The Expansive Realm of Islam
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The Expansive Realm of Islam
Mr. Skommesa – AP World History
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Questions to Consider
1. What was the role of Dar al-Islam as a unifying cultural and economic force in Eurasia and Africa?
2. Describe Islamic political structures, especially the caliphate.
3. What are the enduring contributions of early Islamic civilization?
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Muhammad and His Message
• Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca
• Orphaned as a child• Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant
• Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
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Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation
• Visions c. 610 CE• Archangel Gabriel• Monotheism• Attracts followers to Mecca
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The Quran
• Record of revelations received during visions
• Committed to writing c. 650CE (Muhammad dies 632)
• Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
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Conflict at Mecca
• Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans
• Economic threat to existing religious industry
• Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy
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The Hijra
• Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE– Year 0 in Muslim calendar
• Organizes followers into communal society (the umma)
• Legal, spiritual code• Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma
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The “Seal of the Prophets”
• Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity
• Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts
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Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
• Attack on Mecca, 630• Conversion of Mecca to Islam• Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques– Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
– Approved as pilgrimage site
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The Five Pillars of Islam
• No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet
• Daily prayer• Fasting during Ramadan• Charity• Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
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Jihad
• “struggle”• Against vice• Against ignorance of Islam• “holy war”
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Islamic Law: The Sharia
• Codification of Islamic law• Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis
• Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity
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The Caliph
• No clear successor to Muhammad identified
• Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph
• Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad
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The Expansion of Islam
• Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories
• Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory
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The Shia
• Disagreements over selection of caliphs
• Ali passed over for Abu Bakr• Served as caliph 656-661CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers
• Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia”– Traditionalists: Sunni
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The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750CE)
• From Meccan merchant class• Capital: Damascus, Syria• Associated with Arab military aristocracy
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Policy toward Conquered Peoples
• Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent
• Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
• Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims• Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority
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The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258CE)
• Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims
• Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
• Defeats Umayyad army in 750– Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
• Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab)
• Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion
• Dar al-Islam• Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces
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Abbasid Administration
• Persian influence• Court at Baghdad• Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi)
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Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809CE)
• High point of Abbasid dynasty• Baghdad center of commerce• Great cultural activity
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Abbasid Decline
• Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
• Provincial governors assert regional independence
• Dissenting sects, heretical movements
• Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility
• Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne
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Economy of the Early Islamic World
• Spread of food and industrial crops– Trade routes from India to Spain
• Western diet adapts to wide variety• New crops adapted to different growing seasons– Agricultural sciences develop– Cotton, paper industries develop
• Major cities emerge
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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone
• Historical precedent of Arabic trade
• Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes– ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century
• Camel caravans• Maritime trade
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Banking and Trade
• Scale of trade causes banks to develop– Sakk (“check”)
• Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade
• Joint ventures common
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12th Century World Map
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Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
• Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8th c.
• Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty– Formed own caliphate– Tensions, but interrelationship
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Alhambra
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Recycled Mosque at Cordoba
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Changing Status of Women
• Quran improves status of women– Outlawed female infanticide– Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
• Yet male dominance preserved– Patrilineal descent– Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
– Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
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Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition
• Islamic values– Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
– Establishment of madrasas– Importance of the Hajj
• Sufi missionaries– Asceticism, mysticism– Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
– Wide popularity
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Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
• Major Sufi thinker from Persia• Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy
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Cultural influences on Islam
• Persia– Administration and governance
– literature
• India– Mathematics, science, medicine(“Hindi” numbers)
• Greece– Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
– Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)