The Evolution and Composition of the Agricultural … evolution and composition of the agricultural...

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535

The Evolution and Composition of the Agricultural LabourForce in Greece: 1998-2008*

Pródromos-Ioánnis K. ProdromídisCentre of Planning and Economic Research,

Athens University of Economics and Bussiness

Abstract

According to LFS figures, employment in agricultural activities in Greecedeclined by 29–30 per cent during 1998–2008, despite the economy-wide rise(fall) in the number of employed (unemployed) people. We study the changesin the size and makeup of the population that engaged primarily in agricultureby isolating the seasonal, medium and longer-term effects exhibited by thevarious gender, age, qualification, occupational and regional groups—identi-fying those that are significant at the 1 per cent level. The detection of (i) aseasonal attachment to agriculture by certain segments of the population,and (ii) longer-term increases in the figures of certain subgroups yield a num-ber of glimpses into the evolving composition of the sector’s workforce. Theseare potentially useful for policy purposes.

1 Introduction

The article sets out to investigate and describe the composition and evo-lution of the Greek labour force that engages primarily in agricultural activi-ties by empirically studying changes in its size and makeup during the lastdecade (1998–2008). Agricultural activities involve the cultivation of crops,farming of animals and hunting. In this instance, the changing composition of

* The article has benefited from constructive comments offered by an anonymous refereeand participants in the Commemorative Conference for the fiftieth anniversary of the Cen-tre’s foundation. Τhe usual disclaimer applies.

1 Using disaggregated data from the 2001 Census, Prodromídis (2008) finds that the inhabi-tants of 638 municipalities (three fourths of the country’s surface) concentrate on agriculturaland forestry activities in the sense that local involvement in such activities exceeds the na-tional average by 25% or more. Additionally, the level of correlation between (a) the locali-ties in question and (b) the localities in which involvement in another industry exceeds thenational average by 25% is negative. This suggests that there is probably very little diversifi-cation over a large part of the countryside, and that agriculture and forestry constitute theproduction backbone of rural Greece. The participation ratio between the two latter activi-ties is estimated at 80:1.2 The numbers are quarterly. Hence, they are provided here in range-format to allow forcomparisons between same quarters and reduce confusion on account of seasonality. Morespecifically, the left-hand numbers in each of the two ranges (i.e., 199–214 and 700–713thousand) concern the estimated workforce numbers in the first quarters of 1998 and 2008,respectively; and the right-hand numbers pertain to their forth quarter counterparts, re-spectively. Likewise, the left-hand number of the 29–30% range captures the change be-tween the first quarters of 1998 and 2008, and the right-hand number describes the changeobserved in terms of (i.e., between) the final quarters during the period in question.

the labour force engaging in such activities attracts our interest on account ofthe sector’s fundamental importance for the residents of a large part of theGreek countryside,1 the substantial job-losses that seem to have taken placein the period under examination, and the little or no research that the issuehas attracted.

Indeed, according to the quarterly Labour Force Survey estimates, partic-ipation in agricultural activities seems to have fallen in 2008 by 199–214 thou-sand people (29–30%) compared to the number of 700–713 thousandestimated ten years earlier (Figure 1).2 Though the contraction may be at-tributed to some extent to a change in the sampling method in 2004 (achange not specifically applied to the agricultural sector), it is clearly thelargest observed in terms of absolute numbers across the country’s economicsectors in the course of the decade—equivalent to about 5.0–5.4% of thetotal workforce of Greece in 1998, involving the sum of employed and un-employed people aged 15 years and older. To keep things in perspective, itshould be noted that in the course of 1998–2008: • Overall employment in Greece increased by about 542 thousand people,

up 13.5% from the average figure of 4.018 million in 1998. At the same time,unemployment decreased by about 130 thousand (down 25.6% from theopening figure of 508 thousand). As a result of these shifts, the share of

536 PRÓDROMOS�IOÁNNIS K. PRODROMÍDIS

3 The annual work unit corresponds to the work performed by one person who is occupiedwith an agricultural holding on a full-time basis. In essence, a person with a minimum work-ing time of 1,800 hours annually (i.e., 225 working days of 8 hours each) is considered a full-time worker and counted as one annual work unit. Taking into account that a year consistsof 52.1 weeks, the annual work units is roughly equivalent to 34.5 weekly hours. The per-formance of part-time workers is converted into such units pro rata.4 For the finding to be consistent with the 29–30% decline in the absolute number of full-timeand part-time agricultural labour force participants, it must be the case that many of thosewho exited the sector were part-timers.

those involved in agriculture among all employed in the economy declinedfrom 15.5% in 1998 to 10.1% in 2008.

• If measured in terms of annual work unit figures instead of participants,3

agricultural labour inputs appear relatively unchanged (-4.4%) comparedto the reductions that occurred in most European Union (EU) countries.4

(Figure 2 displays the situation in the ten countries with the largest agri-

THE EVOLUTION AND COMPOSITION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LABOUR FORCE IN GREECE: 1998�2008 537

Figure 1: The evolution of primary involvement in agriculture, husbandry and hunting ac-tivities between the 1st quarter of 1998 (1998i) and the 4th quarter of 2008 (2008iv) inGreece (All persons aged 15 years or older)

Note: The quarterly samples of 2004-8 are based on the 2001 Census, while the figures pertaining to 1998-2003 are based on re-weightings of the relevant samples.

Source: National Statistical Service of Greece (2009).

5 This may be attributed to differences in (a) the decline of certain agricultural sub-sectors,(b) the introduction of new technologies in the sector, (b) the growth of other sectors andthe shortage of (native or foreign) workers in these sectors, (d) all of the above (Baraldi at al.,2007).6 A simultaneous rise in total financial support for Greek agriculture, notwithstanding(Karanikolas et al., 2008).7 Indeed, the country’s landscape is dominated by mountain-chains (about 42.2% of the coun-try’s surface), small valleys traversed by rivers or inlayed with lakes, narrow coastal strips, amultitude of islands (35.1% of the country’s surface), and an inordinately jagged coastline(corresponding to 13.6% of the EU-27 total), all packed in a rather small area (about 3.1% ofthe EU’s landmass). These natural features greatly fragment the country into a host of tiny dis-tricts. The road, rail and sea transport system linking the coastal strips, plateaux and islands,in its present state of development, partially ameliorates the situation, though may cause in-cidental farm fragmentation (this is usually of limited significance). In Greece, land distribu-tion schemes and a number of local practices (e.g., inheritance and dowry customs, piecemealsales and acquisitions of land due to lack of money, etc.) exacerbate the fragmentation and


cultural labour inputs.) It turns out that with the exception of the small, in-sular nations of Cyprus and Malta, where the annual work unit numbersdid not change much either, in the other EU member states reductionsranged from -53.5% (in the case of Estonia) to -14.4% (in Austria). Hence, itseems that worker mobility out of agriculture into other sectors, unem-ployment or retirement was probably more rigorous in most of the EUmember-states compared to Greece.5 At the same time, the decline in thesector’s gross value contribution (from the upper 7 million to the lower 6million euro) in Greece was more pronounced in relative terms (-20.9%)compared to the EU-15 average (-16.6%). Figure 3 implies that the turningpoint dates to 2004–2006, when modifications in the Common AgriculturalPolicy decided by the EU-15, aiming at the removal of subsidies towardsparticular crops in favor of land stewardship, came into effect.6

• Greek agricultural labour inputs account for about 4.7–6.0% of all EU-27agricultural labour inputs. This may seem disproportionably high comparedto the rest of the EU both in terms of (a) the country’s population (Greecehosts about 2.2% of the EU-27 population) and (b) acreage (Greece occupiesabout 3.1% of the EU-27 landmass). However, it may not be very surprisingconsidering that the country’s landscape is quite fragmented, mainly on ac-count of its idiosyncratic geomorphology, necessitating the need for moreintensive labour.7


Figure 2: The top ten agricultural labour inputs in the EU during 1998-2008 (in thou-sands of annual work units)

Source: Eurostat (2009).

dispersal of agricultural holdings. This entails a waste of manpower, draft power, equipment,land, and for a long time impeded the modernization and mechanization of agriculture (e.g.,Thompson, 1963; Ward, 1963). According to our estimates fragmentation has declined overtime as the total number of holdings, about 1.007 million in 1950, fell by 5.7% between 1950and 1977 and by 9.4% between 1977 and 2007 to about 860 thousand (Lianos and Parliarou,1986; Eurostat, 2009).

8 The study of migrant groups, whether foreign nationals or natives relocating within the coun-try, though desired (the information was solicited in the survey), is not feasible at this stage.


At the beginning of the period under examination, it was predicted thatthe country’s agricultural labour force would shrink due to: (a) increased lib-eralization at the international level, which, in turn, would result in lowerprices and, hence, the acquisition of less income for a given quantity of agri-cultural products; (b) reduced EU emphasis (i.e., provision of incentives) onthe quantity of agricultural production; (c) desertification; (d) little or no plan-ning; and (e) demographic ageing. The latter was expected to affect a reduc-tion in the number of self-employed farmers and unpaid family members,and an increase in the number of people entering into contractual relation-ships as employers and employees (Karanikolas and Martinos, 1999; Tsim-poukas and Tsoukalas, 1999). However, there is scant evidence pertaining todevelopments in the size and the internal composition of the agriculturallabour force, e.g., the personal interviews of a small number of women whobecame professional farmers (Gidarakou et al., 2008).

To gain insights into what transpired in Greece, we turn our attention to theevolution of people’s primary involvement in agricultural or other economicactivities, and study the seasonal and longer-term phases or patterns exhibitedby the various gender, age, qualification, occupational or regional groups thatconstitute the agricultural labour force.8 To visually aid the reader, the medium

Figure 3: Gross Value Added in the Agricultural Industry at basic prices in the EU-15 andGreece (in million ECU or euro)

Source: Eurostat (2009).


and longer-term patterns are provided alongside the text, in Figures 4–12 andwherever space is not sufficient in Figures A.1-3 in the Appendix. The presen-tation and discussion of the empirical results are provided in Section 2, and theconclusions in Section 3. The econometric results, on the basis of which theaforesaid figures are drawn, are supplied in the Appendix.

2 Empirical Findings

We commence our analysis by looking at a number of correlations in orderto get a sense of how the evolution of people’s involvement in agriculture fitswith participation in other economic activities. First, we note that the declinein people’s participation in agricultural activities bears a close resemblance tothe patterns observed in people’s participation in the manufacturing of (a)wearing apparel, dressing and dyeing of fur (r=95.9%), (b) textiles and textileproducts (r=77.46%), (c) leather and leather products (r=71.7%), (d) tobaccoproducts (r=65.9%); as well as in (e) forestry, logging and related activities(r=72.6%). This suggests reliance on the same factors and, in some cases, thepresence of sectoral connections and complementarities (Porter, 2003). Ad-ditionally, the declining participation in agricultural activities exhibits a posi-tive correlation with the declining number of unemployed observed in Greeceduring the same period (r=71.2%), which may suggest that those exiting theagricultural workforce did not swell the ranks of the unemployed. At the sametime, the declining participation in agricultural activities exhibits (i) modest orlow levels of positive correlation with the declining participation in elevenother industrial sectors, and (ii) negative correlations with the evolution ofnon-participation, as well as the evolution of participation in some 42 sec-tors— especially, (a) public administration, defense and compulsory socialsecurity, (b) construction, (c) repair of personal/household goods and retailtrade (except motor vehicles), (d) (domestic) personnel employment withinhouseholds, among others (r<–90.0%). This may suggest that those exitingthe agricultural sector tended to either enter such sectors or retire.

Shifting our attention to the econometric analysis, we ground ourselveson conventional labour economic theory. Understandably, to the extent thatpeople’s time-use choices originate from their preferences over consumptionand leisure, subject to time and domestic technology constraints (Blundel andMacurdy, 2008), the sizes of the working-age population that opt to (a) par-


ticipate in agricultural activities or other sectors of the economy, (b) look forjobs or (c) abstain from the workforce, are bound to be determined, to a con-siderable extent, by their characteristics (gender, age, qualifications etc.).Owing to the aggregate nature of the data at our disposal, these characteris-tics cannot be employed as explanatory variables in a multivariate participa-tion or labour supply expression, as is usually done with disaggregated orindividual data. Hence, we engage in econometric regressions with the afore-mentioned characteristics (more accurately, the population sizes of the agri-cultural labour force with such characteristics) serving as dependent variablesof which the seasonal and longer-term features are isolated and the statisti-cally significant effects (i.e., those exhibiting a very low probability of error, inour case less than 1%) are identified. These are discussed in subsections 2.i–2.iv.

i. Participation and Time Involvement

Our econometric analysis of people’s participation in agricultural activitiesis conducted in conjunction with the participation observed in other sectors,unemployment and non-participation, within a seemingly unrelated regres-sions (SUR) framework: SUR is used because, in all likelihood, the disturbancesacross equations are not contemporaneously uncorrelated (Table 1). The co-efficients reveal insignificant levels of seasonality and four longer-term phasesnet of the aforementioned seasonal effects. To facilitate the reader, thesefindings, except for those pertaining to the seasonal effects, are provided inthe form of graphs. (See Figures 4 and A.1). The first phase seems to havetaken place between the first quarter of 1998 and the second quarter of 2000,and is characterized by a slow decline in numbers. The second phase is char-acterized by more pronounced reductions in people’s participation in agri-cultural activities until the first quarter of 2002, followed (and somewhatoffset) by a brief surge that peaked in the first quarter of 2003. The thirdphase is characterized by a dramatic reduction in numbers until the last quar-ter of 2004; followed by the fourth phase, which is characterized by a slow de-cline in numbers.

The correlation between the falling male and falling female participationnumbers in agriculture is very high (r=97.35%); and a close examination ofthe numbers (see Table 2 or Figure 5) reveals successive cycles of small risesand falls in the female share of overall participation: one between the first

Figure 4: The medium- and longer-term pattern of participation in agricultural activitiesduring 1998i-2008iv in Greece, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of people aged15 years or older)

Source: Table 1.

Figure 5: The medium- and longer-term pattern in the female-to-male participation ratioof engagement in agricultural activities during 1998i-2008iv in Greece, exclusive of sea-sonal effects (in thousands of people aged 15 years or older)

Source: Table 2.



quarter of 1998 and the fourth quarter of 2001 (from 42 to 43 to 41%), an-other between the fourth quarter of 2001 and the first quarter of 2003 (from41 to 43 to 42%), a third between the first quarter of 2003 and the final quar-ter of 2008 (from 42 to 44 to 42%). Again, seasonal effects are not significantat the 1% level (i.e., when the probability of error is no more than 1%).

However, it turns out (Table 3) that both men and women engaged inmore weekly hours of work in the 2nd–4th quarters compared to the 1st quar-ters. And if seasonal effects are set aside, it turns out that, on average, mendeclared or tended to work more hours than women (Figure 6). In fact, itseems that throughout the period, male contributions exceeded the figureof 34.5 weekly hours which corresponds to the full-time work equivalentmentioned in foonote 3. Hence, it would seem that relatively more womenengaged in agricultural activities as part-timers rather than full-timers com-pared to men. Additionally, as the average number of hours contributed bywomen fell more than the average number of hours contributed by men, thedisparity between the hours performed by each gender appears to have in-creased over time from about 7.4–8.7 weekly hours in the first couple of years(1998–1999) to about 10.4–10.9 weekly hours in the final couple of years(2007–2008).

Figure 6: The medium- and longer-term patterns of average hours of work per week de-clared by males and females engaging in agricultural activities during 1998i-2008iv inGreece, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of people aged 15 years or older)

Source: Table 3.


ii. Changes in Occupational Composition

The consideration of participants’ gender and occupational composition(Table 4) reveals that male employer numbers generally rose in the 3rd and4th quarters vis-à-vis 1st quarters, while the number of self-employed malesfell in the 2nd quarters. Setting seasonal effects aside, we note that the broadreduction in participation ought to be attributed to the departure of self-em-ployed men and unpaid family members of both genders (i.e., three of thefour largest sub-workforces) from agricultural activities. Indeed, the correla-tion coefficients (rd) between (i) the non-seasonal (i.e., medium and longer-term) components of the overall sectoral workforce pattern and (ii) thecorresponding components of the three constituent workforces exceed 96%.At the same time, the medium and longer-term components regarding: (a)the numbers of self-employed women (also one of the four largest such sub-

Figure 7: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activitiesduring 1998i-2008iv in Greece, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of people aged15 years or older)

The four major gender and occupation groups in terms of participation

Note: The patterns of the other gender and occupation groups are provided in Figure A.2.Source: Table 4.

Figure 8: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activitiesduring 1998i-2008iv in Greece by type of profession, exclusive of seasonal effects (inthousands of people aged 15 years or older)

The two major profession groups in terms of participation

Note: The patterns of the other professions are provided in Figure A.3.Source: Table 5.

9 The medium and longer-term pattern of skilled primary sector workers is highly correlatedwith the corresponding pattern exhibited by the self-employed and unpaid males (r=98.9and 98.7%, respectively), which suggests that the former group may overlap to a consider-able extent with the other two groups.


workforces) and the numbers of female employees are rather indistinct (therespective rds range between 5 and -10%.); (b) the numbers of male employ-ers appear to have fluctuated (rd≈70%); and (c) the numbers of male and fe-male employees seem to have increased (the respective rds range between-38 and -85%.) See also Figures 7 and A.2.

In addition, if we study the figures from another perspective (Table 5), weobserve that the overall medium and longer-term reduction in participationis driven by the drop in the number of skilled primary sector workers(rd=99%).9 In the background, the small numbers of unskilled workers, man-agers, machine operators, science/art professionals or other professions in-volved in agricultural activities (clerks, technicians, craft and service/salesworkers) also declined initially and then either rebounded somewhat (man-

agers (rd≈22%)) or completely (machine operators (rd≈42%)) or exceeded ini-tial levels (science/art professionals, unskilled workers, others; the relevant rdsrange between -40 and -78%.) See also Figures 8 and A.3. There are no sta-tistically significant seasonal effects at the 1% level, other than a fall in thenumber of science/art professionals in the 2nd quarters compared to the num-ber involved in the 1st quarters.

iii. Developments Across Regions

A detailed analysis at the regional level (Table 6) reveals that a number ofseasonal effects turn out to be statistically significant. In East Macedonia andThrace, male and female figures are generally higher in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th

quarters vis-à-vis the 1st quarter; in West Macedonia, female figures arehigher in the 2nd and 3rd quarters; in Central Macedonia, female figures arehigher in the 3rd quarters; and in Western Greece, male figures are higher inthe 4th quarters. At the same time, in Crete and the South Aegean islands,male figures are lower in the 3rd quarters; in the North Aegean islands, fe-male figures are lower in the 3rd quarters; in the Ionian islands and Epiros,male figures are lower in the 2nd–3rd and 3rd–4th quarters, respectively.

Seasonal effects aside, the contraction of the sectoral workforce turns outto be associated with reductions in the male workforces of Central Macedo-nia,10 Western Greece, Thessaly,11 Crete, East Macedonia and Thrace that en-gaged in agricultural activities, as well as with reductions in the femaleworkforces of East Macedonia and Thrace, Crete, Western Greece12 that en-gaged in similar activities (i.e., five out of the six largest regional male work-forces, and three out of the six largest regional female workforces in the

10 The medium and longer-term pattern of the male agricultural workforce in Central Mace-donia is highly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by the self-employedmales (r=98.1%) and skilled primary sector workers (r=98,3%), which suggests that it mayoverlap to a considerable extent with the other two groups.11 The medium and longer-term pattern of the male agricultural workforce in Thessaly ishighly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by the skilled primary sectorworkers (r=98.8%), which suggests that the two groups may overlap to a considerable extent.12 The medium and longer-term pattern of the female agricultural workforce in WesternGreece is highly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by the unpaid femalefamily members (r=98.1%) and skilled primary sector workers (r=98.6%), which suggests thatit may overlap to a considerable extent with the other two groups.


13 Modern-day Attiki comprises ancient Attica and Megaris, the Saronic isles, a slice of theneighbouring Peloponnese and a number of isles off the east Peloponnesian coast. Modern-day Peloponnesos comprises the eastern and southern parts of the Peloponnese, and mod-ern-day Central Greece comprises the parts of the mainland which are located south ofThessaly and Epiros minus the territories of Attica, Megaris, Aetolia and Akarnania.

sector, respectively). Indeed, the correlation coefficients of the (non-seasonal)sectoral workforce pattern (see Table 1, expression A) and the aforemen-tioned (non-seasonal) regional forces (i.e., the rds) exceed 93%. On the otherhand, male numbers in Attiki,13 female numbers in Epiros, and male and fe-male numbers in the North Aegean turn out to have fluctuated around the ini-tial level, and in the case of the former, even increased. (The respective rdsrange between 30 and 49%.) See Figures 9 and 10.

Figure 9: The medium- and longer-term patterns of female participation in agriculturalactivities during 1998i-2008iv in Greece by region, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thou-sands of people aged 15 years or older)


Figure 9 (continued)

Source: Table 6.


Figure 10: The medium- and longer-term patterns of male participation in agricultural ac-tivities during 1998i-2008iv in Greece by region, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thou-sands of people aged 15 years or older)


Source: Table 6.


14 The medium and longer-term patterns of the male and female agricultural workforcesaged 45-64 years old are highly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by skilledprimary sector workers (r=98.2 and 98.4%, respectively) which suggests that they may over-lap with it to considerable extent. Additionally, the pattern of the male agricultural work-force aged 45-64 is highly correlated with the corresponding patterns exhibited by theself-employed and unpaid males (r=98.4 and 98.8%, respectively), which suggests that it mayoverlap to a considerable extent with the other two groups.15 The medium and longer-term patterns of the male and female agricultural workforces withprimary level educational qualifications are highly correlated with the corresponding patternexhibited by the skilled primary sector workers (r=98.5% in each occasion), which suggeststhat they may overlap to a considerable extent. Additionally, the pattern of the male agri-cultural workforce with primary level educational qualifications is highly correlated with thecorresponding pattern exhibited by the self-employed males (r=98.6%), which suggests thatthe two groups may overlap to a considerable extent.16 The medium and longer-term pattern of the female agricultural workforce without school-ing is highly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by skilled primary sectorworkers (r=98.5%) and the female agricultural workforce aged 45-65 years old (r=98.4%),which suggests that it may overlap to a considerable extent with the other two groups.17 The medium and longer-term pattern of females with some primary level schooling ishighly correlated with the corresponding pattern exhibited by the unpaid female family mem-bers (r=98.3%), which suggests that the two groups may overlap to a considerable extent.


iv. Different Responses by Gender, Age and Qualification Groups

A similar analysis in terms of gender and age groupings (Table 7) traces thesector’s declining participation pattern to the medium and longer-term con-traction of (a) the two largest male and female workforces, namely thoseaged 45–64 years old;14 and (b) males aged 20–24 years old involved in agri-cultural activities (rds≥96%). The corresponding numbers of the other genderand age groups diverge somewhat but generally decline. (The respective rdsrange between 80 and 95%.) See also Figures 11 (a) and (b). Of the seasonaleffects, only those regarding the participation influx of males aged 15–19years old in the 3rd–4th quarters and of females aged 15–19 in the 3rd quartersturn out to be statistically significant at the 1% level.

For the most part, the medium and longer-term sectoral pattern can beexplained by the exit from agricultural activities of (a) men and (b) womenwith primary level educational qualifications,15 and (c) women without formalschooling (rd>97%).16 Categories (a) and (b) used to comprise (and apparentlystill comprise) the largest sub-workforces in the sector. The numbers of menand women with some primary schooling,17 along with the number of men

Figure 11: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activi-ties during 1998i-2008iv in Greece by gender and age group, exclusive of seasonal effects(in thousands of people aged 15 years or older)

Source: Table 7.



without formal schooling who engaged in agricultural activities, also dwindledin the course of the decade. (The respective rds range between 89 and 93%.)At the same time, the numbers of men and women with (upper or lower) sec-ondary school qualifications and women with university degrees generally in-creased (the respective rds range between -50 and -84%), while the number ofmale university degree holders fluctuated around the initial level (rd≈5%). Theevolution of these groups in terms of their size is described in the form ofequations in Table 8 and as diagrams in Figures 12 (a) and (b). Of the seasonaleffects, only those pertaining to the reduced involvement of women withupper secondary school qualifications in the 4th quarters vis-à-vis the 1st quar-ters turn out to be statistically significant at the 1% level.

Figure 12: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activi-ties during 1998i-2008iv in Greece by gender and formal qualification group, exclusiveof seasonal effects (in thousands of people aged 15 years or older)


Source: Table 8.


3 Conclusions

To sum up, we trace the contraction of the Greek agricultural labour forceduring 1998–2008 to medium and longer-term reductions in the numbers of (a)skilled primary sector workers, (b) self-employed men, (c) unpaid family mem-bers of both genders, (d) men aged 20–24, (e) men and women aged 45–64years old, (f) men and women with primary level educational qualifications, (g)women without any schooling, (h) men in Central Macedonia and Thessaly, and(i) men and women in Western Greece, Crete, East Macedonia and Thrace thatengage (or engaged) in agricultural activities. As the number of unemployedpeople went down, we suggest that those who exited the sector either (i) en-tered sectors in which participation grew (such as public administration anddefense, construction, domestic employment, retail trade and repairs) or (ii)retired. We also come across obvious increases in the numbers of (a) male em-ployees, (b) clerks, technicians, craft and service/sales workers, (c) unskilled


workers, (d) men and women with secondary school qualifications, (e) womenwith university degrees, and (f) men in the urban district of Attiki who engagein agricultural activities. All things considered, one discovers a diversity of re-sponses (by different segments of the population) to the changing economic en-vironment, providing a potentially useful glimpse into the evolving compositionof the sector’s workforce. As the latter may signify the need for new arrange-ments or the presence of new possibilities, its early detection may be usefulfor policy purposes; for instance, adopting better tailored economic develop-ment approaches that might appeal to inhabitants who do not meet the tradi-tional farmer’s profile (especially as EU interest shifts from production tostewardship of the land). Indeed, steps could be taken to enhance young peo-ple’s regard or appreciation for employment in agriculture and/or their expec-tations of long-term rewards. These could be facilitated via (a) the provision ofpositive imagery, broad, practical and versatile skills, as well as apprenticeships;(b) the availability of specialist advice regarding the suitability of particular cropsand herds, diversification, returns, entrepreneurship etc.; (c) the promotion ofsynergies with sectors in higher stages of the value-chain (such as manufactur-ing, tourism, sales, tertiary level education and research etc.); (d) improvementsin the management of the flow of goods, information and other resources be-tween points of production and (domestic or foreign) consumption; and so on.

In addition, one observes seasonal swings in (i) the average hours of workperformed by both men and women involved in the sector, as well as in (ii) thesize of some of the groups engaging in such activities—namely, male em-ployers, self-employed males, science/art professionals, female holders ofupper secondary school qualifications, men in Crete, the South Aegean is-lands, the Ionian islands, Western Greece, and Epiros, women in the NorthAegean islands, and Central and Western Macedonia, men and women in EastMacedonia–Thrace, teenaged men and women. The pattern implies periodicattachment to agriculture by segments of the population (or lack of betteroptions). It also begs the question as to whether the (seasonal) duration of in-creased employment opportunities might be prolonged and/or extended toother groups; and what the cost and benefits might be, especially if Greekregions are presumed to possess or wish to build a comparative advantage inagriculture or in other sectors. Obviously, in the trying times of the currenteconomic crisis, a sector’s capacity to provide more jobs during certain sea-sons ought not to be overlooked. Additionally, ceteris paribus, an enlarged


agricultural production that affects lower prices may alleviate some of thehousehold income losses caused by the recent austerity measures.

On the whole, it is hoped that this empirical exploration in the internalcomposition and evolution of the Greek agricultural labour force supplies in-sights into the issue, as well as stimuli for further study, of (a) particular sub-groups of farmers (such as male employees, science/arts professional, menand women with upper secondary qualifications or others who are attractedto the agriculture), and (b) the segments of the population employed in othersectors.

APPENDIX

Figure A1: The medium- and longer-term pattern of participation in agricultural activi-ties, other sectors, unemployment and non-participation during 1998i-2008iv in Greece,exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of people aged 15 years or older)

Source: Table 1.



Figure A2: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activi-ties during 1998i-2008iv in Greece, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of peopleaged 15 years or older)

The four minor gender and occupation groups in terms of participation

Source: Table 4.

Figure A3: The medium- and longer-term patterns of participation in agricultural activi-ties during 1998i-2008iv in Greece, exclusive of seasonal effects (in thousands of peopleaged 15 years or older)

The minor profession groups in terms of participation

Source: Table 5.


Economic Activities R2

A = 710811 − 2072 (Q98I etc.) + 21 (Q98I etc.)2 − 19461 (Q00III etc.) + 1549 (Q00III etc.)2

+ 19047 (Q03I etc.) − 15062 (Q03I etc.)2 + 75253 (Q04I etc.) + 13543 (Q04I etc.)2 − 3269 QII

− 1773 QIII + 2148 QIV

99.03%

O = 3186891 + 65960 (Q98I etc.) − 8028 (Q98I etc.)2 + 46192 (Q99II etc.) + 8137 (Q99II etc.)2

+ 13105 (Q02II etc.) − 497 (Q02II etc.)2 + 46310 QII + 46607 QIII + 3433 QIV99.59%

U = 495008 + 22438 (Q98I etc.) − 1545 (Q98I etc.)2 − 18298 (Q00III etc.) + 6897 (Q00III etc.)2

− 44956 (Q01IV etc.) − 3193 (Q01IV etc.)2 − 32038 (Q04II etc.) − 2045 (Q04II etc.)2 − 42479 QII

− 46164 QIII − 20815 QIV

96.72%

NP = 4188620 − 27997 (Q98I etc.) + 4278 (Q98I etc.)2 − 29995 (Q99III etc.) − 2802 (Q99III etc.)2

+ 33162 (Q00IV etc.) − 7977 (Q00IV etc.)2 + 19937 (Q02II etc.) + 6455 (Q02II etc.)2

+ 12942 (Q04II etc.) + 3 (Q04II etc.)2 − 3721 QII − 7574 QIII + 8399 QIV

97.90%

Table 1: SUR estimates of the population’s involvement in agriculture and related activ-ities (A), other sectors (O), unemployment (U) and non-participation (NP) between the1st quarter of 1998 (Q98I) and 4th quarter of 2008 (Q08IV) in Greece (All persons aged 15years or older)

Notes: (a) The quarterly samples of 2004-2008 are based on the 2001 Census, while the figures pertainingto 1998-2003 are based on re-weightings of the relevant samples.(b) Bold fonts denote significance at the 1% level.

Additional equation information:A: P >|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0.512; P>|z3| = 0.931; P>|z4| = 0; P>|z5| = 0; P>|z6| = 0.023; P>|z7| = 0; P>|z8|

= 0; P>|z9| = 0; P>|z10| = 0.334; P>|z11| = 0.604; P>|z12| = 0.53.O: P>|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0; P>|z3| = 0.001; P>|z4| = 0.001; P>|z5| = 0.001; P>|z6| = 0.005; P>|z7| = 0.093;

P>|z8| = 0; P>|z9| = 0; P>|z10| = 0.642.U: P>|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0; P>|z3| = 0; P>|z4| = 0.045; P>|z5| = 0; P>|z6| = 0; P>|z7| = 0.012; P>|z8| = 0;

P>|z9| = 0; P>|z10| = 0; P>|z11| = 0; P>|z12| = 0.NP: P>|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0; P>|z3| = 0; P>|z4| = 0; P>|z5| = 0.005; P>|z6| = 0; P>|z7| = 0; P>|z8| = 0.001;

P>|z9| = 0; P>|z10| = 0; P>|z11| = 0.993; P>|z12| = 0.236; P>|z13| = 0.016; P>|z14| = 0.008.

Source: Labour Force Surveys of 1998-2008, National Statistical Service of Greece. Own calculations.


Female participation share R2

0.4165 + 0.0036 (Q98I etc.) − 0.0003 (Q98I etc.)2 + 0.0191 (Q99III etc.) − 0.0020 (Q99III etc.)2

+ 0.0111 (Q03II etc.) + 0.0021 (Q03II etc.)2 − 0.0034 (Q07III etc.) + 0.0006 (Q07III etc.)2

+ 0.0022 QII + 0.0019 QIII − 0.0008 QIV

91.44%

Table 2: Estimates with robust standard errors of the female participation share out ofall persons aged 15 years or older involved in agriculture and related activities betweenthe 1st quarter of 1998 (Q98I) and 4th quarter of 2008 (Q08IV) in Greece

Notes: As in Table 1.

Additional equation information:P >|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0; P>|z3| = 0; P>|z4| = 0; P>|z5| = 0; P>|z6| = 0; P>|z7| = 0; P>|z8| = 0.016; P>|z9| = 0.02; P>|z10| = 0.098; P>|z11| = 0.198; P>|z12| = 0.556.


Average number of weekly hours worked by R2

men = 36.5420 + 0.0951 (Q98I etc.) − 0.0018 (Q98I etc.)2 − 0.5275 (Q05IV etc.) + 0.0375 (Q05IV etc.)2 + 7.3356 QII + 8.9065 QIII + 3.0160 QIV

91.28%

women = 28.3402 + 0.2585 (Q98I etc.) − 0.0100 (Q98I etc.)2 − 0.0891 (Q05IV etc.) + 0.0412 (Q05IV etc.)2 + 7.0435 QII + 9.3513 QIII + 4.0655 QIV

92.57%

Table 3: SUR estimates of the average number of weekly hours that men and womenengaged in agriculture and related activities between the 1st quarter of 1998 (Q98I) and4th quarter of 2008 (Q08IV) in Greece (All persons aged 15 years or older)

Notes: As in Table 1.

Additional equation information:men: P >|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0.287; P>|z3| = 0.494; P>|z4| = 0.026; P>|z5| = 0; P>|z6| = 0; P>|z7| = 0; P>|z8| = 0.women: P >|z1| = 0; P>|z2| = 0.004; P>|z3| = 0; P>|z4| = 0.74; P>|z5| = 0.014; P>|z6| = 0; P>|z7| = 0;

P>|z8| = 0.



Mal

es in

agr

icul

ture

etc

.R2

(rd)

Self-

empl

oyed

= 3

0302

5−

9622

(Q98

I etc.

) + 9

32(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 11

813

(Q00

I etc.

) − 6

12(Q

00I et

c.)2

+ 11

152

(Q03

II et

c.)

− 60

12(Q

03II

etc.

)2+

3075

8(Q

04II

etc.

) + 5

749

(Q04

II et

c.)2

− 14

19Q

II −

3390

QIII

− 40

7 Q

IV98

.77%

(99.

21%

)

Empl

oyer

s = 2

5921

+ 23

36(Q

98I et

c.) −

91

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1497

(Q01

III et

c.) +

156

(Q01

III et

c.)2

− 12

65(Q

04III

etc.

) + 5

9 (Q

04III

etc.

)2

− 31

43(Q

07II

etc.

) + 1

94(Q

07II

etc.

)2−

130

QII

+ 13

49Q

III +

1569

QIV

95.5

9%(6

8.25

%)

Empl

oyee

s = 1

5366

− 74

4(Q

98I et

c.) +

42

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

1055

(Q02

IV et

c.) −

202

(Q02

IV et

c.)2

+ 24

46(Q

05II

etc.

) + 1

2 (Q

05II

etc.

)2

+ 43

95(Q

07III

etc.

) − 1

81 (Q

07III

etc.

)2+

817

QII

+ 35

4 Q

III +

136

QIV

94.8

4%(−

84.9

6%)

Unp

aid

fam

ily m

embe

rs =

718

47+

3239

(Q98

I etc.

) − 6

18(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 45

17(Q

99III

etc.

) + 4

97 (Q

99III

etc.

)2+

5931

(Q02

III et

c.)

− 65

9(Q

02III

etc.

)2+

7357

(Q04

II et

c.) +

780

(Q04

II et

c.)2

− 17

69 Q

II+

158

QIII

+ 44

QIV

97.4

5%

(97.

83%

)

Fem

ales

in a

gric

ultu

re e

tc.

Self-

empl

oyed

= 8

7890

+ 27

19 (Q

98I et

c.) +

128

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

6688

(Q00

I etc.

) + 5

7 (Q

00I et

c.)2

− 68

87(Q

03II

etc.

) +

76 (Q

03II

etc.

)2−

7276

(Q06

III et

c.) +

199

(Q06

III et

c.)2

+ 11

08 Q

II −

80 Q

III −

1736

QIV

87.6

7%(−

9.06

%)

Empl

oyer

s = 6

583

+ 65

(Q98

I etc.

) + 5

0(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 18

95(Q

00III

etc.

) − 1

7(Q

00III

etc.

)2+

1726

(Q01

IV et

c.) −

357

(Q01

IV et

c.)

+ 17

26(Q

02IV

etc.

)+ 2

86(Q

02IV

etc.

)2 +

1370

(Q06

I etc.

)2 −

10 (Q

06I et

c.)2

− 82

QII

− 19

9 Q

III −

73 Q

IV90

.89%

(5

.08%

)

Empl

oyee

s = 7

125

− 11

1 (Q

98I et

c.) +

166

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

2025

(Q99

I etc.

) − 1

28 (Q

99I et

c.)2

+ 72

1(Q

03III

etc.

) − 1

51(Q

03III

etc.

)2

+ 96

5(Q

06II

etc.

) + 1

33(Q

06II

etc.

)2+

693

QII

+ 73

5 Q

III +

327

QIV

86.7

6%

(−38

.06%

)

Unp

aid

fam

ily m

embe

rs =

190

573

− 12

32 (Q

98I et

c.) −

189

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

1474

2(Q

02I et

c.) −

836

(Q02

II et

c.)2

+ 99

03 (Q

04II

etc.

) +

992

(Q04

II et

c.)2

− 62

5 Q

II+

1888

QIII

+ 27

85 Q

IV98

.45%

(9

6.48

%)

Mal

es a

nd fe

mal

es in

oth

er e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

O =

318

3490

+ 69

397

(Q98

I etc.

) − 8

610

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

5144

4(Q

99III

etc.

) + 8

590

(Q99

III et

c.)2

+ 14

834

(Q02

III et

c.)

− 37

8 (Q

02III

etc.

)2+

4647

2Q

II+

4653

8Q

III +

3324

QIV

99.5

9%

U =

503

014

+ 18

339

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

183

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

2772

6(Q

00IV

etc.

) + 7

315

(Q00

IV et

c.)2

− 45

270

(Q02

I etc.

)−

4192

(Q02

I etc.

)2−

2842

1 (Q

04III

etc.

) − 1

881

(Q04

III et

c.)2

− 42

185

QII

− 46

097

QIII

− 20

367

QIV

96.5

7%

Tabl

e 4:

SU

R es

timat

es o

f (i)

gend

er a

nd o

ccup

atio

n gr

oupi

ngs

invo

lved

in a

gric

ultu

re a

nd re

late

d ac

tiviti

es, a

nd (i

i) m

ale

and

fe-

mal

e in

volv

emen

t in

othe

r sec

tors

(O),

unem

ploy

men

t (U

) and

non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P) b

etw

een

the

1stqu

arte

r of 1

998

(Q98

I ) and

4thqu

arte

r of

200

8 (Q

08IV

) in

Gre

ece

(All

pers

ons

aged

15

year

s or

old

er)


NP

= 41

9045

3−

2962

9(Q

98I et

c.) +

453

7(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 36

129

(Q99

IV et

c.) −

233

3 (Q

99IV

etc.

)2+

3151

8(Q

01I et

c.) −

905

5(Q

01I

etc.

)2+

2443

4(Q

02III

etc.

) +

6620

(Q02

III et

c.)2

+ 14

173

(Q04

III et

c.) +

184

(Q04

III et

c.)2

− 35

03 Q

II−

7719

QIII

+ 83

12Q

IV97

.93%

Addi

tiona

l equ

atio

n in

form

atio

n

P>|z

1||z

2||z

3||z

4||z

5||z

6||z

7||z

8||z

9||z

10|

|z11

||z

12|

|z13

||z

14|

Mal

e in

volv

emen

t exp

ress

ions

•

Self-

empl

oyed

00

00

0.00

40.

001

00

00.

351

0.02

80.

791

• Em

ploy

ers

00

00

00.

005

0.01

50

0.00

20.

775

0.00

30.

001

• Em

ploy

ees

00

00.

002

00

0.71

60

0.02

40.

041

0.37

60.

737

• U

npai

d fa

mily

mem

bers

00.

060.

006

0.00

10.

023

00

00

0.05

60.

866

0.96

2Fe

mal

e in

volv

emen

t exp

ress

ions

• Se

lf-em

ploy

ed0

0.06

70.

389

00.

693

00.

054

00.

001

0.29

50.

940.

105

• Em

ploy

ers

00.

705

0.00

10

0.72

20.

001

00

00

0.18

90.

596

0.21

40.

645

• Em

ploy

ees

00.

935

0.51

40.

010.

614

0.00

10

00

0.01

50.

011

0.25

7•

Unp

aid

fam

ily m

embe

rs0

0.17

80

00

00

0.73

60.

310.

136

Mal

e &

fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent i

n•

Oth

er se

ctor

s (O

) 0

00

00

0.00

10.

157

00

0.65

2•

Une

mpl

oym

ent (

U)

00

00

00

00

00

00

• N

on-p

artic

ipat

ion

(NP)

00

00

0.01

50

00

00

0.52

80.

265

0.01

40.

009

Not

es: A

s in

Tabl

e 1.

The

r dst

atist

ic re

late

s the

deg

ree

of c

orre

latio

n be

twee

n (i)

the

non-

seas

onal

com

pone

nt o

f the

occ

upat

iona

l equ

atio

n an

d (ii

) the

sec-

tora

l equ

atio

n “A

” pr

ovid

ed in

Tabl

e 1

with

out i

ts se

ason

al e

ffect

s.

Sour

ce:L

abou

r For

ce S

urve

ys o

f 199

8-20

08, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tical

Ser

vice

of G

reec

e. O

wn

calc

ulat

ions

.


Peop

le in

agr

icul

ture

etc

.R2

(rd)

Seni

or o

ffici

als,

man

ager

s = 8

027

− 21

74(Q

98I et

c.) +

178

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1609

(Q00

II et

c.) −

143

(Q00

II et

c.)2

− 80

7(Q

04II

etc.

) −

18 (Q

04II

etc.

)2−

368

(Q07

III et

c.) +

19

(Q07

III et

c.)2

+ 27

0 Q

II −

97 Q

III −

246

QIV

70.0

5%

(21.

71%

)

Skill

ed p

rimar

y se

ctor

wor

kers

= 6

7290

0+

6912

(Q98

I etc.

) − 6

92(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 41

885

(Q02

II et

c.) −

346

9(Q

02II

etc.

)2

+ 36

213

(Q04

II et

c.) +

427

8(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

3631

QII

− 91

7 Q

III +

2266

QIV

97.8

1%

(98.

89%

)

Uns

kille

d w

orke

rs =

656

9+

4363

(Q98

I etc.

) − 6

23(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 24

31(Q

99III

etc.

) + 6

92(Q

99III

etc.

)2−

2914

(Q04

II et

c.)

− 22

(Q04

II et

c.)2

+ 48

0 Q

II−

21 Q

III −

372

QIV

92.2

7%

(−78

.02%

)

Scie

nce/

art p

rofe

ssio

nals

= 88

2−

96(Q

98I et

c.) +

3 (Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 27

8(Q

01II

etc.

) − 3

8(Q

01II

etc.

)2+

216

(Q02

IV et

c.)

+ 24

(Q02

IV et

c.)2

+ 14

3(Q

04III

etc.

) + 1

4(Q

04III

etc.

)2−

112

QII

− 73

QIII

− 21

QIV

91.4

9%

(−40

.28%

)

Mac

hine

/pla

nt o

pera

tors

and

ass

embl

ers =

183

4−

206

(Q98

I etc.

) + 1

4(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 60

6(Q

01II

etc.

) + 2

6 (Q

01II

etc.

)2

− 65

0(Q

03IV

etc.

) − 1

2 (Q

03IV

etc.

)2−

583

(Q06

III et

c.) −

5 (Q

06III

etc.

)2+

201

QII

+ 21

0 Q

III +

142

QIV

72.5

0%

(41.

50%

)

Cler

ks, t

echn

icia

ns, c

raft

and

serv

ice/

sale

s wor

kers

= 8

96−

22 (Q

98I et

c.) +

2 (Q

98I et

c.)2

− 63

7(Q

02IV

etc.

) + 9

6(Q

02IV

etc.

)2

− 91

0(Q

04II

etc.

) − 5

3 (Q

04II

etc.

)2−

783

(Q06

IV et

c.) −

17

(Q06

IV et

c.) +

46

QII

− 21

QIII

− 17

QIV

82.5

9%

(−59

.57%

)

Peop

le in

oth

er e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

O =

321

8865

+ 44

028

(Q98

I etc.

) − 5

201

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

3357

4(Q

99III

etc.

) + 5

342

(Q99

III et

c.)2

+ 13

017

(Q02

III et

c.) −

531

(Q02

III

etc.

)2+

4675

0Q

II+

4785

7Q

III +

4966

QIV

99.5

8%

U =

500

500

+ 19

687

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

311

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

2021

4(Q

00IV

etc.

) + 6

185

(Q00

IV et

c.)2

− 37

564

(Q02

I etc.

) − 2

987

(Q02

I

etc.

)2−

2907

9 (Q

04III

etc.

) − 1

800

(Q04

III et

c.)2

− 42

296

QII

− 45

960

QIII

− 20

269

QIV

96.6

0%

NP

= 41

9042

7−

2985

6(Q

98I et

c.) +

457

4(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 34

737

(Q99

IV et

c.) −

280

9(Q

99IV

etc.

)2+

3546

8(Q

01I et

c.) −

874

1(Q

01I

etc.

)2+

2403

3(Q

02III

etc.

) + 6

828

(Q02

III et

c.)2

+ 13

436

(Q04

III et

c.) +

105

(Q04

III et

c.)2

− 35

61 Q

II−

7665

QIII

+ 84

52Q

IV97

.95%

Tabl

e 5:

SU

R es

timat

es o

f (i)

prof

essi

onal

gro

upin

gs in

volv

ed in

agr

icul

ture

and

rela

ted

activ

ities

, and

(ii)

invo

lvem

ent i

n ot

her s

ec-

tors

(O),

unem

ploy

men

t (U

) and

non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P) b

etw

een

the

1stqu

arte

r of

199

8 (Q

98I ) a

nd 4

thqu

arte

r of

200

8 (Q

08IV

)in

Gre

ece

(All

pers

ons

aged

15

year

s or

old

er)


Addi

tiona

l equ

atio

n in

form

atio

n:

P>|z

1||z

2||z

3||z

4||z

5||z

6||z

7||z

8||z

9||z

10|

|z11

||z

12|

|z13

||z

14|

Peop

le in

agr

icul

ture

etc

.

• Se

nior

offi

cial

s, m

anag

ers

00

00

00

0.02

40.

249

0.64

80.

328

0.72

90.

382

• Sk

illed

prim

ary

sect

or w

orke

rs0

0.00

30

00

00

0.48

30.

860.

665

• U

nski

lled

wor

kers

00

00.

001

00

0.01

10.

344

0.96

70.

472

• Sc

ienc

e/ar

t pro

fess

iona

ls0

0.00

10.

136

00

0.00

50.

002

0.00

20.

007

0.00

40.

064

0.60

1

• Pl

ant/

mac

hine

ope

rato

rs a

nd a

ssem

bler

s0

0.00

10.

001

00

00.

045

00.

426

0.02

40.

019

0.11

7

• Cl

erks

, tec

hnic

ians

, cra

ft &

serv

ice/

sale

sw

orke

rs0

0.02

90.

325

00

0.00

20

00.

782

0.46

20.

010.

008

Mal

e &

fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent i

n

• O

ther

sect

ors (

O)

00

00

00

0.02

50

00.

541

• U

nem

ploy

men

t (U

) 0

00

00

00

00

00

0

• N

on-p

artic

ipat

ion

(NP)

00

00

00

00

00

0.19

0.23

0.01

70.

009

Not

es:A

s in

Tabl

e 1.

The

r dst

atist

ic re

late

s the

deg

ree

of c

orre

latio

n be

twee

n (i)

the

non-

seas

onal

com

pone

nt o

f the

pro

fess

iona

l equ

atio

n an

d (ii

) the

sec-

tora

l equ

atio

n “A

” pr

ovid

ed in

Tabl

e 1

with

out i

ts se

ason

al e

ffect

s.

Sour

ce: L

abou

r For

ce S

urve

ys o

f 199

8-20

08, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tical

Ser

vice

of G

reec

e. O

wn

calc

ulat

ions

.


Mal

es p

er re

gion

R2(r

d)

Attik

i = 9

606

− 14

72(Q

98I et

c.) +

189

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1033

(Q99

IV et

c.) −

203

(Q99

IV et

c.)2

+ 96

6(Q

05I et

c.) −

32

(Q05

I etc.

)2

+ 32

45(Q

07IV

etc.

) − 2

66(Q

07IV

etc.

)2−

250

QII

− 32

QIII

− 49

QIV

91.0

5%

(30.

26%

)

C. G

reec

e, E

uboe

a =

3397

2−

2289

(Q98

I etc.

) + 1

56(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 29

95(Q

00IV

etc.

) + 6

8(Q

00IV

etc.

)2−

4295

(Q03

I etc.

) −

127

(Q03

I etc.

)2−

1754

(Q07

III et

c.) −

83

(Q07

III et

c.)2

− 46

1 Q

II −

508

QIII

− 60

1 Q

IV93

.67%

(8

3.37

%)

C. M

aced

onia

= 7

8875

− 28

9 (Q

98I et

c.) +

58

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

3103

(Q00

III et

c.) −

3 (Q

00III

etc.

)2+

6281

(Q02

IV et

c.)

− 10

34(Q

02IV

etc.

)2+

4486

(Q04

II et

c.) +

107

0(Q

04II

etc.

)2+

468

QII

+ 88

2 Q

III +

107

QIV

98.7

8%

(97.

76%

)

Cret

e =

4635

0−

421

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

3 (Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 15

13(Q

00IV

etc.

) − 4

1 (Q

00IV

etc.

)2−

3375

(Q03

IV et

c.) +

346

(Q03

IV et

c.)2

− 33

05(Q

06II

etc.

) − 2

22(Q

06II

etc.

)2−

1228

QII

− 14

75Q

III −

262

QIV

97.1

1%(9

3.89

%)

E. M

aced

onia

, Thr

ace

= 46

237

− 36

0 (Q

98I et

c.) −

47

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

2378

(Q01

II et

c.) −

40

(Q01

II et

c.)2

+ 11

37(Q

04II

etc.

) +

102

(Q04

II et

c.)2

+ 11

46 Q

II+

1415

QIII

+ 16

05Q

IV97

.51%

(9

5.05

%)

Epiro

s = 1

2637

+ 35

6 (Q

98I et

c.) −

12

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

798

(Q00

IV et

c.) +

90

(Q00

IV et

c.)2

− 66

4(Q

02III

etc.

) − 1

02(Q

02III

etc.

)2

+ 10

19(Q

04II

etc.

) + 5

(Q04

II et

c.)2

− 15

0 Q

II−

530

QIII

− 55

2Q

IV81

.71%

(68.

02%

)

Ioni

an Is

l. =

9923

+ 92

(Q98

I etc.

) − 5

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

506

(Q03

II et

c.) +

54

(Q03

II et

c.)2

+ 68

6(Q

05II

etc.

) − 1

75(Q

05II

etc.

)2

+ 18

80(Q

07I et

c.) +

114

(Q07

I etc.

)2−

957

QII

− 92

2Q

III −

265

QIV

87.2

4%(6

7.92

%)

N. A

egea

n Is

l. =

7347

− 51

6 (Q

98I et

c.) +

80

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1649

(Q00

I etc.

) + 0

(Q00

I etc.

)2−

1689

(Q02

III et

c.) +

27

(Q02

III et

c.)2

– 69

2(Q

04III

etc.

) − 1

33(Q

04III

etc.

)2+

1140

(Q07

I etc.

) − 6

2(Q

07I et

c.)2

− 19

5 Q

II −

287

QIII

− 41

QIV

67.4

8%(4

8.81

%)

Pelo

ponn

esos

= 5

0930

− 79

3(Q

98I et

c.) +

31

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

4406

(Q03

II et

c.) −

228

8(Q

03II

etc.

)2+

8257

(Q04

I etc.

) +

2332

(Q04

I etc.

)2–

3284

(Q06

IV et

c.) +

97

(Q06

IV et

c.)2

− 52

4 Q

II −

276

QIII

+ 12

27 Q

IV71

.84%

(77.

48%

)

S. A

egea

n Is

l. =

4014

+ 32

4 (Q

98I et

c.) −

9 (Q

98I et

c.)2

−72

9(Q

00II

etc.

) + 3

8(Q

00II

etc.

)2−

1467

(Q04

IV et

c.) +

33

(Q04

IV et

c.)2

+ 10

38(Q

06II

etc.

) − 1

31(Q

06II

etc.

)2−

274

QII

− 46

0Q

III −

271

QIV

89.3

0%(5

5.97

%)

Thes

saly

= 5

0319

+ 69

4 (Q

98I et

c.) −

59

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

4072

(Q02

III et

c.) −

436

(Q02

III et

c.)2

+ 33

88(Q

03IV

etc.

) + 4

46(Q

03IV

etc.

)2

+ 16

76(Q

06III

etc.

) − 3

5 (Q

06III

etc.

)2+

620

QII

+ 78

0 Q

III +

734

QIV

87.2

2%(9

6.88

%)

W. G

reec

e =

5485

5−

1304

(Q98

I etc.

) + 1

26(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 13

73(Q

00III

etc.

) − 1

86(Q

00III

etc.

)2+

1181

(Q04

I etc.

) + 8

0(Q

04I et

c.)2

− 33

5 Q

II+

1089

QIII

+ 15

76Q

IV96

.56%

(94.

35%

)

W. M

aced

onia

= 1

2642

− 27

8(Q

98I et

c.) −

1 (Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 66

6(Q

02I et

c.) +

4 (Q

02I et

c.)2

− 12

34(Q

03IV

etc.

) + 5

6(Q

03IV

etc.

)2

− 70

7(Q

06IV

etc.

) − 3

9(Q

06IV

etc.

)2+

23 Q

II+

297

QIII

+ 44

3 Q

IV88

.79%

(64.

82%

)

Tabl

e 6:

SU

R es

timat

es o

f reg

iona

l mal

e an

d fe

mal

e in

volv

emen

t in

agr

icul

ture

and

rel

ated

act

iviti

es, a

nd m

ale

and

fem

ale

in-

volv

emen

t in

othe

r sec

tors

(O),

unem

ploy

men

t (U

) and

non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P) b

etw

een

the

1stqu

arte

r of 1

998

(Q98

I ) and

4th

quar

-te

r of

200

8 (Q

08IV

) in

Gre

ece

(All

pers

ons

aged

15

year

s or

old

er)


Fem

ales

per

regi

on

R2(r

d)

Attik

i = 5

340

− 43

9(Q

98I et

c.) +

88

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1047

(Q00

I etc.

) − 8

4(Q

00I et

c.)2

− 58

9(Q

02IV

etc.

) + 2

2(Q

02IV

etc.

)2

− 44

4(Q

06II

etc.

) + 2

4(Q

06II

etc.

)2−

74 Q

II −

89 Q

III −

71 Q

IV93

.9%

(62.

92%

)

C. G

reec

e, E

uboe

a =

2112

8+

248

(Q98

I etc.

) − 4

0 (Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 45

89(Q

02II

etc.

) − 3

63(Q

02II

etc.

)2+

2644

(Q04

II et

c.)

+ 44

1(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

958

(Q07

II et

c.) −

15

(Q07

II et

c.)2

− 32

8 Q

II −

614

QIII

− 32

QIV

86.4

4%(7

7.40

%)

C. M

aced

onia

= 4

3491

− 65

3 (Q

98I et

c.) +

49

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

5430

(Q01

II et

c.) +

511

(Q01

II et

c.)2

+ 34

21(Q

03II

etc.

) −

2672

(Q03

II et

c.)2

+ 87

01(Q

04II

etc.

) + 2

137

(Q04

II et

c.)2

+ 11

40 Q

II+

1632

QIII

+ 38

1 Q

IV92

.12%

(79.

34%

)

Cret

e =

3411

5+

1108

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

08(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 87

6(Q

00II

etc.

) + 6

4 (Q

00II

etc.

)2+

1281

(Q04

I etc.

) + 2

0 (Q

04I et

c.)2

− 70

7 Q

II−

396

QIII

+ 19

7 Q

IV96

.98%

(93.

77%

)

E. M

aced

onia

, Thr

ace

= 40

064

− 34

9 (Q

98I et

c.) +

108

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

3067

(Q99

IV et

c.) +

46

(Q99

IV et

c.)2

− 19

69(Q

02II

etc.

) −

256

(Q02

II et

c.)2

+ 13

58(Q

04II

etc.

) + 1

12(Q

04II

etc.

)2+

1229

QII

+ 18

76Q

III +

1129

QIV

97.2

4%(9

4.89

%)

Epiro

s = 1

1836

+ 78

(Q98

I etc.

) + 2

3 (Q

98I et

c.)2

− 22

02(Q

00III

etc.

) + 1

63(Q

00III

etc.

)2−

1050

(Q02

II et

c.) −

191

(Q02

II et

c.)2

+ 86

2(Q

05IV

etc.

) − 3

6(Q

05II

etc.

)2+

24 Q

II−

54 Q

III −

420

QIV

81.6

4%(4

1.75

%)

Ioni

an Is

l. =

1070

0+

410

(Q98

I etc.

) − 2

9(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 71

1(Q

03I et

c.) +

7 (Q

03I et

c.)2

+ 12

69(Q

04IV

etc.

) − 7

8(Q

04IV

etc.

)2

+ 10

73(Q

07II

etc.

) + 1

32(Q

07II

etc.

)2−

232

QII

− 47

3 Q

III −

321

QIV

96.8

3%(8

8.74

%)

N. A

egea

n Is

l. =

3871

+ 52

6(Q

98I et

c.) −

31(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 13

24(Q

02I et

c.) −

172

(Q02

I etc.

)2+

1696

(Q03

II et

c.) +

37

(Q03

II et

c.)2

+ 13

02(Q

04II

etc.

) + 1

36 (Q

04II

etc.

)2−

484

QII

− 53

2Q

III −

38 Q

IV76

.38%

(3

9.50

%)

Pelo

ponn

esos

= 3

6295

+ 36

57(Q

98I et

c.) −

489

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

3938

(Q99

IV et

c.) +

325

(Q99

IV et

c.)2

+ 55

12(Q

02I et

c.)

− 23

6(Q

02I et

c.)2

+ 49

06(Q

04II

etc.

) + 3

53(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

700

QII

− 53

6 Q

III +

309

QIV

88.6

9%(7

7.22

%)

S. A

egea

n Is

l. =

2163

+ 73

6(Q

98I et

c.) −

64

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

413

(Q00

IV et

c.) +

99

(Q00

IV et

c.)2

− 75

8(Q

03IV

etc.

) − 4

9(Q

03IV

etc.

)2

+ 38

7(Q

05IV

etc.

) + 2

2 (Q

05IV

etc.

)2+

117

QII

+ 1

QIII

− 19

0 Q

IV85

.57%

(57.

42%

)

Thes

saly

= 3

4542

− 41

3 (Q

98I et

c.) −

106

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

3008

(Q99

III et

c.) −

103

(Q99

III et

c.)2

+ 33

15(Q

01III

etc.

) + 1

44(Q

01III

etc.

)2

+ 72

1(Q

06II

etc.

) + 5

8(Q

06II

etc.

)2+

807

QII

+ 81

0 Q

III −

223

QIV

91.2

4%(6

0.19

%)

W. G

reec

e =

3597

4+

824

(Q98

I etc.

) − 9

5(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 23

93(Q

01II

etc.

) − 1

0 (Q

01II

etc.

)2+

1473

(Q04

II et

c.) +

105

(Q04

II et

c.)2

+ 47

5 Q

II−

640

QIII

− 10

7 Q

IV96

.23%

(97.

28%

)

W. M

aced

onia

= 1

1685

− 66

7 (Q

98I et

c.) +

33

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

1319

(Q99

II et

c.) −

169

(Q99

II et

c.)2

+ 97

8(Q

01I et

c.) +

130

(Q01

I etc.

)2

− 15

0 (Q

04I et

c.) +

16

(Q04

I etc.

)2+

212

QII

+ 40

7Q

III +

373

QIV

91.3

8%(9

1.41

%)


P>|z

1||z

2||z

3||z

4||z

5||z

6||z

7||z

8||z

9||z

10|

|z11

||z

12|

|z13

||z

14|

Mal

e in

volv

emen

t exp

ress

ions

• At

tiki

00

00

00

00

00.

201

0.87

20.

806

• C.

Gre

ece,

Eub

oea

00

00

0.00

50

00

0.01

80.

236

0.19

30.

127

• C.

Mac

edon

ia0

0.53

90.

116

00.

950

00

00.

421

0.13

20.

855

• Cr

ete

00.

230.

593

00.

135

00

00

0.02

20.

006

0.62

9•

E. M

aced

onia

, Thr

ace

00.

136

0.00

20

0.01

80

00.

004

00

• Ep

iros

00.

029

0.32

50

00.

002

00

0.78

20.

462

0.01

0.00

8•

Ioni

an Is

l.0

0.16

0.06

20.

002

00.

002

00

00

00.

183

• N

. Aeg

ean

Isl.

00.

018

00

10

0.09

60

00

00.

354

0.17

50.

849

• Pe

lopo

nnes

os0

00

00

00

00.

004

0.45

0.69

10.

079

Addi

tiona

l equ

atio

n in

form

atio

n

Mal

es a

nd fe

mal

es in

oth

er e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

O =

320

8794

+ 49

153

(Q98

I etc.

) − 5

746

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

3566

8(Q

99III

etc.

) + 5

804

(Q99

III et

c.)2

+ 14

782

(Q02

III et

c.)

− 46

2 (Q

02III

etc.

)2+

4662

6Q

II+

4746

9Q

III +

4475

QIV

99.5

8%

U =

495

692

+ 21

709

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

458

(Q98

I etc.

)2−

1948

0(Q

00IV

etc.

) + 6

589

(Q00

IV et

c.)2

− 43

017

(Q02

I etc.

) −

2893

(Q02

I etc.

)2−

3399

3 (Q

04III

etc.

) −

2093

(Q04

III et

c.)2

− 42

577

QII

− 46

249

QIII

− 20

817

QIV

96.6

4%

NP

= 41

7706

6−

1948

4(Q

98I et

c.) +

317

4(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 18

194

(Q99

IV et

c.) −

260

2(Q

99IV

etc.

)2+

4068

5(Q

01I et

c.) −

756

3(Q

01I et

c.)2

+ 24

834

(Q02

III et

c.)

+ 66

57(Q

02III

etc.

)2+

1548

1(Q

04III

etc.

) + 2

78 (Q

04III

etc.

)2 −

3754

QII

− 75

02 Q

III +

8256

QIV

98.0

2%

Tabl

e 6

(con

tinue

d)

• S.

Aeg

ean

Isl.

00.

032

0.52

40

0.00

40

0.03

10

00.

054

0.00

10.

061

• Th

essa

ly0

0.04

10

00

00

00.

425

0.49

80.

396

0.42

8•

W. G

reec

e0

0.00

50.

001

0.00

10

00

0.57

10.

067

0.00

8•

W. M

aced

onia

00.

001

0.83

60

0.79

10

00

00.

896

0.09

60.

014


Fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent e

xpre

ssio

ns

• At

tiki

00.

005

00

00

00

00.

614

0.54

40.

63•

C. G

reec

e, E

uboe

a0

0.10

50

00

00

00.

634

0.39

50.

113

0.93

5•

C. M

aced

onia

00.

041

0.01

40

00

00

00.

032

0.00

20.

478

• Cr

ete

00.

004

0.00

10.

005

0.05

20

0.03

70.

142

0.41

30.

686

• E.

Mac

edon

ia, T

hrac

e0

0.37

0.00

80

0.26

00

00

0.00

20

0.00

5•

Epiro

s0

0.61

10.

046

00

00

00

0.90

10.

779

0.03

1•

Ioni

an Is

l.0

00

00.

648

00

00

0.23

10.

015

0.10

1•

N. A

egea

n Is

l.0

00

00

00.

540

0.01

80.

017

0.00

90.

855

• Pe

lopo

nnes

os0

00

00

00

00

0.16

70.

293

0.54

7•

S. A

egea

n Is

l0

00

0.00

10

00

0.00

30.

034

0.22

40.

995

0.19

8•

Thes

saly

00.

531

0.18

90

0.22

50

00.

007

0.00

20.

057

0.05

80.

604

• W

. Gre

ece

00.

010

00.

673

00

0.38

90.

248

0.84

80

0.01

• W

. Mac

edon

ia0

0.02

20.

457

00

00

0.05

50

0.08

50.

001

0.00

3M

ale

& fe

mal

e in

volv

emen

t in

• O

ther

sect

ors (

O)

00

00

00

0.02

50

00.

541

• U

nem

ploy

men

t (U

)0

00

00

00

00

00

0•

Non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P)0

00

00

00

00

00.

190.

230.

017

0.00

9


Not

es: A

s in

Tabl

e 1.

The

r dst

atist

ic re

late

s the

deg

ree

of c

orre

latio

n be

twee

n (i)

the

non-

seas

onal

com

pone

nt o

f the

regi

onal

ver

sion

and

(ii) t

he se

ctor

aleq

uatio

n “A

” pr

ovid

ed in

Tabl

e 1

with

out i

ts se

ason

al e

ffect

s.

Sour

ce: L

abou

r For

ce S

urve

ys o

f 199

8-20

08, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tical

Ser

vice

of G

reec

e. O

wn

calc

ulat

ions

.

Mal

esR2

(rd)

Aged

15-

19 =

144

06−

994

(Q98

I etc.

) + 6

4(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 15

00(Q

01I et

c.) −

25

(Q01

Ι etc.

)2−

1655

(Q04

ΙV et

c.) +

187

(Q04

ΙV et

c.)2

− 11

44(Q

06ΙΙ

etc.

) − 2

66 (Q

06ΙΙ

etc.

)2+

437

QΙΙ

+ 12

29Q

ΙΙΙ +

621

QΙV

97.2

7%(9

0.13

%)

Aged

20-

24=

3269

9−

1456

(Q98

I etc.

) + 1

30 (Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 13

99(Q

00Ι et

c.) −

129

(Q00

Ι etc.

)2+

2899

(Q05

ΙV et

c.) −

523

(Q05

IV et

c.)2

+ 37

79(Q

07I et

c.) +

475

(Q07

I etc.

)2−

193

QII

− 34

QIII

+ 29

2 Q

IV97

.15%

(95.

98%

)

Aged

25-

29=

3780

5−

1986

(Q98

Ι etc.

) + 1

41(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 46

96(Q

01ΙV

etc.

) + 7

1 (Q

01ΙV

etc.

)2−

2910

(Q03

ΙV et

c.) −

81

(Q03

IV et

c.)2

− 18

98(Q

06II

etc.

) − 7

8(Q

06II

etc.

)2−

196

QII

− 55

QIII

+ 79

0 Q

IV97

.96%

(8

0.56

%)

Αged

30-

44 =

101

101

+ 27

95(Q

98Ι et

c.) −

145

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

6708

(Q02

ΙΙ et

c.) −

495

(Q02

ΙΙ et

c.)2

+ 62

28 (Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

) +

505

(Q04

ΙΙ et

c.)2

+ 28

57(Q

06ΙV

etc.

) + 1

96(Q

06IV

etc.

)2−

2042

QII

− 23

88 Q

III −

1486

QIV

88.5

1%(8

2.78

%)

Aged

45-

64 =

193

526

− 36

44 (Q

98Ι et

c.) +

54

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

4119

(Q99

ΙΙΙ et

c.) −

380

(Q99

ΙΙΙ et

c.)2

+ 13

940

(Q02

ΙΙ et

c.)

− 86

9(Q

02ΙΙ

etc.

)2+

8898

(Q04

ΙΙ et

c.) +

130

6(Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

)2−

793

QII

− 31

8 Q

III −

1909

QIV

97.8

4%(9

7.77

%)

Αged

≥ 6

5 =

3307

8+

3573

(Q98

Ι etc.

) − 3

99(Q

98I et

c.)2

+ 36

28(Q

00I et

c.) +

184

(Q00

I etc.

)2+

6871

(Q02

I etc.

) − 3

19(Q

02Ι et

c.)2

+ 60

30(Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

) + 5

05(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

132

QII

+ 7

QIII

+ 90

QIV

93.4

4%

(92.

18%

)

Fem

ales

Aged

15-

19 =

575

9+

437

(Q98

I etc.

) − 5

0(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

+ 18

02(Q

00ΙΙΙ

etc.

) − 2

09(Q

00ΙΙΙ

etc.

)2+

1874

(Q02

Ι etc.

) +

205

(Q02

Ι etc.

)2+

895

(Q04

ΙV et

c.) +

50

(Q04

ΙV et

c.)2

+ 46

3 Q

II +

1322

QIII

+ 37

4 Q

IV93

.09%

(95.

07%

)

Aged

20-

24 =

115

80−

1569

(Q98

I etc.

) + 2

82(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 31

28(Q

00Ι et

c.) −

163

(Q00

Ι etc.

)2−

1428

(Q05

ΙV et

c.)

− 10

3(Q

05IV

etc.

)2−

602

(Q07

I etc.

) + 2

(Q07

I etc.

)2−

43 Q

II +

301

QIII

+ 20

9 Q

IV97

.48%

(92.

15%

)

Aged

25-

29 =

135

42+

1027

(Q98

I etc.

) − 9

0(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

+ 14

31(Q

01ΙΙ

etc.

) + 8

6 (Q

01ΙΙ

etc.

)2−

1583

(Q04

Ι etc.

) + 2

40(Q

04I et

c.)2

− 19

37 (Q

05IΙΙ

etc.

) − 2

12 (Q

05IΙΙ

etc.

)2+

8 Q

II−

23 Q

III +

60 Q

IV92

.21%

(93.

10%

)

Aged

30-

44 =

749

64+

1149

(Q98

I etc.

) − 5

8 (Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 72

43(Q

00ΙV

etc.

) + 1

016

(Q00

ΙV et

c.)2

− 28

38 (Q

02ΙΙΙ

etc.

) −

1553

(Q02

ΙΙΙ et

c.)2

+ 49

72(Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

) + 5

77(Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

)2−

244

QΙΙ

− 85

5 Q

ΙΙΙ −

780

QΙV

95.3

6%

(88.

16%

)

Aged

45-

64 =

165

770

+ 12

6 (Q

98I et

c.) −

2 (Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 53

42(Q

00ΙΙΙ

etc.

) + 3

35(Q

00ΙΙΙ

etc.

)2−

1520

3(Q

03ΙV

etc.

) +

937

(Q03

ΙV et

c.)2

− 88

24(Q

05ΙIΙ

etc.

) − 1

139

(Q05

ΙΙI et

c.)2

− 74

QII

+ 32

7 Q

III +

1388

QIV

96.6

1%(9

8.56

%)

Aged

≥ 6

5 =

2063

3+

2524

(Q98

I etc.

.) −

442

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

5308

(Q99

IV et

c.) +

267

(Q99

IV et

c.)2

+ 37

00 (Q

02II

etc.

) −

107

(Q02

IΙ et

c.)2

+ 30

10(Q

04IΙ

etc.

) + 2

63(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

26 Q

II−

6 Q

III −

160

QIV

96.1

3%(9

2.09

%)

Tabl

e 7:

SU

R es

timat

es o

f gen

der a

nd a

ge g

roup

invo

lvem

ent i

n ag

ricu

lture

and

rela

ted

activ

ities

, and

invo

lvem

ent i

n ot

her s

ec-

tors

(O),

unem

ploy

men

t (U

) and

non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P) b

etw

een

the

1stqu

arte

r of

199

8 (Q

98I ) a

nd 4

thqu

arte

r of

200

8 (Q

08IV

)in

Gre

ece

(All

pers

ons

aged

15

year

s or

old

er)


Not

es: A

s in

Tabl

e 1.

The

r dst

atist

ic re

late

s the

deg

ree

of co

rrel

atio

n be

twee

n (i)

the

non-

seas

onal

com

pone

nt o

f the

age

equ

atio

n an

d (ii

) the

sect

oral

equ

a-tio

n “A

” pr

ovid

ed in

Tabl

e 1

with

out i

ts se

ason

al e

ffect

s.

Sour

ce: L

abou

r For

ce S

urve

ys o

f 199

8-20

08, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tical

Ser

vice

of G

reec

e. O

wn

calc

ulat

ions

.

Mal

es a

nd fe

mal

es in

oth

er e

cono

mic

act

iviti

es

R2

Ο =

320

9363

+ 50

749

(Q98

Ι etc.

) − 6

126

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

3975

3(Q

99ΙΙΙ

etc.

) + 6

106

(Q99

ΙΙΙet

c.)2

+ 15

919

(Q02

ΙΙΙet

c.) −

396

(Q02

ΙΙΙet

c.)2

+ 46

846

QΙΙ

+ 47

597

QΙΙΙ

+ 46

41 Q

ΙV99

.58%

U =

493

914

+ 22

556

(Q98

Ι etc

.) −

1519

(Q98

I etc

.)2−

2266

8(Q

00IV

etc.

) + 7

317

(Q00

IVet

c.)2

− 42

945

(Q02

I etc.

) −39

09(Q

02Ι et

c.)2

− 28

611

(Q04

ΙΙΙet

c.) −

181

3(Q

04III

etc.

)2−

4242

9Q

II−

4631

5Q

III−

2077

2Q

IV96

.62%

NP

= 41

8048

1−

2209

0(Q

98I et

c.) +

348

8(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 19

587

(Q99

IVet

c.) −

300

6(Q

99IV

etc.

)2+

4284

3(Q

01I et

c.) −

780

5(Q

01I et

c.)2

+ 26

858

(Q02

IIIet

c.) +

706

5(Q

02III

etc.

)2+

1445

2 (Q

04III

etc.

) + 2

09 (Q

04III

etc.

)2 −

364

0 Q

II−

7403

QIII

+ 84

32Q

IV98

.07%

Addi

tiona

l equ

atio

n in

form

atio

nP>

|z1|

|z2|

|z3|

|z4|

|z5|

|z6|

|z7|

|z8|

|z9|

|z10

||z

11|z

12|

|z13

||z

14|

Mal

e in

volv

emen

t exp

ress

ions

• Ag

ed 1

5-19

00

00

0.02

80

00

00.

042

00.

004

•Age

d 20

-24

00.

040.

067

0.00

90.

066

00

00

0.69

20.

945

0.55

8•A

ged

25-2

90

00

00.

008

00.

006

00

0.56

30.

871

0.02

1•Α

ged

30-4

40

00

00

00

0.00

10.

001

0.03

60.

015

0.13

1•A

ged

45-6

40

0.14

80.

866

0.03

40.

229

00

00

0.57

80.

825

0.18

7•Α

ged

≥65

00

00

0.00

90

00

00.

823

0.99

0.88

Fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent e

xpre

ssio

ns•A

ged

15-1

90

0.02

10.

001

00

00

00

0.02

30

0.07

•Age

d 20

-24

00

00

0.00

10

00

0.92

20.

804

0.08

20.

233

•Age

d 25

-29

00

00

00.

001

00

00.

981

0.94

30.

857

•Αge

d 30

-44

00.

019

0.10

40

00

00

00.

702

0.18

30.

227

•Age

d 45

-64

00.

928

0.98

90

0.00

20

00

00.

956

0.81

10.

314

•Αge

d ≥

650

00

00

00

00

0.93

30.

986

0.61

6

Mal

e &

fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent i

n •O

ther

sect

ors (

O)

00

00

00

0.10

30

00.

528

•Une

mpl

oym

ent (

U)

00

00

00

00

00

00

•Non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P)0

00

0.00

10

00

00

00.

424

0.24

60.

019

0.00

8


Mal

esR2

(rd)

No

form

al e

duc.

= 5

254

+ 18

00(Q

98I et

c.) −

119

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

2577

(Q01

IV et

c.) +

57

(Q01

ΙV et

c.)2

+ 10

28(Q

05ΙI et

c.) +

47

(Q05

ΙI et

c.)2

+ 48

7 Q

ΙΙ +

535

QΙΙΙ

+ 98

QΙV

94.8

5%(8

9.95

%)

Som

e pr

imar

y ed

uc. =

295

99−

227

(Q98

I etc.

) − 6

2(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

+ 54

70(Q

02Ι et

c.) −

292

(Q02

Ι etc.

)2+

2281

(Q04

ΙI et

c.)

+ 49

0(Q

04II

etc.

)2−

1130

(Q05

IV et

c.) −

131

(Q05

IV et

c.)2

+ 32

9 Q

II +

380

QIII

+ 48

4 Q

IV98

.15%

(92.

10%

)

Prim

ary

leve

l qua

l. =

2882

41−

1119

2 (Q

98Ι et

c.) +

747

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2−

5653

(Q00

ΙII et

c.) −

926

(Q00

ΙII et

c.)2

+ 16

164

(Q02

ΙII et

c.)

− 23

18(Q

02III

etc.

)2+

1988

9(Q

04II

etc.

) + 2

595

(Q04

II et

c.)2

− 77

3 Q

II+

469

QIII

+ 34

58 Q

IV98

.87%

(97.

84%

)

Low

er S

econ

dary

leve

l qua

l. =

4464

9+

1013

(Q98

Ι etc.

) − 6

1(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

+ 26

19 (Q

02ΙV

etc.

) − 3

42 (Q

02ΙV

etc.

)2+

5507

(Q03

ΙV et

c.)

+ 96

(Q03

ΙV et

c.)2

+ 21

96(Q

06Ι et

c.) +

303

(Q06

I etc.

)2−

841

QII

− 36

0 Q

III −

465

QIV

75.0

5%(−

50.9

3%)

Upp

er S

econ

dary

leve

l qua

l. =

4974

1+

671

(Q98

Ι etc.

) + 9

3 (Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 31

69(Q

00ΙΙ

etc.

) + 3

(Q00

ΙΙ et

c.)2

− 49

19(Q

02ΙΙI

etc.

) +

1129

(Q02

ΙIΙ et

c.)2

− 75

07(Q

03ΙIΙ

etc.

) − 1

115

(Q03

ΙIΙ et

c.)2

− 11

32 Q

II−

782

QIII

− 90

QIV

92.7

8%(−

62.8

5%)

Tert

iary

leve

l qua

l. =

3479

+ 22

7(Q

98Ι et

c.) −

15

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

393

(Q02

III et

c.) +

12 (Q

02III

etc.

)2+

610

(Q05

IV et

c.) −

51

(Q05

ΙV et

c.)2

− 12

09(Q

08Ι et

c.) +

421

(Q08

Ι etc.

)2−

53 Q

II−

76 Q

III −

375

QIV

66.8

8%(4

.52%

)

Fem

ales

No

form

al e

duc.

= 1

3740

+ 74

2(Q

98I et

c.) −

63

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

2501

(Q01

ΙV et

c.) −

77

(Q01

ΙV et

c.)2

+ 76

3(Q

04Ι et

c.)

+ 15

3(Q

04Ι et

c.)2

+ 58

3 Q

II +

749

QIII

+ 24

7 Q

IV95

.62%

(97.

36%

)

Som

e pr

imar

y ed

uc. =

330

88−

538

(Q98

I etc.

) − 4

6(Q

98Ι et

c.)2

+ 40

94(Q

02Ι et

c.) −

180

(Q02

Ι etc.

)2+

2180

(Q04

ΙI et

c.)

+ 12

0 (Q

04II

etc.

)2+

1671

(Q06

I etc.

) + 5

3 (Q

06I et

c.)2

− 49

3 Q

II −

500

QIII

+ 94

QIV

97.8

2%(9

1.87

%)

Prim

ary

leve

l qua

l. =

2032

66+

7537

(Q98

I etc.

) − 1

321

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

1252

1(Q

99ΙΙΙ

etc.

) + 7

40 (Q

99ΙΙΙ

etc.

)2+

1356

5(Q

02Ι et

c.)

− 35

0(Q

02I et

c.)2

+ 86

91 (Q

04IΙ

etc.

) + 9

32 (Q

04IΙ

etc.

)2+

1633

QII

+ 20

40 Q

III +

2201

QIV

97.6

1%(9

7.37

%)

Low

er S

econ

dary

leve

l qua

l. =

1862

0−

413

(Q98

I etc.

) + 3

4 (Q

98Ι et

c.)2

− 23

13(Q

01ΙΙ

etc.

) + 2

68(Q

01ΙΙ

etc.

)2−

2823

(Q03

Ι etc.

) −

274

(Q03

Ι etc.

)2+

864

(Q05

ΙΙΙ et

c.) −

79

(Q05

ΙΙΙ et

c.)2

+ 51

7 Q

ΙΙ+

855

QΙΙΙ

+ 24

9 Q

ΙV89

.60%

(−79

.47%

)

Upp

er S

econ

dary

leve

l qua

l. =

2031

5+

53 (Q

98I et

c.) +

208

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2−

6884

(Q00

Ι etc.

) + 7

7 (Q

00Ι et

c.)2

− 19

89(Q

02ΙΙΙ

etc.

) +

198

(Q02

ΙΙΙ et

c.)2

− 15

36(Q

04ΙΙ

etc.

) − 6

5 (Q

04ΙI

etc.

)2−

697

QII

− 10

06 Q

III −

1174

QIV

95.1

5%(−

83.8

2%)

Tert

iary

leve

l qua

l. =

796

+ 11

7 (Q

98I et

c.) −

22

(Q98

I etc.

)2+

274

(Q00

I etc.

) + 2

0 (Q

00I et

c.)2

+ 39

2 (Q

05I et

c.) −

28

(Q05

IΙ et

c.)2

+ 74

9(Q

07IV

etc.

) − 2

1 (Q

07IV

etc.

)2+

3 Q

II+

142

QIII

+ 15

0 Q

IV81

.42%

(−63

.29%

)

Tabl

e 8:

SU

R es

timat

es o

f gen

der

and

form

al q

ualif

icat

ion

grou

p in

volv

emen

t in

agr

icul

ture

and

rel

ated

act

iviti

es, a

nd in

volv

e-m

ent i

n ot

her s

ecto

rs (O

), un

empl

oym

ent (

U) a

nd n

on-p

artic

ipat

ion

(NP)

bet

wee

n th

e 1st

quar

ter o

f 199

8 (Q

98I ) a

nd 4

thqu

arte

rof

200

8 (Q

08IV

) in

Gre

ece

(All

pers

ons

aged

15

year

s or

old

er)


Not

es: A

s in

Tabl

e 1.

The

r dst

atist

ic re

late

s the

deg

ree

of c

orre

latio

n be

twee

n (i)

the

non-

seas

onal

com

pone

nt o

f the

qua

lific

atio

n eq

uatio

n an

d (ii

) the

sec-

tora

l equ

atio

n “A

” pr

ovid

ed in

Tabl

e 1

with

out i

ts se

ason

al e

ffect

s.

Sour

ce: L

abou

r For

ce S

urve

ys o

f 199

8-20

08, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tical

Ser

vice

of G

reec

e. O

wn

calc

ulat

ions

.

Oth

er m

ales

and

fem

ales

R2

Ο =

319

8871

+ 57

382

(Q98

Ι etc.

) − 6

879

(Q98

Ι etc.

)2+

4063

7(Q

99ΙΙΙ

etc.

) + 6

988

(Q99

ΙΙΙet

c.)2

+ 13

857

(Q02

ΙΙΙet

c.) −

513

(Q02

ΙΙΙet

c.)2

+ 46

500

QΙΙ

+ 47

128

QΙΙΙ

+ 40

96 Q

ΙV99

.59%

U =

490

349

+ 24

699

(Q98

Ι etc

.) −

1750

(Q98

I etc

.)2−

9781

(Q00

IVet

c.) +

606

3(Q

00IV

etc.

)2 −

4190

9 (Q

02I et

c.) −

2051

(Q02

Ι etc.

)2

− 33

006

(Q04

ΙΙΙet

c.) −

215

2(Q

04III

etc.

)2−

4258

1Q

II−

4602

1Q

III−

2086

2Q

IV96

.61%

NP

= 41

8075

8−

2351

3(Q

98I et

c.) +

382

8(Q

98I et

c.)2

− 30

937

(Q99

IVet

c.) −

186

8 (Q

99IV

etc.

)2+

3225

9(Q

01I et

c.) −

875

5(Q

01I et

c.)2

+ 25

713

(Q02

IIIet

c.) +

634

4(Q

02III

etc.

)2+

1644

1 (Q

04III

etc.

) + 3

88 (Q

04III

etc.

)2 −

362

1 Q

II−

7898

QIII

+ 79

45 Q

IV97

.97%

Addi

tiona

l equ

atio

n in

form

atio

n P>

|z1|

|z2|

|z3|

|z4|

|z5|

|z6|

|z7|

|z8|

|z9|

|z10

||z

11|z

12|

|z13

||z

14|

Mal

e in

volv

emen

t exp

ress

ions

• N

o fo

rmal

edu

catio

n0

00

00

00

0.07

50.

051

0.72

2•

Som

e pr

imar

y ed

ucat

ion

00.

260

00

00

0.01

30.

017

0.41

20.

345

0.23

1•

Prim

ary

leve

l qua

lific

atio

ns0

00

00

00

00

0.69

20.

811

0.08

• Lo

wer

Sec

ond.

leve

l qua

l.0

00

0.02

60.

184

00.

703

00

0.21

70.

602

0.50

1•

Upp

er S

econ

d. le

vel q

ual.

00.

436

0.23

70.

001

0.97

20.

001

00

00.

135

0.30

40.

906

• Te

rtia

ry le

vel q

ualif

icat

ions

00.

005

00.

003

0.04

90.

001

00.

008

00.

777

0.68

90.

054

Fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent e

xpre

ssio

ns•

No

form

al e

duca

tion

00

00

00.

004

00.

127

0.05

0.52

1•

Som

e pr

imar

y ed

ucat

ion

00.

025

00

00

0.01

90

0.24

60.

295

0.29

10.

844

• Pr

imar

y le

vel q

ualif

icat

ions

00.

001

00

0.01

00.

003

00

0.37

20.

267

0.23

4•

Low

er S

econ

d. le

vel q

ual.

00.

065

0.02

00

00

0.00

90

0.13

60.

014

0.47

8•

Upp

er S

econ

d. le

vel q

ual.

00.

925

00

0.18

10.

001

00

0.18

60.

118

0.02

50.

009

• Te

rtia

ry le

vel q

ualif

icat

ion

0.00

60.

374

0.1

0.00

70.

126

00

00.

387

0.98

0.18

60.

165

Mal

e &

fem

ale

invo

lvem

ent i

n•

Oth

er se

ctor

s (O

)0

00

00

0.00

10.

029

00

0.57

6•

Une

mpl

oym

ent (

U)

00

00.

150

00.

027

00

00

0•

Non

-par

ticip

atio

n (N

P)0

00

00.

020

00

00

0.12

60.

248

0.01

20.

012


References

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National Statistical Service of Greece (2009). Labour force (quarterly): Ac-cessed in Nov.2009 via http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-themes?p_param=A0101.

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Prodromídis, P.I. (2008). The Spatial Distribution of Male and Female Em-ployment and Unemployment in Greece. Athens: KEPE Studies.

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