The Fall of the Russian Empire The End of the Romanov Dynasty.
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Transcript of The Fall of the Russian Empire The End of the Romanov Dynasty.
The Fall of the The Fall of the Russian EmpireRussian Empire
The End of the Romanov The End of the Romanov DynastyDynasty
Russia Before the Russia Before the RevolutionRevolutionAbsolute MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy
Serfs (the majority) Serfs (the majority) just freed in 1861 just freed in 1861
Late to Late to IndustrializeIndustrialize– New factories were New factories were
run by the Tsar run by the Tsar (state-owned…)(state-owned…)
–
The last MonarchThe last MonarchTsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II
–Disconnected from his Disconnected from his people’s sufferingpeople’s suffering
–Trade Imbalance with Trade Imbalance with EuropeEuropeTrying to IndustrializeTrying to Industrialize
–Strikes by low-paid Strikes by low-paid industrialized workersindustrialized workers
A Humiliating Defeat- A Humiliating Defeat- 19051905Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War
Can the Tsar protect us?Can the Tsar protect us?
The Rise of Opposing The Rise of Opposing Voices…Voices… Anger over defeat Anger over defeat
and poor living and poor living conditions conditions
Zemstvos (Local Zemstvos (Local governments) governments) ineffective & weak ineffective & weak – ran roads, health ran roads, health
care & educationcare & education WHERE’S THE WHERE’S THE
TSAR?????TSAR?????
……Gives way to Gives way to CommunismCommunismKarl Marx Karl Marx
Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto–Class War & HistoryClass War & History–Bourgeoisie vs. Bourgeoisie vs. ProletariatProletariat
–Ability vs. NeedAbility vs. NeedRussia = Mensheviks Russia = Mensheviks
Vs. BolsheviksVs. Bolsheviks
The Demise of a Father, The Demise of a Father, 19051905Bloody SundayBloody Sunday
–Fr. Gapon & Fr. Gapon & 200K 200K Peasants ask Peasants ask Tsar for help.Tsar for help.
–Guards fear Guards fear revolt & shootrevolt & shoot
Fear and Fear and DisgustDisgust
The People’s The People’s ResponseResponse–Workers Workers
StrikeStrike–Soviets Soviets organizedorganized
–What’s a Tsar What’s a Tsar to do? How to do? How can he gain can he gain control?control?
The October The October ManifestoManifesto
A New Hope? A New Hope?The DumaThe Duma
–Russian Russian Legislative Legislative BodyBody
–Represents Represents the Peoplethe People
Disaster Disaster Averted?Averted?
An Annoying TsarinaAn Annoying TsarinaTsarina AlexandraTsarina Alexandra
–German born… German born… an issue in WWIan issue in WWI
–Holier-than-thou Holier-than-thou Orthodox convertOrthodox convert
–RasputinRasputinMystical healer Mystical healer of Tsarevich of Tsarevich AlexisAlexis
Russia wallows in MiseryRussia wallows in Misery WWIWWI
––Why Enter?Why Enter?PanPan--Slavism Slavism and Alliancesand Alliances
––ResultsResultsMillions killedMillions killedFuel ShortagesFuel ShortagesFood ShortagesFood Shortages
–– MUCH ANGER!!!MUCH ANGER!!!
The Death of The Death of RasputinRasputin
Priest had warned Priest had warned of Tsarist doom if of Tsarist doom if he diedhe died
Plot to kill the Plot to kill the man who had the man who had the Tsarina’s ear…Tsarina’s ear…
Nov. 1916… his Nov. 1916… his four deaths ?four deaths ?
Petrograd Riots and Petrograd Riots and March RevolutionMarch Revolution
March 8, 1917, Food March 8, 1917, Food RiotsRiots
Army sent in, but backs Army sent in, but backs the peoplethe people
More Soviets formedMore Soviets formed
March 17, Nicholas II has March 17, Nicholas II has to abdicate the throneto abdicate the throne
The Provisional The Provisional GovernmentGovernmentWho will lead… Who will lead…
Petrograd Soviet Petrograd Soviet Vs. the DumaVs. the Duma
Alexander Kerensky Alexander Kerensky straddles the two straddles the two –Should Russia Should Russia keep fighting in keep fighting in WWI?WWI?Pros and Cons…Pros and Cons…
A German GiftA German GiftLeninLenin
–Angry youth sent Angry youth sent to cool off in to cool off in Siberia & Switz.Siberia & Switz.
–Smuggled into Smuggled into Russia in famous Russia in famous “Sealed Train”“Sealed Train”
–Promises “Peace, Promises “Peace, Bread and Land”Bread and Land” Delivering April
Thesis
St. Petersburg Joins St. Petersburg Joins LeninLeninOrganizes strikesOrganizes strikes
Teaches Socialism Teaches Socialism and rails against and rails against the Tsar & Govn’tthe Tsar & Govn’t
Soldiers turn Soldiers turn against the state against the state and join Leninand join Lenin
Nov.6-7, BolsheviksNov.6-7, Bolsheviks seize powerseize power
Brest-LitovskBrest-LitovskPulls Russia Pulls Russia
out of WWIout of WWI-A steep price -A steep price inin
Russian Russian territory.territory.
A Civil WarA Civil War
Royalists want Tsar back Royalists want Tsar back in Power. in Power. -Cossack’s serve the Tsar-Cossack’s serve the Tsar
as “White” forcesas “White” forces-US aids Tsarist troops -US aids Tsarist troops
Communists are “Red” Communists are “Red” -Resentful of Western aid-Resentful of Western aid
The Final SolutionThe Final SolutionAny challenger Any challenger
to the new to the new Communist state Communist state must be dealt must be dealt with, including with, including the Tsar and his the Tsar and his heirs…heirs…
July, 1918 at July, 1918 at YekaterinburgYekaterinburg
Freedoms Freedoms disappear…disappear…
Felix Dzerzhinsky Felix Dzerzhinsky and the Chekaand the Cheka– silenced and silenced and eliminated eliminated internal threatsinternal threats
Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky organizes the Red organizes the Red Army - 1918Army - 1918
War CommunismWar Communism Industries nationalized to Industries nationalized to
fight the Whitesfight the WhitesFood distributionFood distribution
–Many peasants won’t Many peasants won’t share equally - HUNGERshare equally - HUNGERForced to by govn’tForced to by govn’tAngry, many Peasants Angry, many Peasants become Whitesbecome Whites
Communist Communist VictoryVictoryAppeal to Russian Appeal to Russian
Nationalism against Nationalism against Western Supported Western Supported WhitesWhites–Give land to Give land to peasantspeasants
The TerrorThe Terror–All Whites and All Whites and supporters supporters “eliminated”“eliminated”
The Creation of the The Creation of the USSRUSSR
The Creation of The Creation of the Soviet the Soviet Union –1923Union –1923
Politburo runs Politburo runs the countrythe country
Soviet Premier Soviet Premier Lenin is in Lenin is in controlcontrol
Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State IdeologyIdeology–Sets Society Goals, glorifies StateSets Society Goals, glorifies State
DictatorshipDictatorship–Charismatic leader with force of Charismatic leader with force of willwill
State ControlState Control–IndividualIndividual (Loyalty, obedience, no (Loyalty, obedience, no liberties) and liberties) and SocietySociety (business, (business, religion, labor, educationreligion, labor, education
–Police Control, Indoctrination, Police Control, Indoctrination, CensorshipCensorship
Chaos at the Chaos at the HelmHelmLenin dies in 1924Lenin dies in 1924
–Effect of ’22 strokeEffect of ’22 strokeTrotsky (Red Army) Trotsky (Red Army)
vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. of the Communist of the Communist party)party)–Party members all Party members all given their jobs by given their jobs by Stalin…Stalin…
The The PurgesPurges
Paranoid, Stalin Paranoid, Stalin kills off all kills off all opponents, real opponents, real or imaginedor imagined
The NKVD The NKVD (Cheka) hunts (Cheka) hunts down enemiesdown enemies–Secret courts, Secret courts, immediate immediate deathdeath
The Culture of The Culture of TerrorTerror
Kalamar, the Kalamar, the Auschwitz of Far Auschwitz of Far Eastern RussiaEastern Russia
Kids encouraged Kids encouraged to spy on to spy on parentsparents
Officials Officials denounce each denounce each other for gainother for gain
Forced signed Forced signed “confessions”“confessions”
+20 Million die+20 Million die
Life in Life in Stalin’s Stalin’s USSRUSSR
All Media All Media controlled to controlled to glorify Stalinglorify Stalin
Communications Communications monitoredmonitored
Education remade Education remade to glorify Stalinto glorify Stalin
League of Militant League of Militant Godless replaced Godless replaced religionreligion
Women Women werewere equalsequals
StalinizationStalinizationTrotsky exiled 1927, Trotsky exiled 1927,
murdered in 1940murdered in 1940–Enemies Enemies “disappear”“disappear”
P. 447 in Accel BookP. 447 in Accel Book
Forced Forced Modernization of Modernization of Command Econ.Command Econ.–5 Year Plans. Meet 5 Year Plans. Meet your goal or else…your goal or else…
–Little in consumer Little in consumer goods… life HARDgoods… life HARD
Collective Collective AgricultureAgriculture
Peace, Bread and…Peace, Bread and…Communism?Communism?–1928, 25+ million 1928, 25+ million family farms taken family farms taken and combined into and combined into Government run Government run CollectivesCollectivesOpposition killedOpposition killed5-10 MM die in 5-10 MM die in “protest” as “protest” as more food mademore food made
Ruthless Ruthless EconomicsEconomicsAgriculture Agriculture
CollectivizedCollectivized–Peasants angry Peasants angry over loss of over loss of landland
–Ukrainian Ukrainian Genocide Genocide 5-10 million 5-10 million dead (maybe dead (maybe 20???)20???)
The Effects of the The Effects of the PurgesPurgesThe Cream of Russia The Cream of Russia
(military, scientists, (military, scientists, economists) gone…economists) gone…
Lavrenty Beria, head Lavrenty Beria, head of NKVD, convinces of NKVD, convinces Stalin to use Labor Stalin to use Labor Camps instead- 1939Camps instead- 1939–12 Million die here12 Million die here
Stalin by the late ’30’sStalin by the late ’30’sDictatorship Dictatorship
completecomplete Individual Individual
Creativity Creativity Punished (threat Punished (threat to Stalin’s control to Stalin’s control and societal and societal conformity)conformity)