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The Failure of Absolutism in England
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Transcript of The Failure of Absolutism in England
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The Failure of Absolutism in
England
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Elizabeth I• Died in 1603 with no
children, ending the Tudor line of monarchs
• Her cousin, James VI, the King of Scotland, was named her successor, becoming King James I of England and starting the Stuart dynastic line
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James I• 1566 – 1625• First king of “Great Britain”
(England, Scotland, & Ireland)• An absolutist, James did not
get along well with Parliament, dissolving the body several times in anger over their reluctance to fund his initiatives
• Entangled England in the Thirty Years’ War to support his son-in-law , Frederick V
• Jamestowne, VA – the first successful English colony in North America founded in his name in 1607
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James I & Religion• Commissioned a new translation of the
Bible, standardizing English Christianity• Generally tolerant of Catholics (wanted
to avoid internal strife and maintain peace with Catholic Spain)
• Angered “Puritans” to the point that many left England to seek religious freedom elsewhere (like Massachusetts)
• Never reconciled Scottish Presbyterians into the Anglican Church, despite his best efforts
• His mild manner led to popular remark: Rex fuit Elizabeth, nunc est regina Jacobus
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The Gunpowder Treason• Plot by Catholics to
blow up King James and Parliament
• November 5, 1605– Remember, remember
the fifth of November – Gunpowder, treason and
plot. – I see no reason, why
gunpowder treason – Should ever be forgot.
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Guy Fawkes• 1570 – 1606• Catholic• Experienced soldier• Caught trying to ignite the
gunpowder• Tortured into confession• Sentenced to be hung,
drawn, & quartered, Fawkes deliberately jumped from the scaffold and broke his own neck
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Charles I• 1600 – 1649• Catholic sympathizer• Fought with Parliament over
taxes & imprisoning his enemies• Dissolved parliament in 1629, but
ran out of money by 1640 and had to recall Parliament
• The new Parliament arrested and executed Charles’ top advisors and declared that the king could no longer dissolve Parliament
• 1642: armies loyal to Parliament began fighting armies loyal to the king
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English Civil War (1642 – 1649)
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Cavaliers = supporters of the king during the English Civil War
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Roundheads = supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War
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Oliver Cromwell & The Commonwealth
• 1599 – 1658• Puritan• Elected to Parliament• Worked his way up the ranks of
the New Model Army• Led nearly genocidal religious war
against Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians, but later encouraged Jews to move to England
• Proclaimed himself Lord Protector of England in 1653
• Died of kidney failure brought on by malaria
• Body was later dug up and beheaded
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Oliver Cromwell had King Charles I beheaded
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Cromwell’s Head
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Charles II• Catholic sympathizer• 1630 – 1685• “The Restoration”: Returned
to England from exile in 1660• Relaxed moral standards from
the Puritanical reign of Oliver Cromwell
• Despite having many children, none were legitimate, so he was succeeded on the throne by his brother James
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James II• Openly Catholic• 1633 – 1701• Became king in 1685• Tried to restore absolute monarchy
and was despised by Parliament• Clashed with Parliament over
funding, appointing Catholic officials – dissolved Parliament
• His daughter Mary was a Protestant, but late in life James produced a male heir by his Catholic second wife
• Parliament began plotting James’ ouster to prevent this son from ever coming to the throne
• Fearing the same fate as Charles I, James fled to France in 1688
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William (of Orange) & Mary
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William III & Mary II• Protestants• Offered the throne by Parliament• William III (1650 – 1702)• Mary II (1662 – 1694)• Came to power in 1689 in the
“Glorious Revolution”• William ruled while Mary
controlled the Church of England• First cousins, married when he
was 27 and she was 15• Mary died of smallpox & William
died with no heirs
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The College of William & Mary(founded in 1693 in Williamsburg, VA)
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The English Bill of Rights
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1. King can not suspend, disregard, or refuse to enforce laws passed by Parliament
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2. Freedom of Petition
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3. King Can Not Create New Courts
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4. King can not levy taxes
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5. King can not maintain a standing army without Parliament’s consent
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6. No quartering of troops in private homes
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7. King can not limit Protestants’ right to bear arms
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8. King can not interfere with Parliamentary elections or functions
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9. No cruel or unusual punishments or excessive bails or fines
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10. No royal interference in juries
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11. Parliament must be allowed to meet regularly
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12. Reiterated Writ of Habeas Corpus - no one can be arrested or imprisoned without being charged with a crime
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13. No seizure of property without due process
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14. English monarch can not be Catholic
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Thomas Hobbes• 1588 – 1679• English• Wrote Leviathan (1651)• Favored a powerful
government, like a monarchy, that could keep people in line
• Life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
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Hobbes thought people were naturally cruel, greedy, & selfish
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John Locke
• 1632 – 1704• English• Wrote Two Treatises on
Government (1689)• Believed people were
basically good• People have natural rights
and government exists to protect those rights
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Locke believed that people had the right to life, liberty, & property
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Locke believed that the people had the right to overthrow the government if it failed to protect their rights