The Federalists in Power The Federalists in Power and and

the Emergence of a the Emergence of a Two-Party SystemTwo-Party System

Who did the American Who did the American people elect as the first people elect as the first

president of president of the United States?the United States?

• George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Who was Washington’s Who was Washington’s first Secretary of State?first Secretary of State?

• Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Who was Washington’s Who was Washington’s first Secretary of the first Secretary of the

Treasury?Treasury?

• Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

What political party did What political party did Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

organize?organize?

• Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican PartyParty

What is a What is a political party?political party?

• A group of people with A group of people with similar beliefs about how similar beliefs about how the government should the government should be runbe run

What was another name What was another name for Jefferson’s for Jefferson’s

Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party?Party?

•RepublicansRepublicans

What political party did What political party did Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton

organize?organize?

• The Federalist PartyThe Federalist Party

What is the cabinet?What is the cabinet?

• Heads of the executive Heads of the executive departmentsdepartments

• Official advisers to the Official advisers to the presidentpresident

What does the What does the Secretary of State do?Secretary of State do?

• Oversees the nation’s Oversees the nation’s relations with foreign relations with foreign countriescountries

• Handles foreign affairsHandles foreign affairs

What does the Secretary What does the Secretary of the Treasury do?of the Treasury do?

• Advises the president on Advises the president on economic issues, like economic issues, like taxes and government taxes and government financefinance

What is strict construction What is strict construction of the Constitution?of the Constitution?

• An interpretation of the An interpretation of the Constitution believing that Constitution believing that the powers of the federal the powers of the federal government are precisely government are precisely and narrowly definedand narrowly defined

What is loose What is loose construction of the construction of the

Constitution?Constitution?

• An interpretation of the An interpretation of the Constitution believing that Constitution believing that the federal government the federal government has broad powershas broad powers

Did Jefferson believe in Did Jefferson believe in strict or loose strict or loose

construction of the construction of the Constitution?Constitution?

• Strict constructionStrict construction

Did Hamilton believe in Did Hamilton believe in strict or loose strict or loose

construction of the construction of the Constitution?Constitution?

• Loose constructionLoose construction

What clause of the What clause of the Constitution allows Congress Constitution allows Congress “to make all laws which shall “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to be necessary and proper” to carry out those powers that carry out those powers that

are listed in the Constitution?are listed in the Constitution?

• The Elastic ClauseThe Elastic Clause

According to Alexander According to Alexander Hamilton, what specified Hamilton, what specified powers would the Bank powers would the Bank

of the United States help of the United States help Congress carry out?Congress carry out?

• Collecting taxesCollecting taxes

• Borrowing moneyBorrowing money

• Paying the public debtPaying the public debt

• Regulating commerce Regulating commerce (trade)(trade)

Who led the Democratic-Who led the Democratic-Republican Party?Republican Party?

• Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

• James MadisonJames Madison

What were five beliefs What were five beliefs of the Democratic-of the Democratic-Republican Party?Republican Party?

• Strict construction of the Strict construction of the ConstitutionConstitution

• A weak national government A weak national government (relative to the power of the (relative to the power of the states)states)

• Strong state governmentsStrong state governments

• An economy based on An economy based on agriculture (farming)agriculture (farming)

• A pro-French foreign policyA pro-French foreign policy

Who supported the Who supported the Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican

Party?Party?

• FarmersFarmers

• Artisans (skilled Artisans (skilled craftsmen)craftsmen)

• Frontier settlersFrontier settlers

In what region of the United In what region of the United States was the Democratic-States was the Democratic-

Republican Party Republican Party strongest?strongest?

•SouthSouth

Who led the Who led the Federalist Party?Federalist Party?

• Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

• John AdamsJohn Adams

What were five beliefs What were five beliefs of the Federalist of the Federalist

Party?Party?

• Loose construction of the Loose construction of the ConstitutionConstitution

• A strong national governmentA strong national government

• A national bankA national bank

• A commercial economy (based A commercial economy (based on manufacturing and trade)on manufacturing and trade)

• A pro-British foreign policyA pro-British foreign policy

What groups supported What groups supported the Federalist Party?the Federalist Party?

• BankersBankers

• BusinessmenBusinessmen

In what region of the In what region of the nation was the nation was the

Federalist Party Federalist Party strongest?strongest?

•The NortheastThe Northeast

What treaty aimed at What treaty aimed at settling commercial settling commercial

and boundary and boundary disputes between the disputes between the

United States and United States and Great Britain?Great Britain?

• The Jay TreatyThe Jay Treaty

• Also called Jay’s Also called Jay’s TreatyTreaty

Which political party Which political party supported the Jay supported the Jay

Treaty?Treaty?

• The FederalistsThe Federalists

What was the most What was the most important provision important provision

(part) of the Jay (part) of the Jay Treaty?Treaty?

• Great Britain agreed to Great Britain agreed to evacuate or leave its forts evacuate or leave its forts in the Ohio Valley and in the Ohio Valley and retreat to the boundary retreat to the boundary line set by the treaty that line set by the treaty that ended the Revolutionary ended the Revolutionary WarWar

Who followed George Who followed George Washington as Washington as

president?president?

• John AdamsJohn Adams

What was President What was President Adams’ policy Adams’ policy

towards France?towards France?

• An undeclared naval war An undeclared naval war against Franceagainst France

What were three results What were three results of Adams’ policy of Adams’ policy towards France?towards France?

• Maintained peace with FranceMaintained peace with France

• Preserved the honor of the Preserved the honor of the United StatesUnited States

• Made Adams less popular Made Adams less popular among members of his own among members of his own Federalist Party, who wanted Federalist Party, who wanted the United States to declare war the United States to declare war against Franceagainst France

Who was the most important Who was the most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the early years Court during the early years

of the United States?of the United States?

• John MarshallJohn Marshall

What was John Marshall’s What was John Marshall’s political party and what political party and what

was his home state?was his home state?

• FederalistFederalist

• VirginiaVirginia

How did the Supreme Court How did the Supreme Court decisions under John decisions under John

Marshall strengthen the Marshall strengthen the federal courts?federal courts?

• Made the federal courts an Made the federal courts an independent and equal independent and equal branch of the United States branch of the United States governmentgovernment

What is judicial What is judicial review?review?

• The power of the The power of the courts to declare a courts to declare a law unconstitutionallaw unconstitutional

What is a precedent?What is a precedent?

• An example for An example for future actionfuture action

What were three What were three important decisions by important decisions by

the Supreme Court the Supreme Court under Chief Justice under Chief Justice

John Marshall?John Marshall?

• Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

• McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland

• Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

How did the Supreme How did the Supreme Court ruleCourt rule in the case of in the case of

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison??

• Declared a federal law Declared a federal law unconstitutionalunconstitutional

What precedent did What precedent did Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison set? set?

• Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

Why is judicial review Why is judicial review so important to the so important to the

Supreme Court?Supreme Court?

• Gives the Supreme Court Gives the Supreme Court its main check on the its main check on the power of Congresspower of Congress

What doctrine did the What doctrine did the Supreme Court set forth in its Supreme Court set forth in its

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland decisiondecision??

• Doctrine of implied Doctrine of implied powerspowers

What two legal What two legal questions were involved questions were involved in the in the McCullochMcCulloch case? case?

• 1) Did Congress have the 1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the authority to establish the Bank of the United States? Bank of the United States?

• 2) Did the Maryland law 2) Did the Maryland law taxing the BUS taxing the BUS unconstitutionally interfere unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?with congressional powers?

What two points did What two points did the Supreme Court the Supreme Court

make in make in McCulloch v. McCulloch v.

MarylandMaryland??

• 1) Congress had the power 1) Congress had the power to create the BUS. to create the BUS.

• 2) Maryland could 2) Maryland could not not tax tax agencies of the national agencies of the national government, which carried government, which carried out constitutional powers. out constitutional powers.

What did Chief Justice What did Chief Justice Marshall say about Marshall say about

implied powers implied powers in the in the

McCulloch DecisionMcCulloch Decision??

• Congress possessed Congress possessed implied powers that the implied powers that the Constitution did Constitution did notnot specifically mention.specifically mention.

What laws did Chief What laws did Chief Justice Marshall Justice Marshall

declare to be supreme declare to be supreme in the in the McCulloch McCulloch

DecisionDecision??

• The Constitution and The Constitution and federal laws federal laws

• Federal laws override Federal laws override state constitutions and state constitutions and state laws. state laws.

How did the How did the Marshall Court rule on the Marshall Court rule on the

Maryland state law that Maryland state law that taxed the Baltimore branch taxed the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United of the Bank of the United

States?States?

• The Maryland state The Maryland state law that taxed the law that taxed the BUS was BUS was unconstitutional. unconstitutional.

Who wrote, “The Power Who wrote, “The Power to tax is the power to to tax is the power to

destroy”?destroy”?

• Chief Justice Chief Justice John Marshall John Marshall

What did the case of What did the case of Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

involve?involve?

• the state of New York’s the state of New York’s regulations for regulations for steamboats, which did steamboats, which did business between New business between New York and another state York and another state New JerseyNew Jersey

How did the Supreme How did the Supreme Court rule in the case Court rule in the case of of Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden??

• that the federal that the federal government had government had complete control complete control over interstate over interstate commerce commerce

What is What is interstate commerce?interstate commerce?

• trade between trade between statesstates

What doctrine did the What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to Marshall Court use to settle disagreements settle disagreements

between different between different branches of the branches of the

national government?national government?

• the doctrine of the doctrine of judicial review in judicial review in Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

What doctrine did the What doctrine did the Marshall Court use to Marshall Court use to settle disagreements settle disagreements between the federal between the federal government and the government and the

states?states?

• the doctrine of the doctrine of implied powers in implied powers in McCulloch v. McCulloch v. MarylandMaryland

In what case did the In what case did the Marshall Court provide the Marshall Court provide the

foundation block for the foundation block for the Supreme Court to settle Supreme Court to settle disagreements between disagreements between

competing business competing business interests?interests?

• Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

What Supreme Court What Supreme Court decision set forth a decision set forth a

broadly national view broadly national view of economic affairs?of economic affairs?

• Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden