THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY
description
Transcript of THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY
![Page 1: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE FEDERAL THE FEDERAL BUREACRACYBUREACRACYExamining the Examining the ““Fourth BranchFourth Branch””
![Page 2: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
bureaucracybureaucracy
• literally means “rule by desks”
• government by clerks
![Page 3: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How Much Is Too Much?• Polls: People want small government
• Polls: People support almost all government programs.
1. Size
2. Organization
3. Staffing of the federal bureaucracy
![Page 4: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
bureaucracybureaucracyDefinition: an administrative
system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials
![Page 5: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Models of Bureaucracy
1. Weberian Model: Max Weber, Top-Down leadership, individual advancement based upon merit rather than political connections.
2. Acquisitive Model: Expansion of bureaucrats, avoid reductions, maximize the size of their budgets and staff: Government contracts: national defense, public housing, agricultural subsidies,etc.
![Page 6: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Models of Bureaucracy
3. Monopolistic Model: Little reason to adopt cost-saving measures, chronic inefficiency, no competition
--Solution: Privatize public sector
--Public vs. Private school
--Public Utilities vs. Private owned
--Public bathrooms vs. Private bath- rooms
![Page 7: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Characteristics of a Characteristics of a BureaucracyBureaucracy
• administration of government through departments
• consists of unelected often highly trained professionals
• task specialization• hierarchical authority
![Page 8: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Public PerceptionsPublic Perceptionsof Bureaucraciesof Bureaucracies
• impersonal
• inclined to follow rigid or complex procedures
• may stifle effectiveness and innovation
• “red tape”
![Page 9: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Federal Bureaucracy
What is the federal bureaucracy?What is the federal bureaucracy?
![Page 10: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Federal Bureaucracy is:The Federal Bureaucracy is:The Federal Bureaucracy is:The Federal Bureaucracy is:
4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants”
President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+
bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal
Service, Veterans Administration
4 million employees; 2.8 million are civilians or “civil servants”
President only appoints 3% (patronage or political appointments)
15 cabinet level departments 200+ independent agencies with 2,000+
bureaus, divisions, branches, etc. Biggest - Dept. of Defense, U.S. Postal
Service, Veterans Administration
![Page 11: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Federal Bureaucracy
What does the federal bureaucracy do?What does the federal bureaucracy do?
![Page 12: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracyFunctions of the Federal Functions of the Federal BureaucracyBureaucracy
1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President
2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)
3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)
Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
1.1. ImplementationImplementation - carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the President
2.2. AdministrationAdministration - routine administrative work; provide services (ex: SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)
3.3. RegulationRegulation - issue rules and regulations that impact the public (ex: EPA sets clean air standards)
Source: http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov/chap6/a0606401.asp
![Page 13: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Independent Regulatory Agencies Independent Regulatory Agencies1. ICC- Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
(Munn v Illinois) **************
--Gov’t control of Business and trade between states. New tax source. Rates, Profits, and Rules. Abolished 1995
2. FCC-Federal Communication Commission
3. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1. ICC- Interstate Commerce Commission 1887 (Munn v Illinois) **************
--Gov’t control of Business and trade between states. New tax source. Rates, Profits, and Rules. Abolished 1995
2. FCC-Federal Communication Commission
3. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
![Page 14: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Purpose of Independent Regulatory AgenciesPurpose of Independent Regulatory Agencies1. Independent of: 3 Branches of Gov’t
2. Their rules have the Force of Law.
3. They can enforce their own rules.
4. They decide disputes against themselves.
FTC, IRS, SEC, FCC, NLRB, NRC, FRS
Internal Revenue Service is an Independent Regulatory Agency***************
1. Independent of: 3 Branches of Gov’t
2. Their rules have the Force of Law.
3. They can enforce their own rules.
4. They decide disputes against themselves.
FTC, IRS, SEC, FCC, NLRB, NRC, FRS
Internal Revenue Service is an Independent Regulatory Agency***************
![Page 15: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Deregulation and Reregulation****************************Deregulation and Reregulation**************************** Ronald Reagan: (1981-1989) Less
Government. Less Regulation George H. Bush: (1988-1992) Reregulation.
Americans with Disabilites Act, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Cable Reregulation Act
Bill Clinton: Extended EPA regulations, Deregulated Banking, Telecommunications, and eliminated the ICC
Ronald Reagan: (1981-1989) Less Government. Less Regulation
George H. Bush: (1988-1992) Reregulation. Americans with Disabilites Act, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Cable Reregulation Act
Bill Clinton: Extended EPA regulations, Deregulated Banking, Telecommunications, and eliminated the ICC
![Page 16: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bureaucracies ComparedBureaucracies Compared
1. Financial Assistance to States: Dept. of Education, Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Publicly owned telephone companies, railroads, airlines.
--administrative agencies: EPA, NRC, SEC which regulate private companies
2. RESULTS: Input Costs for Business (Taxes and Regulations). EEOC, OSHA, SSA
1. Financial Assistance to States: Dept. of Education, Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Publicly owned telephone companies, railroads, airlines.
--administrative agencies: EPA, NRC, SEC which regulate private companies
2. RESULTS: Input Costs for Business (Taxes and Regulations). EEOC, OSHA, SSA
![Page 17: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Federal Bureaucracy
How is the federal bureaucracy organized?How is the federal bureaucracy organized?
![Page 18: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Federal BureaucracyThe Federal BureaucracyThe Federal BureaucracyThe Federal Bureaucracy
Consists of1. Cabinet Departments 2. Independent Executive Agencies3. Independent Regulatory
Commissions4. Government Corporations
![Page 19: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Government Corporations Government Corporations
• Read pg. 436. Government Profits
1. TVA
2. FDIC
3. NRPC
4. U.S. Post Office
![Page 20: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Federal Bureaucracy
President Congress
Executive Officeof the
President(Ex: OMB, NSC)
Government Corporations(Ex: Amtrack, Postal Service)
Independent Regulatory
Commissions(Ex: FCC, SEC)
Independent Executive Agencies
(Ex: CIA, NASA)
CabinetDepartments
(Ex: State, Defense)
![Page 21: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Organization of the Federal BureaucracyOrganization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
![Page 22: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet DepartmentsThe Cabinet Departments
• The 15 cabinet departments headed by a cabinet secretary appointed by the president and approved by the Senate
• Each department “expert” in specific policy area
• Each department has its own budget
• Department of Homeland Security, created in 2002, is newest department
![Page 23: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Secretary----------------------------------
Deputy Secretary
Under SecretaryScience and Technology
Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection
Under SecretaryBorder &
Transportation Security
Under Secretary Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Under SecretaryManagement
Inspector General
Director of theSecret Service (1)
Commandant ofCoast Guard (1)
Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1)
General Counsel
State and Local Coordination
Special Assistant to the Secretary(private sector)
National Capital Region Coordination
Shared Services
Citizenship & Immigration Service
Ombudsman (1)
Legislative Affairs
Public Affairs
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
Department of Homeland Security
Chief of StaffPrivacy Officer
Executive Secretary
International Affairs
Counter Narcotics
Small & Disadvantaged Business
Note (1): Effective March 1st, 2003
![Page 24: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive Agencies
• Established by Congress with separate status outside the executive branch
• Given a specific mandate and generally perform a service function, not a regulatory one.
• Some examples include: Social Security Administration, CIA, NASA, EPA.
![Page 25: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Independent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory Commissions
• IRCs exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest such as the Federal Communications Commission (public air waves) or Federal Reserve Board (banking system, money supply)
• IRCs operate independently from Congress and the President
• Once appointed and seated, members cannot be removed without cause
![Page 26: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Government CorporationsGovernment CorporationsGovernment CorporationsGovernment Corporations
• Government owned businesses created by Congress
• May or may not be profitable, but serve a public need
• Ex: U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, Tennessee Valley Authority, Corporation for Public Broadcasting
![Page 27: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Who works for the federal Who works for the federal government?government?
![Page 28: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Who are the Who are the ““Bureaucrats?Bureaucrats?””• 97% are career government employees• Only 10% live in the D.C. area• 30% work for the D.O.D.• Less than 15% work for social welfare
agencies• Most are white collar workers:
secretaries, clerks, lawyers, inspectors & engineers
• Civil employees more diverse demographically than Congress
![Page 29: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Staffing the Bureaucracy
Categories of Bureaucrats: – 1. Appointed: patronage, spoils system, work
experience, intelligence, political affiliations– Aristocracy of Federal Government:
• Appointed and not Confirmed
• Less than 1/10 of 1% of Federal Employees are fired for incompetence. Why? “Red Tape” and Civil Rights
![Page 30: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
History of Civil Service System
• “To the Victor Belong the Spoils”: Andrew Jackson 1828: Spoils System
• Civil Service Reform Act 1883: Pendleton Act created Civil Service Commission
1976 & 1980 Courts strengthen rights of employees from termination due to politics
• 1978 Civil Service Reform Act: Office of Personnel Management to hire & Merit Systems Protection Board to fire.
![Page 31: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bureaucracy and Campaigns
• Why did FDR win 4 elections? Relate New Deal programs with his campaigns.
• Conservatives pass the Hatch Act?******
• Banned federal employees from campaigning
• Supreme Court overturns Act 1972
![Page 32: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Where do Federal Employees Work?
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
![Page 33: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What Jobs Do Bureaucrats What Jobs Do Bureaucrats Do?Do?
Source: www.edmonds.wednet.edu/mths/ClassActivities/ Brzovic/policeymakersChapters12-16/
![Page 34: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Who supervises the Who supervises the federal bureaucracy?federal bureaucracy?
![Page 36: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The President Supervises The President Supervises the Bureaucracy the Bureaucracy
The President can:
• appoint & remove appoint & remove agency agency headsheads
• reorganize the reorganize the bureaucracybureaucracy
• issue executive ordersissue executive orders
• reduce an agency's reduce an agency's budgetbudget
President Obama
![Page 37: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Congress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress Oversees the BureaucracyCongress can:
• create or abolish agencies & departments
• cut or reduce funding
• investigate agency activities
• hold committee hearings
• pass legislation that alters an agency's functions
• influence or even fail to confirm presidential appointments
Former FEMA Chief Michael Brown testifies before
House committee investigating Hurricane Katrina
![Page 38: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Reforming Bureaucracy
1. Sunshine Laws before 9/11
--open public meetings in all levels of gov’t
a. Information Disclosure: Consumer protection of homes, borrowing money
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
Post 9/11: Information not so public if deemed “national security”
![Page 39: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Reforming Bureaucracy
2. Sunset Laws: Government programs on a “decline schedule” such as: Tax cuts
3. Privatization: Vouchers for education, prisons, water, electricity, paramilitary organizations (Blackwater USA)
4. Incentives: Performance based bonuses for federal employees (Sales or Commission)
![Page 40: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Reforming Bureaucracy
5. Helping out “Whistleblowers” –Truth-tellers: Gross Gov’t inefficiency or illegal action.--1989: Whistleblower protection act.--Why is there a negative connation attached to telling the truth?--Office of Special Counsel (Kenneth Star) Monica Lewinski, Paula Jones, Jennifer Flowers, Kathleen Willey, Eileen Wellstone, Carolyn Moffet, Elizabeth Ward, Paula Corbin, Sandra James, Christy Zercher
![Page 41: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Federal Courts Check the BureaucracyFederal Courts Check the Bureaucracy
Federal courts can:
• through judicial review rule on whether the bureaucracy has acted within the law and the U.S. Constitution
• provide due process for individuals affected by a bureaucratic action Supreme Court of the United States
![Page 42: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Bureaucracy of PizzaThe Bureaucracy of Pizza
![Page 43: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Thinking CriticallyThinking Critically
1. Why is the federal bureaucracy often referred to as “the fourth branch?”
2. Some critics believe that the real power in the federal government lies with the federal bureaucracy. To what extent do you believe this is true?
![Page 44: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Title: The Damages of the
Bureaucracy
Artist: unknown, La Presna, Panama
Date: May, 2006
Source: http://www.politicalcartoons.com
![Page 45: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Title: Federal Employees Self Esteem Class
Artist: Chip Bok Date: unknown
Source: http://www.reason.com/9602/bok.gif
![Page 46: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Title: Another Layer of Bureaucracy
Artist: Bob Englehart, The Hartford CourantDate: February, 2006
Source: : http://www.politicalcartoons.com
![Page 47: THE FEDERAL BUREACRACY](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070411/568148a4550346895db5b957/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Title: FEMA’s Follies
Artist: Mike Keefe, The Denver PostDate: April, 2006
Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/FEMASFollies/main.asp