The exchange of ideas, information, etc. between two or more persons. In an act of communication...
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Transcript of The exchange of ideas, information, etc. between two or more persons. In an act of communication...
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The exchange of ideas, information, etc. between two or more persons. In an act of communication there is usually at least a speaker or sender, a message which is transmitted, and a person or persons for whom this message is intended (the receiver).
Communication
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The process that occurs when ideas, information and feelings are conveyed between individuals or groups of individuals for deliberate purposes. (Buguley 1994)
Communication
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A process of transmitting and receiving verbal or non-verbal messages that produces a response (Murphy and Hildebrandt 1991)
Communication
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Components of the Communication Process
Source/sender is the person who initiates the messageMessage is the information transmitted * verbal and non-verbalChannel is medium through which messages reaches the receiver (auditory, visual, etc)Receiver is the person to whom the message is targeted/addressed
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What are the factors influencing communication?
The factors influencing communication are the individual’s perception of the environment; the cultural context of the interaction; the individual’s definition of acceptable space and distance, or personal space; and the amount of time available for the communication. These factors interact with the components of the communication process (sender, message, channel, and receiver).
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What are the modes of communication?
The modes of communication are both verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication includes messages sent with words / language. Verbal communication can be spoken or written. Nonverbal communication includes messages sent through body language, such as posture, gestures, touch, facial expressions, and physical appearance.
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Verbal /Nonverbal communication
A great deal of information is exchanged through nonverbal
channels
Ex: a clenched jaw, narrowed eyes, or slumped posture can be interpreted as conveying anger, distrust, or disinterest.
Steady eye contact, a tilted head, and a reassuring smile can demonstrate interest and empathy.
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Body language• The human body signals identity (gender, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, social class, personality, and more )
• Space, gaze, and touch signal approach or avoidance
• Facial expressions communicate emotions (consciouosly or unconciously)
• Gestures accompany and substitute speech
• Voice conveys the nonverbal elements of speech (pitch, speech rate, pronunciation, volume)
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In 1950 Roman Jakobson (Russian linguist ) introduced a theory concerning the purposes of the language used in human communication.
This model of communication functions consists of two layers of description:
• the various elements of language use (factors/components of verbal communication)
• what humans do with the language when they use it (functions of verbal communication).
Roman Jakobson’s model of verbal communication
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Jakobson’s Language FunctionsFactors Functions
• Sender
• Receiver
• Message
• Context
• Channel
• Code
expressive /emotive
directive / conative
poetic
informative / referential
phatic
metalingual
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Examples
• I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.
(emotive / expressive function focus on the sender)
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Will you belt up!
(conative / directive function focus on the receiver)
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• It was a burning hot day; the air was stifling; one could hardly breathe even near the sea.
(informative / referential funtion focus on the content)
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• It was a beautiful warm day; the air was like velvet; the sea air was invigorating.
(poetic function focus on the message)
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• Nice weather today!
(phatic funtion focus on the contact/channel)
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Model for textual analysis
• 1. Informative/referential function
• Focus on content: explanation, definition, description
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Expressive / emotive function• Focus on sender’s attitude to topic: positive,
negative, ironical, sentimental etc.• Focus on sender’s attitude to receiver: equal,
authority, personal, impersonal, solidarity etc.• As reflected in choice of words, sentence
structure etc.
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Directive /conative function– Focus on receiver:
• Explicit – order, request, demand, warning, advice etc.
• Implicit – through expressive means changing people’s mind
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Phatic function– Focus on the ’channel’ between sender and
receiver for the purpose of inviting or maintaining communication
• Reflected in use of pronouns, rhetorical expressions
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Poetic function– Focus on the form of the message
• Reflected in: imagery such as metaphor, simile, puns, allegory, assonance, etc.
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBFrom Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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• Metalingual function– Focus on language itself (the code). Language
turned back on itself, language about language: • Reflected in terminology of linguistics:
adjective, pronoun, sentence, etc. – and questions like ’What do you mean when you say…..?’
From Introduction to Textual Analysis, Lone Albrecht English Dept. ASBhttp://www.sprog.asb.dk/la/
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Links:
Roman Jakobson: http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/roman_jakobson.html