The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn...
Transcript of The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn...
![Page 1: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Norwegian Life and Society
The Family in Norwegian Society
Margunn Bjørnholt
![Page 2: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The family - what family?
• The nuclear family
• Parenting as the main common responsibility of families
• The nuclear family with children the main target of family policies
• Defamilialized care for the elderly and other dependents
![Page 3: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A dual breadwinner/working mother model
• Women’s labour market participation 84%
• Fertility 1,98
![Page 4: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Married women with children under 16 in the labour force, 1972-1999
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
![Page 5: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gendered patterns of work and care
• 43% of mothers work part-time
• Long part-time is usual and part-time work in Norway is of high quality
• Fathers of young children work the longest hours
• Fathers’ overtime in decline over the last two decades
![Page 6: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fathers’ and mothers’ working patterns
Full time
Mothers Fathers
- +
![Page 7: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sharing of household work
• Substantial reduction of women’s domestic work
• Increase in men’s share, but only small increase in time spent on household work
• Gendered pattern in sharing of tasks, childcare shared more equally
• Paid domestic work is not common, but increasing
![Page 8: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Expectations gap
• Ideal: Sharing the labour of love equally
• Reality: Men spend 51 minutes, women 2 hours a day on domestic work
• Norwegian men’s share is high in international comparisons
• Still, Norwegian women among the most discontent in Europe with their husbands’ share of domestic work
![Page 9: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Summary work and care
• Dual earner model, egalitarian ideal
• High fertility& high level of working mothers
• Men’s share of domestic work comparatively high
• Gendered patterns of paid&domestic work
![Page 10: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scandinavian style parenting
• Fostering independence
• Fresh air & nature
• Egalitarianism and modesty
• Changes towards more polarized parenting styles? Stronger middle class emphasis on concerted cultivation?
![Page 13: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
With a lot of help from the state
• A social-democratic, universal welfare state model (Esping-Andersen)
• A woman friendly welfare state (Hernes)
![Page 14: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Welfare benefits for working parents
• Paid parental leave 46 weeks at 100% or 56 weeks at 80% benefit - 10 weeks reserved for fathers, 6 (9) for mothers
• 2 weeks unpaid leave for fathers at birth (mostly compensated by employer)
• Extensive rights to work part-time
• 10 days paid leave for sick child up to 12 years, 15 for two
![Page 15: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Childcare and support for parents
• Right to kindergarten from 1 year - 87,2% of children aged 1-5 in kindergarten
• Cash-for-care scheme for under threes who do not attend publicly sponsored child-care
• Universal child-allowance
• Comparatively generous transitional benefits for lone parents
![Page 16: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The promotion of father-care
• Parental leave made gender neutral 1978
• First country in the world to introduce 4 weeks paternal quota of parental leave1993
• Increased to 5, 6 and 10 weeks 2006 -2009
• Further increase? Polarization of debate - tool for gender equality in the family and the workplace or intolerable state intervention?
![Page 17: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Paternal quota & gender equality
• The belief is stronger than the evidence
• No evidence of an effect on gender equality in the family
• No evidence of an effect on gender equality in the labour market
• No evidence of an effect on the gender pay gap
![Page 18: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Gender equality&involved fatherhood on export
Italian TV-team documenting Norwegian father on parental leave 2010
![Page 19: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Behavior: Swapping Family RolesMonday, Nov. 22, 1971In the age of Women's Liberation, everyone talks about the inflexibility of male and female roles. In Norway, the government is trying to do something about the situation. An official experiment in equality is intended to shatter the stereotypes of mothers as homemakers and fathers as breadwinners. In the hope of making their marriages happier, a few couples are systematically exchanging roles. Each couple holds a single job, with the husband and wife working alternate weeks. Whichever partner stays home does the housework and looks after the children.
Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905554,00.html#ixzz0yweeBDQr
![Page 20: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Current family policy and class
• Egalitarian but not classless
• Cultural class differences
• Different class related family models
• Serial parenting and early kindergarten fit the white, educated middle class best
• Criticism of the current model of gender equality from class- and postcolonial perspectives
![Page 21: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Marriage in Norway
• Egalitarian partnership model since 1909
• Equal responsibilities of breadwinning and care
• Unpaid work of equal value as paid work
• Women got financial independence in marriage and the right to half of common property at divorce
• Custody:mother presumption 1909-1981
![Page 22: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• A modified male breadwinner model - the result of early Nordic cooperation in the field of family law (Melby, Pylkkänen, Rosenbeck,Wetterberg )
• In international comparisons, a weak male breadwinner model is positively related to gender equality and women’s rights (Lewis, Ostner)
![Page 23: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Marriage today
• Anyone over 18 & single is free to marry
• Only valid if it is freely entered into
• From 2009, gender neutral marriage act: extension of the right to register partnership for same-sex couples (1993)
![Page 24: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mean age at first marriage, men and women, 1961-2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1961-65
1966-70
1971-75
1976-80
1981-85
1986-90
1991-95
1996-20002001
2002
2003
Men
Women
![Page 25: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cohabitation
• Cohabitation - a prolonged engagement?
• 55% of children born out of marriage
• Cohabitation less stable than marriage
![Page 26: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
% cohabiting, married or living alone, different age groups, 2002-2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-69 70-79
Cohabiting MarrriedLiving alone
![Page 27: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The divorce rate, 1959-2005
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1959-62 1969-72 1976-80 1981-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-05
![Page 28: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Some family forms are less stable
• It is estimated that almost half of marriages will end in divorce, but
• Cohabiting couples split up more often
• Same-sex couples are less stable
• Among same-sex couples lesbian couples the least stable
![Page 29: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Parenting after divorce
• Shared custody is normal
• Most children live with the mother
• Most children have stable and regular contact with non-resident fathers
• Shared residence arrangements are increasing
• Mothers are worse off financially than fathers
![Page 30: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Family trends in Norway• Delayed marriages
• Delayed childbearing
• Extended youth period, singledom,cohabitation
• Stable, comparatively high fertility
• High and stable rates of extra-marital birth
• High and stable divorce rates
• Many lone parents, many non-resident parents
• Many adults living alone
![Page 31: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Help to frail elderly
0 20 40 60 80 100
Israel
Spain
Germany
England
Norway
Only family
Family and welfarestateOnly welfare state
Others
![Page 32: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Defamilialized care for the elderly and other
dependents• Universal pensions system, financial
independence
• Public responsibility
• Help to live in ones’ own home
• Institutionalization mainly for the very frail in high age
![Page 33: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Defamilialization of care a prerequisite for the high labour market participation (and fertility?) of women.
• Due to defamilialization of care, offering job opportunities in the care sector, Norwegian women do for pay what women in many other countries do for free
![Page 34: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Defamilialization does not mean the abdication of families or the handing over of dependents to the state
• Still a lot of formal, informal and financial support between the generations
• Although a public responsibility, claiming and keeping services may rely on the active negotiation and advocacy of family members
![Page 35: The Family in Norwegian Society - Forsiden - … family...The Family in Norwegian Society Margunn Bjørnholt The family - what family? • The nuclear family • Parenting as the main](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062600/5ad354177f8b9aff738dda26/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Still a 'warm-modern' model of care?(Hochshild)Ongoing transformations towards marketization and outsourcing of care