The First Civilization v2

8/9/2019 The First Civilization v2

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THE FIRSTCIVILIZATION v2

by Jas Garcha

Copyrigh 2!"2 Jaspr## S$ Garcha$ This %or& 'ay b# ()p*ica#( a+( (isrib)#( ,or #()caio+a* a+( i+-

,or'aio+a* p)rpos#s o+*y$ A+y )+a)hori.#( (isrib)io+ ,or co''#rcia* p)rpos#s or 'o+#ary gai+ is i+ vi-o*aio+ o, h# copyrigh$Corr#spo+(#+c# #'ai* a((r#ss/h#,irscivi*i.aio+0g'ai*$co'

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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1ro*og)#

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Th#r# is a c#rai+ 'o(#* ha p#rva(#s vir)a**y #v#ry asp#c o, o)r *iv#s$ I a,,#cs h# %ay h)'a+sb#hav# a+( i+#rac %ih #ach oh#r5 (##r'i+#s %hich h)'a+s %#ar (ia'o+(s o+ h#ir ,i+g#rs a+( %hicho+#s (ig ,or (ia'o+(s i+ h# (ir5 a+( #v#+ p*ays a sro+g ha+( i+ (##r'i+i+g %ho *iv#s a+( %ho (i#s$ Th#'o(#* I sp#a& o, is h)'a+ soci#y$ O)r po*iica*5 #co+o'ic5 a+( socia* sys#'s co'bi+# o cr#a# a v#ry p#-c)*iar 'o(#* ,or o)r g*oba* soci#y$ I+ o)r c)rr#+ 'o(#*5 i:s possib*# ,or o+# co+i+#+ o ,ac# a+ ob#siy#pi(#'ic %hi*# a+oh#r co+i+#+ ,ac#s 'ass sarvaio+$ R#so)rc#s ha co)*( b# )s#( o i'prov# h)'a+*iv#s a+( a**#via# s),,#ri+g ar# i+s#a( )r+#( i+o %#apo+s %ih %hich o #+( h)'a+ *iv#s a+( #+co)rag#s),,#ri+g$ A high*y a(apab*# a+( i+#**ig#+ sp#ci#s5 capab*# o, 'as#ri+g co'p*#4 #ch+o*ogi#s a+( s)rviv-i+g i+ vir)a**y a+y #+viro+'#+5 has b#co'# is o%+ gr#a#s hr#a o s)rviva*$ O)r g*oba* soci#y s##'s ob# a ,a+asic 'o(#* ,or i+#,,ici#+cy5 +##(*#ss (#sr)cio+5 a+( h# co'p*## abs#+c# o, *ogic a+( r#aso+$I+ #pi+g %ih h# a(vic# o, ;r$ F)**#r5 h# p)rpos# o, his boo& is o (isp*ay o h# %or*( a +#% po#+ia*'o(#* ,or h)'a+ soci#y$ I+ his +#% 'o(#*5 %# a ,)** a(va+ag# o, o)r sci#+i,ic a+( #ch+ica* pro%#sso ,r## h)'a+s ,ro' ')+(a+# *abo)r as&s a+( cr#a# a+ ab)+(a+c# o, goo(s a+( s#rvic#s$ )ic& sci#+c# *#sso+$ This boo& b#gi+s %ih a+ i+ro()corychap#r o+ h)'a+ b#havio)r5 a+( h# %ay h# #+viro+'#+ i+ %hich %# *iv# a+( gro% has a pro,o)+( #,,#co+ o)r (#v#*op'#+$ I is o, criica* i'pora+c# ha %# )+(#rsa+( his co+c#p b#,or# (#*vi+g i+o h# (#-ai*s o, a+ R7E5 si+c# 'a+y o, h# i(#as %#:** #+co)+#r o+ o)r ?o)r+#y s##' co)+#r-i+)iiv# a+( co+raryo co''o+ #4p#ri#+c#$ Havi+g a+ )+(#rsa+(i+g o, h# *i+& b#%##+ o)r b#havio)r a+( h# #+viro+'#+ %i**h#r#,or# pr#v#+ a *o o, o, )++#c#ssary co+,)sio+$ O+# co)*( #asi*y %ri# a+ #+ir# boo& o+ his s)b?#c5 b),or o)r p)rpos#s5 I %i** si'p*y high*igh a ,#% #4a'p*#s a+( b#havio)rs ha ar# paric)*ar*y i'pora+ o a(-(r#ss$ O+c# %# ar# #>)ipp#( %ih his basic &+o%*#(g#5 %#:** h#a( i+o h# 'ai+ bo(y o, his boo&$ A hispoi+5 yo):** a*so )+(#rsa+( %hy I hav# chos#+ h# i*# Th# Firs Civi*i.aio+6$

S#cio+ O+# is a horo)gh5 i+-(#ph *oo& a a po#+ia* co+,ig)raio+ ,or a R#so)rc# 7as#( Eco+o'y$


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so*i( )+(#rsa+(i+g o, ho% his &i+( o, sys#' 'igh %or&$ Tha b#i+g sai(5 yo):** probab*y ,i+( yo)rs#*,%ih 'or# >)#sio+s ha+ a+s%#rs$

This is %h#r# S#cio+ T%o co'#s i+$ I+ his s#cio+5 %# %i** go ov#r >)#sio+s5 co+c#r+s5 ob?#cio+sa+( co'p*ai+s ha hav# b##+ bro)gh )p i+ r#spo+s# o h# R7E i(#a$ Sp#ci,ica**y5 %#:** go ov#r s)ch iss)#sas ho% o (#a* %ih )+*i'i#( h)'a+ %a+s5 ,#ars o, a N#% )#sio+s o co+#'p*a#$ L#:s b#gi+5 sha** %#B


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Tab*# o, Co+#+s

1ro*og)# 2

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S#cio+ O+#/ Ho% o ;a a Civi*i.aio+ ""

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S#cio+ Thr##/ This is h# T#s D

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I+ro()cio+

I+ o)r #+)r# o+ his p*a+#5 %# hav# acc)')*a#( (a+g#ro)s #vo*)io+ary baggag# - prop#+sii#s ,or ag-gr#ssio+ a+( ri)a*5 s)b'issio+ o *#a(#rs5 hosi*iy o o)si(#rs - a** o, %hich p)s o)r s)rviva* i+ so'#(o)b$ )ir#( co'passio+ ,or oh#rs5 *ov# ,or o)r chi*(r#+5 a (#sir# o *#ar+ ,ro' hisory a+(

#4p#ri#+c#5 a+( a gr#a5 soari+g5 passio+a# i+#**ig#+c# - h# c*#ar oo*s ,or o)r co+i+)#( s)rviva* a+(prosp#riy$6-Car* Saga+ 8"9

H)'a+ 7#havio)r a+( h# E+viro+'#+

I, %# %#r# o %a*& o) i+o h# %i*(#r+#ss a+( obs#rv# h# b#havio)r o, %i*( a+i'a*s5 %ha %o)*( %#s##B I+ a** *i*ihoo(5 %# %o)*( %i+#ss br)a* co'p#iio+ a+( i+#+s# vio*#+c#$ This is b#ca)s# a+i'a*s*iv# i+ a+ #+viro+'#+ o, scarciy$ Th#y ar# ,orc#( o co'p## a+( ,igh %ih #ach oh#r b#ca)s# h#r# ar#si'p*y +o #+o)gh r#so)rc#s ,or #v#ryo+#$ I+s#a(5 r#so)rc#s go o %hich#v#r orga+is's ar# h# 'os %#**a(ap#( o obai+i+g h#'$ This is h# basis ,or #vo*)io+ by +a)ra* s#*#cio+5 as ,irs pos)*a#( by Char*#sar%i+ 829$ This is a*so h# r#aso+ ha *i,# i+ h# %i*( is so harsh@ )+*#ss a+ orga+is' is %i**i+g o ,igh ,oris *i,#5 i %i** probab*y #+( )p *osi+g i$

Giv#+ his r#a*iy5 i:s +o s)rprisi+g ha so 'a+y p#op*# b#*i#v# ha h#s# sa'# rais (#,i+# h)'a+b#havio)r$ )# orga+is' ha yo) ar#5 %h#r#as a g#+oyp# r#,#rs sp#ci,ica**y oyo)r )+i>)# s# o, NA$ Obvio)s*y5 h#r# is so'# *i+& b#%##+ h# %o #r's$ Tha *i+& is h# hir( a+( ,i+a*#r' i+ o)r #>)aio+$

E+viro+'#+/ This is5 o p) i b*)+*y5 #v#ryhi+g ha is +o yo)5 b) %hich 'igh hav# a+ #,,#c o+yo)$ This i+c*)(#s h# yp# o, c*i'a# yo) *iv# i+5 h# ,oo( yo) #a5 h# ?ob yo) (o5 h# p#op*# yo) sp#+(i'# %ih5 h# #*#visio+ sho%s yo) %ach5 h# a'o)+ o, s)+*igh yo) g#5 yo)r physica* aciviy *#v#*s a+(so o+$ 7) ho% (o#s h# #+viro+'#+ r#*a# o h# ,irs %o #r'sB )aio+$ 3o)r bo(y co+sa+*ys#+s#s h# i+,or'aio+ co'i+g i+ ,ro' h# #+viro+'#+$ This5 i+ )r+5 ca)s#s cha+g#s %ihi+ h# c#**s ha'a )p yo)r bo(y$ Th#s# cha+g#s ac)a**y sig+a* c#rai+ g#+#s o )r+ o+5 a+( oh#r g#+#s o )r+ o,,$ Thisis %hy g#+oyp# a+( ph#+oyp# ar# +o i(#+ica*@ ?)s b#ca)s# yo) hav# h# g#+#s ,or a c#rai+ rai5 h#r# is+o g)ara+## ha rai %i** 'a+i,#s is#*, i, h# #+viro+'#+ (o#s +o #+co)rag# i o (o so$ 89

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A+oh#r %ay o hi+& abo) i is o i'agi+# ha yo)r NA is *i a '#+) a a r#sa)ra+$ Each i#'o+ h# '#+) is *i o+# o, yo)r g#+#s5 a+( h# #+viro+'#+ is *i a p#rso+ choosi+g h#ir '#a*@ (#p#+(i+go+ %ha is pr#,#rr#(5 so'# i#'s %i** b# or(#r#(5 a+( oh#rs %i** +o$ Th# '#a* ha is cr#a#( i+ h# #+( is*i yo)r ph#+oyp#$ Th# i'pora+ hi+g o r#'#'b#r is his/ 3o)r g#+#s a*o+# (o +o (#,i+# %ho yo) ar# orho% yo) %i** )r+ o)$ O)r g#+#s i+#rac %ih h# #+viro+'#+ i+ or(#r o (##r'i+# o)r ph#+oyp#$ This'#a+s ha a** o, h# hi+gs I *is#( abov# - %h#r# yo) *iv#5 h# p#op*# yo) ar# s)rro)+(#( by5 h# >)a*iy o,yo)r (i#5 his boo& ha yo) ar# r#a(i+g - hav# h# v#ry r#a* abi*iy o a,,#c h# #4pr#ssio+ o, yo)r g#+#s

8%hich o+#s %i** b# )r+#( o+5 a+( %hich %i** b# )r+#( o,,95 a+( h#y ar# (oi+g so righ +o%$ This r#*aio+-ship b#%##+ g#+#s a+( h# #+viro+'#+ has b##+ giv#+ h# #4raor(i+ari*y cr#aiv# i*# o, :G#+#-E+viro+-'#+ I+#racio+s: 8abbr#via#( as G4E9$ 7) ho% (o#s G4E r#*a# o h)'a+ b#havio)rB

Th# g#+#s i+vo*v#( i+ o)r b#havio)r ar# ')ch *i a+y oh#r g#+#s@ (#p#+(i+g o+ h# #+viro+'#+pr#s#+5 c#rai+ g#+#s %i** b# #4pr#ss#( %hi*# oh#rs %i** +o5 %hich ca+ ca)s# +oab*# cha+g#s i+ a+ i+(i-vi()a*:s b#havio)r$ For #4a'p*#5 a s)(y #4a'i+i+g a sp#ci,ic g#+# i+vo*v#( i+ aggr#ssio+ a+( vio*#+ b#ha-vio)r sho%#( ha a c#rai+ #+viro+'#+a* rigg#r %as r#>)ir#( ,or his g#+# o hav# a+y +oic#ab*# #,,#c o+b#havio)ra* ph#+oyp#$ I+(ivi()a*s %ho i+h#ri#( his g#+# (i( +o (isp*ay a+y 'or# vio*#+ or aggr#ssiv#b#havio)r ha+ h# g#+#ra* pop)*aio+ )+(#r +or'a* circ)'sa+c#s$ Ho%#v#r5 hos# %ho %#r# s)b?#c#( oab)s# as chi*(r#+ %#r# sig+i,ica+*y 'or# *i*y o b# aggr#ssiv# a+( (isp*ay vio*#+ b#havio)r5 r#gar(*#ss o,%h#h#r or +o h#y i+h#ri#( his g#+#$ I+ ha cas#5 hos# %ho (i( hav# h# g#+# sho%#( h# high#s *#v#*s

o, vio*#+c# a+( aggr#ssio+$ 89So %ha (o %# *#ar+ ,ro' h# abov# cas#B As i )r+s o)5 h# i(#a ha h)'a+s ar# :+a)ra**y: vio*#+a+( aggr#ssiv# co)*( b# co+si(#r#( r)#5 i+ ha %# ar# a** bor+ %ih h# capaciy ,or vio*#+c#$ Ho%#v#r5 hiscapaciy (o#s +o si'p*y 'a+i,#s is#*, ,or +o r#aso+5 r#gar(*#ss o, a+ i+(ivi()a*:s g#+#ic 'a)p$ I+s#a(5vio*#+ b#havio)r s##'s o b# a r#spo+s# o a vio*#+ #+viro+'#+$ Th# i+(ivi()a*s %ho poss#ss his sp#ci,icg#+# ca+ b# ho)gh o, as b#i+g paric)*ar*y %#** a(ap#( o a vio*#+ #+viro+'#+5 b) his c*#ar*y (o#s +or#s)* i+ vio*#+c# )+*#ss h#r# is a s),,ici#+*y ra)'ai.i+g #+viro+'#+a* rigg#r 8i+ his cas#5 chi*( ab)s#9$Th#r#,or#5 i is r#aso+ab*# o ass)'# ha i, o+# %#r# o #4is i+ a+ #+viro+'#+ ha %as co'p*##*y +o+-vi-o*#+5 %h#r# ra)'ai.i+g #4p#ri#+c#s *i chi*( ab)s# (i( +o occ)r5 %# sho)*( s## *i*# 8i, +o .#ro9 vio*#+b#havio)r o, a+y &i+(5 r#gar(*#ss o, %ha a paric)*ar h)'a+ is g#+#ica**y :progra''#(: ,or$ =+,or)+a#*y5h# #,,#cs o, a ra)'ai.i+g #+viro+'#+ (o+: #+( %ih vio*#+c# a+( aggr#ssio+$

A+oh#r s)(y by his gro)p i+vo*v#( a g#+# associa#( %ih (#pr#ssio+5 a+( yi#*(#( si'i*ar r#s)*s$1oss#ssio+ o, h# g#+# a*o+# ha( *i*# #,,#c o+ a+ i+(ivi()a*:s s)sc#pibi*iy o (#pr#ssio+$ Ho%#v#r5 hos#p#op*# %ho ha( #4p#ri#+c#( a s),,ici#+ +)'b#r o, v#ry sr#ss,)* *i,# #v#+s %#r# ')ch 'or# *i*y o #4-p#ri#+c# (#pr#ssio+ or o hav# s)ici(a* ho)ghs5 %ih a gr#a#r +)'b#r o, sr#ss,)* #v#+s corr#*ai+g %ihgr#a#r *i*ihoo( o, (#pr#ssio+$ O+c# agai+5 his #,,#c occ)rr#( r#gar(*#ss o, o+#:s g#+oyp#5 b) hos# pos-s#ssi+g h# g#+# ha( a high#r cha+c# o, ,a**i+g pr#y o h# #+viro+'#+a* i+,*)#+c# ha+ hos# %ho (i( +o5sho%i+g h# gr#a#s probabi*iy o, #4p#ri#+ci+g (#pr#ssio+ a+( ho)ghs o, s)ici(# as a r#s)* o, sr#ss,)**i,# #4p#ri#+c#s$ 8D9

;y poi+ i+ bri+gi+g )p h#s# #4a'p*#s is ha %# sho)*( +o b# so #ag#r o b*a'# i+(ivi()a*s or :h)-'a+ +a)r#: ,or h# vari#y o, vio*#+ b#havio)rs a+( '#+a* i**+#ss#s 8s)ch as (#pr#ssio+9 %hich ar# so pr#-va*#+ i+ o)r soci#y$ =+*#ss %# ar# %i**i+g o c*os#*y #4a'i+# h# #+viro+'#+a* co+(iio+s i+ %hich h#s#

yp#s o, b#havio)rs (#v#*op5 %# ca++o ho+#s*y say ha %# )+(#rsa+( h#'$ O, co)rs#5 yo) 'igh hi+&ha I a' si'p*y abso*vi+g i+(ivi()a*s o, h#ir r#spo+sibi*iy5 a+( a#'pi+g o :b*a'# soci#y: ,or h#choic#s p#op*# 'a$ A,#r a**5 ar#+: h# choic#s ha %# 'a as i+(ivi()a*s i'pora+B O, co)rs# h#y ar#5paric)*ar*y as o)r choic#s ar# i+cr#(ib*y #,,#civ# a shapi+g o)r #+viro+'#+s$ Ho%#v#r5 %# +##( o #pi+ 'i+( ha o)r choic#s ar# )*i'a#*y a pro()c o, - a+( o,#+5 *i'i#( by - ha v#ry sa'# #+viro+'#+$For #4a'p*#5 i, a ,a'i*y *iv#s i+ a+ i'pov#rish#( vi**ag# i+ a (#v#*opi+g co)+ry5 %h#r# h#y ar# si'p*y )+-ab*# o g#+#ra# #+o)gh i+co'# o provi(# basic +#c#ssii#s ,or h#'s#*v#s5 %ha opio+s ar# avai*ab*# oh#'B Ess#+ia**y5 h#ir choic#s ar# *i'i#( o sarvaio+ a+( s)bs#>)#+ (#ah5 or s#a*i+g ,oo( ,ro'so'#o+# #*s#$ Sho)*( %# b# s)rpris#( o s## s)ch high cri'# ra#s i+ ar#as a,,*ic#( %ih pov#ry a+( )+#'-


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p*oy'#+ 89B A*'os c#rai+*y +o$ L#:s app*y his sa'# *ogic o (#v#*op#( co)+ri#s/ Ho% ca+ chi*(r#+avoi( a *i,# o, vio*#+c# a+( cri'# %h#+ h#y ar# co+sa+*y #4pos#( o ga+g vio*#+c#B Ho% ca+ %# #4p#ci'pov#rish#( yo)h o avoi( cri'i+a* aciviy5 %h#+ h#s# chi*(r#+ gro% )p s##i+g a** o, h# %#a*h a+( a,-,*)#+c# i+ h# ha+(s o, cri'i+a*s5 %hi*# h#ir *a%-abi(i+g par#+s sr)gg*# o provi(# h#' %ih #v#+ h# ba-sic +#c#ssii#s o, *i,#B O+c# agai+5 h#r# ar# a vari#y o, choic#s ha co)*( po#+ia**y b# 'a(#5 b) hos#choic#s i+vo*vi+g vio*#+c# a+( cri'# s##' o b# h# 'os high*y r#%ar(#($ Th#r#,or#5 i, %# p*a+ o+ cr#ai+ga soci#y ,r## o, vio*#+c# a+( cri'#5 i %o)*( b# o, h# )'os i'pora+c# o #+s)r# ha %# cr#a# a sys#'

i+ %hich vio*#+c# a+( cri'# ar# +o aciv#*y r#%ar(#( b#havio)rs5 as h#y ar# o(ay$)ir# a((r#ssi+g$ 1#rhaps o+# o, h# 'os i'pora+ o, h#s# is*a.i+#ss$


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coop#raiv# b#havio)rs co'# ,ro'B A,#r a**5 a+ ac o, a*r)is' '#a+s ha a+ orga+is' vo*)+ari*y r#()c#sis o%+ ,i+#ss %hi*# si')*a+#o)s*y i'provi+g h# s)rvivabi*iy o, a po#+ia* co'p#ior$ i( %#5 i+ ,ac5#vo*v# o b# coop#raiv#B Is coop#raio+ a c)*)ra* co+sr)cB As yo) 'igh #4p#c5 h# r#a* a+s%#r is a *i*#bi o, boh$

Th#r# ar# s#v#ra* h#ori#s ha a#'p o #4p*ai+ ho% coop#raiv# b#havio)rs 'igh hav# #vo*v#( i+Earh:s a+i'a*s$ Th# h#ory o, r#ciproca* a*r)is' s)gg#ss ha a+ orga+is' %i** go o) o, is %ay o ai( a+-oh#r '#'b#r o, is gro)p5 #v#+ i, his ac 'igh co'pro'is# h# s)rvivabi*iy o, h# h#*p,)* orga+is'$ This

is (o+# %ih h# #4p#caio+ ha h# ,avo)r %i** #v#+)a**y b# r#)r+#(5 h)s boh orga+is's %i** #v#+)a**yb#+#,i ,ro' h# r#*aio+ship 8"9$ Th# h#ory o, &i+ s#*#cio+ sa#s ha %# hav# #vo*v#( a (riv# o giv#h#*p o o)r (ir#c a+( #4#+(#( ,a'i*i#s@ hos# orga+is's %hos# g#+#s ar# h# 'os si'i*ar o o)rs$ This is(o+# i+ or(#r o #+s)r# ha o)r g#+#ra* s# o, g#+#s is pass#( o+5 #v#+ i, i is a ,a'i*y '#'b#r %ho ac)a**ys)rviv#s o (o h# passi+g5 rah#r ha+ )s 8"9$ Ha+(icap h#ory s)gg#ss ha a*r)is' a+( coop#raio+ ar#?)s 'or# a((iio+s o h# *o+g *is o, b#havio)rs (#v#*op#( i+ or(#r o 'a )s app#ar 'or# araciv# o h#opposi# s#4$ I+ h# sa'# %ay ha a h#a*hy 'a*# p#acoc& is ab*# o s>)a+(#r va*)ab*# +)ri#+s o+ is #*ab-ora# ai*5 h)s (isp*ayi+g ho% :%#a*hy: h# p#acoc& is i+ +)ri#+s5 so oo 'igh a h)'a+ go o) o, is %ay oassis so'#o+#5 si'p*y o sho% ha i is s)cc#ss,)* #+o)gh o (o so$ Ess#+ia**y5 a+ orga+is' %i** :ha+(icap:is#*, i+ so'# %ay i+ or(#r o sho% ho% s#4)a**y (#sirab*# i is 8"D9$

I:s *i*y ha h# #vo*)io+ o, coop#raio+ %as ()# o a co'bi+aio+ o, h#s# '#cha+is's$ Each h#-

ory has so'# #vi(#+c# i+ is ,avo)r5 b) +o+# o, h#' a*o+# ar# s),,ici#+ o co'p*##*y #4p*ai+ h# #4r#'#co**aboraiv# b#havio)rs ,o)+( i+ h)'a+ soci#y$ I:s 'or# *i*y ha h# yp#s o, co**aboraio+s s##+ i+ o)rsp#ci#s ar# ()# +o o+*y o a+ #vo*)io+ary (riv# o coop#ra#5 b) a*so ,ro' c)*)ra* +##($ For h# vas5 vas'a?oriy o, h)'a+ hisory5 %# (i( +o hav# h# co'p*#45 co'p#iio+-bas#( soci#i#s %# s## o(ay$ I+s#a(5h)'a+s %#r# orga+i.#( i+o s'a** h)+#r-gah#r#r rib#s %hich s)rviv#( by 'ovi+g ,ro' p*ac# o p*ac#5 ,or-agi+g ,or ,oo( a+( occasio+a**y h)+i+g$ I+ s)ch a+ orga+i.aio+a* sr)c)r#5 i %o)*( b# criica* ,or h#'#'b#rs o, a gro)p o b# ab*# o coop#ra# %ih #ach oh#r i+ or(#r o #+s)r# h# s)rviva* o, h# rib#$ Co-op#raio+ %ihi+ h# rib# %o)*( a*so hav# b##+ +#c#ssary o (#,#+( agai+s occasio+a* i+#r-gro)p vio*#+c#5%h#r# a rib# 'igh b# ,orc#( i+o (ir#c 8a+( b*oo(y9 co'p#iio+ %ih oh#r rib#s$ As %# 'igh #4p#c5h#r# is #vi(#+c# o s)gg#s ha p#rio(s o, i+#r-riba* vio*#+c# %#r# high#s ()ri+g i'#s %h#+ r#so)rc#s%#r# scarc#5 h)s i+cr#asi+g*y ,orci+g rib#s o co'p## %ih #ach oh#r$ I+ s)ch si)aio+s5 coop#raio+ %ih-

i+ h# gro)p %o)*( hav# b##+ via* o #+s)r# h# s)rviva* o, boh h# i+(ivi()a* orga+is'5 a+( h# gro)p as a%ho*#$ Thos# gro)ps %ho *ac( h# abi*iy o coop#ra# a'o+gs h#'s#*v#s %o)*( hav# b##+ ')ch *#ss*i*y o s)rviv#$ 8"9

)a*iy5 as %#** as i+spiri+g gr#a#r i++ovaio+ a+( cr#aiviy 8"52!52"9$ A*#r+aiv#*y5 co'p#iiv# oppo+-#+s hav# a #+(#+cy o %as# a *arg# a'o)+ o, po#+ia* progr#ss o+ a#'pi+g o h%ar #ach oh#r5 %ih*#ss progr#ss b#i+g 'a(# o+ #ih#r si(# ha+ i, h#y ha( coop#ra#( 8229$ Th#r# is5 ho%#v#r5 o+# asp#c i+

K


9/74

%hich co'p#iio+ #+(s o o)shi+# coop#raio+5 a+( ha is sp##($ )ir#( o avoi( :,ai*)r#: 82K9$I+ s)''ary5 a co'p#iiv# #+viro+'#+ %i** #+co)rag# co'p#iiv# b#havio)r5 %hich r#s)*s i+ *o%#r

pro()civiy5 high#r sr#ss5 a+( a #+(#+cy o #4#r h# *#as a'o)+ o, #,,or possib*# o avoi( :*osi+g: or :,ai*-i+g:$ A+( +o%5 %# co'# ,)** circ*# o h# ,irs poi+ I '#+io+#($ I+ +a)r#5 co'p#iio+ is #v#ry%h#r#$ A+i'-a*s ')s co+sa+*y co'p## %ih #ach oh#r ,or scarc# r#so)rc#s a+( 'a#s$ I+ 'o(#r+ soci#y5 his hasc*#ar*y +o cha+g#($ H)'a+s ')s co+sa+*y co'p## %ih #ach oh#r ,or scarc# 'o+#y a+( socia* sa)s$#spi# app#ari+g s)p#r,icia**y (i,,#r#+5 o(ay:s soci#y is vir)a**y i(#+ica* i+ pri+cip*# o h# a+i'a*%or*($ O)r socio#co+o'ic sys#' #')*a#s h# harsh scarciy o, +a)r#5 %hich ,orc#s )s o #4pr#ss pri'iiv#b#havio)rs s)ch as co'p#iiv#+#ss a+( vio*#+c# i+ or(#r o s)rviv#5 #4ac*y as i %o)*( i, %# %#r# si** *iv-i+g i+ h# %i*($ I+ %ha s#+s#5 h#+5 hav# %# ac)a**y cr#a#( a r#a* civi*i.aio+B


10/74

+##(s o, #v#ry h)'a+ ar# '#5 a+( a** p#op*# ar# ab*# o *iv# i+ ,r##(o' a+( #4#rcis# h#ir cr#aiviy$


11/74

S#cio+ O+#/ Ho% o ;a a Civi*i.aio+

)# Fr#sco$ Th# basic i(#a o, a+ R7E is i+ h# +a'#@ %h#r#as o(ay:s #co+o'ic sys#'s ar#bas#( o+ h# 'a+ag#'#+ o, ,a+cy pi#c#s o, pap#r %ih (#a( p#op*#s: ,ac#s o+ h#' 8a*so &+o%+ as:'o+#y:95 a+ R7E is bas#( o+ h# 'a+ag#'#+ o, h# p*a+#:s r#so)rc#s 8a*so &+o%+ as :h# s),, %# +##( oavoi( (yi+g:9 %ih as ')ch #,,ici#+cy as possib*#$ This sys#' a*so (i,,#rs ,ro' o(ay:s #co+o'ic sys#'s i+is ov#ra** goa*$


12/74

co+si(#r his 'o(#* o b# a prooyp#@ %h#+ h# r#a* hi+g is i'p*#'#+#(5 i %i** *i*y b# a ,ar s)p#rior sys-#' o %ha I hav# o)*i+#( h#r#$

E+#rgy

No 'a#r ho% %#** (#sig+#( a soci#y is5 i:s +o v#ry *i*y o ,)+cio+ %iho) so'# '#ho( o,g#+#rai+g #+#rgy$ C)rr#+*y5 o)r pri'ary '#ho( o, #+#rgy g#+#raio+ is o (ig (#co'pos#( p*a+s a+( a+-

i'a*s o) o, h# gro)+(5 a+( h#+ b)r+ h#'$ A*ho)gh his '#ho( is ,air*y pri'iiv#5 i +o+#h#*#ss g#+#r-a#s a s)rprisi+g*y high a'o)+ o, #+#rgy5 a*o+g %ih a high a'o)+ o, #+viro+'#+a* (#sr)cio+ a+( p#r-so+a* h#a*h (##rioraio+ 89$ #spi# h#s# (ra%bac&s5 o)r g*oba* #co+o'ic sys#' r#*i#s so h#avi*y o+ h#)s# o, ,ossi* ,)#*s ha %# ')s co+sis#+*y hro% s)sai+ab*# a*#r+aiv#s o h# si(# i+ or(#r o 'ai+ai+#'p*oy'#+ *#v#*s a+( #co+o'ic gro%h$ Si+c# h#r# is +o r#aso+ o %orry abo) #'p*oy'#+ or #co+o'icgro%h i+ a+ R7E5 h#r# is +o r#aso+ o c*i+g o h#s# )+s)sai+ab*# a+( bio*ogica**y har',)* #+#rgy so)rc#s$I+s#a(5 %# ca+ )r+ o h# 'yria( o, i+cr#(ib*y po%#r,)* s)sai+ab*# #+#rgy so)rc#s ha ca)s# *i*# or +o#+viro+'#+a* (#sr)cio+$

Th#r# is a h)g# +)'b#r o, s)ch #+#rgy so)rc#s ha co)*( po#+ia**y b# )s#(5 a+( I:** high*igh a ,#%o, h#' h#r#$ A(va+ci+g #ch+o*ogi#s ar# co+i+)a**y 'a&i+g boh %i+( po%#r a+( so*ar po%#r 'or# #,,i-ci#+5 %ih o+# s)(y proposi+g ha %i+( po%#r is >)ic&*y b#co'i+g co'p#iiv# %ih ,ossi* ,)#*s5 #v#+ i+ a

'o+#ary #co+o'ic sys#' 85D9$ Logica**y sp#a&i+g5 I hi+& i 'as s#+s# ha i, o+# %#r# o *iv# o+ ap*a+# ha is circ*i+g a giga+ic ba** o, +)c*#ar r#acio+s %hich is co+sa+*y ,iri+g ,r## #+#rgy i+ a** (ir#c-io+s5 o+# 'igh %a+ o a a(va+ag# o, his so)rc#$ For)+a#*y ,or )s5 %# happ#+ o *iv# o+ s)ch a p*a+-#5 %h#r# %# ca+ har+#ss h# po%#r o, o)r s)+ (ir#c*y )si+g so*ar pa+#*s5 or i+(ir#c*y )si+g h# %i+(5 %hichis (riv#+ by h# s)+:s h#a$ #spi# h#s# co+v#+i#+ so)rc#s5 %o)*(+: i b# #v#+ b##r i, h#r# %as a s)b-sa+ia* so)rc# o, h#a #+#rgy sii+g righ )+(#r o)r ,##B As i )r+s o)5 h#r# is$ G#oh#r'a* #+#rgy aps(ir#c*y i+o h# #4r#'# h#a ha p#r'#a#s 'os o, h# i+#rior o, o)r p*a+#5 provi(i+g a pracica**y )+*i'-i#( so)rc# o, #+#rgy 89$


13/74

+o r#aso+ %# co)*( +o po%#r o)r #+ir# g*oba* soci#y )si+g c*#a+5 s)sai+ab*# #+#rgy so)rc#s5 oh#r ha+h# ,ac ha i is c)rr#+*y +o as :pro,iab*#: as )si+g ,ossi* ,)#*s$

=s# a+( ;a+ag#'#+ o, R#so)rc#s

I:s a** %#** a+( goo( o p)'p o) a *o o, #+#rgy5 b) i (o#s+: ac)a**y b#+#,i )s )+*#ss %# ar# ab*#o provi(# ,or h# +##(s o, o)r sp#ci#s$ A** his sars %ih h# p*a+#:s r#so)rc#s$ As i says i+ h# +a'#5 a

R#so)rc# 7as#( Eco+o'y is a** abo) 'a+agi+g h# p*a+#:s r#so)rc#s i+ h# 'os #,,ici#+ a+( r#spo+sib*#%ay possib*#$ This is o #+s)r# ha h#r# %i** a*%ays b# #+o)gh r#so)rc#s ,or #v#ry h)'a+ o +o o+*y s)r-viv#5 b) hriv#$ So5 +o o+*y (o %# hav# o b# r#spo+sib*# %ih o)r r#so)rc# )s#5 b) %# sho)*( a*so 'as)r# ha h# #+ir# proc#ss is as a)o'a#( as possib*#$


14/74

'ois)r# ha is *oc( i+ h# air 8"9$ ##p i+ 'i+( ha %h#+ %a#r #vapora#s ,ro' o)r sa*y oc#a+s5 h#sa* (o#s+: go %ih i@ h# 'ois)r# ha is pr#s#+ i+ o)r a'osph#r# is ac)a**y ab*# o provi(# )s %ih a )+i-v#rsa* so)rc# o, c*#a+ %a#r$ I is *i#ra**y ,*oai+g aro)+( i+ ,ro+ o, o)r ,ac#s$

So5 %# +o% hav# h# po#+ia* o #ra(ica# h)+g#r a+( #+s)r# ha +o h)'a+ %i** #v#r +##( o (ri+&co+a'i+a#( %a#r agai+$ No a ba( sar$ Ho%#v#r5 h#r# ar# r#so)rc#s oh#r ha+ ,oo( ha %# +##( o co+-si(#r5 'os o, %hich r#>)ir# #4racio+ (ir#c*y ,ro' h# #+viro+'#+$ 7#,or# %# ca+ b#gi+ #4raci+g r#-so)rc#s5 %# ')s ,irs hav# a sys#' i+ p*ac# o #p rac& o, ho% ')ch o, #ach r#so)rc# %# hav#5 %h#r#

h#y ar# *oca#(5 a+( h#ir ra#s o, cha+g#$ Th# i+iia* s)rv#ys %o)*( *i*y +##( o b# (o+# by h)'a+s5 ?)sas h#y ar# +o%$ Ho%#v#r5 o+c# h# ,irs s# o, (aa is i+5 h# r#s o, h# proc#ss co)*( b# a)o'a#($For #4a'p*#5 *#:s say %# %a+ o #p rac& o, h# +)'b#r o, r##s i+ a ,or#s$ Firs5 %# %o)*( s#+( a s)rv#y#a' i+o h# ar#a o 'a a+ #si'a# o, h# +)'b#r o, r##s i+ h# ,or#s5 by havi+g h# #a' co)+ h#+)'b#r o, r##s i+ a &+o%+ ar#a a+( ')*ip*yi+g ha by h# oa* ar#a o, h# ,or#s 8a proc#ss ca**#(sa'p*i+g9$ This +)'b#r %o)*( h#+ b# r#cor(#( i+o a R#so)rc# ;a+ag#'#+ aabas#$ Rah#r ha+ havi+ga** o, h# (aa *oc( )p i+ o+# co'p)#r5 i %o)*( b# (isrib)#( a'o+gs a %or*(%i(# +#%or& 8')ch *ih# I+#r+#95 i+ or(#r o #+s)r# ha o+# co'p)#r:s ,ai*)r# %o)*( +o bri+g h# %ho*# sys#' (o%+$ O+c# h#i+iia* s)rv#ys ar# co'p*##5 %# %o)*( s# )p a sys#' o, ca'#ras or a)o'aic s#+sors ha %o)*( b# ab*# oco)+ h# +)'b#r o, r##s c)rr#+*y pr#s#+ i+ h# sa'p*#( ar#a5 a+( co+sa+*y co'par# his +)'b#r o h#o+# i+iia**y *ogg#( i+o h# sys#'$ This %o)*( a**o% )s o +o o+*y #p rac& o, ho% 'a+y r##s ar#

pr#s#+5 b) a*so h#ir ra# o, )s# a+( r#+#%a* ov#r *o+g p#rio(s o, i'#$ This sa'# *ogic %o)*( +##( o b#app*i#( o 'a?or r#so)rc# (#posis o, a** &i+(s5 a** aro)+( h# %or*($ I is criica* ha %# #p rac& o, hi+gs*i ,r#sh %a#r s)pp*i#s5 a+i'a* pop)*aio+s5 a+( rar# '#a* (#posis$ 7y havi+g a** o, h# i+,or'aio+ i+#g-ra#( i+o a %or*(%i(# :I+#r+#-*i: (aabas#5 h# i+,or'aio+ %o)*( a*%ays b# avai*ab*# o a+yo+# aro)+(h# %or*($ A*ho)gh his rac&i+g '#ho( is *#ss ha+ p#r,#c5 a(va+ci+g #ch+o*ogy co)*( 'a h# #+ir#proc#ss 'or# acc)ra# a+( a)o'a#( ov#r i'#$

O&ay5 +o% %# &+o% ho% ')ch %# hav# o, a** h# 'a?or r#so)rc#s5 a+( %h#r# h#y ar# *oca#($ N#45%# +##( o b# ab*# o #4rac a+( r#,i+# h#s# r#so)rc#s so ha %# ca+ ac)a**y )s# h#'$ For)+a#*y ,or )s5a)o+o'o)s r#so)rc# #4racio+ sys#'s ar# a*r#a(y i+ #4is#+c#$ Ta ,or #4a'p*#5 h# proc#ss o, 'i+i+g$S)r,ac# ra(ar sys#'s ar# ab*# o a)o'aica**y 'ap a+ )+(#rgro)+( ar#a a+( provi(# r#a*-i'# (aa o a+op#raor 8"D9$ I+ a+ R7E5 h# :op#raor: %o)*( si'p*y b# a co'p)#r ha r#c#iv#s i+p) (aa ,ro' h# R#-

so)rc# ;a+ag#'#+ aabas# a+( h# G*oba* #'a+( aabas# 8'or# o+ ha soo+9$ O+c# h# ar#a is'app#(5 a)o+o'o)s #4cavai+g sys#'s ar# ab*# o +aviga# h# roc& ,ac#s a+( (##r'i+# pr#cis#*y ho% o#4rac h# (#sir#( 'i+#ra* 8"9$ Th# 'ov#'#+ o, 'i+#ra*s across h# si# co)*( b# acco'p*ish#( by )si+ga)o'a#( ha)*i+g r)c&s 8"9$ O+c# h# 'i+#ra*s ar# #4rac#( a+( ra+spor#(5 h#y ')s b# r#,i+#( i+o a)s#ab*# ,or'$ O+c# agai+5 ,or)+# s'i*#s )po+ )s as a)o'ai+g h# 'i+#ra* r#,i+i+g proc#ss is co'p*##*y,#asib*# o(ay 8"K9$ O+c# h# r#,i+i+g proc#ss is co'p*##5 %# %o)*( b# r#a(y o 'ov# i+o 'a+),ac)ri+ga+( (isrib)io+$

;a+),ac)ri+g o, Goo(s

H#r#:s %h#r# hi+gs sar o g# r#a**y i+#r#si+g$ Th# pri'ary goa* o, a+ R7E is o provi(# a** h#

+#c#ssary goo(s a+( s#rvic#s a p#rso+ +##(s o hav# a happy5 h#a*hy5 pro()civ# *i,#$ 7) ho% %o)*( ha b#possib*#B I+ a %or(/ a)o'aio+$ A)o'aio+ is h# proc#ss o, r#p*aci+g h)'a+ *abo)r %ih 'achi+#s hap#r,or' h# sa'# as&$ L#:s s## ho% a)o'aio+ %o)*( b# app*i#( o 'a h# #+ir# *abo)r-bas#( 'a+),ac-)ri+g proc#ss o, o(ay obso*##$


15/74

r#a*5 physica* ob?#c is cr#a#( ,ro' a co'p)#r 'o(#*$ )as a+(,*oo(s$ =si+g a((iiv# 'a+),ac)ri+g5 a** i as o b)i*( vir)a**y a+y ob?#c ,ro' scrach is a co'p)#r'o(#* a+( so'# i'agi+aio+$ 82"522529

Th# ,ac ha 'os co+s)'#r - pri+i+g %o)*( b# (o+# )si+g h#r'op*asics %o)*( a*so r#s)* i+ a+)+pr#c#(#+#( *#v#* o, #,,ici#+cy$ Si+c# h#r'op*asics ar# 'a(# ,ro' p*a+ 'a#ria*5 %# %o)*( +o *o+g#rr#>)ir# ,ossi* ,)#*s o 'a p*asics$ I+s#a(5 %# %o)*( *i#ra**y b# ab*# o :gro%: o)r p*asics i+ h# a,or#-'#+io+#( v#rica* ,ar's@ so'# o, h# pro()c# b#i+g gro%+ %o)*( b# #ar'ar( ,or h# 'a&i+g o, h#r'o-p*asics$ A+(5 si+c# h#s# p*asics ar# bio(#gra(ab*#5 +o p*asic ob?#c %o)*( #v#r +##( o b# hro%+ a%ay$

I+s#a(5 o*(#r p*asic goo(s co)*( b# s#+ bac& o h# v#rica* ,ar's5 %h#r# h#y %o)*( b# co'pos#($ Th#+)ri#+s co)*( h#+ b# ,#( bac& i+o h# p*a+s ha %o)*( b#co'# h# h#r'op*asics o, o'orro%5 h#r#bya**o%i+g )s o #4#rcis# a+ #4r#'#*y #,,ici#+ ,or' o, r#cyc*i+g$ Th# yp#s o, *a+(,i**s a+( ()'pi+g si#s%hich ar# co''o+ o(ay %o)*( b#co'# *i#ra**y )+hi+&ab*# i+ a+ R7E$

No% ha %# )+(#rsa+( a bi 'or# abo) o)r '#ho(5 %# ca+ sar (isc)ssi+g h# ac)a* proc#ss o,'a+),ac)ri+g goo(s$ O+# 'a?or (i,,#r#+c# b#%##+ a+ R7E a+( o(ay:s #co+o'ic sys#'s is ha %# %o)*(+o *o+g#r b# ,orc#( o cr#a# *#ss-ha+-opi'a* goo(s i+ or(#r o 'ai+ai+ cos #,,ici#+cy$ I+ oh#r %or(s5 i+a+ R7E5 #v#ry i#' cr#a#( %o)*( b# o, h# abso*)# b#s >)a*iy ha is physica**y possib*#$ To(ay5 'a+y o,)s ')s b)y :ch#ap#r: pro()cs b#ca)s# %# ca++o a,,or( o b)y h# b#s o, #v#ryhi+g$ Li%is#5 'a+),ac-)r#rs ar# ,orc#( o cr#a# pro()cs o, *o%#r >)a*iy b#ca)s# h#yca++o a,,or( o co+sr)c #v#ryhi+g i+ h#b#s possib*# %ay$ This r#s)*s i+ )s co+sa+*y +##(i+g o r#p*ac# %or+-o) c*ohi+g5 hav# o)r a)o'obi*#s

r#pair#(5 a+( hro% o) bro+ pro()cs %hich %#r# +#v#r b)i* o *as v#ry *o+g i+ h# ,irs p*ac#$ Th# +##(,or cos #,,ici#+cy r#s)*s i+ a %asi+g o, r#so)rc#s5 #+#rgy5 a+( i'# ha is abso*)#*y )+acc#pab*#$So5 i+ a+ R7E %# %o)*( go %ih h# '#ho( o, 'a4i')' #,,ici#+cy a+( 'i+i')' %as#@ 'a #v#rypro()c as sab*# a+( *o+g-*asi+g as possib*#$ Li%is#5 a** #*#cro+ic pro()cs ')s b# 'a(# o b# as #asi*y)pgra(#ab*# as possib*#$ This %ay5 %# %o)*(+: +##( o hro% o) a+ o*( co'p)#r ?)s b#ca)s# +#%#r co'-p)#rs ar# ,as#r$ I+s#a(5 %# %o)*( co+sa+*y )pgra(# o)r #*#cro+ics i+ or(#r o #+s)r# ha h#y ar# a*%ays,)+cio+i+g as %#** as h#y possib*y ca+$ I+ ha sa'# v#i+5 abso*)#*y #v#ry pro()c ha ca++o b# co+i+)-a**y )pgra(#( ')s b# r#cyc*ab*# or bio(#gra(ab*#$ Th#r# is si'p*y +o p)rpos# i+ cr#ai+g #4c#ss %as# i,%# ca+ avoi( i$

1ro()ci+g pro()cs i+ his 'a++#r (o#s s##' o r#s)* i+ o+# po#+ia* (ra%bac& a ,irs/ sa+(ar(i.a-io+$ I, %# ar# cr#ai+g #v#ry pro()c i+ h# b#s possib*# %ay #v#ry i'#5 %o)*(+: ha 'a #v#ry pro()c

i(#+ica*B For #4a'p*#5 %o)*(+: #v#ry car *oo& h# sa'#B


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8%#:** a*& 'or# abo) ho% pro()cs %o)*( b# (isrib)#( shor*y9$ I %o)*( si a 'y co'p)#r5 a+( bri+g )ph# sa+(ar( :-shir: 'o(#*$ I %o)*( h#+ b# ab*# o c)so'i.# h# co*o)r5 h# shap# a+( si.#5 h# (#sig+5 a+('a a+y oh#r s)p#r,icia* a(?)s'#+s I ,#* *i 'a&i+g$ Th# pro()c I r#c#iv# %o)*( si** b# as ()rab*# a+(*o+g-*asi+g as h# sa+(ar( -shir 'o(#*5 a+( i %o)*( a*so b# a p#rso+a* #4pr#ssio+ o, 'y i+(ivi()a*iy$Tha is %hy i+ a+ R7E5 a+y p#rso+a* goo(s avai*ab*# %o)*( b# boh sa+(ar(i.#( a+( c)so'i.ab*#$ For p)b-*ic-)s# goo(s 8%hich %#:** a*& abo) soo+95 ho%#v#r5 h#r# %o)*( +o b# a+y r#a* +##( ,or his &i+( o, c)s-o'i.aio+$ Th#s# yp#s o, goo(s %o)*( b# #ss#+ia**y i(#+ica*5 i+ or(#r o 'i+i'i.# h# #4p#+(i)r# o, r#-

so)rc#s o+ i#'s ha hav# +o +##( ,or s)p#r,icia*iy$So5 i+ a+ R7E5 a** pro()cs %o)*( b# cr#a#( ,ro' scrach %iho) h# +##( ,or h)'a+ *abo)r5 o, h#

high#s >)a*iy possib*#5 r#cyc*ab*# or bio(#gra(ab*# %h#r#v#r possib*#5 a+( sa+(ar(i.#(@ )+iv#rsa**y )p-gra(#ab*# ,or #*#cro+ics5 a+( co'p*##*y c)so'i.ab*# ,or p#rso+a* goo(s s)ch as c*ohi+g$ This %o)*( r#s-)* i+ a 'a+),ac)ri+g sys#' ha is ,ar *#ss %as#,)*5 ,ar 'or# #,,ici#+5 a+( ,ar 'or# p#rso+a*i.#( ha+ a+y-hi+g s##+ o(ay$ Ho%#v#r5 %#:v# o+*y cov#r#( o+# ha*, o, h# #>)aio+/ goo(s$ No%5 *#:s a*& abo) ho%s#rvic#s %o)*( *oo& i+ a+ R7E$

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I as 'or# ha+ ?)s 'a#ria* goo(s o r)+ a soci#y$ Co+i+)i+g %ih o)r phi*osophy o, ,r##i+g h)-

'a+s ,ro' *abo)r %h#+#v#r possib*#5 +#ar*y a** s#rvic#s %o)*( a*so b# a)o'a#($ This 'igh so)+( *i a+i'possib*# as& a ,irs5 b) %# hav# o #p i+ 'i+( ha 'a+y o, h# s#rvic#s %hich #4is o(ay %o)*( +o#4is i+ a+ R7E$ A+y occ)paio+s havi+g o (o %ih ,i+a+c#5 *a%5 a(v#risi+g5 b)si+#ss5 or po*iics %o)*( +o*o+g#r b# aro)+( si+c# h#r# %o)*( +o *o+g#r b# a+y +##( ,or h#'$ I, yo) ar# co+,)s#( by ha *as s#+#+c#5?)s %ai a ,#% 'or# paragraphs$ 7y h# #+( o, his chap#r5 a** %i** b# #4p*ai+#(@ %# ?)s +##( o cov#r a ,#%'or# hi+gs ,irs$

So5 %ha s#rvic#s %o)*( si** #4is i+ a+ R7EB )ip'#+ :coss:5 'o+#y-%is#$ H)'a+s %o)*(si** probab*y b# +##(#( ,or sp#cia*i.#( cas#s5 a+( ,or g#+#ra* op#raio+ o, h# '#(ica* robos5 b) h# +##(,or h)'a+ i+#rv#+io+ %o)*( co+i+)a**y (#cr#as# as #ch+o*ogy i'prov#(5 a+( co)*( h#or#ica**y b#co'#

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)++#c#ssary i+ h# ,))r#$ A*r#a(y5 i is possib*# ,or h)'a+ (ocors o ac hro)gh ,)**y aric)*a#( robo:avaars: %hich a**o% a (ocor o i+#rac %ih a pai#+ %iho) b#i+g pr#s#+ i+ h# sa'# roo' 8or co)+ry989$

So5 ()ri+g h# #ar*y sag#s o, a+ R7E5 a)o'a#( robos %o)*( 'os*y a h# ro*# o, '#(ica* assis-a+s a+( +)rs#s5 p#r,or'i+g basic as&s s)ch as pai#+ 'o+iori+g a+( )+co'p*ica#( (iag+os#s5 as %#** as(oi+g h# :(iry %or&: o, i+?#cio+s a+( s)rg#ry$ ;#a+%hi*#5 h)'a+ (ocors %o)*( b# ,r## o sp#+( 'or#i'# o+ sp#cia* or rar# cas#s5 o+ (ir#c pai#+ i+#racio+5 or o+ '#(ica* r#s#arch$ This %o)*( pr#v#+ a+y

o+# (ocor ,ro' b#i+g :spr#a( oo hi+: a'o+g a *arg# +)'b#r o, pai#+s5 or ,ro' b#co'i+g ov#r%or( orov#rsr#ss#(5 a** o, %hich ar# co''o+ iss)#s ,or '#(ica* praciio+#rs o(ay$ Ov#r i'#5 'or# a+( 'or# o,h# as&s p#r,or'#( by h)'a+ '#(ica* praciio+#rs %o)*( b# ha+(#( o,, o a)o'a#( 'achi+#s5 a+( h)-'a+s %o)*( b# co'p*##*y r#*#ga#( o h# as&s o, r#s#arch a+( v#ry sp#cia* cas#s$ O, co)rs#5 h)'a+ '#(-ica* praciio+#rs co)*( +o #4is )+*#ss h#r# %as a co'pr#h#+siv# #()caio+a* sys#' i+ p*ac#$

E()caio+ i+ a+ R7E %o)*( *oo& v#ry (i,,#r#+ ,ro' o(ay:s co'p#iio+-bas#( #()caio+a* sys#'s5%h#r# s)(#+s ar# pi#( agai+s #ach oh#r i+ a sr)gg*# ,or gra(#s a+( pop)*ariy ha g#+#ra**y r#s)*s i+ a)+iv#rsa**y poor #4p#ri#+c# ,or vir)a**y a** s)(#+s 89$ I a' p#rso+a**y a'a.#( a h# abi*iy o, ra(iio+a*schoo*s o 'a #v#+ h# 'os i+#r#si+g o, s)b?#cs 'i+(-+)'bi+g*y bori+g5 a+( h#s# ')s h#+ i+ )r+ b#r#g)rgia#( o+o a #s i+ or(#r o r#c#iv# a+ arbirary +)'b#r or *##r %hich s)ppos#(*y r#pr#s#+s ho%*#ar+#( a+ i+(ivi()a* is$ I+s#a(5 R7E #()caio+ %o)*( ,o**o% a 'o(#* si'i*ar o ;o+#ssori #()caio+a*

sys#'s$ I+ bri#,5 ;o+#ssori schoo*s #+co)rag# i+(#p#+(#+ *#ar+i+g hro)gh p*ay a+( chi*(-o+-chi*( i+#r-acio+$ Chi*(r#+ o, ')*ip*# ag#s ar# gro)p#( og#h#r rah#r ha+ iso*a#(5 so ha yo)+g#r chi*(r#+ ca+ *#ar+,ro' o*(#r o+#s5 %hi*# o*(#r chi*(r#+ r#i+,orc# h#ir *#ar+i+g i+ a pracica* %ay by #achi+g h# yo)+g#r chi*-(r#+$ Rah#r ha+ p*ayi+g h# ro*#s o, (icaors a+( (ri** s#rg#a+s5 #ach#rs ac si'p*y as g)i(#s@ h#y ar#avai*ab*# ,or g)i(a+c# %h#+ h# chi*( r#>)ir#s i5 b) oh#r%is# h#y ar# si'p*y h#r# o #+s)r# ha#v#ryhi+g is r)++i+g s'ooh*y %ih 'i+i')' i+#r,#r#+c#$ Th#s# yp#s o, #()caio+a* sys#'s hav# prov#+o b# ?)s as #,,#civ# 8a+( so'#i'#s 'or# so9 as ra(iio+a* schoo*i+g %h#+ i co'#s o co+cr## *#ar+i+g5i+ a((iio+ o pro()ci+g h)'a+s %ih s)p#rior socia* (#v#*op'#+ 8D559$ I is his *a#r >)a*iy o,;o+#ssori-sy*# schoo*s %hich 'a h#' criica* ,or h# s)cc#ss o, a+ R7E@ cii.#+s o, a+ R7E %o)*( b#'or# coop#raiv#5 *#ss a+ago+isic5 'or# sociab*#5 *#ss aggr#ssiv#5 a+( hav# g#+#ra**y s)p#rior psychosocia*(#v#*op'#+ co'par#( o hos# o, )s %ho %#r# ,orc#( i+o h# i+cr#(ib*y ,*a%#( #()caio+a* sys#'s o,

o(ay 859$ 8K9So5 %ha %o)*( #()caio+ i+ a+ a)o'a#( soci#y *oo& *iB H#r# is a po#+ia* #4a'p*# o, o+#bas#( o+ h# ;o+#ssori sys#'$ I sho)*( sr#ss o+c# agai+ ha his is si'p*y a+ #4a'p*# o, a sys#'5 a+( is+o +#c#ssari*y a pr#(icio+ o, %ha h# #()caio+a* sys#' %o)*( ac)a**y b#$

Ear*y chi*(hoo( (#v#*op'#+ %o)*( b# *arg#*y i+ h# ha+(s o, h# par#+s a+( h# co'')+iy5 ')chas i is o(ay$ Th# 'ai+ r#spo+sibi*iy o, h# par#+ %o)*( b# o #ach h# chi*( basic s&i**s s)ch as r#a(i+g5%rii+g5 a+( co'p)#r i+#racio+5 so ha h# chi*( %o)*( b# pr#par#( ,or :schoo*:$ Rah#r ha+ ,orci+g achi*( i+o schoo* a a c#rai+ ag#5 h# chi*( %o)*( b# ,r## o visi a+ #()caio+a* c#+#r %h#+#v#r h#Psh# ,#*r#a(y$ )ri+g h# #ar*y sag#s o, #()caio+5 chi*(r#+ %o)*( a** shar# a p*ay ar#a ,i**#( %ih oys a+( oh#r ob-?#cs 8s)ch as basic ar s)pp*i#s9 ha #+co)rag# cog+iiv# (#v#*op'#+ i+ h# v#ry yo)+g$ Th# ar#a %o)*(a*so b# ,i**#( %ih co'p)#rs5 a** o, %hich %o)*( a**o% h#' o acc#ss basic *#sso+s i+ s)ch s)b?#cs as

'ah#'aics5 +a)ra* sci#+c#5 ar5 *i#ra)r#5 a+( hisory$ This proc#ss %o)*( +o r#>)ir# a #ach#r or par#+ ob# pr#s#+5 si+c# h# chi*(r#+ %o)*( *#ar+ ,ro' #ach oh#r5 a+( h# co'p)#r (aabas# %o)*( ,i** h# ro*# o,h# #ach#rPg)i(#$ #spi# his5 I hi+& i is *i*y ha 'a+y par#+s %o)*( ?)'p a h# oppor)+iy o b# (ir-#c*y i+vo*v#( i+ h#ir chi*(:s *#ar+i+g5 a+( so %o)*( choos# o b# pr#s#+$ )ir#( o pass a basic #s (#sig+#( o #va*)a# h#ir abi*iy i+ a** o, h# basic&+o%*#(g# ar#as b#,or# a(va+ci+g o h# g#+#ra* #()caio+ progra'$ I+ his +#4 s#p5 p#op*# o, a** ag#s5,ro' :#*#'#+ary: ag#( chi*(r#+ o a()*s a+( s#+iors %o)*( a** shar# h# sa'# *#ar+i+g ar#as$ Th# ar#as

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%o)*( b# si'i*ar o h# #ar*y chi*(hoo( o+#s5 b) %ih 'or# co'p*#4 ob?#cs avai*ab*# ,or p*ay5 as %#** as'a#ria*s ,or 'or# co'p*#4 arisic #4pr#ssio+ 8')sica* i+sr)'#+s5 pai+i+g s)pp*i#s5 #c$9 a+( basic sci-#+i,ic #4p#ri'#+aio+$ Th# co'p)#rs pr#s#+ %o)*( b# co++#c#( o h# G*oba* +o%*#(g# aabas#$ This%o)*( b# a :%i&i:-sy*# #+cyc*op#(ia cr#a#( i+ a+ op#+-so)rc# ,ashio+ %h#r# a+yo+# ca+ co+rib)# &+o%-*#(g#$ I %o)*( b# ')ch *i h# o+*i+# #+cyc*op#(ias o, o(ay5 b) i(#a**y bigg#r5 b##r so)rc#(5 a+( cr#-a#( %ih h# ,)** ai( o, po%#r,)* co'p)#rs a+( ari,icia* i+#**ig#+c#5 i+s#a( o, r#*yi+g o+ %ha#v#r co'-p)i+g po%#r ca+ b# bo)gh %ih (o+aio+s$ This %o)*( vas*y i+cr#as# h# po#+ia* o, a+ a*r#a(y po%#r,)*

i(#a$ 8A+(5 o, co)rs#5 h# I+#r+# as %# &+o% i o(ay %o)*( si** b# pr#s#+$9 I+ his %ay5 *#ar+#rs o, a**ag#s a+( #4p#ri#+c# *#v#*s %o)*( b# ,r## o *#ar+ abo) %hich#v#r s)b?#cs h#y %#r# i+#r#s#( i+5 a%ha#v#r ra# h#y %#r# co',orab*# %ih$ This %o)*( #+co)rag# h#' o b#gi+ o ho+# i+ o+ h#ir paric)*ars)b?#cs o, i+#r#ss v#ry >)ic&*y5 %hi*# 'ai+ai+i+g so'# i+#r#s i+ 'a+y oh#r ,i#*(s as %#**$

Li 'o(#r+ #4boo&s5 h# (aabas# %o)*( a*so co+ai+ pracica* prob*#'-so*vi+g 'o()*#s (#sig+#(o (#v#*op h# s&i** o, h# *#ar+#r i+ #ach s)b?#c$ Chi*(r#+ a+( a()*s %o)*( si')*a+#o)s*y *#ar+ ,ro' #achoh#r a+( h# +o%*#(g# aabas#5 a+( %o)*( hav# acc#ss o &+o%*#(g# ra+gi+g ,ro' h# 'os basic o h#'os a(va+c#( i+ #v#ry s)b?#c$ Th#r# %o)*( b# +o *i'iaio+s bas#( o+ ag#@ a v#ry (#(ica#( "-y#ar-o*(#achi+g a "-y#ar-o*( abo) >)a+)' physics %o)*( +o b# o) o, h# or(i+ary$ I+(ivi()a*s %ho ar# v#ry&+o%*#(g#ab*# i+ c#rai+ ar#as 8as (##r'i+#( by h#ir abi*iy o pass prob*#'-so*vi+g 'o()*#s o, high co'-p*#4iy9 %o)*( b# #+co)rag#( o ho*( *#c)r#s a+( (isc)ssio+ gro)ps5 as %#** as co+rib)# 'or# prob-

*#'-so*vi+g >)#sio+s o h# +o%*#(g# aabas#$ I+ his %ay5 h# #()caio+a* sys#' %o)*( co+i+)a**ygro% as o)r sp#ci#s gro%s$ A+(5 si+c# #()caio+ %o)*( b# ,r##*y avai*ab*# o #v#ryo+#5 i is *i*y ha 'osp#op*# %o)*( +#v#r sop *#ar+i+g5 co+sa+*y s##&i+g +#% &+o%*#(g# hro)gho) h#ir *iv#s %h#+#v#r h# i+-#r#s hi h#'$ I+ a((iio+5 as ari,icia* i+#**ig#+c# b#co'#s 'or# po%#r,)*5 i %i** b# possib*# ,or h# (aa-bas# o *#ar+ ho% #ach i+(ivi()a* *#ar+s5 a+( h#r#,or# c)so'i.# h# #()caio+a* #4p#ri#+c# o b# sp#ci,ica+( opi'i.#( ,or #ach p#rso+$ Th# )*i'a# p)rpos# o, h# #()caio+ sys#' %o)*( b# o pro()c# happy5 co-op#raiv#5 &+o%*#(g#ab*#5 socia**y %#**-a(?)s#( h)'a+s %ho ar# ab*# o a o+ h# cha**#+g#s o, a(va+-ci+g soci#y 8rah#r ha+ si'p*y 'ai+ai+i+g i9$

Th#r# is +o ,orc# ha s#rv#s h# a(va+c#'#+ o, soci#y 'or# i+ pracica* #r's ha+ sci#+i,ic a+(#ch+o*ogica* r#s#arch$ Th#r#,or#5 i %o)*( b# abso*)#*y +#c#ssary ,or a+ R7E o hav# a sro+g ,oc)s o+ r#-s#arch$ O+c# agai+5 h#r# %o)*( b# +o *i'iaio+s bas#( o+ ag#@ a+yo+# %ih s),,ici#+ &+o%*#(g# i+ h# r#-

>)isi# ar#a %o)*( b# ,r## a+( #+co)rag#( o co+rib)# o r#s#arch i+ %ha#v#r %ay h#y co)*($ 1#rhaps h#gr#a#s (i,,#r#+c# b#%##+ r#s#arch o(ay a+( i+ a+ R7E %o)*( b# ()# o h# *ac& o, a 'o+#ary sys#'$Sp#a&i+g ,ro' 'y o%+ p#rso+a* #4p#ri#+c# i+ '#(ica* r#s#arch5 h# si+g*# gr#a#s hi+(ra+c# o sci#+i,icprogr#ss is 'o+#y$ Si'p*y p)5 sci#+i,ic r#s#arch is #4p#+siv#$ Th#r#,or#5 'os sci#+iss ')s a %##&sor #v#+ 'o+hs o) o, #v#ry y#ar o b#g gra+ ag#+ci#s ,or 'o+#y5 'a+y o, %hich %i** +o provi(# i )+*#ssh#r# is a cha+c# ha pro,i ca+ b# 'a(# ,ro' h# r#s#arch$ 1#rhaps h# b#s #4a'p*# o, his %as h# r#c#+crisis i+vo*vi+g (ich*oroac#a# 8CA95 %hich is a high*y pro'isi+g ca+(i(a# ,or r#ai+g a vari#y o, ca+-c#rs 89$ Ho%#v#r5 r#s#arch#rs %#r# i+iia**y )+ab*# o obai+ ,)+(i+g ()# o h# ,ac ha CA ca++o b#pa#+#( by a+y (r)g co'pa+y$ This '#a+ ha +o o+# %as ab*# o 'a 'o+#y ,ro' is sa*#5 a+( h)s ca+-c#r r#'ai+s )+c)r#($ Ho%#v#r5 i+ a+ R7E5 h#r# %o)*( b# +o +##( o %as# i'# a+( #+#rgy o+ h# o,#+,r)i*#ss >)#s ,or ,)+(i+g5 a+( r#so)rc#s %o)*( +o b# h#*( bac& ()# a *ac& o, :pro,iabi*iy:$ Th#r#,or#5 sci-

#+i,ic r#s#arch %o)*( acc#*#ra# ,ar >)icr ha+ is h# cas# o(ay$ )ic&*y s## ha sci#+i,ic a(va+c#'#+ i+ a+ R7E %o)*( b# abso*)#*y aso+ish-i+g$ I is +o sr#ch o say h# a+ R7E %o)*( >)ic&*y b#co'# a+ #4r#'#*y #ch+o*ogica**y a(va+c#( soci#y5h# *is o, %hich %# s## i+ sci#+c# ,icio+$

F)rh#r'or#5 h#r# %o)*( b# +o +##( o %ai ,or h# :;ar: o acc#p +#% #ch+o*ogi#s@ a+yhi+gha is o, pracica* )s# a+( has b##+ #s#( ,or sa,#y %o)*( b# i'p*#'#+#( as soo+ as possib*# ,or h# b#+#-,i o, soci#y$ I'p*#'#+aio+ %o)*( b# bas#( o+ pracica* )s#,)*+#ss rah#r ha+ a#'ps o :'a 'o+#y:$I+ a((iio+5 r#s#arch %o)*( b# ai(#( #v#+ 'or# by h# G*oba* +o%*#(g# aabas#$ For #4a'p*#5 *#:s say

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19/74

so'#o+# is ryi+g o co'# )p %ih a+ i(#a* 'a#ria* ha poss#ss#s c#rai+ prop#ri#s %hich ar# r#>)ir#( ,ora+ #4p#ri'#+$ Tha p#rso+ %o)*( p)+ch h#s# prop#ri#s i+o h# G*oba* aabas#5 %ih so'# &i+( o, (#sig-+aio+ ha i is a >)#sio+ o, 'a#ria*s$ Th# co'p)#r %o)*( co'# )p %ih a *is o, as 'a+y 'a#ria*s as ,ih# (#scripio+ i+ or(#r o b#s 'ach h# (#'a+($ This is #4ac*y %ha a s#arch #+gi+# (o#s o(ay5 b) his+#% s#arch #+gi+# %o)*( 8i(#a**y9 co+ai+ a** o, h# sci#+i,ic a+( #ch+ica* i+,or'aio+ i+ is 'os )p-o-(a# ,or'a a h# i'#$ Th# (aabas# ')s b# co+i+)a**y )p(a#( %h#+ +#% h#ori#s or i(#as ar# a+ i+,avo)r o, o*(#r o+#s 8a*ho)gh o*(#r i(#as sho)*( +#v#r b# #ras#( co'p*##*y si+c# h#r# is a*%ays a cha+c#

ha h#y %i** b# +##(#( agai+9$ This proc#ss %o)*( +##( o b# vo*)+ary a ,irs5 b) %o)*( a*'os c#rai+*yb#co'# a)o'a#( as %#**5 #v#+)a**y$ I+ his %ay5 sci#+i,ic r#s#arch %o)*( +o o+*y acc#*#ra# #v#+ ,as#r5b) h# #()caio+a* sys#' %o)*( a*%ays b# bas#( o+ h# 'os c)rr#+ sa# o, sci#+i,ic &+o%*#(g#$

Th#r# is 'or# o a soci#y ha+ ?)s sci#+i,ic progr#ss5 ho%#v#r$ I is criica* ha a ,)**y ,)+cio+i+gsoci#y a*so provi(#s is cii.#+s %ih oppor)+ii#s ,or p#rso+a* #4pr#ssio+ a+( #'oio+a* si')*aio+5 asr#a*i.#( hro)gh a vibra+ ars co'')+iy$ O+c# agai+5 %iho) h# hi+(ra+c# o, 'o+#y5 ar %o)*( b# ab*# o,*o)rish i+ %ays ha ar# si'p*y +o possib*# o(ay$ Too o,#+5 po#+ia* ariss ')s p) asi(# h#ir (r#a's i+or(#r o ,i+( a ?ob ha ac)a**y pays %#** #+o)gh ,or h#' o s)rviv#$ Li%is#5 'a+y ariss #+( )p co'-pro'isi+g h#ir arisic visio+ i+ or(#r o cr#a# so'#hi+g ha is 'or# co''#rcia**y viab*# 8s#**i+g o)69$I+ a soci#y %h#r# #v#ryo+#:s basic +##(s ar# '# %iho) %orry5 arisic #4pr#ssio+ o, a** &i+(s %o)*( *i*y#4p*o(#5 h)s cr#ai+g a soci#y ha is +o o+*y sci#+i,ica**y a+( #ch+o*ogica**y a(va+c#(5 b) is a*so rich

i+ arisry a+( c)*)r# o, a** &i+(s$ ;)sic5 po#ry5 h#ar#5 *i#ra)r#5 sory#**i+g5 pai+i+g5 sc)*pi+g5 phi*o-sophy5 a+( a** oh#r ,or's o, #4pr#ssio+ %o)*( a *as b# ,r## o r#v#a* h#'s#*v#s %iho) %orry o, c#+sor-ship or 'o+#ary gai+$ I+ or(#r o acco''o(a# h# arisic co'')+iy5 #v#ry ciy %o)*( +##( o i+c*)(# a+)'b#r o, a)(iori)'s a+( #4hibiio+ ha**s %hich co)*( b# boo( o+ a ,irs-co'#-,irs-s#rv#( basis$ I+ a(-(iio+5 a vari#y o, ')s#)'s a+( ga**#ri#s %o)*( b# pr#s#+ i+ or(#r o (isp*ay h# arisic co+rib)io+s o,h# cii.#+s$ Li sci#+i,ic r#s#arch5 arisic co+rib)io+s %o)*( a*so b# co+i+)a**y a((#( o h# +o%*#(g#aabas# i+ or(#r o ,)rh#r #+ha+c# h# #()caio+ sys#' by o,,#ri+g acc#ss o h# arisic %or&s o, h)'a+-iy$ So5 a+ R7E %o)*( +o b# so'# b*a+(5 #'oio+*#ss civi*i.aio+@ i %o)*( i+s#a( b# a ,)sio+ o, sci#+c#a+( ar5 %hich bri+gs *ogic a+( #'oio+ i+o a har'o+y +#v#r b#,or# s##+$ I %o)*( b# *i a s#co+( r#+ais-sa+c# ha %#+ o+ i+(#,i+i#*y$

Tra+sporaio+ a+( I+,rasr)c)r#

Th#r# ar# ,#% v#+)r#s ha r#>)ir# 'or# r#so)rc#s5 #+#rgy5 a+( i'# ha+ ra+sporaio+$


20/74

This a*so '#a+s ha #*#cric cars hav# +o +##( ,or b)*&y ra+s'issio+s5 %hich a(( %#igh o h# car a+( ar#o,#+ a so)rc# o, '#cha+ica* ro)b*#$ I+ a((iio+5 ra(iio+a* cars ')s sacri,ic# ,)#* #,,ici#+cy i+ or(#r oobai+ b##r p#r,or'a+c#5 %h#r#as #*#cric cars ac)a**y b#co'# 'or# #,,ici#+ h# 'or# po%#r,)* h#y ar#$A+ #*#cric car ha p#r,or's as %#** as h# 'os po%#r,)* spors cars o, o(ay is ac)a**y 'or# #+#rgy #,,i-ci#+ ha+ h# 'os ,)#* #,,ici#+ o, gaso*i+# or hybri( cars$ So5 g#arh#a(s +##( +o ,#ar h# ,))r#@ yo) %i**hav# acc#ss o cars ha ca+ o)(o +#ar*y a** o, h# pri'iiv# h)+&s o, '#a* %hich pop)*a# o(ay:s par&i+g*os5 i+ a((iio+ o b#i+g 'or# #,,ici#+ a+( #+viro+'#+a**y ,ri#+(*y$ 8!5"9

Sp#a&i+g o, par&i+g *os5 o+# o, h# 'os (#ri'#+a* si(# #,,#cs o, o)r c)rr#+ a)o'oiv# si)aio+is h# ,ac ha 'o(#r+ cars a )p a h)g# a'o)+ o, spac#$ Ho%#v#r5 his prob*#' ca+ b# ov#rco'# ha+&so #ch+o*ogi#s *i h# bi car$ 7i cars ar# s'a**5 co**apsib*# cars ha ca+ b# sor#( by ,o*(i+g )p hori.o+-a**y a+( :sac&i+g: *i shoppi+g cars$ Th#s# cars ar# #+ir#*y #*#cric5 a+( )i*i.# a co+c#p ca**#( :robo%h##*s:$ Rah#r ha+ hav# a b)*&y #+gi+# b*oc&5 a** o, h# +#c#ssary #>)ip'#+ ,or po%#ri+g a+( 'ovi+g h#car is pac&ag#( (ir#c*y i+o h# %h##*s5 h)s #*i'i+ai+g a h)g# a'o)+ o, spac# a+( %#igh5 a*o+g %ih i+-cr#asi+g 'a+#)v#rabi*iy$ Th# i(#a o, h# bi car is o *arg#*y #*i'i+a# h# co+c#p o, h# :p#rso+a* a)o-'obi*#:5 a+( i+s#a( s%ich o a sys#' o, p)b*ic-)s# cars$ 7asica**y5 a+ i+(ivi()a* %o)*( %a*& )p o a sac&o, cars5 hop i+ h# ,ro+ car5 (riv# o h#ir (#si+aio+5 h#+ r#)r+ h# car o h# +#ar#s sac&$ Th# sac&i+gar#as %o)*( a*so s#rv# as chargi+g saio+s5 #+s)ri+g ha #v#ry rip is 'a(# %ih a ,)** ba#ry$ 7y )i*i.i+ghis co+c#p5 %# %o)*( 'a4i'i.# h# )s# o, #v#ry car 8si+c# #ach o+# %o)*( b# shar#( a'o+g a *arg# +)'-

b#r o, p#op*#9 %hi*# r#c*ai'i+g +#ar*y a** o, h# spac# a+ )p by par&i+g *os 8abo) i'#s *#ss spac#s%o)*( b# +##(#( ,or sori+g bi cars9$ A*ho)gh his i+cr#(ib*y *ogica* a+( #,,ici#+ co+c#p 'igh so)+(sra+g# o co+#'porary soci#y %hich s##'s o b# obs#ss#( %ih h# co+c#p o, p#rso+a* :o%+#rship:5 i%o)*( b# )i*i.#( o h# ,)**#s i+ a+ R7E$ 829

Ho%#v#r5 h#r# is 'or# o ra+sporaio+ ha+ ?)s #,,ici#+cy/ %# ')s a*so a sa,#y a+( co+v#+i-#+c# i+o acco)+$ ;os o, h# prob*#'s %ih sa,#y s#' ,ro' h# ,ac ha a)o'obi*#s ar# co+ro**#( byh)'a+s$ I+ a((iio+5 p)b*ic-)s# a)o'obi*#s s##' ')ch *#ss co+v#+i#+ ha+ p#rso+a* a)o'obi*#s$ 7oh o,h#s# prob*#'s ca+ b# ov#rco'# by )si+g ,)**y a)o'a#(5 (riv#r*#ss cars$ To(ay5 h# #ch+o*ogy ,or cars%hich ca+ (riv# h#'s#*v#s a*r#a(y #4iss5 %ih a)o+o'o)s a)o'obi*#s ha ar# ab*# o +aviga# co'p*#4o,,-roa( #rrai+5 as %#** as sa,#*y (#a* %ih h# co'p*ica#( i+#racio+s ha a p*ac# a i+#rs#cio+s859$ Th#r#,or#5 h# vas 'a?oriy o, cars %o)*( b# (riv#r*#ss5 h)s r#()ci+g h# ris& o, h)'a+ #rror (o%+

o #ss#+ia**y .#ro$ Th#r# %o)*( si** b# h# opio+ o, 'a+)a* co+ro* ,or c#rai+ &i+(s o, r#cr#aio+a* a)o-'obi*#s %h#+ (#sir#( 8%hich %o)*( pr#v#+ h)'a+s ,ro' co'p*##*y *osi+g h# s&i** o, (rivi+g95 b) (ai*yra+sporaio+ +##(s %o)*( b# ,)*,i**#( #+ir#*y by a)o'a#( v#hic*#s$ As a+ #4a'p*#5 *#:s say yo):r# sii+ga yo)r ho)s# a+( yo) %a+ o 'a a shor rip$ 3o) si'p*y or(#r a car5 a+( i %i** (riv# )p o yo)r ho)s#a)o'aica**y$ 7i car saio+s %i** b# si)a#( hro)gho) h# ciy so ha %ai i'#s +#v#r #4c##( a ,#%'i+)#s$ O+c# h# car arriv#s5 yo) si'p*y hop i+5 p)+ch i+ yo)r (#si+aio+5 a+( *# h# car a yo) h#r#$A,#r yo) #4i h# car5 i #ih#r r#)r+s o h# +#ar#s chargi+g saio+ i, i:s i+ +##( o, a charg#5 or i (riv#s o,,o pic& )p h# +#4 pass#+g#r$ I+ a((iio+5 i, yo) happ#+ o b# +#ar a chargi+g saio+5 yo) %o+Q #v#+ hav#o %ai ,or a car o co'# o yo)@ yo) %i** si'p*y s#*#c a car a+( (riv# o,,$ I %i** #ss#+ia**y b# a high*y #,,i-ci#+ a4i s#rvic#5 %ih h# ro*#s o, (ispach#r a+( (riv#r r#p*ac#( by a)o'aio+$ This %i** r#s)* i+ a high*y#,,ici#+ shor-(isa+c# ra+si sys#' ha is co'p*##*y a)o'a#(5 #+viro+'#+a**y ,ri#+(*y5 a+( as #,,ici#+

a+( sa,# as possib*#$;i(-ra+g# ra+sporaio+ 8b#%##+ 'a?or ciy s#cio+s a+( b#%##+ +#arby cii#s9 %i** b# acco'-p*ish#( hro)gh sys#'s s)ch as S&yTra+T;5 a passiv# 'ag+#ic *#viaio+ 8'ag*#v9 sys#' %h#r# 2-p#rso+po(s ha+g ,ro' a s'a** 'ag+#ic g)i(#%ay rac&$ This #ch+o*ogy is si'i*ar o h# 'ag*#v rai+s o, o(ay5%h#r# a 'ag+#ic ,i#*( is )s#( o *#via# a rai+ s*igh*y abov# h# s)r,ac# o, h# rac&5 r#s)*i+g i+ a 'assiv#r#()cio+ i+ ,ricio+ a+( a**o%i+g ,or high sp##( a+( #,,ici#+cy$ Ho%#v#r5 his #,,ici#+cy is ,)rh#r #+ha+c#(i+ S&yTra+T;by 'a&i+g )s# o, a passiv# 'ag*#v sys#' %h#r# h# #+#rgy r#>)ir#( ,or #pi+g h# po(s s)s-p#+(#( is g#+#ra#( by h# 'ov#'#+ o, h# po(s h#'s#*v#s$ This a**o%s ,or a+ #4r#'# *#v#* o, #,,ici#+cy5%h#r#i+ a po( ca+ rav#* a 2! &'Ph )si+gh# a'o)+ o, #+#rgy r#>)ir#( o po%#r 2 hair (ry#rs 8ha is +o

2!


21/74

a ypo9$ Li o(ay:s rai+ sys#'s5 S&yTra+T; %or&s by havi+g boar(i+g saio+s a co+v#+i#+ *ocaio+s%hich ca+ a*so (o)b*# as chargi+g saio+s ,or #*#crics cars 8h)s a**o%i+g ,or #4c#**#+ sy+#rgy %ih h# bicar sys#'9$ Th# s'a** g)i(#%ays '#a+ ha boar(i+g saio+s a+( rac&s a*i a )p v#ry *i*# spac# 8h#rac&s h#'s#*v#s ar# s)sp#+(#( i+ h# air95 h)s ,r##i+g )p #v#+ 'or# spac# i+ h# ciy$ I+ a((iio+5 )+*ira(iio+a* rai+ saio+s5 S&yTra+T; saio+s %or& o+ a ,r##%ay-*i :o,,-ra'p: sys#'5 '#a+i+g ha o+# po(soppi+g o pic& )p pass#+g#rs (o#s +o ,orc# #v#ry oh#r po( o sop a+( %ai ,or i$ Th# co'bi+aio+ o,sp##(5 #,,ici#+cy a+( co+v#+i#+c# 'a S&yTra+T; a *ogica* ,or' o, ra+sporaio+ ,or )s# i+ a+ R7E$ 8D9

Lo+g-(isa+c# ra+sporaio+ 8b#%##+ (isa+ cii#s5 a+( across or b#%##+ co+i+#+s9 %o)*( b# ac-co'p*ish#( hro)gh a +#% #ch+o*ogica* i++ovaio+ &+o%+ as #vac)a#( )b# ra+spor$ O+c# agai+5 his sys-#' is si'i*ar o h# 'ag*#v rai+s o, o(ay5 b) #vac)a#( )b# ra+spor 8%hich I %i** +o% r#,#r o as a :vac-rai+: ,or shor9 (i,,#rs i+ ha h# rai+ is +o ?)s s)sp#+(#( abov# a rac&5 b) is ac)a**y co'p*##*y #+c*os#(i+ a )b# i+ %hich a** air pr#ss)r# has b##+ r#'ov#(5 cr#ai+g a +#ar vac))'$ Th# co'bi+aio+ o, ,ricio+*#ss'ov#'#+ a+( .#ro air r#sisa+c# r#s)*s i+ a *#v#* o, sp##( a+( #,,ici#+cy ha is a*'os )+i'agi+ab*# co'-par#( o co+#'porary ra+sporaio+$ 89

H#r#:s ho% i %or&s5 i+ a +)sh#**/ 3o) sa+( a a+ air*oc& a+( p)+ch i+ yo)r (#si+aio+$ A *igh-%#igh caps)*# abo) h# si.# o, a *arg# car is bro)gh b#,or# yo)5 a+( yo) hop i+$ Th# air*oc& c*os#s b#hi+(yo)5 a+( yo) ar# +o% sii+g i+ a v#ry co',orab*# co+ro**#( #+viro+'#+5 ')ch *i h# pr#ss)ri.#( cabi+o, a+ airp*a+#$ E*#cric 'oors ar# )s#( o acc#*#ra# h# caps)*# )p o h#ir 'a4i')' sp##( i+ abo) 2!

s#co+(s %hi*# pro()ci+g o+*y abo) "G o, ,orc# o+ h# bo(y5 a %hich poi+ i ca+ si'p*y coas h# r#s o,h# %ay o is (#si+aio+ %iho) #4p#+(i+g a+y a((iio+a* #+#rgy )+i* h# caps)*# (#c#*#ra#s o a sop$Loca* rips %o)*( b# 'a(# a sp##(s o, )p o !! &'Phr5 ,as#r ha+ h# ,as#s 'ag*#v rai+ i+ op#raio+o(ay$ Lo+g-(isa+c# rips %o)*( b# 'a(# a sp##(s o, )p o D!! &'Phr5 ,as #+o)gh o rav#* ,ro' o+# si(#o, h# p*a+# o h# oh#r i+ )+(#r ho)rs$ O+c# yo) arriv# a yo)r (#si+aio+5 yo) si'p*y %ai ,or h# air-*oc& o op#+ a+( #4i h# caps)*#$ Vacrai+s co)*( b# b)i* )si+g a ,racio+ o, h# r#so)rc#s )s#( ,or ra(iio+-a* rai+s5 a** %hi*# b#i+g h#or#ica**y sa,#r ha+ a+y ,or' o, ra+sporaio+ #4isi+g o(ay$ O+# po#+ia*(ra%bac& o, his sys#' %o)*( b# h# +##( o cr#a# a+ #+ir#*y +#% i+,rasr)c)r# co+sisi+g o, #vac)a#()b#s5 b) h#s# %o)*( a )p ')ch *#ss spac# ha+ ra(iio+a* rai+ rac&s5 a+( h# caps)*#s h#'s#*v#s%o)*( b# ')ch #asi#r o 'a+),ac)r# o+ a *arg# sca*#$ Each caps)*# %o)*( co',orab*y s#a o p#op*#5%#igh abo) !! *bs5 a+( b# ab*# o carry abo) (o)b*# h#ir o%+ %#igh$ I+ or(#r o cr#a# a 'or# co',or-

ab*# #+viro+'#+5 h# caps)*# i+#riors %o)*( b# #>)ipp#( %ih :vir)a* %i+(o%s: ha co)*( si')*a# a+y&i+( o, o)(oor #+viro+'#+ i+ a((iio+ o (isp*ayi+g ga'#s or 'ovi#s o h#*p pass h# i'#$ I %o)*( a*so'a s#+s# ,or #ach caps)*# o b# co++#c#( o h# vario)s G*oba* aabas#s a+( h# I+#r+#5 so ha p#op*#co)*( s)(y or bro%s# %hi*# h#y %#r# %aii+g o arriv# a h#ir (#si+aio+$ I+ a((iio+ o ra+spori+gp#op*#5 vacrai+s %o)*( a*so b# i(#a* ,or ra+spori+g cargo5 a+( co)*( h#r#,or# r#p*ac# h# i+#,,ici#+ r)c&-i+g a+( shippi+g sys#'s )s#( o(ay$ I+ s)''ary5 vacrai+s %o)*( provi(# )s %ih ra+sporaio+ ha is sa,#5co',orab*#5 #,,ici#+5 a+( a'a.i+g*y ,as$ I %o)*( b# h# i(#a* ,or' o, ra+sporaio+ i+ a+ R7E$ 89

E,,ici#+cy co)*( a*so b# 'a4i'i.#( by 'a&i+g )s# o, s'a**#r )b# sys#'s ,or h# (#*iv#ry o, s'a**goo(s5 as %#** as h# r#'ova* o, %as# a+( r#cyc*ab*# 'a#ria*s$ 1+#)'aic )b# sys#'s ar# si** )s#( i+'a+y hospia*s o ra+spor s'a** i#'s hro)gho) h# b)i*(i+g 89$ 7y sca*i+g his sys#' o)5 or by )si+gs'a**#r v#rsio+s o, h# vacrai+ #ch+o*ogy5 i %o)*( b# possib*# o cr#a# a co'pr#h#+siv# i+,rasr)c)r#

ha co++#cs #v#ry b)i*(i+g i+ h# ciy$ I, yo) or(#r#( a s'a** i#' s)ch as a c)so'i.#( -shir5 i %o)*( b#a)o'aica**y (#*iv#r#( o yo)r ho'#$ T)b#s ,or r#cyc*i+g co)*( b# )s#( o s#+( o*( h#r'op*asics bac& ov#rica* ,ar's o b# bro+ (o%+ a+( r#cyc*#($ T)b#s ,or %as# co)*( #+s)r# ha a+yhi+g ha (o#s +##( ob# hro%+ o) %o)*( b# 'ov#( o h# sa,#s possib*# *ocaio+ %h#r# h# *#as a'o)+ o, (a'ag# %o)*( occ)r8a*ho)gh h#r# %o)*( b# v#ry ,#% hi+gs ha %o)*( ac)a**y b# hro%+ o)9$ Th# %a#r sys#' %o)*( b#co+sr)c#( so ha o)r %as# %a#r is r#cyc*#( i+o a )s#ab*# ,or' rah#r ha+ si'p*y ()'p#( i+ a co+v#+i-#+ *ocaio+$ This co)*( b# (o+# by havi+g h)'a+ %as# ,i*#r#( o) %ih h# +)ri#+s #4rac#( a+( (#-*iv#r#( o h# v#rica* ,ar's5 r#()ci+g h# +##( ,or sy+h#ic or a+i'a* ,#ri*i.#rs 8I:' b#i+g s#rio)s h#r#9$=si+g c)rr#+ #ch+o*ogy5 i is possib*# o r#cyc*# %as# %a#r a+( r#ai+ 'or# ha+ ! o, h# %a#r i+

2"


22/74

)s#ab*# ,or'5 h)s a**o%i+g )s o )s# 'os*y h# sa'# %a#r s)pp*y ov#r a+( ov#r 8K9$ I, yo):r# (isg)s#(by h# i(#a o, (ri+&i+g %a#r %hich )s#( o co+ai+ yo)r %as#5 co+si(#r h# ,air*y high probabi*iy ha h#%a#r yo):r# (ri+&i+g righ +o% o+c# co+ai+#( ,ish s%i''i+g aro)+( a+( havi+g g#+#raio+s-%orh o, ,ishs#4$ Th#ir %as# %o)*( hav# b##+ i+ i oo$ Th# poi+ is5 %# hav# %a#r r#a'#+ #ch+o*ogy ,or a r#aso+5a+( by r#cyc*i+g o)r %as# %a#r %# %o)*( 'a 'a4i'a* )s# o, o)r *i'i#( %a#r s)pp*y5 as %#** as r#()-ci+g or #v#+ #*i'i+ai+g h# +##( ,or ari,icia* ,#ri*i.#rs$

So5 by co'bi+i+g a)o'a#( bi cars5 passiv# 'ag*#v po(s a+( vacrai+s5 %# %o)*( b# ab*# o cr#a#

a co'pr#h#+siv# p)b*ic ra+spor sys#' ha is ,as5 co+v#+i#+5 i+cr#(ib*y #,,ici#+5 +o+-po**)i+g5 a+(*#av#s a*'os +o roo' ,or h)'a+ #rror$ Li%is#5 a+ i+#r+a* i+,rasr)c)r# co+sisi+g o, p+#)'aic a+(Por'i+ia)ri.#( #vac)a#( )b#s %o)*( a**o% )s o hav# high*y co+v#+i#+ a+( #,,ici#+ (#*iv#ry5 r#cyc*i+g5 a+(%as# 'a+ag#'#+ sys#'s$ Las*y5 by )si+g a %as#%a#r r#cyc*i+g sys#'5 %# %o)*( a*so g# h# 'os o)o, o)r %a#r )sag#$

Acc#ss vs$ 1rop#ry

To(ay5 %# *iv# i+ a prop#ry-bas#( sys#'$ This is b#ca)s# i+ a+ #+viro+'#+ o, scarciy5 %# ')s,i+( %ays o #+s)r# ha h# goo(s %# hav# ,o)gh ,or %i** r#'ai+ i+ o)r poss#ssio+$ Th#r#,or#5 %# ')sc*ai' c#rai+ hi+gs as o)r :prop#ry: so ha h#y %i** b# pro#c#( by o)r *#ga* sys#'$ This r#s)*s i+ a+ i+-

cr#(ib*y i+#,,ici#+ a+( %as#,)* soci#y %h#r# #v#ry i+(ivi()a* ')s hav# :o+# o, #v#ryhi+g:5 #v#+ i, h#y(o +o hav# h# capaciy o 'a )s# o, 'a+y o, hos# hi+gs$ For #4a'p*#5 a car sp#+(s h# 'a?oriy o, isi'# par(5 (oi+g +ohi+g b) a&i+g )p spac#$ So'#o+# %ho p*ays hocy ,or ,)+ 'igh o%+ a s# o,hocy #>)ip'#+ ha %i** +o b# )s#( by a+yo+# ,or !! (ays o) o, h# y#ar$ No o+*y is his sys#'%as#,)*5 b) i a*so co+rib)#s o h# r#*aiv# scarciy ha is pr#s#+ i+ o(ay:s #co+o'y@ si+c# #v#ryo+#:+##(s: h#ir o%+ car5 %# ')s pro()c# ,ar 'or# cars ha+ is )s#,)*5 r#s)*i+g i+ h# #4p#+(i)r# o, r#so)rc#s%hich co)*( hav# b##+ )s#( i+ a ')ch 'or# pro()civ# %ay$ I+ or(#r o ov#rco'# his iss)# i+ a+ R7E5 %#%o)*( s%ich ,ro' a sys#' o, :prop#ry: o a sys#' o, :acc#ss:$

A+ acc#ss sys#' si'p*y '#a+s ha h# 'a?oriy o, goo(s %o)*( +o b# :o%+#(: by a+y o+# p#rso+5b) %o)*( i+s#a( b# #'porari*y *oa+#( o) bas#( o+ +##($ For #4a'p*#5 a ciy +#ar h# oc#a+ %o)*( hav#a+ acc#ss c#+#r %h#r# p#rso+a* %a#rcra, 8s)ch as s'a** boas9 %o)*( b# ,r##*y avai*ab*# o a+yo+# %ho

%a+#( o )s# h#'$ A p#rso+ %o)*( si'p*y a h# boa5 )s# i5 a+( h#+ r#)r+ i %h#+ h#y %#r# (o+#$This %ay5 #v#ry boa %o)*( g# h# 'a4i')' a'o)+ o, )s# possib*#5 h#r#by 'a4i'i.i+g #,,ici#+cy5 a+('i+i'i.i+g h# +##( o cr#a# a+ #4c#ss s)pp*y o, boas$ This sa'# sys#' %o)*( a*so app*y o hi+gs *icars 8as %#:v# s##+ %ih h# bi car95 spors #>)ip'#+ 8oh#r ha+ ?oc& sraps a+( h# *i_ sp#cia*i.#( a)(io-vis)a* #>)ip'#+5 a+( 'a+y oh#r hi+gs$ J)s *i *ibrari#s o, o(ay5 #v#ry i#' %o)*( b# rac( )po+ %ih-(ra%a* a+( r#)r+ so ha a+ acc)ra# i+v#+ory %o)*( a*%ays #4is$ I %o)*( a*so 'a s#+s# o rac& h# )s-ag# o, #ach yp# o, i#' ov#r i'#5 so ha r#+(s i+ )sag# co)*( b# pr#(ic#(5 a+( s)pp*i#s co)*( b# 'ai+-ai+#( accor(i+g*y$ This %o)*( *i*y a h# ,or' o, a G*oba* S)pp*y aabas#5 %hich %o)*( #p rac& o,a** p)b*ic goo(s a+( %h#h#r or +o h#y ar# c)rr#+*y b#i+g )s#($ This is +o (i,,#r#+ ha+ h# yp# o, i+v#+-ory sys#'s )s#( i+ s)p#r'ars o(ay5 oh#r ha+ b#i+g *arg#r i+ sca*#$

Sp#a&i+g o, s)p#r'ars5 acc#ss c#+#rs ,or ,oo( %o)*( co+sis o, a p#rso+ si'p*y %a*&i+g i+5 a&-

i+g %ha ,oo( h#y +##(5 h#+ %a*&i+g o)$ 8I+ 'y opi+io+5 h# ,ac ha %# c)rr#+*y hav# o charg# 'o+#y,or his 'os basic +#c#ssiy is a c*#ar sig+ o, o)r pri'iiv#+#ss$9 A*#r+aiv#*y5 yo) co)*( hav# h# ,oo( (#-*iv#r#( righ i+o yo)r ho'# via h# )b# (#*iv#ry sys#'$ Ev#+ *ivi+g spac#s %o)*( b# bas#( o+ a+ acc#sssys#'$ O+ h# o+# ha+(5 'a+y p#op*# %o)*( pr#,#r o *iv# i+ o+# *ocaio+5 a+( so c#rai+ ho'#s %o)*( b#(#sig+#( o b# v#ry p#rso+a*5 %ih c)so'i.#( i+#riors ai*or-'a(# o h# i+(ivi()a* or ,a'i*y %ho ha(or(#r#( h# co+sr)cio+ o, ha ho'#$ Th#s# ho'#s %o)*( b# *ogg#( i+o h# G*oba* aabas# as b#i+g:*o+g-#r' (%#**i+gs:5 a+( %o)*( +o b# i+c*)(#( i+ h# acc#ss sys#' )+i* h# c)rr#+ occ)pa+s chos# ovaca#$ O+ h# oh#r ha+(5 his is a soci#y %h#r# h#r# is +o +##( o s#*# i+ o+# *ocaio+ i+ or(#r o 'ai+-ai+ #'p*oy'#+ a a sp#ci,ic ?ob$ Th#r#,or#5 'a+y p#op*# %o)*( *i*y b#gi+ o *iv# a 'or# +o'a(ic *i,#-

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sy*#5 co+sa+*y 'ovi+g ,ro' p*ac# o p*ac# 8so'#hi+g 'a(# v#ry #asy ha+&s o h# vacrai+s9$ 7#ca)s# o,his5 'a+y ho'#s %o)*( b# 'a(# rah#r g#+#rica**y5 a+( %o)*( si'p*y b# *ogg#( i+o h# G*oba* aabas# asb#i+g :#'porary (%#**i+gs:$ Th#s# ho'#s %o)*( b# rac( i+ #r's o, occ)pa+cy a+( vaca+cy5 rah#r *iho#* roo's5 b) o+ a *arg#r sca*#$ O+c# agai+5 r#+(s i+ s#*#'#+ pa#r+s %o)*( b# rac( ov#r i'# soha h# G*oba* S)pp*y aabas# %o)*( a*%ays b# ab*# o #p )p %ih h# (#'a+( ,or #ih#r yp# o, ho'#$O, co)rs#5 h#r# ar# c#rai+ goo(s ha 'a+y p#op*# %o)*( co+si(#r :p#rso+a*:5 a+( h#s# goo(s %o)*( +o b#*oa+#( o) via h# acc#ss sys#'$ Goo(s s)ch as c*ohi+g %o)*( +o b# shar#( a'o+gs soci#y a *arg#5

'os*y ,or hygi#+ic r#aso+s 8a*ho)gh 'a+y p#op*# i+ %ar'#r c*i'a#s %o)*( probab*y choos# +o o %#arc*ohi+g a a**95 as %#** as i#'s o, s#+i'#+a* va*)#5 s)ch as gi,s a+( ,a'i*y h#ir*oo's$

7y )si+g a+ acc#ss sys#' ha 'a4i'i.#s h# )s# o, #v#ry goo(5 a*o+g %ih i+#**ig#+ r#so)rc#'a+ag#'#+ a+( +#ar co'p*## a)o'aio+ o, s#rvic#s a+( h# 'a+),ac)ri+g o, goo(s5 %# %o)*( cr#a# asoci#y o, i+cr#(ib*# #,,ici#+cy a+( ab)+(a+c#$ This %i** r#s)* i+ so'#hi+g %hich has +#v#r b#,or# oc-c)rr#( i+ h)'a+ hisory/ h# cr#aio+ o, a pos-scarciy #co+o'y$ A pos-scarciy #co+o'y is o+# i+ %hichgoo(s a+( s#rvic#s ar# avai*ab*# i+ s)ch ab)+(a+c#5 a+( %ih s)ch *i*# +##( ,or h)'a+ *abo)r5 ha h#r#%o)*( *i#ra**y b# +o r#aso+ ,or 'o+#y5 bar#r5 ra(#5 or (#b o, a+y &i+($ A,#r a**5 %ha is h# poi+ i+ char-gi+g 'o+#y ,or so'#hi+g %h#+ h#r# is 'or# ha+ #+o)gh o, ha hi+g avai*ab*# ,or #v#ryo+#B A+( o,co)rs#5 his %o)*( a*so r#s)* i+ a 'assiv# r#()cio+ i+ :cri'i+a*:5 vio*#+5 a+( aggr#ssiv# b#havio)r o, a**&i+($ )ir#'o+#ary i+c#+iv# i+ or(#r o ,orc# p#op*# o p#r,or' h#' - %o)*( +o *o+g#r b# aro)+($ A)o'aio+ %o)*(

#+s)r# ha a** ')+(a+# *abo)r as&s5 a** 'i+(*#ss s#rvic# as&s5 a+( +#ar*y #v#ry oh#r occ)paio+ ha #+-co)rag#s *a.i+#ss %o)*( c#as# o #4is$ I+ a((iio+5 h# 'assiv# r#()cio+ o, sr#ss ca)s#( by b#i+g ,orc#(i+o )+(#sirab*# occ)paio+s %o)*( a*so r#s)* i+ a 'assiv# r#()cio+ i+ *a.i+#ss$ Th# o+*y ?obs r#'ai+i+g%o)*( b# hos# ha a**o% a p#rso+ o #4#rcis# h#ir cr#aiviy5 %hich5 as %# sa% i+ h# i+ro()cio+5 has b##+prov#+ o b# is o%+ r#%ar($ Thi+& ,or a 'o'#+ abo) a** o, h# hi+gs yo) %ish yo) co)*( (o b) ar# )+-ab*# o (o b#ca)s# yo) ar# :oo b)sy %ih %or&:5 or b#ca)s# yo) si'p*y (o+: hav# #+o)gh 'o+#y$ I, yo)s)((#+*y ,o)+( yo)rs#*, %ih #ss#+ia**y )+*i'i#( ,r## i'#5 (o yo) ho+#s*y hi+& ha yo) %o)*( sp#+( a**o, i ?)s *a.i+g aro)+(5 (oi+g +ohi+gB Ho% 'a+y o, yo) r#a(i+g his hav# hobbi#s a+( i+#r#ss ha ac)-a**y cos yo) i'# a+( 'o+#y5 b) provi(# +o 'o+#ary r#%ar( i+ r#)r+B Obvio)s*y5 I ca++o a+s%#r h#s#

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>)#sio+s ,or yo)5 b) I ca+ #** yo) %ha h# #vi(#+c# s)gg#ss/ 1#op*# %o)*( +o r#>)ir# 'o+#ary 'oiva-io+ o cr#a# ar5 o co+rib)# o r#s#arch5 o 'as#r +#% s&i**s5 o *#ar+ abo) opics ha i+#r#s h#'5 or op#r,or' oh#r acio+s ha a**o% h#' o #4pr#ss h#ir cr#aiviy$

I sho)*( a*so sr#ss h# ,ac ha h#r# %o)*( b# +o r#aso+ o ,##* g)i*y abo) sp#+(i+g i'# r#*a4i+g5si+c# a(#>)a# r#*a4aio+ i'# is criica* ,or h# ov#ra** h#a*h o, h# i+(ivi()a*$ I+ ,ac5 'os p#op*# %o)*(probab*y sp#+( a *o *#ss i'# :%or&i+g: a+( a *o 'or# i'# #+gagi+g i+ *#is)r# acivii#s ha+ h#y (o o(ay5a+( h#r# %o)*( b# +ohi+g %ro+g %ih his$ No o+*y %o)*( h#r# b# ,ar *#ss %or& ha ac)a**y +##(#( o b#

(o+# by h)'a+s5 b) a(#>)a# r#*a4aio+ i'# #ps coriso* *#v#*s *o%5 %hich i'prov#s physica* a+( '#+a*h#a*h 8D!9$ Th# poi+ o, a+ R7E %o)*( b# o :%or& s'ar:5 rah#r ha+ :%or& har(:$ 7y ac)a**y havi+g a ba*-a+c# b#%##+ %or& a+( *#is)r# i+ o)r *iv#s5 %# %o)*( cr#a# h)'a+s ha ar# ')ch happi#r a+( h#a*hi#r5a+( h#r#,or#5 ')ch 'or# pro()civ# ov#ra** 8D"9$

A+ R7E %o)*( a*so cr#a# a((iio+a* i+c#+iv#s ()# o h# ,ac ha i %o)*( +o b# a co'p#i-io+-bas#( soci#y$ I+s#a(5 coop#raio+ %o)*( b# #+co)rag#( ,or h# pracica* b#+#,is i provi(#s$ I, yo)choos# o (o so'#hi+g ha b#+#,is soci#y as a %ho*#5 yo)r acio+ is by (#,i+iio+ a*so b#+#,ii+g yo)si+c# yo) ar# par o, soci#y$ 7y h#*pi+g oh#rs5 yo) %o)*( ac)a**y b# h#*pi+g yo)rs#*, i+ a r#a*5 pracica*%ay$ For #4a'p*#5 i, I a h# i'# o h#*p yo)r chi*( *#ar+ abo) h)'a+ physio*ogy5 i i+cr#as#s h# cha+c#ha yo)r chi*( %i** gro% )p o co+rib)# posiiv#*y o h# '#(ica* sys#' or o '#(ica* r#s#arch$ Eih#r o,h#s# sc#+arios %o)*( b# o, gr#a b#+#,i o '# p#rso+a**y as %#** as o soci#y a *arg#$ I+ co'p#iiv# soci-

#i#s %# ar# so'#i'#s r#*)ca+ o h#*p oh#rs si+c# so'#o+# %# h#*p 'igh #+( )p *a+(i+g a ?ob %# %#r#ryi+g o g#5 or 'a&i+g 'o+#y ha co)*( oh#r%is# hav# b##+ 'a(# by )s$ Th#r# is +o%h#r# his is (is-p*ay#( 'or# sro+g*y ha+ i+ )+iv#rsiy c*assroo's$ I hav# p#rso+a**y s##+ s)(#+s r#,)si+g o h#*p #achoh#r or #v#+ aciv#*y a#'pi+g o saboag# oh#rs i+ or(#r o #+s)r# ha h#y %i** hav# a high#r spo o+h# b#** c)rv#$ I+ a coop#raiv# soci#y5 ho%#v#r5 %# %o)*( b# 'or# sro+g*y 'oiva#( o h#*p #ach oh#r,or '))a* b#+#,i$ I, I h#*p a ,#**o% s)(#+ *#ar+5 i i+cr#as#s h# cha+c#s ha sai( s)(#+ %i** p#r,or'so'# acio+ o b#+#,i '# i+ h# ,))r#$ A+(5 as *o+g as %#:r# o+ h# opic o, coop#raio+5 *#:s a*so r#'#'b#rha coop#raio+ has b##+ prov#+ o r#s)* i+ gr#a#r pro()civiy a+( i++ovaio+ ha+ co'p#iio+$ 7y hav-i+g h# %ho*# o, soci#y %or&i+g og#h#r rah#r ha+ co'p#i+g %ih #ach oh#r5 o)r civi*i.aio+ %o)*( a(-va+c# a a ')ch 'or# rapi( pac#$

I+ s)''ary5 h#r# %o)*( b# ,ar *#ss :%or&: o b# (o+# i+ a+ R7E ha+ i+ o(ay:s soci#y$ A*so5 %ha

%or& h#r# is o b# (o+# %o)*( co+sis o, acivii#s %hich a**o% ,or cr#aiviy a+( p#rso+a* gro%h5 %hichhav# b##+ sho%+ o b# h#ir o%+ r#%ar($ F)rh#r'or#5 'or# i'# ,or r#*a4aio+ i+ a soci#y ha is ori#+#(o%ar(s coop#raio+ rah#r ha+ co'p#iio+ %o)*( r#s)* i+ a+ ov#ra** i+cr#as# i+ pro()civiy$ A** o, his%o)*( occ)r %iho) h# +##( ,or p#op*# o b# ,orc#( i+o %ag# s*av#ry by a (#b-bas#( sys#'5 %hich is h#cas# o(ay$ Ho%#v#r5 %# si** hav#+: co'p*##*y a+s%#r#( h# >)#sio+ o, %h#h#r or +o his sys#' %o)*(b# ab*# o ,)+cio+$ To (o ha5 %# ')s (#*v# i+o o+# ,i+a* ,ac# o, h# R7E$

Gov#r+'#+ a+( La%

Th# %or( :a+archy: has a+ o+ a *o o, baggag# ov#r h# y#ars$


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i+c*)(#s a b)i*-i+ '#cha+is' ,or #+s)ri+g h# i+#griy o, i(#as/ rah#r ha+ givi+g #>)a* %#igh o #v#rysi+g*# opi+io+ r#gar(*#ss o, ig+ora+c# or *ac& o, )+(#rsa+(i+g5 gr#a#r #'phasis is p*ac#( o+ hos# i(#as%hich ar# bac( )p by #4p#ri'#+ a+( #'pirica* #vi(#+c# si+c# o+*y hos# i+(ivi()a*s %ho ac)a**y )+(#r-sa+( a paric)*ar sys#' %i** b# ab*# o %or& o+ i$ This 'igh so)+( a bi ,righ#+i+g a ,irs si+c# i a*'oss##'s *i a +#% &i+( o, (icaorship$ 7) %# hav# o #p i+ 'i+( ha his is a soci#y i+ %hich #()caio+i+ a** s)b?#cs is ,r##*y avai*ab*# o #v#ryo+#5 so #v#ry p#rso+ is a po#+ia* co+rib)or i+ %hich#v#r ar#ah#y ar# 'os i+#r#s#( i+$

7) h#+5 %ho (#ci(#s %h#h#r or +o a p#rso+ is ab*# o co+rib)# o a as& or +oB )i# si'p*y5 h#as& is#*,$ I, yo) ar# &+o%*#(g#ab*# a+( s&i**,)* #+o)gh o )+(#rsa+( ha as& a+( giv# '#a+i+g,)* s)gg#s-io+s as o ho% i ca+ b# carri#( o)5 h#+ yo) ar# ab*# o co+rib)#$ I, yo) ar# +o &+o%*#(g#ab*# #+o)gh o)+(#rsa+( h# as& a ha+(5 h#+ obvio)s*y yo) %o)*( b# )+ab*# o co+rib)# o i$ Th#r#,or#5 h# o+*y,or's o, :a)horiy: r#'ai+i+g %o)*( b# hos# %ho ca+ ac)a**y sho% ha h#ir i(#as ar# r)s%orhy$ For #4-a'p*#5 %h#+ yo) ,o**o% h# a(vic# giv#+ o yo) by a (ocor5 yo) ar# r)si+g i+ h# a)horiy o, h# (ocorsi+c# h#y ar# 'or# &+o%*#(g#ab*# abo) '#(ici+# ha+ yo) ar#$ )ir#$ This s)rv#y %o)*( i+c*)(# >)#sio+s s)ch as )ir#s +o sp#cia* &+o%*#(g#or s&i** oh#r ha+ b#i+g ab*# o i(#+i,y %ha yo) )s# i+ a giv#+ p#rio( o, i'#9$ A*ho)gh his &i+( o, sys-#' so)+(s co'p*ica#(5 i is )*i'a#*y +ohi+g 'or# ha+ a *arg# ca*c)*aor5 (isp#rs#( across h# #+ir#g*oba* +#%or&5 ha 'ach#s (#'a+( ,or goo(s a+( s#rvic#s %ih s)pp*y$ O+c# agai+5 his is v#ry si'i*ar oh# a)o'a#( i+v#+ory rac&i+g sys#'s )s#( i+ or(i+ary shoppi+g c#+r#s5 b) o+ a ')ch *arg#r sca*#$Si+c# h#s# s)rv#ys ar# opio+a*5 %# %o)*( +##( o 'a s)r# ha h# (aa #4rac#( ,ro' h#' is sca*#( o)o a i+o acco)+ h# oa* pop)*aio+ o, Earh5 rah#r ha+ ?)s hos# %ho ,i**#( o) h# s)rv#ys$ I+ a((i-io+5 i+ or(#r o #+s)r# ha h# sys#' )s#s r#so)rc#s i+ h# 'os *ogica* a+( s)sai+ab*# %ay5 %# %o)*( pro-gra' i+ a s# o, para'##rs orga+i.#( by prioriy$ For #4a'p*#5 o+# para'##r co)*( sa# ha a sys#' ')s)s# h# c*#a+#s a+( 'os s)sai+ab*# ,or's o, #+#rgy 8s)ch as so*ar a+( %i+(95 r#sori+g o po**)i+g ,or's8s)ch as g#oh#r'a*9 o+*y i, his ,or' ca+ provi(# 'or# #+#rgy i+ h# (#sir#( co+#4 ha+ h# c*#a+#r ,or's5

a+( o+*y r#sori+g o +o+-s)sai+ab*# ,or's o, #+#rgy 8s)ch as ,ossi* ,)#*s9 %h#+ h#r# is +o c*#ar a*#r+aiv#$This sa'# *ogic co)*( b# )s#( o #+s)r# ha 'a#ria*s ar# )s#( i+ h# 'os s)sai+ab*# %ay a+( ha +#c#ssi-i#s 8s)ch as ,oo( a+( sh#*#r9 ar# priorii.#( ov#r r#cr#aio+a* goo(s a+( h# *i$ O, co)rs#5 as o)r )+(#r-sa+(i+g i'prov#(5 h# para'##rs i+,*)#+ci+g o)r co'p)#rs %o)*( b# )p(a#( as %#**$

A+oh#r i'pora+ s)rv#y %o)*( b# o+# o, s&i** ass#ss'#+$ I+ his s)rv#y5 p#op*# %o)*( i+(ica#h#ir s&i**s a+( ar#as o, &+o%*#(g#$ For #4a'p*#5 o+# p#rso+ 'igh i+(ica# ha h#y ar# &+o%*#(g#ab*#abo) orga+ic ch#'isry a+( 'o*#c)*ar bio*ogy$ A+oh#r p#rso+ 'igh i+(ica# ha h#y ar# s&i**#( a p*ay-i+g g)iar5 p*ayi+g bas#ba**5 a+( (oi+g v#cor ca*c)*)s$ Oh#r p#op*# 'igh i+(ica# ha h#y ar# :goo( *is#+-#rs:$ I %o)*( a*so 'a s#+s# ,or #ach p#rso+ o i+(ica# %hich *a+g)ag#s h#y ar# ,*)#+ i+$ Th# poi+ o,

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his s)rv#y %o)*( b# o cr#a# a G*oba* S&i** aabas# %hich a+yo+# co)*( s#arch i+ or(#r o g# i+ co+ac%ih so'#o+# %ho poss#ss#s a paric)*ar s&i**$ This s)rv#y5 *i h# oh#rs5 %o)*( b# opio+a*$ 7y ,i**i+g o)h# s)rv#y5 yo) %o)*( #ss#+ia**y b# sig+a*i+g ha yo) ar# op#+ o b#i+g co+ac#(5 a+( p#rhaps %i**i+g o'ov# o a+oh#r *ocaio+ 8a *#as #'porari*y9 i+ or(#r o p)rs)# so'# aciviy$ For #4a'p*#5 h# :goo(*is#+#r: 'igh b# co+ac#( by p#op*# %ho ar# ,##*i+g *o+#*y a+( si'p*y +##( so'#o+# o a*& o$ Th# g)iarp*ay#r 'igh b# co+ac#( by so'#o+# %ishi+g o ,or' a ')sica* gro)p$ Th# 'o*#c)*ar bio*ogis 'igh b#co+ac#( by a r#s#arch gro)p ha is i+ +##( o, ha paric)*ar s&i**$ I+ his %ay5 %# %o)*( b# ab*# o ,aci*i-

a# coop#raio+ o+ a g*oba* sca*# a+( h)s #+co)rag# soci#y:s progr#ss #v#+ ,)rh#r$ I+ a((iio+5 hos# ar#aso, r#s#arch or pro()c (#v#*op'#+ %hich ar# i+ high#s (#'a+( 8*#:s say h# op D95 %o)*( b# )s#( asg)i(#*i+#s o 'a %i(#spr#a( ca**s across h# g*ob# i+ or(#r o co+ac p#op*# %ho poss#ss h# (#sir#(s&i**s$ For #4a'p*#5 i, so'# +#% &i+( o, vir)s s)((#+*y app#ars ha hr#a#+s h# #+ir# h)'a+ sp#ci#s5 h#+h#r# %o)*( a)o'aica**y b# a+ op#+ ca** o #v#ryo+# %ho i+(ica#( ha h#y hav# a s&i** ha co)*( b# )s#-,)* i+ ,i+(i+g a so*)io+$ I 'igh b# )+*i*y ha abso*)#*y #v#ryo+# %o)*( a+s%#r h# ca**5 b) bas#( o+%ha %# *#ar+#( i+ h# pr#vio)s s#cio+5 'a+y p#op*# %o)*($

O, co)rs#5 h#r# is si** h# >)#sio+ o, %ho %o)*( progra' h# co'p)#rs5 %ho %o)*( 'ai+ai+h#'5 a+( %ho %o)*( (#sig+ h# s)rv#ys$ L#:s a+s%#r ha *as >)#sio+ ,irs@ h# s)rv#ys %o)*( b# cr#a#(bas#( )po+ r#spo+s#s giv#+ i+ pr#vio)s s)rv#ys$ Each s)rv#y %o)*( i+c*)(# a s#cio+ %h#r# p#op*# co)*(i+(ica# %hich >)#sio+s h#y %o)*( *i o s## o+ +#4 y#ar:s s)rv#ys5 or a+y oh#r cha+g#s h#y hi+&

%o)*( i'prov# h# s)rv#yi+g proc#ss$ 8I, yo):r# %o+(#ri+g %ho %o)*( (#sig+ h# i+iia* s)rv#ys5 %#:** a*&abo) ha i+ S#cio+ $9 As ,or %ho %o)*( progra' a+( 'ai+ai+ h# co'p)#rs5 h# 'os obvio)s a+s%#r%o)*( b# a+yo+# %ho is i+#r#s#( a+( &+o%*#(g#ab*# #+o)gh i+ co'p)#r sci#+c# o co+rib)# h#ir #,,or$So'# p#op*# 'igh %orry ha his %o)*( b# givi+g oo ')ch :po%#r: o h# co'p)#r #4p#rs5 h)s r#s)*i+gi+ a +#% ,or' o, #*iis'$ Ho%#v#r5 I %i** o+c# agai+ '#+io+ ha his is a soci#y i+ %hich #()caio+ is,r##*y avai*ab*# o a** p#op*#$ A+yo+# %ho %a+s o a h# i'# o *#ar+ abo) co'p)#rs is ab*# o (o soa+( ca+ h#+ go o+ o co+rib)# o his i'pora+ asp#c o, soci#y$


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*iv#5 %o)*( by (#,i+iio+ r#s)* i+ a 'assiv# (rop i+ cri'# co'par#( o o(ay:s sys#'$ Th#r# %o)*( b# +or#aso+ o s#a* a+( +ohi+g o s#**$ As %# *#ar+#( i+ h# i+ro()cio+5 h)'a+s (o +o #+gag# i+ :cri'i+a*: b#-havio)r ,or +o r#aso+@ %iho) h# +##( or 'oivaio+ o a ,ro' p#op*#5 cri'# o, a** &i+(s %o)*( b# r#-()c#( (ra'aica**y$ F)rh#r'or#5 ?)s a ,#% paragraphs ago %# a*( abo) ho% h# sr#ss r#>)ir#( o :#p)p: i+ a co'p#iiv# soci#y ac)a**y i+spir#s cri'i+a* b#havio)r$ O+c# agai+5 %# %o)*( s## a r#()cio+ i+cri'# ()# o h# *o%-sr#ss #+viro+'#+ o, a+ #ga*iaria+ soci#y$ )#sio+ is#*, is ,*a%#($Rah#r ha+ p)+ish vio*#+c#5 %# %o)*( r#a his b#havio)r as a '#+a* i**+#ss5 a+( a#'p o r#so*v# h# is-s)# %ih psycho*ogica* co)+s#**i+g$ Th# priso+ sys#'s o, o(ay ar# ac)a**y 'assiv# g#+#raors o, vio*#+b#havio)r5 +o so*)io+s o i 8D9$ Rah#r ha+ r#a vio*#+ b#havio)r %ih posiiv# socia* r#*aio+s 8%hich is#4ac*y %ha vio*#+ i+(ivi()a*s +##( o b# '#+a**y h#a*hy95 %# p*ac# vio*#+ i+(ivi()a*s i+ a si)aio+ haac)a**y #+co)rag#s h#' o b# 'or# vio*#+/ h# sr#ss a+( vio*#+c#-,i**#( #+viro+'#+ o, priso+$ 7y r#gar(-i+g vio*#+c# as a+ i**+#ss ha +##(s o b# r#a#( rah#r ha+ so'#hi+g ha +##(s o b# p)+ish#(5 %# %o)*(

gr#a*y r#()c# vio*#+c# #v#+ 'or# ha+ %# a*r#a(y hav#$ r)g a((icio+s %o)*( b# r#a#( i+ #4ac*y h#sa'# %ay si+c# h#y )s)a**y occ)r ,or h# sa'# r#aso+/ sr#ss,)* a+( ra)'aic #4p#ri#+c#s 8D9$ Th#r#,or#5(r)g a((icio+s %o)*( a*so b# r#a#( hro)gh co)+s#**i+g rah#r ha+ priso+ s#+#+c#s5 a+( his %o)*( r#-()c# h# *i*ihoo( o, ,))r# (r)g a((icio+s$

So5 o s)''ari.#5 a+ R7E %o)*( b# a +o+-sr#ss,)*5 +o+-co'p#iiv# soci#y i+ %hich #v#ryo+# isgiv#+ %ha h#y +##( o s)rviv#5 vio*#+c# a+( a((icio+ ar# r#a#( rah#r ha+ p)+ish#(5 a+( a** &i+(s o, vi-o*#+ a+( ra)'aic #4p#ri#+c#s ar# gr#a*y r#()c#($ This %o)*( r#s)* i+ a :cyc*# o, +o+-vio*#+c#:5 %h#r#i+:cri'i+a*: b#havio)rs o, a** &i+(s %o)*( b# #4c##(i+g*y rar#5 a+( %o)*( co+i+)a**y (#cr#as# ov#r i'#5 b#-co'i+g rar#r a+( rar#r %ih #ach passi+g g#+#raio+$ To 'a hi+gs #v#+ b##r5 %# si** hav# +o (isc)ss#(h# ro*# o, #()caio+$ A+ #()ca#( soci#y is ')ch *#ss *i*y o #+gag# i+ :cri'i+a*: b#havio)r o, a+y &i+(8DD9$ F)rh#r'or#5 %# %o)*( #ach p#op*# ha vio*#+c# a+( a((icio+ ar# +o iss)#s o, 'ora*iy b) iss)#s o,

h#a*h$ This %o)*( i+cr#as# h# cha+c#s ha a vio*#+ i+(ivi()a* or a((ic %o)*( aciv#*y s##& o) h#*p ,orh#ir prob*#'s rah#r ha+ avoi(i+g i ,or ,#ar o, p)+ish'#+ a+( 'ora* ?)(g#'#+$ Ho%#v#r5 ()# o h#s*igh cha+c# o, a vio*#+ p#rso+ b#i+g oppos#( o r#c#ivi+g h#*p 8%hich %o)*( b# a+ #4c##(i+g*y )+*i*y#v#+95 i 'igh b# +#c#ssary o 'ai+ai+ so'# &i+( o, s'a** vo*)+##r po*ic# ,orc#$ This co)*( co+sis o, i+-(ivi()a*s %ho ar# %#** rai+#( o *oca# a+( r#srai+ h# vio*#+ i+(ivi()a* i+ so'# %ay5 so ha h# or sh#co)*( b# sa (o%+ a+( r#a#( hro)gh co)+s#**i+g$ Th# ,ac ha vio*#+ o,,#+(#rs %o)*( b# so i+cr#(ib*yrar# o b#gi+ %ih %o)*( '#a+ ha his #v#+ %o)*( a*'os +#v#r occ)r5 a+( his vo*)+##r po*ic# ,orc#%o)*( +o hav# o b# v#ry *arg# a a**$ Si**5 i +#v#r h)rs o hav# so'# &i+( o, proc#()r# i+ p*ac#$

To op i a** o,,5 %# si** hav#+: a*( abo) a** o, h# b#+#,is o, *ivi+g i+ a co'p*##*y #>)a* soci#yha is abs#+ o, socia* srai,icaio+$ Th# *#v#* o, #>)a*iy i+ a soci#y is (ir#c*y r#*a#( o a +)'b#r o, b#+#-,is@ 'or# #>)a*iy r#s)*s i+/ Gr#a#r physica* a+( '#+a* h#a*h5 *o%#r i+,a+ (#ah ra#s5 *#ss (r)g ab)s#5

gr#a#r #()caio+a* achi#v#'#+5 *o%#r ra#s o, i'priso+'#+5 *#ss ob#siy5 gr#a#r r)s a+( coop#raio+5*#ss vio*#+c#5 ,#%#r ##+ag# birhs5 i'prov#( chi*( h#a*h5 *#ss co+s)'pio+ o, r#so)rc#s5 a+( a 'or# #+vir-o+'#+a**y-,ri#+(*y soci#y 8D5D5DK5D5!5"5259$ L#:s #p i+ 'i+( ha a** o, h#s# s)(i#s %#r# p#r-,or'#( i+ soci#i#s ha hav# a *#as so'# :%#a*h gap:$ I+ a+ R7E5 h# :%#a*h gap: %o)*( b# .#ro@ #v#ryo+#%o)*( hav# acc#ss o h# sa'# :%#a*h: as #v#ryo+# #*s#$ This '#a+s ha a** o, h# b#+#,is *is#( abov#sho)*(5 i+ h#ory5 b# #v#+ sro+g#r i+ a+ R7E$ I+ #pi+g %ih o)r opic o, h# *a%5 his &i+( o, co'p*###>)a*iy %o)*( r#s)* i+ #v#+ *#ss )+(#sirab*# b#havio)rs s)ch as vio*#+c# a+( (r)g ab)s#5 as i+(ica#(abov#$ Co)p*# his %ih h# i+cr#as#( s#+s# o, socia* r)s 8%hich i+cr#as#s h# cha+c#s o, '#+a**y i** i+(i-vi()a*s s##&i+g h#*p #v#+ 'or#9 a+( h# ')*i)(# o, oh#r b#+#,is5 a+( %# ca+ s## pr#y c*#ar*y ho% a+

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#ga*iaria+ soci#y has ')ch *#ss +##( ,or *a%s i+ g#+#ra*$ Rah#r ha+ r#sric p#op*#Qs ,r##(o's %ih *a%s5%# i+s#a( cr#a# a+ #+viro+'#+ i+ %hich h# probabi*iy o, (#sr)civ# b#havio)r occ)rri+g is so *o% ha ib#co'#s i+(isi+g)ishab*# ,ro' .#ro$


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30/74

a+yo+# %ho %a+#( o+#5 h)s cr#ai+g a +#% &i+( o, (igia* g*oba* co+scio)s+#ss/ o+# ha p#r'#a#s h#r#a* %or*(5 rah#r ha+ sic&i+g )s a** b#hi+( co'p)#r 'o+iors$

I high*y r#co''#+( ha yo) *oo& )p his (#vic# o+*i+#5 #sp#cia**y i, yo) %a+ a ')ch b##r #4p*a+-aio+ o, %ha i ca+ (o ha+ h# o+# I:v# giv#+ h#r# 8%hich r#a**y (o#s+: (o i ?)sic#9$ 8D59

So'# Fi+a* Tho)ghs

A R#so)rc# 7as#( Eco+o'y is a ra(ica* i(#a )+*i a+yhi+g ha has #v#r b##+ a#'p#( i+ h)'a+hisory$ 1#rhaps h# 'os i+#r#si+g asp#c o, his +#% sys#' is ha by ,)**y )i*i.i+g a(va+c#( #ch+o*ogy5%# %o)*( ac)a**y b# r#sori+g o)r ,or'#r ba*a+c# %ih +a)r#$ For h# 'a?oriy o, h)'a+ hisory5 h# h)'a+sp#ci#s *iv#( i+ r#*aiv# har'o+y %ih is #+viro+'#+$ Th# #+viro+'#+a* cha+g#s %# i'pos#( %#r# gra()-a* #+o)gh5 a+( s)b*# #+o)gh5 ha %# %#r# +o a 'a?or ca)s# o, #+viro+'#+a* (#sr)cio+$ I+s#a(5 %# %#r#?)s a+oh#r +a)ra* par o, h# #cosys#'5 *i a** o, h# oh#r p*a+s a+( a+i'a*s$ Ho%#v#r5 so'#%h#r#a*o+g h# *i+# his ba*a+c# %as *os$ )a+ii#s o, r#so)rc#s$ 7) h#r# %as a pric#$ Th# 'or# po%#r,)* o)r #ch+o*ogy b#ca'#5 h# gr#a#r is +#g-

aiv# i'pac o+ h# #+viro+'#+$ I s##'s ha his #ch+o*ogy %as ac)a**y +o v#ry a(va+c#( a a**5 b) %asr#a**y si** >)i# pri'iiv#$ Tr)*y a(va+c#( #ch+o*ogy %o)*(5 *ogica**y sp#a&i+g5 b# ab*# o #+ha+c# h#po%#r o, o)r sp#ci#s %hi*# si')*a+#o)s*y ba*a+ci+g his po%#r %ih h# i'pac %# hav# o+ h# #+viro+-'#+$ O)r sp#ci#s has +o% r#ach#( a poi+ %h#r# his &i+( o, a(va+c#'#+ is ac)a**y %ihi+ o)r grasp$Ho%#v#r5 %# co+i+)# o c*i+g o o)r 'os*y pri'iiv# #ch+o*ogi#s #v#+ ho)gh h#y ar# *#ss po%#r,)*5 *#ss#,,ici#+5 a+( *#ss s)sai+ab*# ha+ 'or# a(va+c#( a*#r+aiv#s$ This is *arg#*y ()# o o)r r#,)sa* o *# go o,h# i+a+gib*# co+sr)cs %hich hav# +o% b#co'# 'or# i'pora+ o o)r sp#ci#s ha+ h# r#a* %or*($ I, %#ar# ab*# o ov#rco'# his barri#r o o)r progr#ss5 %# 'igh a *as b# ab*# o r#ach a sa# i+ %hich %# ca+ba*a+c# h# #ch+o*ogica* po%#r o, h# 'o(#r+ ag# %ih h# har'o+y o)r a+c#sors #+?oy#( %ih +a)r#$

F)rh#r'or#5 by cr#ai+g a soci#y i+ %hich r#sriciv# co+c#ps s)ch as :gov#r+'#+: a+( :*a%: %#r#+o *o+g#r +#c#ssary5 %# %o)*( r#sor# h# +a)ra* ,r##(o' ha %# *os %ih h# #sab*ish'#+ o, h)'a+

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S#cio+ T%o/ )#sio+sB Co+c#r+sB

A** r)h pass#s hro)gh hr## sag#s$ Firs5 i is ri(ic)*#($ S#co+(5 i is vio*#+*y oppos#($ Thir(5 i is acc#p-#( as b#i+g s#*,-#vi(#+$6-Arh)r Schop#+ha)#r 8"9

)#sio+s ha I hav# b##+ as( p#rso+a**y %hi*#a*&i+g abo) h# R7E i(#a i+ cas)a* co+v#rsaio+$ 7#,or# %# b#gi+ a*&i+g abo) ho% %# co)*( go abo)#si+g a+ R7E5 I:** a#'p o a+s%#r as 'a+y o, h#s# >)#ri#s a+( ob?#cio+s as I ca+ hi+& o,$ H#r# %# go$$$


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p#op*# va*)# 'a#ria* hi+gs so ')chB I+ shor5 %# *iv# i+ a soci#y %hich aciv#*y b)i*(s i+ )s a+ irraio+a*a((icio+ o 'a#ria* hi+gs5 r#gar(*#ss o, h#ir )s#,)*+#ss$

7) is his r#a**y so ba(B )ir#( o ,##( o)r app#i# ,or hi+gsh#r# i+ h# (#v#*op#( %or*($ Ev#+ i+ a+ R7E5 i %o)*( si** b# socia**y (a'agi+g as h# r#so)rc#s sp#+ ,##(-i+g o+# p#rso+:s a((icio+ %o)*( '#a+ ha hos# r#so)rc#s co)*(+Q b# )s#( ,or so'#hi+g 'or# ob?#civ#*y)s#,)*$ I+ a((iio+5 o+# 'igh #4p#c o ,ac# so'# (#gr## o, socia* osracis' ,or )si+g r#so)rc#s i+ s)ch a+irr#spo+sib*# %ay5 #sp#cia**y co+si(#ri+g h# r#*aiv#*y high a'o)+ o, co+v#+i#+c# a+( *)4)ry ha ca+ b#achi#v#( %hi*# r#'ai+i+g s)sai+ab*#$ Las*y5 h# a((icio+ is #+viro+'#+a**y (a'agi+g si+c# o)r i+saiab*#

+##( ,or hi+gs r#>)ir#s h# #4p#+(i)r# o, vas a'o)+s o, r#so)rc#s a a ra# ha is ,as#r ha+ %ha is s)s-ai+ab*#$ To 'a 'a#rs %ors#5 high a'o)+s o, co+s)'pio+ a*so '#a+ high a'o)+s o, %as#5 as i+(ic-a#( by h# *a+(,i**s a+( ()'pi+g si#s ha +o% cov#r ')ch o, h# g*ob#$ So5 %hy is o)r a((icio+ o 'a#ri-a* hi+gs %orh g#i+g ri( o,B Si'p*y p)5 i is a *osi+g si)aio+ ,or a*'os #v#ryo+# a+( #v#ryhi+g o+ h#p*a+#$

So5 ho% %o)*( %# avoi( his a((icio+ i+ a+ R7EB For i+(ivi()a*s bor+ i+o ha soci#y5 h# a+s%#ris >)i# si'p*#/ )#sio+s o, 'y o%+/ Ev#+ i, yo) (i(:#ar+: h#' 8%hich5 as %#:** (isc)ss soo+5 is +o a*%ays h# cas#95 ar# a** o, h#s# i+a+i'a# ob?#cs ac)a**y(oi+g yo) a+y ob?#civ# goo(B A*so5 is yo)r 'a#ria* :s)cc#ss: %orh a** o, h# +#gaiv# p#rso+a*5 socia*5 a+(#+viro+'#+a* co+s#>)#+c#sB I ca++o a+s%#r h#s# >)#sio+s ,or yo)5 a+( I ho+#s*y (o+: #4p#c a+yo+# oco'p*##*y cha+g# h#ir va*)#s bas#( o+ r#a(i+g a ,#% paragraphs i+ so'# boo&$ Ho%#v#r5 %ha I (o hop# isha his %i** a *#as g# p#op*# hi+&i+g 'or# abo) h# i'pac o, h#ir acio+s a+( h# b#+#,is a+( (ra%-bac&s o, h#ir va*)#s$ So'#i'#s5 a** i as is h# ho+#s as&i+g o, a si+g*# >)#sio+ o co'p*##*y cha+g#h# co)rs# o, a p#rso+:s *i,#$

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This is )*i'a#*y h# si+g*# 'os (i,,ic)* asp#c o, ra+siio+i+g o a+ R7E/ #v#+ i, %# hav# a** o,h# #ch+ica* asp#cs o, his sys#' (#scrib#( a+( p*a++#( o) p#r,#c*y5 %# %o)*( si** +##( h# #+ir# p*a+#o vo*)+ari*y cha+g# h#ir va*)#s$ I+s#a( o, o)r va*)#s b#i+g (o'i+a#( by 'a#ria*is' a+( gr##(5 %#%o)*( +##( #v#ryo+# o b#gi+ va*)i+g s)sai+abi*iy a+( coop#raio+$ Ho% ca+ %# possib*y hop# o acco'-p*ish s)ch a *o,y goa*B Th#r# ar# basica**y 'a?or s#ps ha +##( o b# a+ i+ or(#r o achi#v# his/

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'#a+s o #va*)a# h# cos o, pro()cio+ a #v#ry s#p5 as %#** as a '#a+s ,or co+s)'#rs o co'')+ica#h#ir %a+s via h#ir %i**i+g+#ss o pay sai( coss$ Tra(iio+a**y5 h# o+*y a*#r+aiv# o a ;ar sys#' hahas b##+ co+si(#r#( is C#+ra* 1*a++i+g$ Ho%#v#r5 i has b##+ s)gg#s#( ha raio+a* (isrib)io+ ca++o b#achi#v#( hro)gh a C#+ra**y 1*a++#( sys#' b#ca)s# h#r# %o)*( +o *o+g#r b# a+ #,,#civ# '#ho( o,rac&i+g pro()cio+ coss hro)gh #v#ry s#p$ F)rh#r'or#5 h# va*)# ha i+(ivi()a*s p*ac# o+ goo(s a+(s#rvic#s is p)r#*y s)b?#civ#5 a+( so h#r# ')s b# a %ay ,or p#op*# o co'')+ica# ho% ')ch h#y va*)##ach pro()c$ O+c# agai+5 i is c*ai'#( ha h# o+*y %ay o (o his is hro)gh h# )s# o, 'o+#y5 si+c# p#op*#

ca+ (#ci(# %ha h#y:r# %i**i+g o pay ,or a+( ho% ')ch h#y:r# %i**i+g o pay ,or i$ 85K9


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7y co'bi+i+g h# (ir#c paricipaory sys#' %ih a+ a)o'a#( pro()cio+ sys#'5 %# ca+ ov#r-co'# h# ,*a%s i+h#r#+ i+ #ih#r sys#' o+ is o%+$ 1aricipaory sys#'s 'igh s),,#r ,ro' ov#r%h#*'i+gb)r#a)cracy a+( r#s)*a+ i+#,,ici#+cy i+ g#i+g a+yhi+g (o+#5 b) h#s# iss)#s ar# a**#via#( by h# #'-p*oy'#+ o, a+ a)o'a#( sys#' rah#r ha+ a gro)p o, b)r#a)cras$ A)o'aio+ r)+s h# ris& o, b#i+g oorigi(5 i+,*#4ib*#5 a+( )+r#spo+siv# o h# +##(s o, h# p#op*#5 b) h#s# prob*#'s ar# a((r#ss#( by h# pari-cipaory sys#'5 %hich p*ac#s h# ov#ra** co+ro* o, h# a)o'a#( sys#' (ir#c*y i+ h# ha+(s o, h# pop)-*aio+$ So i+ a+ R7E5 %# ar# ab*# o achi#v# raio+a* #co+o'ic ca*c)*aio+ s)ch as ha c*ai'#( by a(voca#s

o, h# ;ar sys#'5 b) %ih h# #>)iab*# (isrib)io+ o, :%#a*h: possib*# i+ C#+ra* 1*a++i+g5 a+( h#'assiv# r#()cio+ i+ )+%a+#( *abo)r as&s a+( i+cr#as# i+ pro()civiy gai+#( hro)gh a)o'aio+$ I:s +os)rprisi+g ha a+ R7E s##'s o hav# #*#'#+s o, so 'a+y sys#'s 'i4#( og#h#r5 si+c# i is i+ h# i+#r#so, 'a4i'i.i+g )i*iy o a ha %hich is )s#,)* ,ro' %h#r#v#r i is ,o)+(5 a+( (iscar( ha %hich (o#s +o%or&5 +o 'a#r ho% sacr#( or r)s#( h# so)rc#$ I #+co)rag# #v#ry r#a(#r o app*y ha sa'# '#ho( o, (is-cri'i+aio+ o h# i+,or'aio+ i+ his boo&$

Th# abi*iy o o%+ priva# prop#ry is a ,)+(a'#+a* h)'a+ righ$6

I+ a c#rai+ s#+s#5 I ac)a**y agr## %ih his sa#'#+$ I hi+& #v#ry h)'a+ has h# righ o sa,#*yposs#ss h# hi+gs h#y +##( o s)rviv#5 %iho) ,#ar o, h#s# hi+gs b#i+g (a'ag#( or a+ a%ay by

so'#o+# #*s#$ Ho%#v#r5 his is +o +#c#ssari*y h# sa'# as priva# prop#ry$ :1riva# prop#ry: is a '#a+s os#c)r# acc#ss o r#so)rc#s %h#+ r#so)rc#s ar# scarc#$ Tha is5 by c*ai'i+g a+ ob?#c or r#so)rc# as 'y :prop-#ry:5 I ca+ acc#ss i a %i** a+( pr#v#+ oh#rs ,ro' acc#ssi+g i %iho) 'y p#r'issio+$ 7) his #+ir# #+#r-pris# b#co'#s *arg#*y poi+*#ss o+c# %# ov#rco'# scarciy$ Th#r# is +o *o+g#r a+y r#aso+ ,or '# o hoar( r#-so)rc#s i+ or(#r o s#c)r# acc#ss %h#+ #v#ryhi+g I +##( acc#ss o is ab)+(a+*y avai*ab*#$ I+ #ss#+c#5 h#righ o o%+ :priva# prop#ry: is s)p#rs#(#( by a ')ch 'or# ,)+(a'#+a* righ/ Ev#ry p#rso+ has h# righ ohav# h#ir +##(s '# %iho) %orry$ 7y provi(i+g ab)+(a+ acc#ss o a** o, h# +#c#ssii#s o, *i,#5 h#r#%o)*( b# +o +##(5 or *ogica* r#aso+5 ,or a+yo+# o (#sir# or s#a* yo)r p#rso+a* goo(s i+ a+ R7E$ J)s b#-ca)s# h#r# ar# +o :*a%s: sp#ci,ic o h# co+c#p o, prop#ry5 ha (o#s +o '#a+ ha p#op*# %o)*( +o si** r#-sp#c h# goo(s b#i+g )s#( by a+oh#r p#rso+$ A,#r a**5 #v#ryo+# #*s# has #v#ryhi+g h#y +##( o s)rviv#5so h#r# %o)*( b# +o r#aso+ ,or h#' o %a+ o a a+yhi+g o, :yo)rs:$ 7y cr#ai+g his &i+( o, #+viro+-

'#+5 %# #+s)r# ha h# righ o hav# o+#:s +##(s '# is a*%ays r#sp#c#($Tha b#i+g sai(5 h# ass#rio+ o, priva# prop#ry as a ,)+(a'#+a* h)'a+ righ %ihi+ h# Capia*issys#' is s#rio)s*y ,*a%#($ I, :prop#ry: is a )+iv#rsa* h)'a+ righ5 %hy ar# h#r# so 'a+y p#op*# i+ h#%or*( %ho (o+: o%+ a si+g*# hi+g o h#ir +a'#B


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bracs$ For #4a'p*#5 i, yo) %#r# o co'par# yo)r *i,# %ih #v#ryo+# aro)+( yo) %hos# a++)a* i+co'# is%ihi+ D-"! ho)sa+( (o**ars a y#ar o, yo)r o%+5 i ac)a**y 'as s#+s# ha hos# %ho p) i+ 'or# #,,or%o)*( hav# 'or# 'o+#y ha hos# %ho #4p#+(#( *#ss #,,or$

Ho%#v#r5 as soo+ as %# b#gi+ o #4rapo*a# his co+c#p across %i(#r i+co'# *#v#*s5 i i''#(ia#*y,a**s apar$ For #4a'p*#5 a co+sr)cio+ %orr p#r,or'i+g "2 ho)rs o, bac&-br#a&i+g *abo)r ,or D (ays a%##& %i** *i*y 'a a ,racio+ o, h# 'o+#y 'a(# by a 'a+ag#r a ha co'pa+y %ho +#v#r has o p) i+'or# ha+ ! ho)rs a %##&$ O, co)rs#5 yo) 'igh arg)# ha h# 'a+ag#r #4#rs 'or# :'#+a* #,,or: ha+ h#

co+sr)cio+ %orr$ Ho%#v#r5 #v#+ i+ #r's o, '#+a* #,,or5 h# *i+& b#%##+ 'o+#y a+( #,,or is si** (i,,i-c)* o prov#$ A har(%or&i+g CEO %ih a+ a(va+c#( #()caio+ %i** hav# a sa*ary ha is *i#ra**y h)+(r#(s o,i'#s gr#a#r ha+ a har(%or&i+g sci#+is %ih a+ a(va+c#( #()caio+5 #v#+ i, boh i+(ivi()a*s ar# %or&i+g#ss#+ia**y aro)+( h# c*oc&$ 3o) 'igh arg)# ha h# sci#+is is +o )+(#r as ')ch pr#ss)r# as h# CEO5%ho 'ai+ai+s a co'pa+y ha ')s b# acco)+ab*# o h)+(r#(s o, ho)sa+(s o, %orrs a+( shar#ho*(#rs8#v#+ i, sai( sci#+is is a#'pi+g o so*v# a soci#a* prob*#' ha a,,#cs h# *iv#s o, a bi**io+ p#op*#9$Ho%#v#r5 i, b#i+g )+(#r pr#ss)r# sho)*( #>)a# o high#r pay5 h#+ %hy (o#s h# av#rag# CEO i+ A'#rica'a 'or# ha+ %ic# as ')ch 'o+#y as h# 1r#si(#+ o, h# =+i#( Sa#s 8"!5""9B o#s r)++i+g a *arg#co'pa+y r#a**y #+ai* 'or# '#+a* srai+ ha+ r)++i+g a co)+ry %ih a pop)*aio+ o, ov#r !! 'i**io+B

A+( o, co)rs#5 %# hav#+: #v#+ o)ch#( o+ h# *)(icro)s paych#c&s o, pro,#ssio+a* ah*##s a+( #+-#rai+#rs$ Gra+#(5 'a+y ah*##s sp#+( *o+g ho)rs rai+i+g a+( pr#pari+g ,or h#ir chos#+ spor$ Ho%#v#r5

h# *#v#* o, pay a+ ah*## r#c#iv#s vari#s %i*(*y (#p#+(i+g o+ %hich spor h#y:r# p*ayi+g a+( %h#r# i is b#-i+g p*ay#(@ h#s# ar# o,#+ ,acors co'p*##*y i+(#p#+(#+ o, ho% ')ch :#,,or: is b#i+g #4p#+(#($ As ,or h#pay o, Ho**y%oo( acors5 (o#s h# cra, o, aci+g r#>)ir# so ')ch #,,or ha h#y ')s b# r#%ar(#( 'i**io+so, (o**arsB I, so5 %hy ar# h#r# so 'a+y sr)gg*i+g acors %ho %or& ?)s as har(5 b) 'igh +#v#r s## #+o)gh'o+#y o 'a a *ivi+g ,ro' h#ir cra,B Th# #+#rai+'#+ i+()sry as a %ho*# is a+ #4c#**#+ #4a'p*# o,ho% h# *i+& b#%##+ 'o+#y a+( #,,or is sha&y a b#s$ )#s-io+ o, s&i**@ h# p#op*# %ho 'a h# 'os 'o+#y ar# si'p*y 'or# s&i**#( a h#ir cra, ha+ oh#rs$ I, his ish# cas#5 %hy is :pop: h# 'os pro,iab*# yp# o, ')sic5 (#spi# b#i+g +oorio)s ,or h# *ac& o, s&i** r#>)ir#(

o cr#a# iBI, yo) ar# si** +o co+vi+c#( o, h# >)#sio+ab*# *i+& b#%##+ 'o+#y a+( #,,or5 h#r# is si** o+# *ascas# ha (isp*ays his ,a**acy 'or# ha+ a+y oh#r/ b#i+g bor+ i+o %#a*h$ Th#r# ar# vas +)'b#rs o, p#op*#%ho ar# si'p*y bor+ i+o %#a*hy ,a'i*i#s5 +#v#r #4p#+(i+g a+y s)bsa+ia* a'o)+ o, #,,or i+ or(#r o:#ar+: h#ir a,,*)#+c#$ Th#y gro% )p %ih #v#ry a(va+ag# r#>)ir#( ,or h#' o r#ai+ h#ir a,,*)#+c# i+oa()*hoo(5 co'p*##*y i+(#p#+(#+ o, ho% ')ch :#,,or: h#y #4p#+( i+ co'pariso+ o h#ir *#ss ,or)+a#co)+#rpars$ I+(##(5 I %o)*( say ha his ca#gory co+ai+s h# 'os +)'#ro)s #4a'p*#s o, h# sha&y *i+&b#%##+ 'o+#y a+( h# (i,,ic)*y o, o+#:s *i,#$

=*i'a#*y5 )+*#ss %# ar# '#as)ri+g a+( co'pari+g h# a'o)+ o, ca*ori#s b)r+#( p#r ho)r b#%##+%o i+(ivi()a*s %ih (i,,#r#+ ?obs5 h# #+ir# +oio+ o, :#,,or: is *arg#*y s)b?#civ#$ Th#r# ar# i+sa+c#s i+%hich h# *i+& b#%##+ #,,or a+( 'o+#y is v#ry c*#ar5 i+sa+c#s %h#r# i is (i,,ic)* o (isc#r+5 a+( i+sa+c#s

i+ %hich i is co'p*##*y +o+-#4is#+$ Tha *as cas# is p#rhaps b#s s##+ %h#+ %# #4a'i+# h# r#*aio+shipo+ a g*oba* sca*#5 co'pari+g h# v#ry rich#s p#op*# i+ h# %or*( o h# v#ry poor#s$ Th# i(#a ha h#%#a*hi#s p#op*# i+ h# %or*( %or& har(#r5 a+( hav# 'or# (i,,ic)* *iv#s ha+ h# high*y i'pov#rish#(5 ispr#y *a)ghab*#$ I+ ,ac5 I h#r#by p) ,or%ar( a+ op#+ cha**#+g# o h# CEO o, a+y For)+# D!! co'pa+y%ho %a+s o prov# '# %ro+g/ Go o a+ i'pov#rish#( A,rica+ vi**ag# %ih a+ i+#rpr##r5 %a*& )p o a 'a*-+o)rish#( chi*(5 a+( (#*iv#r h# ,o**o%i+g co'')+icaio+ o h#'/ Th# r#aso+ I a' o+# o, h# rich#sp#op*# i+ h# %or*( a+( yo) ar# sr)gg*i+g o '## yo)r 'os basic +##(s is b#ca)s# 'y *i,# is so ')chhar(#r ha+ yo)rs6$ I hi+& h# sh##r ri(ic)*o)s+#ss o, ha *as sa#'#+ pr#y ')ch s)'s )p 'y %ho*# ar-g)'#+$


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,#% g#+#raio+s ()# o pop)*aio+ *oss$ I ')s sr#ss ha his pr#(icio+ is #+ir#*y sp#c)*aiv#5 b) i (o#ss##' o b# h# 'os *i*y o)co'# o, a+y i+#racio+ b#%##+ Capia*is s#*#'#+s a+( a+ R7E$To s)''ari.#5 a+y gro)p +o %ishi+g o ?oi+ %ih 'ai+sr#a' soci#y i+ a+ R7E %o)*( si'p*y b# a**o%#(o ,or' h#ir o%+ co'')+ii#s$ I, yo) (o +o %ish o a par i+ a+ R7E5 h#r# is +o r#aso+ yo) hav# o5 b)b# ,or#%ar+#(/ Th# po#+ia* i+h#r#+ i+ *ivi+g %ihi+ a civi*i.aio+ s)ch as a+ R7E %i** *i*y prov# o b#v#ry p#rs)asiv#$

This so)+(s a *o *i Socia*is'$ E>)a*iy is ba(M 3o) Socia*iss %a+ o a a%ay a** o, 'y s),,M6

This is p#rhaps h# 'os ,r)srai+g >)#sio+ ha #v#ry s)ppor#r o, a+ R7E ')s r#p#a#(*y a+s%#r/Is+: his ?)s Socia*is'B =+,or)+a#*y5 'os o, )s hav# ha( o s),,#r hro)gh a+ #()caio+ sys#' ha#ach#s )s ha h#r# ar# o+*y %o possib*# %ays a soci#y ca+ b# r)+$ A+yhi+g ha is +o Capia*is' is So-cia*is'5 a+( a+yhi+g ha is +o Socia*is' is Capia*is'$ Ev#+ ho)gh h#r# sho)*( b# a+ i+,i+i# +)'b#r o,%ays o r)+ a soci#y5 o)r co**#civ# 'i+( s##'s o b# s)c& o+ ?)s %o$

I co)*( sp#+( a ,#% paragraphs #4po)+(i+g o+ a** o, h# (i,,#r#+c#s b#%##+ Socia*is' a+( a+ R7E@,or #4a'p*#5 Socia*is sys#'s i+c*)(# s)ch %i++i+g >)a*ii#s as scarciy5 ,orc#( *abo)r5 pov#ry5 *a%s5 a+ #+-viro+'#+ ha #+co)rag#s vio*#+c#5 a+( a+ #*i# r)*i+g c*ass %ih r#s)*i+g socia* srai,icaio+5 +o+# o,%hich %o)*( #4is i+ a+ R7E$ 7) i+s#a(5 I:** si'p*y giv# i+ a+( p*ay h# *ab#*i+g ga'#$ T#ch+ica**y5 a+

R7E5 as I:v# (#scrib#( i 8oh#rs 'ay i+#rpr# h# R7E co+c#p (i,,#r#+*y95 co)*( b# co+si(#r#( a+ A+-archo-T#ch+ocracy$ So)+(s scary5 (o#s+: iB )ir#( o r)+ a soci#y 8"9$ A ,irs g*a+c#5 his'igh so)+( a *o *i a (icaorship$ Ho%#v#r5 his is %h#r# h# i'pora+ pr#,i4 :A+archo-: co'#s i+o p*ay$Si+c# a+ R7E is a+ A+archis soci#y5 h#r# ar# +o sp#ci,ic gro)ps %ho poss#ss 'or# po%#r ha+ a+yo+##*s#$ I+s#a(5 #v#ry si+g*# i+(ivi()a* i+ h# pop)*aio+ is a po#+ia* :#ch+ocra: %ho ca+ gai+ h# &+o%*#(g#+#c#ssary o co+rib)# o soci#y i+ %ha#v#r %ay b#s s)is hisPh#r a*#+s a+( i+#r#ss$

This &i+( o, sys#' ca+ b# )+(#rsoo( ,)rh#r by co'pari+g i o op#+-so)rc# pro?#cs s)ch as h#Li+)4 op#rai+g sys#'$ A+yo+# is ,r## o s)(y a+( i'prov# )po+ is (#sig+5 b) o+*y hos# %ho ca+ )+(#r-sa+( a+( %or& %ih h# so)rc# co(# %i** b# ab*# o (o so$ This is #ss#+ia**y ho% a+ R7E ,)+cio+s5 o+*y i+-

s#a( o, a si+g*# pro?#c r#>)iri+g #4p#ris# i+ a sp#ci,ic ,i#*(5 h#r# %o)*( b# a+ i+(#,i+i# +)'b#r o, pro-?#cs i+vo*vi+g prob*#'s i+ a h)g# +)'b#r o, ,i#*(s$ So5 %hi*# his sys#' 'igh s)p#r,icia**y r#s#'b*# So-cia*is' %ih is #'phasis o+ #>)a*iy5 i avoi(s h# pi,a** o, p*aci+g (icaoria* po%#r i+ h# ha+(s o, a s'a**gro)p$ I+ ,ac5 h# v#ry pr#s#+c# o, a r)*i+g c*ass o, a+y &i+( '#a+s ha h# soci#y i+ >)#sio+ ca++o b#co+si(#r#( r)*y #>)a*5 si+c# h#r# is a gro)p ha has acc#ss o ,ar 'or# po%#r a+( i+,*)#+c# ha+ h# r#s o,h# pop)*aio+$ This '#a+s ha h# arch#ypa* #4a'p*#s o, Socia*is' ha p#op*# ar# 'os *i*y o poi+ o)as #vi(#+c# agai+s #>)a*iy5 s)ch as Chi+a5 C)ba5 a+( h# ,or'#r Sovi# =+io+5 ar# +o #v#+ va*i( #4a'p*#so, #>)a*iy@ i +#v#r r#a**y #4is#( i+ h#s# co)+ri#s$

This *#a(s )s (ir#c*y o h# ass#rio+ ha #>)a*iy is :ba(:$ A r)*y #ga*iaria+ soci#y has +#v#r ac)-a**y b##+ cr#a#( o+ a *arg# sca*#$ Th#r#,or#5 h# i''#(ia# ?)(g#'#+ o, #>)a*iy as b#i+g a :ba(: hi+g is i*-*ogica*@ h#r# is +o r#a* #vi(#+c# o bas# ha c*ai' o+$ I sho)*( a*so r#'i+( yo) o, o)r (isc)ssio+ i+ h# pr#-

vio)s s#cio+ abo) h# +)'#ro)s b#+#,is #>)a*iy bri+gs ,or boh h# i+(ivi()a* a+( ,or soci#y as a %ho*#/7##r h#a*h5 *#ss cri'#5 *#ss a((icio+5 'or# r)s5 #c$ I, a+yhi+g5 #>)a*iy is o+# o, h# 'os b#+#,icia* a-rib)#s a soci#y co)*( possib*y poss#ss$ Ho%#v#r5 %# ')s a*so a i+o acco)+ h# %ay ha #>)a*iy is#'p*oy#($ I+ h# a,or#'#+io+#( Socia*is co)+ri#

The First Civilization v2

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Transcript of The First Civilization v2