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I t ti St i ss St F (ISSF)Founded in 1996, the International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) is a non-proft
research organisation that serves as the world orum on various aspects o the
international stainless steel industry. Whilst having its own Board o Directors,
budgets and Secretary General, ISSF is part o the International Iron and Steel
Institute (IISI). ISSF now comprises some 67 company and a fliated membersin 24 countries. Jointly, they are responsible or around 85 percent o worldwide
stainless steel production. A ull list o members can be ound on the ISSF
website: www.worldstainless.org.
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S ummary T he F erriTic S oluTion by J ean -y veS GileT 5F oreword : a STeel whoSe Time haS come by icda 6w haT They re SayinG abouT FerriTicS 9The FabulouS FerriTicS 13c orroSion reSiSTance properTieS 21m echanical and phySical properTieS 27F orminG FerriTic GradeS 31J oininG FerriTic GradeS 37p roducTS and applicaTionS 45
a ppendiceS :
The chemical compoSiTion oF FerriTic STainleSS STeelS 59S urFace FiniSheS 63r eFerenceS 64iSSF memberShip 66a cknowledGemenTS 67
Contents
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Structural Steelwork or
highway bridge in durban,
South a rica, o painted
erritic StainleSS Steel.
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SummaryTHE FERRITIC SOLUTIONBy Jean-yves Gilet, Chairman of the issf market Development Committee (mDC)
ISSF frst discussed a project to promote erritic grades inFebruary 2004, many members having pointed out that no joint industry e ort was being made in this direction.
Under the guidance o the Market DevelopmentCommittee, an international group o experts, led by Philippe
Richard, started by gathering market statistics on erriticgrades and applications. They received contributions romall around the world especially Japan, where the erriticsmarket is the most developed.
The ICDA soon proposed to join the initiative and co-und the project. This we accepted with great pleasure, as
a concrete example o cooperation between internationalbusiness organisations.
During the projects start-up phase, nickel prices hitthe roo and interest in more price-stable grades increaseddramatically. ISSF then gave the project highest priority!I am now proud to present the results, which will hit themarket at just the right time.
I strongly believe that erritic stainless steels can andshould be much more widely used. The purpose o this
publication is to bring about more extensive use o thesegrades.
Stainless steels are stainless because their chromiumcontent gives them remarkable resistance to corrosion.Ferritic grades, containing only chromium and possiblyother elements (Mo, Ti, Nb, etc.), are no exception. Well-known standard erritic grades 409, 410 and 430 are readilyavailable all over the world. Very success ully used inimportant applications, such as washing-machine drumsand exhaust systems, they actually have much broaderapplication potential, in numerous felds.
More recently-developed erritic grades, such as 439and 441 meet an even broader range o requirements. Theycan be ormed to more complex shapes and joined usingmost conventional joining methods, including welding.
Thanks to the addition o molybdenum, the resistance oerritic grade 444 to localised corrosion is at least equal tothat o austenitic grade 316.
Since erritic grades do not contain nickel, their cost islower and more stable than that o austenitic stainlesssteels. They can there ore:
complement type 304 within the stainless steel amily(although 304 remains a versatile and commonly used
grade);be an alternative to the 200 series (o ering generallybetter usage properties);substitute or other materials in many areas (e.g. carbonsteel, Cu, Zn, Al, plastic, etc.), thanks to their specialtechnical properties the drivers or replacement being,usually, technical and Li e Cycle Cost benefts.
Ferritic stainless steels magnetism is not a negativequality, somehow associating it with ordinary carbon steel.On the contrary, magnetism is a special asset o theseexcellent stainless steels, marking them out rom otherstainless steel grades.
To get the best results rom erritics, it is essential that:new users be trained in orming and joining techniques;the user consult his stainless steel producer regarding
correct grade selection;the user acquire his material rom a reliable source,able to o er proven guarantees as to the grade, qualityand origin o the material supplied.
The high quality o the teams e orts and the strong supporto the ICDA allow us today to present a re erence documentor our stainless steel business. It bene its rom highly
interesting testimonials rom customers, showing a livelyinterest in new developments. ISSF is grate ul or all thesecontributions.
Jean-Yves GiletChairmanMarket Development CommitteeISSF
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FA Steel whoSe time hAS Comeby FrIedrIch Teroerde oF The InTernaTIonal chromIum developmenT aSSocIaTIon
i m s s iSS v icda t S s
v s j m m.t icda s s p s, 1990,
s s s m 96 M m s m 26 s ss 5
s. o m ss s s vs m m.
c m m s s s s sss s. i s ss s , m m s s . i s m m ss ss s s ss, v s m s
s s . c m m s v s s s ss s m, s
v m .as s m m s,
s s s s v v m m s . c m m s v s .
t M d v m c mm icda s m m j s mm s s ss s iSS s m s. c m m s
s m m s s ss s v v 18 . t s m
s ss s s s m 5 m s s s m
s , v , m m vs s .
y , s s s ss s s s s j s f s,
s m s. i , s s, s s v s,
s s s.s, s m s ss s s,
. t , v , m m. i v m , v
s ss s m , s
s s s, s m .
w iSS s s ss j v m
s. t m m s j s vs s s ss s m s s.
l m v s, s m s ss s s s
s s v s m s 100 s! t s s iSS . iv s ss m s,v s s s v s mm s. i s m s
m s s s s s s ss s s.
i s , icda s v s s m j m s ss s s s. w s s s s m s
s v s s. i s s , s s v s
s v s, s ss s s s sm s m .
t s s s ss s s s s s
s.
Friedrich TeroerdeChairmanMarket Development CommitteeICDA
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erritic StainleSS Steel
iS ideal or the external
Sur aceS o pro eSSional
kitchen equipMent.
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Stefan Raab
dIrecTor corporaTe purchaSIng oF producT maTerIalS,bSh boSch und SIemenS hauSgeraTe gmbh, munIch, germany
w s s ss s s. o s s s
m s , s s s s s , s . t s s ss
s s m 50 sm . o s s s,
m s v s s m s s ss s ms s s , m s, m s m . w
s s v s s s
m .
RobeRta beRnaSconi
manager, global Technology maTerIalS,WhIrlpool corporaTIon, caSSIneTTa dI bIandronno, ITaly
as m m s, s s s s m s vv s s
s s s s. t sv s s m s s s s s m s s
m m s s s.w s s ss
m s s m s s v - , , s s v . w m , s ,
w a y say a f csThe economic advantages and technical merits o erritic grades have beenappreciated by certain market sectors or a number o years. The ollowingtestimonials, representing both existing and evolving markets, show that thesebenefts are becoming more widely understood.
s - . t m s m m v s s s.w m s , v
s , , s , s s s s.
Jean-LouiS LaLba
markeT buyer For groupe Seb, (TeFal, roWenTa, krupS,moulInex, arno, all clad, panex, eTc.), rumIlly, France
w s 15,000 m s s ss , s m 40
s . o s s s,
, s m
z s s v s s. t s s s, s s s s s
s s - s .o , s s, s s s , s s s s
v v v s s m s.t s s v m m
-s v m s m s s, ms m s s
ms s ss . a s v j s s s m s! h v , s s m s s.
i , m s ss s ss s . a , s , s s
s .g v s, s s.
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10
in the Sugar induStry,
erritic StainleSS Steel
haS proVed Superior
to carbon Steelon eVery leVel.
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1
cLoviS tRaMontina preSIdenT, TramonTIna, So paulo, brazIl.
as m j b z m s s s,
s v , t m s s 850 s
s ss s m , m s 30 s . t
s m s s ms , s s s s.w v s s s 1974, s s s v s s . o
m s s s s s m , s s s v s s s s.
i ms - m m , s s - s s,s s s s s s
m ss. h v , i s s s ss s s , s /
. b s m , ms . i s s s m s s ss
s s s v v s s s s.t s m , s v s m
m . i , s s s m m s
v .
erritic StainleSS Steel
welded tubeS haVe a dynaMic
uture in the tube Market,
due to the technical and
econoMic MeritS
o theSe gradeS.
W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S
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1
t fa s f csIn the ace o an explosion in raw-material costs, erritic stainless steels areemerging as a use ul solution in many applications where cost-saving material substitution has become an imperative.
i s, s m s s s m m,, z v . S ss s
s s s, , v f s . n
s s s s (300-s s)s ss s s.
S ss s s v v sm , s v s s
s z s - s. t s
s s s m s s s s s s m s s ss s s m s v -s v s s
.t s s s s s s ss
s , m v s ss s s ss ss s .
LoweR coSt, StabLe pRicet s s (400-s s) s ss s
s s s m ss v s s s,
v v m m s s s - s.
c , s s s s m m (m . 10.5%). t m m
m s s ss s s ss s s s v s . c
s m s, s sm m, s s.
s ss s s s m s m s - s s s ms v s s, s s, v m v
s s s s. w v ?
us s , m m
s s ss s s s s
. s
m s sss s s.
Why pay or nickeli you dont have to?
50,00048,00046,00044,00042,00040,00038,00036,00034,00032,00030,00028,00026,00024,00022,00020,00018,00016,00014,00012,00010,000
8,0006,0004,0002,000
0
00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 07 07
LME CASH NiCkEL Pr iCE 1999-2007 (US $ / T )
P r o
e s s
i o n a
l g r i
d d l e
, i n g r a
d e
4 3 0 .
C a n o p y ,
i n g r a
d e
4 4 6 M
, S
. K o r e a .
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1
the 5 feRRitic faMiLieS s v s m s
s s s s. b s s s, ms
m s, s ss. S s ss s s ,
, s s m m s.
g 1 ( y 409/410l) s s m m s ss s s s s s s v . t s
- - s v v m s s s s s s .
t 409 s s m v s -s s m s s ( s -s v s vv m s). t 410l s s s, s s s , , lcd m m s.
g 2 ( y 430) s m s s m s. h v m m , g
2 s s s s s vm s s 304. i s m s, s
s s 304 s s. t s s
s -m ms, s, . t430 s s s 304 s s s,s s s, s s. m s
s s, s . 38.
g 3 s y s 430t , 439, 441, c. c m g 2, s s s
m . t v s v , m s s s, 304 s s. t s
s s, s ( s s , ,.), s s s ms ( 409) s s m s. g 3 s
v 304 s s s v -s .
Types 409, 410, 420Cr content: 10%-14%
Type 430Cr content: 14%-18%
Types 430Ti, 439, 441, etc.Cr content: 14%-18%.
Include stabilising elementssuch as Ti, Nb, etc.
10%-14% 14%-18% 14%-18%stabilised
30% 48% 13%
sTANd Ard fe r r IT IC g rAd e s91% o tota vo m in 2006
Group 1
Group 2 Group 3
Standard erritic stainless steelsare totally satis actory and
entirely appropriate or many
demanding applications.
Types 434, 436, 444, etc.Mo content above 0.5%
Cr content: 18%-30%or not belonging
to the other groups
Added Mo Others
7% 2%
sp e C IAl fe r r IT IC g rAd e s9% o vo m in 2006
Group 4 Group 5
C o n
t a i n e r s ,
i n g r a
d e s
4 0 9 L a n
d 4 1 0 L .
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1
g 4 s y s 434, 436, 444, c. t s sv m m, s s s .
t s s, s s, v s s s s s ms, -
m v v m s, m v m s, . t 444s s - s s v
s m 316.
g 5 ( y s 446, 445/447 c.) s m m s m m, s s ( ) s s . t s s s
316 s s s. t s s s s s v
v m s. t s s s JiS 447 s m m .
iMpReSSive RefeRenceSam s ss s s s ss s s,
m m s s . s, s v v s v s m m s: m v s
s s ms s -m ms.
e s s s ms s m s s v v m s. t s s ss
s ( ) m s ss
s s.w s -m ms v s s
v s m v m . i s ,v , s s m ss .
c s s s s s s s m s
ms s s s ms. m s ss, ss m j m
v s s m s sss v s .
o s s s m m vms , m v
m, s s, s,
- s, s, .
M s m .
todayS exceLLent feRRiticSt - s ss s s v s s m
s m s v s v ms m s
v .t m -
s. S , , s s s s s m m s , s s s. g 430 s
v , s s m v
v s s s s s , s, s s s m s v s. i v ,
s , s m s, s s s .
s m v m !
s s
v s s s
v s , ms s s, ms s. Ss s
m s s s, s s s s s . t j s s s .
in many cases, erritics areemerging as a better choice than
more expensive materials.
1
O v e r p a s s n o
i s e - a
b s o r b
i n g p
l a t e
, J a p a n .
S o
l a r w a
t e r
h e a
t e r ,
T a i w a n .
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1
i , m s s, s m s m s v m s. t m m
s m s , v j s s ss ,
m , m .
fine foR foRMinGev s m s s , s
s m s m s. t ssm s s ss s s, v
s, m s s s s v -s .
c s s ss s m sv m v . o , ,
m s s s s m ( . . s) ss s
s ss s s. g v , ss s s m m s s.
pRoud to be MaGnetica m s s s s m s ss s s s
s . t s s s s . p s s
m s , s m s ss s s m
s m . c s s s s m ms m m s
m m . M sm s .i , m sm s s
m s m j ss s, v m s s s v s, m s m m s
s v s m m m s.i , s ss s s
m , s ss v v s s s m .
SpeciaL technicaL advantaGeSS ss s s s , -mm , s l c c s v s v
s . i s s 100% : v 60% s ss s s m m m s .S ss s s m s s mm s ss:
s s ss s s s
(m s eu r hS m s)
s
s ss s s s v s s ss s s v v s s ms ss s , l c c s v . i ,
v s v s s s, ss, j s s s ss. s
s s s s v s s.
A widely held misconception isthat because erritics are magneticthey are not real stainless steels
and will rust like carbon steel.This is nonsense.
M i l k t a n
k e r , c l a
d d i n g
i n g r a
d e
4 3 0
, S
. A r i c a .
R e
r i g e r a
t o r , c l a
d d i n g
i n g r a
d e
4 3 0
.
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1
FerritiC SpeCiAl trump CArdS
s a c .
s v a x a s ( ss s s ).
s v xc - a
x a s s a c ( ss s s s).
s v a c c y ( m v s s).
s s s m v xcc s s a c ( m ss s s s s - m s ss s).
s as c a
s s ( ss m m s
).
s s ss s ac s s, m .
s v y s (s m s s)
304 s s.
s, s s, s ss c s c ac .
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1
peRfection iS MatchinG the Speci m s, s s ss , v , v v -s s s v .
h s , s 304 s m s v v s ss s ,
s m s ss . t s s ss s s, s , s s 304,
.c s s m
-s v s v m v s
m s s s, - s .
S m m s, s -s v m m s ( . .v s - s s s s )
s s s v mm s -
.
a SteeL whoSe tiMe haS coMeg v s s, v s s m s, s
s ss s s s m m .
t s s m s ss s , s m v s mms. i s m s s s ss
s s s ss m s s - s s. t s s s ss ss v s s s s .
t s m s ss, s v s m s
m s s s s s.
Todays erritic stainless steel grades, properly specifed, can
o ten be substituted or 304,to excellent e ect.
C l a d d i n g p a n e
l s , i
n c o a
t e d g r a
d e
4 3 0
, I t a
l y .
K i t c h e n
l i n e - u p ,
i n g r a
d e 4 3 0
, S
. A r i c a .
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1
in certain enVironMentS
erritic StainleSS SteelS
proVide an aeSthetic,
durable and econoMical
Solution or urban
urniture requireMentS.
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1
C s s s a c s Stainless steels are stainless because their chromium content gives themexceptional resistance to corrosion.
a m s s s s s v s s s 304
s m m s s s s s - ( s )s m m j m s.
t v s s m m- s v s ( ) s
s s 304. h v , s s ss, s s 304, s v
v s s s .
a s s s , v s. S sss s, v , s m s s s
s s, m m .c m m ( , s s s m m s m ) s
s s s s ss s s.
LocaLiSed coRRoSion ReSiStanceS ss s s m s m -
, s m s s, m ( m v s s, m ) m ss , s s -
s v .t s s s s ss s s s m
m m m s s m s . i , ms s s s ,
s s s s s s ss s m s.
PRE 10 16 17 18 20 24
410L
409
430
441
439
304
fERRi t i c /aus tEni t i c LocaLisEdcoRRosion REsis tancE
444
316
436
G1 G2 G3 G4
-
c o r r
o s
i o n
r e s
i s t a n c e
+
erritics and austenitics canbe seen as two interchangeable
stainless steel amilies.
M o
i s t u r e s e p a r a
t o r r e
h e a
t e r
i n g r a
d e
4 3 9
, E u r o p e .
P a r t
i a l l y
4 4 4 b u
i l d i n g c l a
d d i n g ,
B r a z i
l .
R a
d i a t o r g r
i l l a n
d t r i m
, i n g r a
d e
4 3 6
.
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g 1 s s s -s v s,s s s m ( m s
s s ) s s s m s s s
. i s s, s s s s ,.
g 2 s v s v vm , -s v s.
g 3 s s s m s s
g 2 s, s .
g 4 s m s s s 304 s v s s.
g 5 s, m , s v m m 29% c , s 4% M ,
m s m s s s s s s m
m .
The pre FacTort pre p r s s e v m s m s v s s s s ss s - v m .t s pre v , m s s s
.
t pre m s s s vs s m
s s s .i mm s s m pre m
pre=%c +3.3%M , m m (M ) s ss s 3.3 m s m v m m s s . h v , m m s s ss
v s s s s . M m s s m m m s ss
s s, s s s s s .n s s m , s
m s s s s s s .
avoIdIng corroSIon
S ss s s ss v (s . 59) s m . a
m s s v s
s, s .
p sm v .
35
30
25
20
15
0
316
304
444
436
430
409
439
AUSTENITIC FERRITIC
SEA wATER 20C
CoASTAl ENv. 20C
PURE wATER
317lN 446/447
PREN = %Cr = 3,3 x % Mo + 16 x %N
AustENit iC/fERRit iC PRE CoMPARisoN
Nickel plays no role in resistance
to pitting corrosion.
S t o r a g e
t a n
k ,
i n g r a
d e
4 4 4 , B r a z i
l .
B a r b e c u e a n
d t r o
l l e y ,
i n g r a
d e
4 3 0
, I t a l y
.
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CorroSion riSk FACtorS
m s
s s s
s s
s s s
s (s s, s , .)
s m
s (s s)
s v m
CorroSion-preventing FACtorS
s
sm s
- ss v s
s
s ( . . )
m m
s s (o 2 s )
m m
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c s s s h s v( h = ). t h v s m ss s .
t s s m s s 0 14.
atMoSpheRic coRRoSiont s s s s s , ,
m m m m s. i s s s
s m s s v m .t s , m , s s
m , m m s .
d v m s (400-s s) s (300-s s)s, s s m s s . i s , s m v m s,
s m s ( ) s m , s.
choIce oF grade s s m s v m s
v s v s v . a m s -s v s s s s
s .
i s s s s ( s ), m , s m
v m , - s m m .
RuLeS of thuMb
i s ss v v m ,s m m
/ m m .
av s s s v - s s r v .
o m z s s ( . . m .15 s - s s).
av v - m s.
k s , s , v s s m .
Atmospheric corrosion res is tAncemarine
coastal
industrial
city
rural
indoor
all a abl u
409 410 430 439 304 444 316 447 a all
u u a abl
Ferritic grades can be usedin atmospheric environments
o widely varied corrosive severity.
R a
i l w a y s t a t
i o n s a
e t y b a r r
i e r ,
i n S U S 4 3 0 J 1 L
, J a p a n .
E l e c t r i
f c a t
i o n
b o x ,
i n p a
i n t e d g r a
d e
4 1 0 , S
. A r i c a .
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oxidation ReSiStanceu v s s , - m
s s m s (>500c) z m s s, m .
w s ss s s , m m ms v m m s s s . t s m s s v m s v , s s s , s s v s
m . t s
s s v m s ,ss v s , s m s s.
t s m s , s m ss s s
- m s . w s s , s . t ss v s s s
s s ms, s s s s ms, m s.
bRoad appLication poSSibiLitieSt s s s - s s s
m s ss s s s. t , v , s s m m s s.
c s m s s s v s. S m s s s s m , m s , s
.
p s ss s s s m s s s s s v s ss
s s v !
Life cycLe coStinG: an invaLuabLe Guidet v l c c s s
s ss . S s v s ss s s s s s s - s ,v - m.
S ss s s s s s m s ,ss m , s v , ,. i s v z ss . a s s m , v s ms s m v s ss s s m .
a s s , s ss s s v . t m s -
v s s, v , m ss s s s s.
erritic grades are much less prone than austenitic alloysto high-temperature cyclic
oxidation scaling.
the lower investment cost o erritic grades can be
the clinching argument inavour o stainless steel
M a n
i o
l d , i n g r a
d e
4 4 1
.
B u r n e r ,
i n
g r a
d e
4 3 0 .
G y m n a s i u m
r o o
, i n g r a
d e
4 4 5
, S
. K o r e a .
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SeunG tae baekTeam leader WaShIng machIne procuremenT,lg elecTronIcS, korea.
w s s ss s s m s
s -m ms v s m s v m m s
m s. i , 2006, ss m 15,500 s s, s2,500 s s, s s
86 s sss s m .
t v s s s m s v vs s m s ss s s s. t , v s m v m - s m s s v s ss s s. c s ss m s s s s m v s s ss.
h v , s s s s s v ms .
W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S
induction cooking requireS
the Magnetic propertieS
o erritic gradeS.
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erritics and austenitics canbe seen as two interchangeable
stainless steel amilies.
s v m s, m s s s m
s ss s m s. t v
s s s, ms v s s s. ts s s s - m s s: m s m v .
MechanicaL pRopeRtieSg s , m s
m s s m s m ss, s , , s , . t
m s mm s v ms s :
S : s s m m . t v s s :
s , s ss m s j m s m
s; s s , s ss s j
/ .
ha ss : s s .
t ss : s m .
d c y ( as c y) : m s .
S m s s m s ss . t s s ss-s v s m ss
m s (yS), m s s (utS) (e). t s s s s
s ss-s v m m s s v s s.
utS s m s Mp (1M = 1n/mm 3 = 145pSi = 0.1 /mm 3) s sm m m s s . yS s s s ,
s s s ss s m v .
t s ss-s v s s 430s s m s, ms s m s.
m c a ca a ys ca sFerritic stainless steel grades are abrication- riendly and suitable or a very wide range o applications.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 EI
MARTENSITICSTAINLESS STEELS
HSLA STEELSFERRITICS
STAINLESS STEELSTYPE 430
AUSTENITICSSTAINLESS STEELS
TYPE 304/316
UTS
UTS
YS
YS
CARBON STEELS
A36
FERRITIC STAINLESS:EQUIVALENT TOCARBON STEEL
AUSTENITICS:EASIER TO FORM
INTO COMPLEX SHAPES
S T R E S S ( M P a
)
S T R E S S ( K s
i )
STRAIN
E s c a
l a t o r s t e p s ,
i n g r a
d e
S U S 4 3 0 , J a p a n .
B u s
b o
d y
r a m e ,
i n g r a
d e
4 1 0 , S
. A r i c a .
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s ss s s v s ss-s v s s m s s s. w m
s ( s s),m m s s
m , .
t v ss s s ms u.S., J s e s s,m s s s 304. rm = m s
s , r 02 = s a5/a80 = .
phySicaL pRopeRtieSt s s m m s , , s , .
s m . t s v s m
s v s v s s. t mv , s , s . t s m s
s m v m sm s s s s s
s ( s s).t m s s ss
s s s s m s m s s ss s . as s , s
s ss .
t m s s s ( 20c) s s 304 s .iS s: / m 3 = / m 3 J/ c = J/ k w/m c = w/m k 10-6/c =10-6/k n/mm 3 = Mp . S o
l e p
l a t e o e
l e c t r i c
i r o n ,
i n b u
e
d g r a
d e
4 3 0
.
B o
i l e r i n n e r
t u b e , i
n g r a
d e
4 4 4
, S .
K o r e a .
Mechanica l ProPert ies (cold rol led)
ASTM A 240 JIS G 4305 EN 10088-2
Rm
minR
p02min
A5
minR
mmin
Rp02
minA
5min
Rm
Rp02
minA
80min
409 380 170 20 -- -- -- -- X2crti12 1.4512 380-560
220 25
410s 415 205 22 sUs410
440 205 20 X2crni12 1.4003 450-650
320 20
430 450 205 22 sUs430
420 205 22 X6cr17 1.4016 450-600
280 18
434 450 240 22 sUs434
450 205 22 X6crMo17-1 1.4113 450-630
280 18
436 450 240 22 sUs436
410 2 45 20 X 6c rMo nb 17- 1 1 .45 26 4 80-560
300 25
439 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crti17 1.4520 380-530
200 24
439 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crti17 1.4510 420-600
240 23
441 415 205 22 -- -- -- -- X2crMonb18 1.4509 430-630
250 18
s44400(444)
415 275 20 sUs444
410 2 45 20 X2c rM ot i1 8-2 1 .45 21 4 20-640
320 20
304 205 515 40 sUs304
520 205 40 X5crni1-80 1.4301 540-750
230 45
Type ofstainless
steel
Density Electricresistance
Specifcheat
Thermalconductivity
Thermal expansioncoe fcient
Youngsmodulus
x103
g/cm3 mm2/m 0 ~ 100CJ/kg C
100CW/m C
0~200C 0~600C10-6/C
N/mm2
409/41010%-14% Cr
7.7 0.58 460 28 11 12 220
43014%-17% Cr
7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220
Stabilised430Ti, 439,
441
7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220
Mo > 0,5%434, 436, 444
7.7 0.60 460 26 10.5 11.5 220
Others17%-30% Cr
7.7 0.62 460 25 10.0 11.0 220
304 7.9 0.72 500 15 16 18 200
Carbon steel 7.7 0.22 460 50 12 14 215
Ph YSi C a l P ro PErTi ES
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aS Strong aS carbon Steel,
low-chroMiuM erritic gradeS
are alSo corroSion reSiStant.
erritic rail ore wagonS
there ore haVe a lower
li e cycle coSt (lcc).
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0
ZhanG SendIrecTor oF STaInleSS STeel purchaSIng, QIngdao haIerInTernaTIonal TradIng co. lTd., peopleS republIc oF chIna
as s s m -m s, h g s s
s s, s m s, s
s s , s s , s m v v s.
h v s s s s 2000, s 14,500 m s s
, s 85% s ss ss m . s ss s s
s s s s.
c m s 304, s s m - m s v ss s s s v m s, v s m s s. h v , m m s m s ,
ms m , s s v s. S
s.w z , s
s s s ss s v s s . rs s s s -m
s s s s v s s s s v m .i s s s s s m
s s ss s m , s ss-ss m s s.
W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S
aeSthetic and hygiene
actorS Make erritic
an ideal Material
or gaS hobS.
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1
F f c a sThanks to their good drawing characteristics, erritic stainless steels can meetthe challenges o complex, three-dimensional designs.
S s m s s s m m s s s , s s
v s, s s s m s.
c m s s s ss s j m s s . t m
v v s m m s s m ss v , s m s m s.
a v ss s s, s m s
( m-s s , 17% m m s) s m .
dRawinG feRRitic GRadeSd s ss m s mm s m
j s m s . t v s ss s s,
s v , m s m m .
hoW draWIng WorkSi ss, s s v
ss f s v , m s . t m s s, s m s s .
t s s m s - m m , s s .
some erritic grades show excellent drawing per ormance.
Deep Drawin g
S t a m p e
d t o p a n
d b o
t t o m
o b o
i l e r s ,
i n g r a
d e
4 4 1 , S
. A r i c a .
S i n k
, i n g r a
d e
4 3 0
, J a p a n .
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SucceSSfuL dRawinG MeanS t s
e s s
M m m m s m
h v
l
The ldr FacTort l m d r (ldr) s m -
m .
l m d r (ldr) s
m m m m (d) s m .ldr = d/ .
s v ldr v s s s, m s m s .
StRetch-foRMinG feRRitic GRadeS s s s s -
m .
i s - m , m s .
t m s s m v s s d m s m m m
m ( s j s ) s .
D
d
Limited drawing ra t io (Ldr)
LDR g RaDe co mp aRiso n
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.00
409 430 439 441 304
l i m
i t e
d d r a w
i n g r a t i o
( L D R )
Ferritics have higher LDR valuesthan austenitics,
which makes them particularly suitable or drawing.
Stre tch fo rming
St r e t ch - f o r ming pe r f o r manceDome height (K50) for different stainless steels
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
409 430 439 441 304
d o m e
h e
i g h t
( K 5 0 ) i n m m
M i c r o w a v e o v e n , i
n g r a d e
4 3 0 , B A f n i s h
, S . K
o r e a .
Tit i t bili d d 430Ti
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3 3
forming limit curves
In practice, industrial orming operations involve acombination o both pure drawing and pure stretch- ormingde ormation, in a series o passes.
Forming limit curves are a use ul guide to maximumde ormation be ore ailure, in both deep drawing andstretching processes. Established or the principal stainlesssteel grades, they can be used to analyse a ormingoperation.
These curves defne local de ormations during and a terorming in terms o two principal true strains: longitudinal(major strain) and transverse (minor strain). The curvesplot the e ects o the various combinations o these twostrains, up to the point o racture. The higher the positiono its curve the better a grades ormability.
How ferritics beHave
Generally, the work hardening and elongation characteristicso erritic stainless steels are comparable to those o high-strength carbon steels. They are not the same as those oaustenitic grades.
Design, construction and abrication parameters and
the material properties o the erritic grade concerned mustbe considered together, in order to get the best out o thedrawing process.
ridging
A ter certain orming operations, erritic grades aresometimes prone to sur ace phenomena known as ridgingand roping.
This de ect takes the orm o a series o lines or ridges,
parallel to the sheet rolling direction. Ridging describesthe overall profle o the de ormed sur ace and includesboth the microgeometry modi ications and the ropingundulations caused by the de ormation.
The addition o a stabilising element, such as titanium, willbring improvement here. Titanium-stabilised grade 430Ti gives remarkableresults in this regardand is thus o ten chosento replace an austeniticin applications involving
deep drawing.
Titanium-stabilised grade 430Ti is often chosen to replace
an austenitic in applicationsinvolving deep drawing.
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
-0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
minor strain2
m a j o r s t r a
i n
1 439 460 409436 441 434304
S t a m p e
d c a
t a l y t i c c o n v e r t e r
h o u s i n g , i n g r a
d e
4 4 1
.
S t a m p e
d m
a n
i f o
l d ,
i n g r a
d e
4 4 1
.
W i t h o u
t s u r f a c e
d e
f e c t .
D r y e r
d r u m :
4 0 9 w e
l d e
d s h e e
t , f o r m e
d b y e x p a n s i o n .
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the caSe foR feRRiticSw s v s s s s
s , v , ms m , sv s s s v s. v
m , s , s m s s. i , s s s s s s s s v
s s.us s s s ss s s
s s ms . S ss s s s s s
, s s s m s
s m s s s v .
avouring drawing allowsexceptionally wide use o
erritic grades.
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beRnhaRd bLaeSeRdIrecTor, macadamS bakIng SySTemS (pTy) lTdSouTh aFrIca
M m m s v s v s. w s s s s s s s ,m s s v m v m
ss m v m s ss s .t s s s s - s,
s v s, m . as s v s s v, v s s s . i ss
, m s s s s s s s
s, s ss s .
W h a T T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T
F e r r I T I c S
increaSingly Stringent
anti-pollution regulationS
pluS technical and econoMic
requireMentS Make erritic
the baSic Material or
exhauSt SySteMS.
J f
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Ferritic grades have some use uladvantages over austenitics,when it comes to welding
J f c a sFerritic grades are well suited to all the numerous methods o joining stainless steels.
w : v m j mm s m -s
s m s. S : j m s m
s m ( s s sm ) s m s s < 450c. b az : s m s s s s > 450c. m c a ca j : s , s m , v
m s s. A s : v ss , vs s
s s , m .
weLdinGo m ss s v s s
s s ss s s s m s v m s :
, s s , , s - m .w s m s s s j
m s. t ss m s ss s s ( m s m s), j s
mm m s v s s f .t s s s ss s s m m s , m s
s s. s v s m sv s v s s m s , s
m s , s s v m v .
STabIlISed and unSTabIlISed FerrITIc gradeSo v , s ss s s ss
s s s s m .
Adhesive bonding Mechanical joining
Soldering/Brazing Welding
Joining methods
t s s s s s s,
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stabilised erritic gradesare virtually immune to
intergranular corrosion.
, s m s, s s m (t )
m (n ). t s s , ss, v m m m
m m m . w s m m s v , s s
s v mm s .t s m s s , t m s v
m s , n s t m s m s . S m m s,
s m v s , m z .
u s s s t n s s s
z , m m m . t s s s s s . i s s m
v .t s s s s s s s s ,
v , s , m
600-800c.
overmaTchIng FIl ler meTalSt s s s s ,
m s s s v m m s s m ms c , M , t / n m s. t s s s s ss m z . a v , s
m s , v m c M m s.
proTecTIve gaSeSb m m, s sss s z m s . i
m ss,m m s s m, s s ss s s s s
. p s s s s v s s s
s . t s s s s (a ) m (h ) m a h .
s, s s s s s - m m s. a -
m s, s s s, s
m m j , s s. a s m s mm m s ( ). n
m s s s.
TroubleShooTIng FerrITIc WeldIng problemSas s s s v , s
s s m m s m
s m s. t s s s m s .
Extra-low (C + N)+ stabilisationi.e. 430Ti, 409L
Low (C + N)i.e. 410L
Typical typei.e. 430
D e g r e e o
f s e
n s i t i s a t i o n
Grade weldability
E x h a u s t s y s t e m
w e
l d i n g ,
g r a
d e
4 3 9 , S
. K o r e a .
W e
l d e
d t a n
k ,
g r a
d e
4 4 4
, E u r o p e .
W E l d in G f E R R i t i C S t E E l S: R E M E d i E S
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aRc weLdinGa s m m s mm m
s.
gaS TungSTen arc WeldIng (gTaW or TIg/WIg)
i s ss ( s s t s w mi g s ss), m m ss s
.
S ss s s s s -dc m ( v ),
m s . i m s s , s
m s (m ) ( m ).
gaS meTal arc WeldIng (gmaW or mIg)u gtaw ss, gMaw ( s s Mi g s ss), s s m . t ss m .t s s, j ,
, s s 2% 3% , m m m s m s m s.S s ss m s m ,
s v m s m s s m s m .
t s - v ss s m m gtaw s s ss s .
ReSiStance weLdinGi s s , s ss
s j s s s s.
Stainless steelgroup
Special feature Phenomenon Cause How to avoid
Unstabilised grades Sensitisation Poor cor rosionresistance inwelded zone
Cr-carbideprecipitation ingrain boundary
Annealing intemperature range
600-800C
Stabi li sed g rades Grain coarsen ing Poor toughness inwelded zone
Excessive graingrowth due to high
temperature
Minimising the heatinput of welding
High Cr-Mo grades 475Cembrittlement
Embrittlementoccurs at
400~500C
Sigma () phaseformation
due to decompositionof phase
Reheating at 600Cand cooling rapidly
Hig h C r-M o g rad es S ig ma () phaseembrittlement
Embrittlementoccurs at
550~800C
Sigma () phaseformation
Reheating above800C and cooling
rapidly
Unstabilised grades Martensitic phaseembrittlement
Embrittlementoccurs in lower Crand higher-C types
Martensitic phaseformation due to
faster cooling
Removing themartensitic phaseby long annealingin the 600-700C
range
W e
l d e
d t a n
k ,
g r a
d e
4 4 1 , S
. A r i c a .
F e r r
i t i c t u b e m
i l l , B r a z i
l .
W e
l d e
d s t r u c t u r a
l r a m e
i n g r a
d e
1 . 4 0 0 3 .
S v s s s s , m s t v s s j s
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0
mm s s m . i s s, m j v s s s :
m m m s
z s (haZ); v s s , s s
; v v s s s
; m , s s j s s.
c m m s m s , ms ss m s s ss s
m s j s s ( m v s)
s.
otheR pRoceSSeSo ss s s ss
s s s m .
SoLdeRinG and bRaZinGS z ss s j mm s s s m s s
m s m s sm s. S m s s s m
s 450c, s z s m m s.
v s:t - m s .J s m m .
d ss m m s j .t s s .p s v ss s j .r m s s .t ss .
i s s z s s j , s v
s m j .i s s, j , s ss
s s s m m .S s s m s
s s s.
pickLinG, paSSivationand decontaMination
t s s s m s m m s m m .
p s s
(10%hno3 + 2%h ) s s s ss s.i ss v m
m ss v (s . 59) m m v m s s ( -s). t ss v v s mm s
20%-25% .l ss v z s s
m s s ss v s s.
S o
l d e r i n g
a g u
t t e r ,
t i n - c o a
t e d g r a
d e
4 3 0 T i .
B r a z i n g w e
l d e
d t u b e s , g r a
d e
4 4 1
.
MechanicaL JoininG rIveTIng
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1
M j s s s s s ss s s ss s s.
M j s v s:d ss m m s s j .t s z (haZ).p s v ss s j .t s m s .
c s s , v , v m s m j s m v
ss s, s s m s
j s. t j m ms -s ss.
i s v s s s s v .
t v s s , s j s m m s m s ss s v .c s s, s, s s v s s s ss s .
ScreWIng and bolTIngS ss s s s s v
s. w 17% c s ss s m ss v v m s,
s s s - m s 1% 1.5% m m.
t s s s m m ,s v s m m m m 5 mm. i ss mm j s s s
v s s s .
clInchIngt s v j
s ss s s, s . b m ss, s s s m
s .S s s j m s v , s
s m s v ,
m s j , v s v s .t s s m v s.
SeamIngi s m s -j , s s s 180, s m. as ,
m s j m , s .
p - j s v s, s s m
m s s.
Mechanical joining of stainless steels
Mechanical fasteners Without anyadditional part Riveting
Screws
Self-piercing andthread-forming screws
Clinching
SeamingSelf-piercing rivets
E x p
l o d e d
d i s p
l a y o
w a s h
i n g - m a c h
i n e
i n t e r i o r .
A u
t o - r
i v e
t i n g o n
4 3 0 , 1
. 5 m m .
adheSive bondinG i s s ss sm -s s ss s( )
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a s v m m j s, s j s ss ss s.
t v s s v :t s m s ,
m m s ss m s.d ss m m s j s
s .c s , j s v s .t m v m , s
s .p s v ss j .
p s s , v , s j s v m m
200c v s s v m s .a s v j s s s s j s
z . s s m s s j s, s v s m s ss s.
( s ) v s vs.
a , s s s v ,
. t ss ss s s s s v .
as m s v , s m s s m s sss s s s, 1.4003/410.t s (s / ss) s s v s
m . t s s s v s s s .
B o n
d i n g o
g u
t t e r i n g ,
t i n - c o a
t e d 4 3 0 T i .
W i n d o w s
b o n
d e
d t o a
1 . 4 0 0 3 t u b u l a r
r a m e .
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nick McdonaLdmarkeTIng manager, lIncaT lImITed,lIncoln, uk
es s 1971, ls
m ss m 36 s.
g 430 s ss s , v s m s ,
s s .
t s m s s s s s m j v s
s ss s , s m
s . i ,430s v m s s s s - m s.
w m v v 430 , s mm s, s s s - s-m ,
s s 304. o s , s s v s 430 s
s m s s .S s s m s s, v s s , s . g 430 s ss
. w s m s v s s .
W h a T
T h e y r e S a y I n g a b o u T F e r r I T I c S
p c s a a ca s
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p c s a a ca sFerritics are o ten associated with decorative trim, sinks and car exhausts. Their actual and potential use ulness extends ar beyond these narrow confnes
s ss s s s m m s s, . t s s s ,
s s s ss s , sm s , s
v s. t v v s s ss s - , s s s.
t s s s - s s s m ss
s s s m s. t v s sm m s s m m s .t s ms s s s
s ss s s s s , s sss. i ms s s
m m s m m m s v m m .
AutomotiveexhauST SySTem
componenTS
g 1.4509/441, s , p 607,
exhauST SySTemcomponenTS
g 1.4509/441,m ,
exhauST SySTemcomponenTS
g 1.4512/409, s ,, S. k
exhauST SySTemcomponenTS
g 304 & 441, s , e c ss
M s,
exhauST SySTemcomponenTS
g SuS430J1l v s , m 20%c -5%a
exhauST SySTemcomponenTS
g 1.4509/441, v ,
decoraTIve TrIm
g SuS430, S. k
decoraTIve TrIm
g SuS430J1l, J
decoraTIve TrIm decoraTIve TrIm decoraTIve TrIm S.u.v. FronT elemenT
t i v e
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g SuS430, S. k g 1.4016/430, - m, uSa
g 1.4113/434, uSa g 1. 4513, p som m,
car booT SIll
g 1.4510/430t ,p 307,
headlIghT
g 1.4513, - m, i
Truck
g 1.4113, v m, uSa
clampS
g s 1.4509/441 1.4016/430
FIlTerS
g 1.4512/409l, t
brake dIScS
g 1.4028/420
ThermoSTaT
g 1.4512/409,
paddle Wheel
g 1.4512/409,1.5 mm ,
A u t o m o t
building & ConStruCtionacceSSorIeS
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Ironmongery WIndoWhIngeS & FaSTenerS
g 1.4016/430, e
guTTerIng
g 1.4510/430t ,- , e
guTTerIng
g 1.4521/444, e
chImney ducT
g 1.4521/444, e
conSTrucTIon
SQuare-Tube exTerIorInSulaTIng memberS
g Suh 409l (1.4512/409),JSSa, J
emergency houSIng
g 1.4016/430,, VerneSt c i , i
communIcaTIon-SySTemShelTer
g SuS 436l (1.4526/436),JSSa, J
FacTory buIldIng
g 1.4003, c m s s m , S.a
rooF STrucTure
r -s : s.
buIldIng
g 445J1l &445J2, n S
b ., 1996, J
buIldIng
r s SuS445J2,p r s , 1994, J
buIldIng
o s SuS445J1, SuS304, n s
M s b ., 2005, J
cIvIl conSTrucTIon
noISe-abSorbIng plaTeFor overpaSS
STrucTural STeelWorkoF brIdge
Inner Wall oF Tunnel Inner Wall oF Tunnel i o
n
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g SuS 436 (1.4526/436),JSSa, J
g 1.4003/410 ,SaSSda, S a (
s v v 8 s).
g SuS 430J1 (1.4016/430),JSSa, J
g 1.4016/430, ,M M t ,
c i , i
WIndbreaker Fence
g SuS 445J2, JSSa, J
plaTForm Screen door
g 1.4510/439, -s , koSa, S. k
elecTrIFIcaTIon maSTS
g 1.4003 ( s m j 1982,
s s 10m m s , s ), S. a
poWer generaTIon
g 1.4003/ 410, x- , S.a
claddIng
buIldIng Faade claddIng
g SuS 445M2,- f v m s ,
aSSda, a s
buIldIng Faade claddIng
g 1.4521/444 s. 4 ( z s),V v b , r
J , n i , b z( s v m )
buIldIng Faade claddIng
g SuS 445J2, S M s m,
JSSa, J
buIldIng Faade claddIng
g 1.4526/436, u& a z S S v c ,
a M S ss,k , p
b u i l d i n g
& C
o n S t r u
C t
lIFTS
eScalaTor STepS lIFT panelS
rooFIng
medIadome rooF School rooF b u il
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g SuS 430lx(1.4016/430), J
g 1.4510/439 g SuS445J2, k sM m (
p .)1998, J
g 430t (ss m ), u
& a z, a s
gymnaSIum rooF
g 445, koSa, S. k
canopy
g 446, koSa,S , S. k .
chaleT rooF
g 1.4510/430t (s -s m ), u & a z,
g m .
aIrporT rooF
g SuS 447J1, k sa m ( r z p ),
JSSa, os , J
urban FurnITure
lamp poST
g 1.4510/439, -s ,
koSa, S , S. k
poST boxeS
g 1.4003/410, ,SaSSda, S a .
u s
, ss s m .
TIckeT machIne onraIlWay plaTForm
g 1.4003/410, (15s s v ), SaSSda, uk
elecTrIFIcaTIon boxeS
g 1.4003/410, (15 s s v ), SaSSda,
S a
i l d
i n g & C
o n
S t r
u C t i o n
bakery oven gaS cookIng eQuIpmenT coFFee Server heaTed merchandISer
Food CommerCiAl eQuipment
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0
g 430, M ms bS s ms (pty) l , S. a
g 430, l , uk g SuS430J1, JSSa, J g 430, l , uk
conveyor ToaSTer
g 430, l , uk
mIcroWave oven
g 430 ( ), JSSa, J
burner range
g 430 ( s ),poSco, S. k
reFrIgeraTor
r s - SuS 430J1l , JSSa, J
coFFee machIne
g 430, l , uk
reSTauranT Trolley
g 430
dISplay merchandISer
g 430, l , uk
Wall cupboard
g 430, l , uk
home & oFFiCei s, (400-s s) s s s s , s s ,
s s s s, m s m sm (
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1
, ( ). t s s m v s v m s.
domeSTIc cookIngeQuIpmenT
gaS cooker
koSa, S. k
varIouS
tkn, g m
mIcroWave oven
g SuS430J1, JSSa, J
gaS cookIng Top
tSSda, t
barbecue
g 1.4016/430, s z , c m c i , i
barbecue
g 1.4016/430, uSa
cookWare and poTS
Wok
InducTIon cookWare
g Seb (t )
preSSure cooker
g 430, g Seb
panS
g 430, poSco, S. k
dIShWaSherS
dIShWaSher
g 430
dIShWaSher
r s SuS430J1l , JSSa, J
F i C e
dIShWaSher
elecTrIcal applIanceS
mIxer mIxer elecTrIc rIce cooker
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h o m e & o F
g 430 ( ), h , prc
g 1.4513, tkn, i g 430 r s SuS430,JSSa, J
elecTrIc keTTle
r s SuS430,JSSa, J
eQuIpmenT
ShelveS
g 1.4016/430, zs v s, g
c i , i
rubbISh conTaIner
g 1.4016/430, g c i , i
parTITIon
g 430, poSco, S. k
handraIl
g 430
lcd Frame
g 410, poSco, S. k
hoodS
kITchen hood
g 430, b ,tkn, g m
kITchen hood
g 430, m ,n i , b z
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induStrY s s v s m s s v m ss .
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dam ouTleT pIpeS
p 1.4003/410,c m s, S. a
Flood conTrol gaTeS
p 1.4003/410,c m s, S. a
TankS
g SuS430J1l, -s (
j ), JSSa, J
FracTIonaTIng column
g 410S, e
conveyor belT
g 410S, e
burnerS
burnerS
g 1.4509/441 ( s s )
burner
g SuS430, s, JSSa, J .
boIlerS
boIler Inner Tube
g 1.4521/444,koSa, S. k
hydroboIl InSTanTboIlIng WaTer heaTer
g 1.4521/444,Zip i s s aSSda, a s
boIler
g 444, e
hoT WaTer Tank
g 1.4521/444, e
hoT WaTer Tank
g SuS444, JSSa, J
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TankS
WaTer TankS & pIpeS WaTer Tank WaTer Tank WaTer Tank
S t r Y
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g 444, b z.
g 444, koSa, S. k p SuS 444,s . 4, JSSa, J
p SuS 444,s . 4, JSSa, J
FermenTaTIon andSTorage Tank
g 444, n i ,b z . S i s
s ss s
s 7 s.
FermenTaTIon andSTorage Tank
g 444, n i , b z
moTorcycle exhauST
g 1.4512/409l,yuSco, t
moTorcycle exhauST
g 1.4509/441, c i ,i . t V s et2s
s .
i n d u
moTorcycle exhauST
g 409l
moTorcycle exhauST
g 409l, a s , b z
dISc brake roTor
g SuS410SM1,JSSa, J
varIouS
g 420 s, 1.4113v m, i
motorCYCle
trAnSportAtionbuS & coach body Frame buS & coach body Frame buS body Frame conTaIner
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conTaIner
g 1.4003/410, ( m s)
coal Wagon
g 1.4003/410 ( s),c m s, S. a . i
s v v 20 s.
coal Wagon
g 1.4003/410 ( s),c m s, S. a . i
s v v 15 s.
coal WagonS
g 1.4003 ( v s), SaSSda, S. a
g 1.4003/410, c m s,S. a .
g 1.4003/410 ( ), c m s, S. a .
g 1.4003 s , S s
b s & c c . p
g 1.4003/410 ( m s), poSco, S. k
coal Wagon
g 1.4003/410,, e
coal Wagon
g 409/410, ,tiSco, prc
coal Wagon
g 1.4003,SaSSda, S. a
TramWay
g 1.4003/410 ( m s), e
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StandardS: - aStM a 280 - 06c, n v. 2006
- en 10088-2, S . 2005
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0
group 1
group 2
10%-14%c
aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni
403(m) 0.15 0.5 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.0 JiS SuS4030.12-0.17 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.4024
405 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 0.6 unS S405000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.40000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.1-0.3 en 1.40020.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-14.5 0.1-0.3 JiS SuS405
409l 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+n)-0.5 0.17 0.03 0.5 unS S409100.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 8x(C+n)-0.5 0.1 0.03 0.5 unS S409200.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 [0.08+8x(C+n)]-0.75 0.03 0.5 unS S409300.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.02 10.5-11.7 0.05-0.2 0.18-0.4 0.03 0.5 unS S409450.03 1.0 1.0 0 .04 0.02 10.5-11.7 6x(C+n)-0.75 0.03 0.5-1.0 unS S409750.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.03 0.3-1.0 unS S409770.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 6x(C+n)-0.65 0.5 en 1 .45120.08 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.05-0.35 0.5-1.5 en 1.45160.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 10.5-11.75 6xC-0.75 0.6 JiS Suh409l
410(m) 0.08-0.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.75 unS S410000.08-0.15 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 11.5-13.5 0.75 en 1.4006
0.15 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 JiS SuS410
410l 0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.03 1.5 unS S410030.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-13.0 9(C+n)-0.6 0.03 0.5 unS S410450.04 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 10.5-12.5 0.1 0.6-1.10 unS S410500.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.0-13.5 JiS SuS410l
0.03 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 10.5-12.5 0.3-1.0 en 1.4003
410S(m) 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 unS S410080.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 11.5-13.5 0.6 JiS SuS410S
420J1(m) 0.16-0.25 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JiS SuS420J10.16-0.25 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.4021
420J2(m) 0.26-0.40 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 12.0-14.0 JiS SuS420J20.26-0.35 1.0 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 en 1.40280.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 en 1.40310.43-0.50 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 12.5-14.5 en 1.4034
14%-18%c
aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni
420 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.045 0.03 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 unS S420350.08 1.0 1 .0 0.04 0.015 13.5-15.5 0.2-1.2 0.3-0.5 1.0-2.5 en 1.4589
429 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 unS S429000.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 14.0-16.0 JiS SuS429
429J1(m) 0.25-0.4.0 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 15.0-17.0 JiS SuS429J1
430 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75 unS S430000.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 en 1.40160.12 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JiS SuS430
1.4017 0.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 1.2-1.6 en 1.4017
440(m) 0.6-0.75 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 JiS SuS440A
- JiS g 4305, 1991
group 3aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.
c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni430J1l 0 .025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-20.0 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.3-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS430J1l
430lX 0.03 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.1-1.0 0.6 JiS SuS430lX
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1
group 4
group 5
ot s
aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.c Si m p S c m Ti n c a n ni
445 0.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.012 19.0-21.0 10X(C+n)-0.8 0.3-0.6 0.03 0.6 unS S44500
445J1 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 0.7-1.5 0.025 JiS SuS445J1
445J2 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 21.0-24.0 1.5-2.5 0.025 JiS SuS 445J2
446 0.06 0.75 0.75 0.04 0.02 25.0-27.0 0.75-1.5 0.2-1.0 0.2 0.04 unS S446260.01 0.4 0.4 0.02 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.05-0.2 0.2 0.015 0.5 unS S44627
0.025 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 24.5-26.0 3.5-4.5 [0.2+4(C+n)]-0.80 0.035 3.5-4.5 unS S446350.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 25.0-28.0 3.0-4.0 6x(C+n)-1.0 0.04 1.0-3.5 unS S446600.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 25.0-27.5 0.75-1.5 0.015 0.5 JiS SuS Xm27
447 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 0.15 (C+n) 0.025 unS S447000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 28.0-30.0 3.6-4.2 6x(C+n)-1.0 0.045 1.0 unS S44735
0.025 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.01 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.5 [4x(C+n)+0.15]-0.8 0.045 en 1.45920.01 0.4 0.4 0.03 0.02 28.5-32.0 1.5-2.5 0.015 JiS SuS 447J1
448 0.01 0.2 0.3 0.025 0.02 28.0-30.0 3.5-4.2 0.15 0.02 2-2.5 (C+n) 0.025 unS S44800
14%-18%cst i is
430lX 0.03 0.75 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0 19.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 JiS SuS430lX
439 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+n)]-1.10 0.15 0.03 0.5 unS S430350,05 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 [0.15+4x(C+n)]-0.8 en 1.4510
0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-19.0 [0.2+4x(C+n)]-0.75 0.15 0.03 0.5 unS S439320.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 [0.3+(3xC)] unS S439400.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-17.5 0.35-0.55 en 1.4590
0.025 0.5 0.5 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.3-0.6 en 1.45200.02 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.2-0.6 en 1.4595
430t 0.05 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.6 en 1.4511
441 0.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 9xC+0.3-1 1.0 unS S441000.03 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.5-18.5 0.1-0.6 3xC+0.3-1 en 1.4509
a m
aISI, aSTm c i t (m i w i t %) St r f.C S m p S C m t n C A n n o
415 0.05 0.6 0.5-1.0 0.03 0.03 11.5-14.0 0.5-1.0 3.5-5.5 unS S41500
434 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 unS S434000.08 0.75 0.8 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 en 1.41130.08 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.8-1.4 [7x(C+n)+0.1]-1.0 0.04 en 1.45260.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 JiS SuS 434
436 0.12 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-18.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 unS S436000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 16.0-18.0 0.9-1.4 0.3-0.6 en 1.45130.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 16.0-19.0 0.75-1.25 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 436l
1.4419(m) 0.36-0.42 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-14.5 0.6-1.0 en 1.4419
1.4110(m) 0.48-0.60 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 13.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 v 0.15 en 1.4110
1.4116(m) 0.45-0.55 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 14.0-15.0 0.5-0.8 0.1 v 0.2 en 1.4116
1.4122(m) 0.33-0 .45 1.0 1 .5 0.04 0 .015 15.5-17.5 0 .8-1.3 1.0 en 1.4122
1.4313(m) 0.05 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 12.0-14.0 0.3-0.7 0.02 3.5-4.5 en 1.4313
1.4418(m) 0.06 0.7 1.5 0.04 0.015 15.0-17.0 0.8-1.5 0.02 4.0-6.0 en 1.4418
436J1l 0.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 0.4-0.8 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 436J1l
444 0.025 1.0 0.7-1.5 0.04 0.03 17.5-19.5 1.75-2.5 0.2+4(C+n)-0.8 1.0 unS S444000.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.015 17.0-20.0 1.8-2.5 4x(C+n)+0.15-0.8 0.03 en 1.45210.025 1.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 17.0-20.0 1.75-2.5 8x(C+n)-0.8 0.025 JiS SuS 444
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iMpreSSiVe uSe o erritic
welded tubeS in a power
Station condenSe r.
Appendices
sur a f h
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6 3
Sur ace fnishing treatments applied to stainless steels can take many orms.The main fnishes are described below. Ferritic sur ace fnishes are the same asthose or austenitic and other grades.
Description ASTM EN 10088-2 Notes
Hot rolled 1 1E/1DA comparatively rough, dull sur ace produced by hot rolling tothe speci ed thickness, ollowed by annealing and descaling.
Cold rolled 2D 2DA dull, cold rolled nish produced by cold rolling to thespeci ed thickness, ollowed by annealing and descaling.May also be achieved by a nal light pass on dull rolls.
Cold rolled 2B 2B
A bright, cold rolled nish commonly produced in the same way asNo. 2D nish, except that the annealed and descaled sheet receivesa nal cold roll pass on polished rolls. This is a general-purposecold rolled nish and is more readily polished than No. 1 or No. 2D.
Bright Annealed BA 2RBA nish produced by per orming bright annealing in an inertatmosphere a ter cold rolling. Smoother and brighter than No. 2B.
Brushed ordull polished
No. 4 1J/2JA general-purpose bright polished nish obtained by nishingwith a 120-150 mesh abrasive, ollowing initial grinding withcoarser abrasives.
Satin polished(matt)
No. 6 1K/2K A so t satin nish having lower refectivity than brushed(or dull polished) nish. It is produced by a Tampico brush.
Bright polished(mirror)
No. 8 1P/2P
The most refective nish commonly produced. It is obtained bypolishing with successively ner abrasives then bu ng with a veryne bu ng compound. The sur ace is essentially ree o grit linescaused by preliminary grinding operations.
Electropolishedsur aces - -
This sur ace is produced by electrolytic attack. This electrochemicalprocess improves the sur ace nish by removing peaks o sur aceirregularity.
(NB: the above table is not o cial and should be used only as a guide)
2D 2B BA no. 4 no.6
AppendiCeS
r f c s
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M z , a., t , et al. e n p S S ss S s e v t m s.
ISIJ International V . 42, n . 8 (2002): 916-920.
M m , M, n. M s , et al. n -s m s s ss v s s ss s s. Corrosion
Science V . 48 (2006): 1307-1308.
p , J. h., d. S. k m, et al. i s c -16%cS ss S M s a m m d c mt m . AIST Transactions in Iron & Steel Technology Magazine V . 4, n . 1 (2007): 137-144.
p , S. h., k.y. k m, et al. ev M s t ass r S ss S s.icotoM 13, S , k (2002): 1335.
p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. i v s M s t ev S ss S s,
ISIJ International V .42, n .1 (2002): 100.
p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e a p ss M s t ev t 430 S ssS . Journal of the Korean Institute. of Metals & Materials V .39, n . 8 (2001): 883.
p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e ss m s v -16%c
s ss s . Rex & GGa , g m (2001): 1203.
p , S. h., k. y. k m, et al. e s s m m
s z v s ss s s.
THERMEC 2000, l s V s, uSa (2000): 163.r , d. e m v s s m
s s -11 .% c . MaterialsScience and Technology n . 11 (1995): 985-993.
r , d. o f c m m v s s ss s s. Journalof Materials Science n . 31 (1996): 3839-3845.
b , l., p.-o. S , et al. e s -V s sb v S ss S aiSi 441-en 1.4509 m
m m 850c. Journal of ASTM International(JAI) Vol. 3, Issue 7 (2006).a s : Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (s m s m), V . 35.
c , p -J . Working with Stainless Steels p s:
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h , M.-y., J.-h. l , et al. e t -t ssM M -t g s r 17%c
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k m, k, y. k m, et al. poScos v m S ssS . The Second Baosteel Biennial Academic ConferenceV . 3,S , c (2006).
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s m v s m s. La Revue de Mtallurgien s. 7-8, p s (J -a . 2004): 615-620. a s : JSae p n .20037127 (2003).
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Appendices
L t of m mb r
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Ugine & ALZUgitech S.A.Viraj GroupWalsin Lihwa CorporationYieh United Steel Corporation (YUSCO)Zhangjiagang Pohang Stainless Steel Co. Ltd. (ZPSS)
AffiliAted members
Australian Stainless Steel Development Association(ASSDA)British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA)CedinoxCENDICentro InoxEdelstahl-Vereinigung e.V.Euro InoxEUROFERInstitut de Dveloppement de lInox (ID Inox)Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei (ISER)Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA)Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA)Jernkontoret
Korea Iron and Steel Association (KOSA)New Zealand Stainless Steels Development Association(NZSSDA)Nucleo InoxSouthern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association(SASSDA)Special Steel and Alloys Consumers and SuppliersAssociation (USSA)
Specialty Steel Industry of North America (SSINA)Stainless Steel Council of China Specialist Steel EnterprisesAssociation (CSSC)Swiss InoxTaiwan Steel and Iron Industries Association (TSIIA)Thai Stainless Steel Development Association (TSSDA)Union de Empresas Siderrgicas (UNESID)
CompAny members
Acciaierie ValbrunaAcerinox S.A.Acesita S.A.Aichi Steel CorporationArcelor MittalBaoshan Iron and Steel Co. (Stainless Steel Branch)
Cogne Acciai Speciali S.p.A.Columbus Stainless (Pty) LtdDaido Steel Co. Ltd.Deutsche Edelstahlwerke GmbHHyundai Steel CompanyIndusteelJFE Steel CorporationJindal Stainless Ltd.JSC DneprospetsstalNingbo Baoxin Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.Nippon Kinzoku Co., Ltd.Nippon Metal Industry Co. Ltd.Nippon Steel and Sumikin StainlessNippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd.Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd.
North American StainlessOutokumpu OyjPanchmahal Steel Limited (PSL)POSCOPOSCO Specialty Steel Co., Ltd.Shanghai Krupp Stainless (SKS)SIJ - Slovenska industrija jekla d.d./Slovenian Steel GroupSteel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.Taiyuan Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. (TISCO)Takasago Tekko K.K.Tang Eng Iron Works Co. Ltd.Thainox Stainless Public Company LimitedThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A.ThyssenKrupp Mexinox S.A. de C.V.ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH
Appendices
A k owl g m t
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Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 16 (l): South A rica Stainless SteelDevelopment Association (SASSDA), Rivonia, South A rica; p. 16 (r) : Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 17 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 18 (l) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 18 (tr) : Mac BrothersCatering Equipment, Cape Town, South A rica; p. 18 (br) : Centro Inox andThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni S.p.A., Italy; p. 19 : Acesita (Arcelor MittalGroup), Brazil; p. 20 (t) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 20 (b) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 21 (l) : Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 21 (c) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 21 (r) : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 22 (l) : Sander Inox andNucleo Inox, Brazil; p. 22 (r) : Ompagrill and Centro Inox, Italy; p. 23 : BSHBosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany; p. 24 (tl & tr) :Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 24 (br) : ColumbusStainless [Pty] Ltd, S. A rica; p. 25 (l) : South Korea Iron & Steel Association(KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea;p. 25 (tc) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 25 (tr) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 26 (t) : Group SEB, Rumilly, France;p. 26 (b) : LG Electronics, S. Korea; p. 27 (l) : Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd,S. A rica; p. 27 (r) : Japan Stainless Steel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan;
p. 28 (l) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich, Germany;p. 28 (r) : South Korea Iron & Steel Association (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea;p. 29 : Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company Ltd. (TISCO), Taiyuan, PRC;p. 30 (t) : ISSF China, PRC; p. 30 (b) : Qingdao Haier International Trading Co.Ltd., PRC; p. 31 (l) : SunTank, Pretoria, S. A rica; p. 31 (r ): Japan StainlessSteel Association (JSSA), Tokyo, Japan; p. 32 (box) : POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea;p. 33 (all) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 34 (l) : Centro Inox,Italy; p. 34 (tr) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p . 34 (b) : all 4 photos Ugine & Alz(Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 35 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil;p. 36 (t) : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld, Germany; p. 36 (b) : MacadamsBaking Systems (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, S. A rica; p. 37 (l) : Faurecia, Nanterre,France; p. 37 (r) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 38 (l) :Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 38 (r) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group),France; p. 39 (l) : SunTank, Pretoria, S. A rica; p. 39 (tr) : Acesita (ArcelorMittal Group), Brazil; p. 39 (br) : Solaris Bus & Coach Co., Poland; p. 40 (l) :Brandt Edelstahldach GmbH, Cologne, Germany; p. 40 (r) : Ugine & Alz (ArcelorMittal Group), France; p. 41 (tr) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 41 (br) : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld, Germany; p. 42 (tl) : Willemde Roover, Ghent, Belgium; p. 42 (bl) : Faurecia, Nanterre, France; p. 42 (tr) :
Centro Inox, Milan, Italy; p. 42 (br) : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France;p. 43 : Hanjin, S. Korea; p. 44 (t) : Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 44 (b) :Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 58 : ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, Kre eld,Germany; p. 62 : Valtimet, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; p. 63 : POSCO, Pohang,S. Korea.
ISSF is grate ul to Friedriche Teroerde (ICDA) or writing theForeword to this brochure and to Philippe Richard (ArcelorMittal Stainless, France), who coordinated a working groupconsisting o Jacques Charles (Ugine & Alz , France), Peir-Teh Huang (Yusco, Taiwan), Kwangyuk Kim (Posco, SouthSouth Korea), Jochen Krautschick (ThyssenKrupp Nirosta,Germany), Juan Antonio Simon (Acerinox, Spain) and
Hideaki Yamashita (JFE, Japan). Thanks also go to BenotVan Hecke (Euro-Inox, Belgium) or checking the text and toPaul Snelgrove, reelance consultant and English-languagewriter (Paris, France), or his invaluable help in preparingthe brochure.
Thanks are also due to de blauwe peer (Ghent, Belgium)or design and production, to MBCOM (Paris, France)or designing the cover and to Stevens Creative Printing,
Merelbeke, Belgium) or printing.
Photo credits
ISSF wishes to thank the companies and individuals whohave contributed photographs to this publication. In thosecases where the original source o a photograph used is notknown, ISSF extends its apologies to the copyright owner.
front cover : MBCOM, Paris, France; p. 2-3 : Ugine & Alz (Arcelor MittalGroup), France; p. 4 : Columbus Stainless [Pty] Ltd, S. A rica; p. 5 : Acesita(Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 7 : Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 8 : ISSFChina, PRC; p. 9 (tl) : BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgerate Gmbh, Munich,Germany; p. 9 (bl) : Whirlpool Corporation, Cassinetta di Biandronno, Italy;p. 9 (r) : Groupe SEB, Rumilly, France; p. 10 : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group),Brazil; p. 11 (tl) : IKEA, Aelmhult, Sweden; p. 11 (bl): Yiu Heng InternationalCompany Limited, Macao; p. 11 (r) : Takara Standard Corporation, Japan;
p. 12 (t) : Acesita (Arcelor Mittal Group), Brazil; p. 12 (b) : Tramontina, So Paulo,Brazil; p. 13 (l) : Lincat Limited, Lincoln, UK; p. 13 (r) : South Korea Iron & SteelAssociation (KOSA), Seoul, S. Korea; p. 14 : POSCO, Pohang, S. Korea; p. 15 (l & c): Ugine & Alz (Arcelor Mittal Group), France; p. 15 (tr) : Suncue CompanyLtd. and Yieh United Steel Corp. (YUSCO), Taiwan; p. 15 (br) : Japan Stainless
disclaimer
Every e ort has been made to ensure that the in ormation presented in this publication is technically correct. However, thereader is advised that the material contained herein is intended or general in ormation purposes only. ISSF, its members,sta and consultants specifcally disclaim any liability or responsibility or loss, damage or injury resulting rom the use othe in ormation contained in this publication (in printed, electronic or other ormats).
DATE OF PUBLICATION APRIL 2007 - COPYRIGHT - ISBN 2-930069-51-1
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