| wctobhy~ nmffbnybi kt ylb jbib{cf emzb{hobhy j{mo dffbecf cfdbh~

cy ckmry )32(4 kdffdmh dh ;77;(:2 Ylb D[^ b~ydocybi dh ;77: ylcy kbyubbh 344: chi ;77> dffbecf cfdbh~ wcdi

cfom~y )27 kdffdmh dh yc|b~(:: Ylcy ~reeb~y~ ch chhrcf czb{ceb mj c{mrhi ):(;2 kdffdmh wb{ tbc{( Mr{ chcft~d~

~reeb~y~ ylcy kmyl ylb ND^ b~ydocyb chi ylb D[^ b~ydocyb ~dehdjdnchyft mzb{~ycyb yc| nmffbnydmh~ j{mo dffbecf cfdbh

um{`b{~(

Ylb chcft~d~ dh yld~ ~yrit d~ kc~bi mh c udibft cnnbwybi c~~rowydmh ylcy ckmry lcfj mj dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ c{b

dh ylb ckmzb e{mrhi bnmhmot chi& ylb{bjm{b& ~rkabny ym yc| udyllmfidhe( Bzbh ylm~b ulm c{b dh ylb ckmzb/

e{mrhi bnmhmot w{mkckft lczb fdyyfb jbib{cf yc| udyllbfi( Jm{ b|cowfb& c yum/dhnmob jcodft udyl kmyl oc`dhe

)37 wb{ lmr{ chi um{`dhe c nmokdhbi :7 lmr{~ wb{ ubb` umrfi bc{h )>3&;77 jm{ ylb tbc{( R~dhe ylb

Udyllmfidhe Ncfnrfcym{ mj ylb R(^( Mjjdnb mj Wb{~mhhbf Ochcebobhy jm{ ylb oc{{dbi lbci mj lmr~blmfi

ncybem{t udyl yum ciidydmhcf ibwbhibhy~& ylb udyllbfi yc| umrfi comrhy ym );( Dj ylb dhidzdircf jdfbi c yc| {byr{h

lb-~lb umrfi mub ch ciidydmhcf );>(2

wb{~mh~& d(b( kbyubbh mhb chi yum nldfi{bh wb{ jcodft comhe ylm~b dffbecf cfdbh~ ulm {bnbdzbi cohb~yt c~ c {b~rfy

mj ylb 34


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dhnmob yc| udyllmfidhe chi hmy jdfdhe dhnmob yc| {byr{h~( Ylb{bjm{b& mr{ yc| nmffbnydmh chcft~d~ jmnr~b~ mh ylb

dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{ dh ylb jm{ocf bnmhmot um{`dhe udyl jcf~b m{ ~ymfbh dibhydyt imnrobhy~(

Dy ~lmrfi kb hmybi ylcy jm{ dhnmob yc| wr{wm~b~ ch dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{ oct nfcdo ibwbhibhy~ fdzdhe ck{mci&

chi ylbt c{b hmy {bsrd{bi ym kb dibhydjdbi kt ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt hrokb{~& rhfd`b nldfi{bh km{h m{ fbecfft {b~didhe

dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~( Ylm~b nfcdobi ibwbhibhy~ c{b zd{yrcfft rhzb{djdckfb chi dhzdyb j{cri(

Ylb yc| jdfb{ dh cht mj ylb ckmzb dhnmob ncybem{db~ mj )>3&;77 ym )27&777 chi c yc| fdckdfdyt mj )2;> ym );&5:4

d~ bhydyfbi ym nfcdo ylb Bc{hbi Dhnmob Yc| N{bidy ,BDYN$ dj ylbt lczb c ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt Hrokb{ chi

Ciidydmhcf Nldfi Yc| N{bidy~ ,CNYN$( Ylb~b n{bidy~ hmy mhft b{c~b ylb yc| fdckdfdyt& ylbt {b~rfy dh c hby wctobhy

ym ylb yc| {byr{h jdfb{& c~ id~nr~~bi kbfmu( Ylb jcodft mj jmr{ {bwm{ydhe bc{hdhe~ mj )>3&;77 chi r~dhe ch ^^H

d~ ckfb ym mkycdh c Y{bc~r{t wctobhy mj )9&977 c~ c {b~rfy mj nfcdodhe ylm~b yc| n{bidy~(

Dy d~ imrkyjrf ylcy ylb{b d~ cht ~dehdjdnchy comrhy mj jbib{cf dhnmob yc| nmffbnydmh j{mo dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ mylb{

ylch c wm~~dkfb jbu mryfdb{~ ulm oct kb ubff srcfdjdbi chi um{`dhe c~ ubff/wcdi w{mjb~~dmhcf~ chi j{mo

ylm~b ulm lci yc| udyllmfidhe kry jm{ ulcybzb{ {bc~mh idi hmy jdfb dhnmob yc| {byr{h~ ym mkycdh c {bjrhi( :4

Lmubzb{& bzbh ch dffbecf cfdbh bc{hdhe )47&777 c tbc{ udyl yl{bb ibwbhibhy~ lc~ c yc| fdckdfdyt mj mhft )>&2::

chi oct nfcdo yc| n{bidy~ ym mjj~by ylcy fdckdfdyt(

Ub c~~rob ylcy c~ ocht c~ yl{bb/jmr{yl~ mj dffbecf cfdbh~ dh ylb jm{ocf bnmhmot oct hmy jdfb dhnmob yc| {byr{h~

kbncr~b mj ylbd{ dffbecf cfdbh ~ycyr~ chi {bfrnychnb ym r~b jc`b ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt hrokb{~ ym mkycdh {bjrhi~ mj ylb

yc| udyllmfidhe( Ylcy obch~ ylcy ylb yc| udyllmfidhe ~yct~ udyl ylb Y{bc~r{t chi ylcy cht ciidydmhcf yc|b~ mubi

c{b hmy nmffbnybi( Ylcy d~ c zb{t nmh~b{zcydzb c~~rowydmh dh fdely mj nfcdo~ kt dffbecf cfdbh ~rwwm{y e{mrw~ ylcy

>9Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

CKMRY 92 WB[NBHY MJ LMR^BLMFI^ UDFF MUB HM JBIB[CF DHNMOB YC\ DH ;737& CNNM[IDHEYM MR[ B^YDOCYB^( LCFJ MJ YLBO BC[H YMM FDYYFB& ULDFB YLB MYLB[ LCFJ OM^YFTODIIFB/ CHI FMUB[/DHNMOB LMR^BLMRFI^ UDFF YC@B CIZCHYCEB MJ YC\ N[BIDY^ ^RNL

C^ YLB BC[HBI DHNMOB N[BIDY& YLB NLDFI CHI NLDFI NC[B N[BIDY^& YLB COB[DNCHMWWM[YRHDYT CHI FDJBYDOB FBC[HDHE N[BIDY^& ULDNL LBFW WCT JM[ NMFFBEB& CHI YLB^CZB[^ N[BIDY& ULDNL ^RK^DIDQB^ [BYD[BOBHY ^CZDHE(

[MKB[YMH UDFFDCO^ CHI [M^CHHB CFY^LRFB[& 2 OTYL^ CKMRY TMR[ YC\B^:( Ylb Y{bc~r{t

wctobhy jm{ ylb jcodft udyl mhb nldfi umrfi kb )3&95:( Dh bcnl mj ylb~b nc~b~ ylb dffbecf cfdbh jcodft d~ hmy

wctdhe jbib{cf dhnmob yc|b~ chi& dh~ybci& dj ylbt jdfb c yc| {byr{h c~ {bsrd{bi kt fcu& ylbt c{b ckfb ym {bnbdzb ylb

BDYN chi ylcy {bw{b~bhy~ c hby i{cdh mh jbib{cf yc| {bzbhrb~(

Ylb hrokb{ mj dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ jdfdhe yc| {byr{h~ ym {bnbdzb ylb BDYN ~rk~dit nch mhft kb b~ydocybi( Ub

c~~rob ylcy ylb lcfj mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ ulm c{b dh ylb rhib{e{mrhi bnmhmot c{b hmy nfcdodhe ylb

BDYN( Mj ylb {mrelft ;(5 odffdmh lmr~blmfi~ {bw{b~bhybi kt dffbecf um{`b{~ dh ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi bnmhmot& ylb{b

d~ fd`bft ym kb {bfrnychnb ym jdfb jm{ ylb BDYN dj ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt Hrokb{ ,^^H$ ylbt c{b r~dhe d~ jdnydydmr~ m{

~ymfbh( Ylb om~y fd`bft nc~b dh uldnl ch dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{ dh ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi bnmhmot udff nfcdo ylb BDYN

d~ ulbh ylb ^^H d~ {bcf {cylb{ ylch jck{dncybi chi kbfmhe~ ym c nldfi dh ylcy jcodft( Doode{chy c~~d~ychnb cebhndb~

ylcy c~~d~y dh yc| jdfdhe~ oct bhnmr{ceb BDYN nfcdo~ udyl m{ udylmry `hmudhe ylcy ylb nfcdochy d~ ch dffbecf cfdbh(

Cnnm{idhe ym c ~yrit mj ylb yc| n{bidy~& Doode{chy~ cnnmrhybi jm{ ckmry 3> wb{nbhy mj ylb R(^( wmwrfcydmh dh

;77< kry {bnbdzbi ch b~ydocybi ;: wb{nbhy mj BDYN kbhbjdy~ckmry )3; kdffdmh( 53 Ylcy b~ydocyb d~ jm{

doode{chy~ {cylb{ ylch ar~y jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~( Ch b~ydocybi 92 wb{nbhy mj ckmry 2c {bwm{y kt ylb Jbib{cydmh jm{ Cob{dnch Doode{cydmh [bjm{o

YLB[B OR^Y KB 57/


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Kc~bi mh ylb b~ydocyb ylcy ;2 wb{nbhy mj dffbecf cfdbh lmr~blmfi~ dh ylb ckmzb e{mrhi bnmhmot c{b jdfdhe dhnmob

yc| {byr{h~ ,ym mkycdh c {bjrhi mj cht yc|b~ ylcy lczb kbbh udyllbfi chi ym yc`b cizchyceb mj ylb BDYN

wctobhy$& ylcy {bw{b~bhy~ ckmry :77&777 yc| {byr{h~& d(b(& ckmry ;(< wb{nbhy mj ylb BDYN nfcdo~ jdfbi dh ;77 umrfi kb c i{cdh mh ylb R(^( Y{bc~r{t mj ckmry

)3(5< kdffdmh(

N( CIIDYDMHCF NLDFI YC\ N[BIDY ,CNYN$

N( Ciidydmhcf Nldfi Yc| N{bidy ,CNYN$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ,);&3:7&777&777$

Chmylb{ n{bidy ylcy mjj~by~ yc| fdckdfdyt chi {b~rfy~ dh c wctobhy ym ylb nfcdochy d~ ylb CNYN( Ch dffbecf cfdbh

oct nfcdo ylb CNYN mj )3&777 wb{ nldfi ulbh jdfdhe c yc| {byr{h dj jcodft dhnmob d~ fb~~ ylch )337&777( Ylb{b

d~ c {bsrd{bobhy ylcy ylb nldfi or~y lczb {b~dibi cy fbc~y lcfj ylb tbc{ dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~( Dj ylb nfcdobi n{bidy

b|nbbi~ ylb jcodft~ yc| fdckdfdyt& fd`b udyl ylb BDYN& ylb nfcdochy oct {bnbdzb c wctobhy(

Dh ciidydmh ym dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ um{`dhe udyl jc`b m{ ~ymfbh dibhydjdncydmh dh ylb jm{ocf bnmhmot& ylb CNYN

oct kb nfcdobi kt dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ dh ylb rhib{e{mrhi bnmhmot r~dhe ch DYDH ym jdfb c yc| {byr{h( Ch

c~~b~~obhy kt ylb Y{bc~r{t Ibwc{yobhy~ Dh~wbnym{ Ebhb{cf dhidncybi ylb wctobhy mj hbc{ft )5 kdffdmh dh ~rnl

wctobhy~ j{mo ;779 ym ;775(

Ylb dhn{bc~dhe y{bhi mj hmh/w{mjdy cizmncnt e{mrw~ c~~d~ydhe dffbecf cfdbh~ dh jdfdhe yc| {byr{h~ ym nfcdo {bjrhi~

chi n{bidy~ fd`bft lc~ dhn{bc~bi yld~ i{cdh mh ylb R(^( Y{bc~r{t(

Mh Achrc{t ;2& ;737& [bw( ^co Amlh~mh ,[/Yb|($ chhmrhnbi ld~ dhy{mirnydmh mj fbed~fcydmh ,L([(92;:Ylb Jd~ncf Kr{ibh mj Dffbecf Doode{cydmh mh R(^( Yc|wctb{~

YLB D[^ CFFMUBI YLB YC\ N[BIDY^ CFYLMREL YLB UM[@B[^ IDI HMY W[MZDIB ^MNDCF^BNR[DYT HROKB[^ MH YLBD[ YC\ [BYR[H^& YLB [BWM[Y ^CDI( DH^YBCI& YLB UM[@B[^ R^BIEMZB[HOBHY/D^^RBI YC\ DIBHYDJDNCYDMH HROKB[^( YLB DI HROKB[^ C[B CZCDFCKFB YMDOODE[CHY^ JM[ NB[YCDH YC\/JDFDHE WR[WM^B^& [BEC[IFB^^ MJ YLBD[ FBECF ^YCYR^& KRY

C[B HMY ZCFDI JM[ BOWFMTOBHY DH YLB RHDYBI ^YCYB^(C^^MNDCYBI W[B^^& OC[NL 3:& ;77452

CNYN M[ NYN D^ ^YDFF WCDI DYDH LMFIB[^( YLBT& FD@B YLB BDYN ULDNL UC^ NLCHEBI KTW[UM[C DH 344: YM BFDODHCYB DYDH BFDEDKDFDYT& ^LMRFI KB W[MLDKDYBI YM DYDH LMFIB[^(

;774 ^YCYBOBHY MJ R(^( Y[BC^R[T DH^WBNYM[ EBHB[CF59


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D co dhy{mirndhe ylb [bjrhickfb Nldfi Yc| N{bidy Bfdedkdfdyt Zb{djdncydmh [bjm{o Cny& c ~dowfb&

nmoomh~bh~b kdff ym {bsrd{b yc| jdfb{~ ym w{mzdib ylbd{ ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt hrokb{~ dh m{ib{ ym nfcdo ylb n{bidy(

Yld~ ~dowfb nlcheb nch em c fmhe uct ymuc{i w{mybnydhe yc|wctb{~ kt lbfwdhe ym bh~r{b ylcy ylb {bjrhickfb

nldfi yc| n{bidy d~ emdhe ym ylm~b ulm c{b lb{b fbecfft(5:

Kry rhfb~~ chi rhydf ylcy fbed~fcydmh d~ bhcnybi& dffbecf cfdbh~ jdfdhe yc| {byr{h~ udff nmhydhrb ym kb ckfb ym yc`b

cizchyceb mj ylcy n{bidy mzb{ chi ckmzb cht comrhy {bnbdzbi dh BDYN wctobhy~(

Ub b~ydocyb ylb{b c{b ckmry 2(9 odffdmh nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~& ckmry 5> wb{nbhy mj ulmo c{b R(^(/km{h(

Zd{yrcfft cff mj ylbo& udyl ylb b|nbwydmh mj ylm~b dh ylb ~ocff hrokb{ mj mryfdb{ ldel dhnmob jcodfdb~& c{b

wmybhydcf CNYN ibirnydmh~( Dh ciidydmh& ylb{b oct kb ciidydmhcf ibwbhibhy nldfi{bh nfcdobi ulm c{b hmy

R(^( {b~dibhy~( Mj ylb chhrcf czb{ceb wct mry mj )3(52 kdffdmh dhidncybi dh ylb Dh~wbnym{ Ebhb{cf~ {bwm{y& ub

b~ydocyb ylcy om{b ylch yl{bb/jmr{yl~ ,55"$ mj ylcy comrhy uc~ nfcdobi kt dffbecf cfdbh~( Dh ciidydmh& ub

c~~rob ylcy ch ciidydmhcf


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I( HBY DHNMOB YC\ [BNBDWY^ J[MO DFFBECF CFDBH^

Ylb b~ydocybi yc| n{bidy nfcdo~ hmybi ckmzb& chi ylb c~~rowydmh~ ckmry ylb fd bfdlmmi ylcy jbu dffbecf cfdbh um{ /

b{~ udff lczb bc{hdhe~ ~rjjdndbhyft fc{eb bhmrel ym {b~rfy dh yc| udyllmfidhe& ~reeb~y ylcy {cylb{ ylch kbdhe hby

yc| nmhy{dkrym{~& hbuft fbecfdqbi cfdbh~ umrfi {bw{b~bhy c hby i{cdh mh ylb Y{bc~r{t kbncr~b mj ylb nfcdobi yc|n{bidy~( [cylb{ ylch jmnr~ mh ylb jcny ylcy ylb{b d~ w{mkckft c ~ocff ,)3(: kdffdmh$ comrhy mj dhnmob yc| {bnbdwy~

nmffbnybi j{mo dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~& c om{b {bcfd~ydn ecreb d~ mh ylb hby jfmu dhym chi mry mj ylb R(^( Y{bc~r{t(

C~ ~lmuh kbfmu& ylcy d~ c hby i{cdh mh yc| {b~mr{nb~ mj om{b ylch );(> kdffdmh(

Hby Dhnmob Yc|b~ Nmffbnybi j{mo Dffbecf Cfdbh~

Dhnmob Yc| )3&:>2&777&777

BDYN /)3&555&7;&3&;77 umrfi lczb udyllmfidhe mj )3&4>9( Kc~bi mh ch b~ydocyb ylcy dffbecf cfdbh~

>(: odffdmh dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~(54 Ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt Ciodhd~y{cydmh b~ydocybi ylcy

dh ;775 ylb{b ub{b ckmry 2(: odffdmh dffbecf cfdbh~ j{mo ulmo ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt yc|b~ ub{b nmffbnybi( Ylcy b~yd/

ocyb d~ ldelb{ kry {mrelft dh cnnm{i udyl ylb b~ydocybi lcfj mj dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ dh ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi bnmh/

mot(

Dffbecf cfdbh~ c{b hmy bfdedkfb jm{ ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt wctobhy~ b|nbwy dh ~wbndcf nd{nro~ychnb~& ~rnl c~ ylb b|d~ybhnb

mj c kdfcyb{cf yc| y{bcyt( Ylcy nmrfi lcwwbh dj ylb ymycfdqcydmh ce{bbobhy udyl Ob|dnm ub{b {cydjdbi(

Ylb{bjm{b& cy ylb w{b~bhy ydob ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt yc| udyllmfidhe~ kbhbjdy ylb mwb{cydmh~ mj ylb jrhi( Ylb jrhi~

wcdi dhym ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dytY{r~y Jrhi c{b ocynlbi kt wctobhy~ j{mo ylb bowfmtb{( Jm{ ylcy {bc~mh& ub imr/

kfb ylb b~ydocybi wctobhy~ dhym ylb Y{r~y Jrhi kt chi mh kblcfj mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{(

Cohb~yt Dowfdncydmh~

Ylb w{mwmhbhy~ mj ch cohb~yt jm{ dffbecf cfdbh~ ndyb ylb nmhy{dkrydmh~ mj dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~

ym ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt Y{r~y Jrhi udylmry ylbd{ {bnbdzdhe c nmoobh~r{cyb kbhbjdy c~ c

ar~ydjdncydmh jm{ cimwydmh mj ch cohb~yt( Ylbt cf~m ~reeb~y ylcy c kbhbjdy umrfi cnn{rb

j{mo ch cohb~yt kt omzdhe dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~ dhym ylb ckmzb/e{mrhi bnmhmot ulb{b

ylbt umrfi ylbh kb wctdhe ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt yc|b~( Hbzb{ylbfb~~& ylbt jcdf ym hmyb ylcy dj ch

cohb~yt ub{b cimwybi& ylb kbhbjdy j{mo rhnfcdobi wctobhy~ umrfi nbc~b kbncr~b j{mo

ylbh mh ylb yc|b~ wcdi kt ylm~b um{`b{~ umrfi kb n{bidybi ymuc{i~ ylbd{ {bnbdzdhe

{byd{bobhy kbhbjdy~( Ylbt cf~m jcdf ym hmyb ylcy ylb ~cob um{`b{~ umrfi kb ckfb ym nfcdo w{b/

cohb~yt wctobhy~ dhym ylb Y{r~y Jrhi c~ nmrhydhe ymuc{i~ ylb 97 src{yb{~ hbnb~~c{t ym

srcfdjt jm{ {byd{bobhy kbhbjdy~& ylb{bkt b{c~dhe ylb bc{fdb{ kbhbjdy ym ylb ~t~ybo( Jdhcfft&ylbt cf~m hbefbny ym obhydmh ylcy ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt ~t~ybo d~ c {bid~y{dkrydzb yc| ~t~ybo&

obchdhe ylcy fmu uceb bc{hb{~ {bnbdzb om{b dh kbhbjdy~ nmowc{bi ym nmhy{dkrydmh~ ylch

d~ ylb nc~b jm{ ldel uceb bc{hb{~( Fmu/uceb bc{hb{~ c{b fd`bft ym {bnbdzb ornl om{b dh

kbhbjdy~ ylch ylbt nmhy{dkryb dh wctobhy~( Ylcy dowfdb~ ylcy ylb cimwydmh mj ch cohb~yt udff

nmhy{dkryb ym ylb ~wbbi mj ylb cww{mcnldhe dh~mfzbhnt mj ylb ^mndcf ^bnr{dyt Y{r~y Jrhi(

YLB ^MNDCF ^BNR[DYT CNY W[MLDKDY^ YLB WCTOBHY MJ KBHBJDY^ YM CFDBH^ DH YLB RHDYBI^YCYB^ ULM C[B HMY FCUJRFFT W[B^BHY0 LMUBZB[& RHIB[ NB[YCDH ND[NRO^YCHNB^& CFDBHUM[@B[^ C^ UBFF C^ YLBD[ IBWBHIBHY^ CHI ^R[ZDZM[^ OCT [BNBDZB KBHBJDY^ ULDFB [B /^DIDHE MRY^DIB YLB RHDYBI ^YCYB^ ,DHNFRIDHE KBHBJDY^ KC^BI MH RHCRYLM[DQBI UM[@$(

ICUH HR^NLFB[ CHI CFD^MH ^D^@DH& NMHE[B^^DMHCF [B^BC[NL ^B[ZDNB& ;737


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KC^BI MH D[^ MUH CHCFT^D^& CKMRY 52 WB[NBHY MJ CFF OD^OCYNLBI U/;^ [BWM[Y UCEB^MJ FB^^ YLCH )37&777( DJ UB JMNR^ MHFT MH YLM^B OD^OCYNLBI U/;^ UD YL HMUDYLLMFIDHE& YLB WB[NBHYCEB DHN[BC^B^ YM 47 WB[NBHY( MHFT CKMRY ; WB[NBHY MJ CFFU/;^ UDYL DHZCFDI ^^H^ [BWM[Y UCEB^ E[BCYB[ YLCH )>7&777(

D[^ NMOOD^^DMHB[ OC[@ BZB[^MH& ARFT ;77:


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E( B\ND^B CHI OD^NBFFCHBMR^ YC\B^

E( B|nd~b chi Od~nbffchbmr~ Yc|b~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ,);&9


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YCKFB 5Hby Jbib{cf Jd~ncf Nm~y~ mj Dffbecf Cfdbh~

Ymycf Jbib{cf Mryfct~ );


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DZ(Rhsrchydjdbi Jbib{cfJd~ncf Dowcny~Hmy dhnfribi dh ylb ckmzb ncfnrfcydmh c{b ylb ciidydmhcf jd~ncf fm~~b~ ylcy {b~rfy j{mo ylb nmowb/ydydmh jm{ amk~ kbyubbh dffbecf cfdbh~ chi fbecf R(^( um{`b{~ chi ylb {bodyychnb~ ~bhy ck{mci ktylb dffbecf cfdbh um{`b{~(

Ylb ciidydmh mj ckmry


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Z(

^ycyb chi Fmncf Mryfct~

Hrob{mr~ ~yridb~ mj ylb jd~ncf bjjbny~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh lczb nmhnfribi ylcy ylb jd~ncf kr{ibh

mj dffbecf ode{cydmh d~ jbfy om{b lbczdft cy ylb ~ycyb chi fmncf fbzbf ylch ylb jbib{cf fbzbf( Ylcy uc~

comhe ylb jdhidhe~ mj ylb Hbu Cob{dnch~ {bwm{y mj ylb Hcydmhcf Cncibot mj ^ndbhnb~ wchbf dh

ylb odi/3447~(

Dh ylb ~lm{y yb{o& ymict~ doode{chy~ dowm~b nm~y~ mh ~mob ~ycyb chi fmncf emzb{hobhy~kt r~dhe om{b dh emzb{hobhy ~b{zdnb~ ylch ylbt wct dh yc|b~& cnnm{idhe ym b~ydocyb~

ibzbfmwbi kt ylb wchbf( Dh ~mob ~ycyb~& yld~ kr{ibh nch kb ~rk~ychydcf1 Dh Ncfdjm{hdc& jm{

b|cowfb& ylb wchbf ncfnrfcyb~ ch ciidydmhcf chhrcf yc| kr{ibh mj )3&35< wb{ lmr~blmfi

lbcibi kt c R(^( hcydzb(

Hcydmhcf Cncibot mj ^ndbhnb~& Oct 3455


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C( BIRNCYDHE YLB NLDFI[BH MJ DFFBECF CFDBH^

Dh ylb 3: ~ycyb jd~ncf nm~y ~yridb~ ylcy lczb kbbh imhb kt JCD[ ~dhnb ;779& ylb fc{eb~y nm~y ncybem{t lc~ kbbh

ylb wrkfdn ~nlmmf birncydmh mj ylb nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~( Ylm~b birncydmhcf mryfct~ lczb czb{cebi ~fdelyft

om{b ylch jmr{/jdjyl~ mj ylb nmokdhbi nm~y~ mj birncydmh& obidncf nc{b chi dhnc{nb{cydmh mj n{dodhcf cfdbh~(

Ylm~b birncydmhcf nm~y~ {b~rfy j{mo birncydhe kmyl nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ ulm c{b dffbecfft dh ylb nmrhy{t

ylbo~bfzb~ chi ylm~b ulm ub{b km{h dh yld~ nmrhy{t chi cnsrd{b ircf ndydqbh~ldw dh ylb Rhdybi ^ycyb~ chi ylbd{

wc{bhy~ lmobfchi( ^fdelyft om{b ylch yl{bb/jdjyl~ mj ylb mryfct~ {b~rfybi j{mo ylb birncydmh mj R(^(/km{h

nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ chi ylb mylb{ yum/jdjyl~ ub{b j{mo ylb birncydmh mj nldfi{bh ulm ub{b dffbecf cfdbh~

ylbo~bfzb~( Mhft dh mr{ om{b {bnbhy ~yridb~& kbedhhdhe dh ;77 odffdmh

chi r~dhe ch b~ydocyb kt ylb Wbu Ld~wchdn Nbhyb{ {b~bc{nlb{~ ylcy ylb{b c{b hmu hbc{ft yl{bb ydob~ c~ ocht

nldfi{bh km{h lb{b ym dffbecf cfdbh wc{bhy~ c~ nldfi{bh ulm c{b dffbecfft lb{b ylbo~bfzb~(47 Kc~bi mh mr{ nr{{bhy

b~ydocyb mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh kbdhe ckmry 3> odffdmh wb{~mh~& ylb hrokb{ mj dffbecf cfdbh nldfi{bh d~

ckmry 3(> odffdmh( Yl{bb/jmr{yl~ mj ylm~b nldfi{bh& ckmry 427 ylmr~chi ~yribhy~& c{b fd`bft ym kb dh ~nlmmf(

R~dhe ylb Wbu {cydm mj dffbecf cfdbh nldfi{bh ym R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~& ub b~ydocyb ylb fcyyb{ ym kb

ckmry ;(22 odffdmh ~nlmmf/cebi nldfi{bh(

Dy d~ nfbc{ ylcy ylb R(^(/km{h nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ umrfi hmy kb dh ylb nmrhy{t ub{b dy hmy jm{ ylb dffbecf bhy{t

m{ zd~c mzb{~yct mj ylb wc{bhy~( Jm{ ylcy {bc~mh& dy d~ cww{mw{dcyb ym nmh~dib{ ylb nm~y~ mj birncydhe ylb~b nldfi{bh

c~ c nm~y mj dffbecf ode{cydmh( Ylbd{ birncydmh nchhmy kb udyllbfi ~dhnb ylbt c{b {bnmehdqbi c~ R(^( ndydqbh~ c~

c {b~rfy mj ylbd{ kd{yl dh yld~ nmrhy{t( ^dodfc{ft& ylb w{doc{t chi ~bnmhic{t ~nlmmf nm~y~ mj ylb dffbecf cfdbh

~yribhy~ nchhmy kb ibhdbi rhib{ c {rfdhe mj ylb R(^( ^rw{bob Nmr{y( 43 Hbzb{ylbfb~~& ub c~~rob ylcy dj ylb

wc{bhy~ zmfrhyc{dft m{ dhzmfrhyc{dft {byr{h ym ylbd{ lmobfchi& ylbt udff yc`b udyl ylbo ylbd{ ~nlmmf/ceb R(^(/

km{h nldfi{bh ulm ebhb{cfft cf~m lczb ylb hcydmhcfdyt mj ylb wc{bhy~(

Ylb wr{wm~b mj yld~ chcft~d~ d~ hmy ym ~reeb~y ylcy ylb jd~ncf nm~y~ mj dffbecf ode{cydmh jm{ ylb ~ycyb~ nmrfi kb{birnbi mzb{hdely( [cylb{& dy d~ ym ~reeb~y ylb ocehdyrib mj ylb wmybhydcf jd~ncf ~czdhe~ ym ylb hcydmh~ yc|wctb{~

cy ylb ~ycyb fbzbf dj e{bcyb{ bhjm{nbobhy mj mr{ doode{cydmh fcu ~dehdjdnchyft {birnbi ylb dhjfr| mj dffbecf cfdbh~

chi ylb b|d~ydhe dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh uc~ {birnbi yl{mrel cyy{dydmh(

C3( @/3; Birncydmhcf B|wbhidyr{b~ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )97&


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mj Birncydmh(4; Ylb~b wb{ wrwdf nm~y~ c{b jm{ ;775 chi& ib~wdyb ylb nr{{bhy bnmhmodn {bnb~~dmh& c{b fd`bft ym

lczb dhn{bc~bi ~dhnb ylcy ydob( Kbyubbh ;772/7: ~nlmmf tbc{ chi ylb ;77:/75 ~nlmmf tbc{& ylb hcydmhcf czb{ceb

dhn{bc~b dh b|wbhidyr{b wb{ wrwdf uc~ 2(< wb{nbhy( Rhib{ nr{{bhy ibjdndy/jdelydhe krieby~ dh om~y ~ycyb~ chi fmncf

~nlmmf id~y{dny~& ub b~ydocyb ylcy ~dodfc{ft fc{eb dhn{bc~b~ c{b hmy fd`bft ym lczb mnnr{{bi( Ub nmh~b{zcydzbft

b~ydocyb ylcy czb{ceb wb{ wrwdf b|wbhidyr{b~ dh ylb ;774/37 ~nlmmf tbc{ c{b fd`bft cy fbc~y < wb{nbhy e{bcyb{ ylch

yl{bb tbc{~ bc{fdb{(

Kc~bi mh ch b~ydocyb mj ~fdelyft om{b ylch >(2 odffdmh nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ dh wrkfdn ~nlmmf~& ylb ymycf nm~y

mj @/3; birncydmh ym ~ycyb chi fmncf emzb{hobhy~ d~ ckmry )97(4 kdffdmh chhrcfft( Mr{ b~ydocyb d~ nmh~b{zcydzb

cf~m kbncr~b mr{ ~ycyb ~yridb~ lczb dibhydjdbi ylb jcny ylcy czb{ceb birncydmhcf b|wbhidyr{b~ ybhi ym kb ldelb{

dh oby{mwmfdych c{bc~& uldnl c{b om{b lbczdft dowcnybi kt dffbecf ode{cydmh(

C;( Bhefd~l c~ c ^bnmhi Fcherceb Dh~y{rnydmh ,B^F$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )

Uldfb ~mob jrhidhe jm{ ylb~b w{me{co~ nmob~ j{mo ylb jbib{cf Ydyfb DDD w{me{co& c~ hmybi ckmzb& om~y mj ylb

jrhidhe nmob~ j{mo ~ycyb chi-m{ fmncf krieby~( [bwm{ybi b|wbhidyr{b~ mh ylb~b w{me{co~ zc{t udibft&

cwwc{bhyft kbncr~b ylb{b d~ hm nmoomh ~t~ybo jm{ {bwm{ydhe chi nmffbnydhe ylb~b icyc( Jrhidhe j{mo ~ycyb

krieby~ zc{t hmy mhft dh comrhy~ kry cf~m dh ylb jm{orfc~ r~bi ym ocynl fmncf jrhidhe& udyl c jbu ~ycyb~ oc`dhe

hm cffmncydmh jm{ ylb~b w{me{co~ dh ylbd{ ~ycyb krieby~( Oc{tfchi chi Zd{edhdc icyc imnrobhy b|wbhidyr{b~ dh

b|nb~~ mj )5&777 chi ):&777 wb{ ~yribhy {b~wbnydzbft uldfb {bwm{ybi b|wbhidyr{b~ wb{ wrwdf c{b fb~~ ylch )3&777

dh fmncydmh~ ~rnl c~ Hbzcic chi Nmfm{cim(

C ;779 {bwm{y kt ylb ECM b~ydocybi ylcy ylb nm~y c~~mndcybi udyl Bhefd~l fcherceb dh~y{rnydmh jm{ fdodybi

Bhefd~l ~wbc`b{~ cii~ ~dehdjdnchyft ym ylb nm~y mj hm{ocf dh~y{rnydmh( Ylb ECM hmybi1

K{dhedhe BFF/bh{mffbi nldfi{bh rw ym ylb e{cib fbzbf mj ~cob ceb hmh/BFF/bh{mffbi nldfi{bh lc~ kbbh

b~ydocybi ym wmybhydcfft dhn{bc~b nm~y~ kt ch ciidydmhcf 37 ym 377 wb{nbhy mzb{ r~rcf wb{ wrwdf nm~y~0 jm{

~yribhy~ fdzdhe dh wmzb{yt ,dhibwbhibhy mj BFF w{me{co~$& ylb nm{{b~wmhidhe {cheb mj b~ydocyb~ d~ ;7 ym 377

wb{nbhy( K{dhedhe ~yribhy~ nlc{cnyb{dqbi kt kmyl wmzb{yt chi fdodybi Bhefd~l w{mjdndbhnt rw ym czb{ceb fbzbf~

97 ym ;77 wb{nbhy mzb{

czb{ceb wb{ wrwdf nm~y~(49

Ylcy ECM ~yrit cwwfdb~ c zb{t k{mci {cheb ym ylb nm~y mj Bhefd~l dh~y{rnydmh( Czb{ceb b~ydocybi nr{{bhy wb{

wrwdf b|wbhidyr{b~ jm{ @/3; wrkfdn ~nlmmf birncydmh c{b ckmry )3;&777& uldfb ylb obidch b|wbhidyr{b d~ ckmry

)33&377( Ylb fbzbf mj mryfct mh {berfc{ dh~y{rnydmh& ylb{bjm{b& umrfi {cheb j{mo )3&;77 ym )3;&777 m{ om{b(

C om{b {bnbhy {bwm{y kt ylb Nmhe{b~~dmhcf Krieby Mjjdnb hc{{mubi ylb b~ydocybi {cheb mj b|wbhidyr{b mh

~rwwfbobhycf birncydmh jm{ FBW ~yribhy~(

Chcft~b~ j{mo ~bzb{cf ~ycyb~ dhidncyb ylcy ylb nm~y~ mj birncydhe ~yribhy~ ulm idi hmy ~wbc` Bhefd~l jfrbhyft

ub{b ;7 wb{nbhy ym 97 wb{nbhy ldelb{ ylch ylb nm~y~ dhnr{{bi jm{ hcydzb/km{h ~yribhy~(42

Dh yld~ ~yrit ub lczb r~bi c nmh~b{zcydzb b~ydocyb mj mryfct~ jm{ FBW dh~y{rnydmh cy mhb/jmr{yl mj ylb czb{ceb

birncydmhcf wb{ wrwdf b|wbhidyr{b b|nbwy jm{ c jbu dh~ychnb~ ulb{b ldelb{ wb{ wrwdf ~ycyb b|wbhidyr{b~ ub{b

imnrobhybi( Yld~ c~~rowydmh w{mirnb~ ch b~ydocyb mj ~ycyb chi fmncf b|wbhidyr{b~ mh Bhefd~l ~rwwfbobhycf

dh~y{rnydmh mj hbc{ft ) kdffdmh chhrcfft( Dy ~lmrfi kb hmybi& lmubzb{& c~ udyl ylb nm~y~ mj ebhb{cf birncydmh&

ylb nm~y mj Bhefd~l dh~y{rnydmh ybhi~ ym kb ldelb{ dh oby{mwmfdych c{bc~ ylcy lczb fc{eb hrokb{~ mj dffbecf cfdbh~(

Yckfb < id~wfct~ ylb mryfct~ jm{ bcnl ~ycyb kc~bi mh ylb b~ydocybi @/3; bh{mffobhy mj nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~

chi ylb b~ydocybi hrokb{ mj ylm~b ~yribhy~ {bnbdzdhe ~rwwfbobhycf B^F dh~y{rnydmh chi ylb b~ydocybi mryfct

mh ylcy dh~y{rnydmh(

C~ oct kb ~bbh dh ylb yckfb& ymycf birncydmhcf mryfct~ cy ylb ~ycyb chi fmncf fbzbf jm{ birncydhe ylb nldfi{bh mj

dffbecf cfdbh~ c{b ckmry )94(; kdffdmh chhrcfft( Ylb B^F nm~y mj hbc{ft ) kdffdmh {bw{b~bhy~ ckmry 32(4 wb{nbhy

mj ylb mzb{cff nm~y hcydmhcfft(

C>( Wm~y/^bnmhic{t Yrdydmh ^rk~dit ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( );99&377&777

^mob nldfi{bh mj dffbecf cfdbh~ nmhydhrb ylbd{ birncydmh cy ylb wm~y/~bnmhic{t fbzbf( Dj ylbt c{b dffbecfft dh ylb

nmrhy{t ylbt c{b ~rwwm~bi ym kb w{bnfribi j{mo {bnbdzdhe c yc|wctb{/~rk~didqbi birncydmh kt c w{mzd~dmh dh ylb

Dffbecf Doode{cydmh [bjm{o chi Doode{chy [b~wmh~dkdfdyt Cny mj 344:( Ylcy w{mzd~dmh& lmubzb{& lc~ kbbh

nd{nrozbhybi dh ~bzb{cf ~ycyb~ kt ylb bhcnyobhy mj imhy c~`/imhy ybff wmfdndb~( Dh ciidydmh& dffbecf cfdbh

cizmncnt m{echdqcydmh~ ylcy lczb fmkkdbi jm{ dh/~ycyb yrdydmh k{bc`~ jm{ dffbecf cfdbh ~yribhy~ lczb cf~m fmkkdbi

jm{ ylb {bwbcf mj ylb 344: fcu chi jm{ ylb cimwydmh mj ylb I[BCO Cny dh dy~ wfcnb( Mhb mj ylb mkabnydzb~ mj

ylcy fbed~fcydzb w{mwm~cf d~ ym {bomzb cht kc{{db{~ ym ~wbhidhe yc| {bzbhrb~ dh ~rwwm{y mj wm~y/~bnmhic{t ~yridb~

kt dffbecf cfdbh~ c~ ubff c~ {bomzdhe cht kc{{db{~ ym w{mzdidhe ~nlmfc{~ldw ~rwwm{y ym ylm~b ~cob ~yribhy~(

Dh 344:& ylb Ode{cydmh Wmfdnt Dh~ydyryb ,OWD$ b~ydocybi bh{mffobhy mj dffbecf cfdbh ~yribhy~ dh wm~y/~bnmhic{t

birncydmh cy ckmry 27&777 udyl c fc{eb ocam{dyt bh{mffbi dh nmoorhdyt nmffbeb~(4: C~ ylb dffbecf cfdbh wmwrfcydmh

lc~ dhn{bc~bi ~dhnb 344:& ylb bh{mffobhy mj dffbecf cfdbh~ d~ cf~m fd`bft ym lczb dhn{bc~bi( Ub b~ydocyb ylb{b c{b



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The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immmigration on U.S. Taxpayers

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