The Evolution of GIS · Uber making own maps • “If you want to be in the self-driving car game,...
Transcript of The Evolution of GIS · Uber making own maps • “If you want to be in the self-driving car game,...
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The Evolution of GISFrom Digital Mapping to Spatial IT
Atanas (A.T.) EntchevGIS Specialist
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
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The evolution of GIS
• GIS in the past
• GIS in the present
• GIS in the future
• GIS trends
• The Franklin experience
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Abstract
• This presentation will look at the technical, organizational, and business aspects of GIS in local government through a case study of GIS in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey. We will examine the past, present, and future state of GIS, and will share personal experiences and lessons learned.
• Does GIS belong in IT?
– GMIS International listserve• GIS & IT June 2016
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GIS – the early days
• Born in the 1960s
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – a drawing tool
• GIS (Geographic Information System) – combines spatial (feature) data with tabular (attribute) data – “smart” map
– Map features know about themselves and about surrounding features
– Real-world coordinates
• Planning and engineering are early adopters
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A GIS is like a pizza
• Base map = crust• Layers = toppings
• Must be mutually-compatible (coordinate system, format, etc.)
• Sometimes plain pizza is the best
• Too many toppings = yucky
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Basic GIS feature types
•Point
•Line
•Polygon
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Push a button make a map
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Which button?
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Topology?
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NOT topology
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Topography!
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Network topology
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Topology – road connectivity
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Polygon topology in GIS
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Topology in GIS – practical implications
• Franklin election districts
– Polygons
• Must not overlap
• Must not have gaps
• “Clean” topology
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SUMMARY
• GIS = mapping tool + so much more
• GIS =/= CAD
• GIS is a SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOL
–Attributes (database behind map features)
–Topology
–Real-world coordinates
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GIS – the early days
• Mainframes and dumb terminals (cloud + browser today)– Command-line interface
• Unix workstations• Cumbersome file-based data formats
– Coverage – multiple files, easy to corrupt• 100s of files in a single map
– Shapefile – same but open
• ARC/INFO, PC ARC/INFO, ArcView– Proprietary, AML/SML/Avenue scripting
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Early municipal GIS database schema –data silos (“cylinders of excellence”)
WordPerfect
Lotus 1-2-3
dBaseFoxPro
MS Word
Excel
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GIS data dump
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GIS data analysts at work
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Push a button make a map
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GIS today
• Modern desktop GIS software
• Modern server GIS software
• Modern data formats – geodatabases
• Interactive “GIS Light” in the browser
– Easy, inexpensive deployment to large number of users – internally or externally
– No need to license, install and manage “GIS viewers” on the desktop
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Today’s GIS tech
• Esri ArcGIS – proprietary
• QGIS – open source– Plus: Free, many more; Minus: No “one neck to wring”
• Back end– Geodatabase – personal, file, enterprise
– MS SQL Server, Oracle, etc. – proprietary
– PostgreSQL, PostGIS – open source
• Front end– Desktop (ArcGIS, QGIS), browser (Leaflet, OpenLayers)
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GIS today – Franklin, NJ
• Typical NJ municipality
– Municipal GIS (“the map”) is part of many municipal operations
• Tax assessment
• Land management
• Water system management
• Construction / code
• Planning / zoning
• Parks & recreation
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GIS today – Franklin, NJ
– Integration a challenge
• Breaking down the cylinders of excellence
– Database updates a challenge
• Use unified desktop solution
• (Slowly) migrating to web
• GIS / map challenges– Continuous changes across multiple dynamic datasets
– Must keep all in sync
– ~99.6% match rate
» Plateaued around this number – as we fix issues, new ones pop up. 100% match rate elusive & unattainable.
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GIS today – Franklin, NJ
• ArcGIS (Esri)
• Enterprise geodatabase (Microsoft SQL Server + ArcGIS for Server (formerly ArcSDE))
• Publish internally to staff and field crews–Desktop, web portal (iPads in the field)
• Publish externally to residents–GIS web portal
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Franklin GIS – decision-support tool for open space acquisition
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Franklin election districts map
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Franklin Election Districts Map(raw GeoJSON on GitHub)
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Franklin Election Districts Map (geojson.io)
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Franklin Election Districts Map (GitHub)
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Franklin Election Districts Map (CARTO+SDL)
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GIS today tomorrow
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Tomorrow’s GIS
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Tomorrow’s GIS
• Database-driven
• Decision-support system Decision-making system
• On the web–Spatial analysis in the browser
• No plugins
• Mobile (embedded in apps)
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GIS Trends
• OPEN
• GIS in the browser
– Streaming features
– No plugins (no Flash or Silverlight)
– No Java (but lots of JavaScript)
• Self-driving cars
• Augmented reality (StreetView, PokemonGO)
• 3D GIS
• Big data
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Tomorrow’s GIS in Esri land
• ArcGIS Pro – the future for ArcGIS on the desktop
• ArcGIS Pro works with ArcGIS online/portal
• More Web, more open data formats, and more 3D
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GIS is branching
• Spatial asset management / spatial analyses– Strong back end server tech – government, business
• Data visualization– Strong front end browser tech and graphic design
• Augmented reality (goggles)– StreetView, Mapillary, PokemonGO
• Self-driving cars– Tesla, Google, Uber, Daimler/Audi/BMW
• Maps for developers– Mapbox, others
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Open
• Open-source software– PostgreSQL, PostGIS– QGIS (extensible)– Leaflet
• Open data (formats)– Shapefile, GeoJSON, KML(?)
• Open algorithms (???)– “Black box”, “safe areas”– Safe streets – Bing Maps released, quickly pulled “safe”
pedestrian areas from map– “Interesting” areas – new (July 2016) Google Maps paints
them orange
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OPEN= FREE
=
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OPEN= FREE
=
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“NO FREE LUNCH” –Verizon
• MapQuest (first mass-adopted online map)• Aol. (acquired MapQuest)• Yahoo! (has Yahoo! Maps)• 141,473,000 mobile phone customers (Q1 2016 Source:
http://www.fiercewireless.com/special-reports/how-verizon-att-t-mobile-sprint-and-more-stacked-q1-2016-top-8-carriers)
– 141,473,000 mobile phone customers = 141,473,000 mobile map data sensors
– Who else has hundreds of millions of mobile map data sensors? Uber.
– Autonomous cars need ultra-accurate maps– The mapping game is changing– PERSONAL PREDICTION – Verizon will become a major
player in digital mapping for self-driving cars
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Self-driving cars
• Tesla
• Uber
• Ford
• Baidu
– LiDAR
• Daimler-Audi-BMW
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Uber making own maps
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Uber making own maps
• “If you want to be in the self-driving car game, you’re going to have to create your own maps for it.” –Brian McClendon, Uber VP (formerly at Google Maps for a decade)– Mapping each lane, not just roads
– Massive undertaking
• When Uber tried to buy Nokia’s mapping software last year, it was outbid by a group of German automakers—a signal that traditional car manufacturers understand mapping as a critical component of the future of driving.
• Lays the groundwork for Uber to eventually replace its fleet of human drivers with self-driving machines.
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Challenges
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Why Australia moved
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Augmented reality
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GIS in the browser – Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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GIS in the browser – Ventusky weather
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GIS in the browser – Ventusky
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GIS big data
• How “big” is Big Data?–Franklin:
• ~65,000 residents
• ~28,000 tax lots
• ~35,000 tax line items
• NOT BIG
• Trillions of records–Massive databases
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Big GIS data
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Really big data
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Affordable hi-res satellite imagery
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Open Drone Map
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3D GIS – Google Earth, Apple Maps –photo-realistic 3D models
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3D GIS – underground (oil, gas)
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Wrap-up: The evolution of GIS
• Draw a map draw a map using a computer draw a smart map that knows stuff about itself use a computerized map to perform spatial analyses perform spatial analysis, present result(s) on a map (or not)
– Does this address have water service? 123 Main Street 08873
– A series of spatial queries locate address overlay waterline buffer YES / NO
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GIS – the road ahead
• GIS EVERYWHERE (in the background)
• Database-driven (spatial IT)
• More spatial, fewer maps
• Massive high-accuracy spatial datasets
• Raster / drones / image analysis
• Open and distributed
• Indoor navigation (IPS)
• Autonomous cars