The Long 19th Century

An Age of Industry, “Isms,” and Revolution

Bell Ringer

What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812?

Discuss with partner - 30 seconds

The Congress of Vienna

Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte

Congress of Vienna

• WHAT: The Congress of Vienna• WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815• WHO: representatives of major

European powers • WHERE: Vienna, Austria• WHY: reorganize Europe post-

Napoleon

Congress of Vienna

• Five Great European Powers:o Prussia – Frederick Wilhelm IIIoRussia – Tsar AlexanderoAustria – Klemens von MetternichoGreat Britain – Lord Castleraugho France - Tallyrand

Klemens von Metternich

• Influential Austrian prince

• Distrusted democracy

• Plan to restore Europe

Von Metternich’s Plan• 3 Main Goals:

1. Legitimacy• Napoleon had overthrown all kings &

replaced with his family members• Original monarchies restored

Louis XVIII of France

Von Metternich’s Plan

2. Contain France• Napoleon was power hungry & had

instilled strong sense of nationalism in France

• Many surrounding countries felt threatened• VM, gave back power to countries

surrounding France (containment)

Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe

Von Metternich’s Plan

3. Balance of Power• Weaken France, but not

too much• No one country too

powerful • This ensured no one

country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)

Alliance System

• Nations would help each other if revolutions broke out

More Challenges

• 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV

• Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded constitutional gov’ts

• Von Metternich urged conservatives to crush them

• Slowed things down, but did not stop them

• By mid 1800s, the socialists of the Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel

The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

Restoration of Monarchy

• Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII (18th)

• Émigrés returned (not happy)

• Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime(ultraroyalists)

• Faced opposition

Liberals in France

• Wanted for middle class:– Suffrage– Power in gov’t– Republic– Decent pay for working class– Food for all

Charles X

• Louis XVIII – died in 1824

• Successor – Charles X (brother)

• Charles X wanted absolutism

• Rejected proposed charter (constitution)

The July Revolution - 1830

• July 1830 – Charles X:– Suspended legislature– Limited right to vote– Restricted press

• Naturally, what happened?

Response

• Revolt in Paris• Citizens put up

barricades• Attacked king’s

soldiers• Within days, rebels

controlled Paris• Charles abdicated

& fled to England

Republic or Constitutional Monarchy?

• Radical rebels wanted a republic• Moderates wanted a constitutional

monarchy• Moderates got their way…

Louis Philippe

• Chosen as king• Cousin of Charles

X• Young, more

liberal-minded• Supported the

1789 revolution

The Citizen King

• Nickname for Louis Philippe• Owed the throne to the French

citizens• Was “one of them”

– Got along well – Dressed down (frock coat & top hat)– Walked the streets– Extended suffrage, but…

Problems

• Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class

• Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens

• Most people – no suffrage

Discontent

• Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic

• Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption

• Demand for universal suffrage

Economic Slump

By 1848:

• Many factories shut down• Poor harvests• Unemployment• Bread prices soared• Sound familiar??

February Days (1848)

• Gov’t tried to stop public meetings• Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise &

built blockades out of:– Iron rails– Overturned carts– Paving stones– Toppled trees

February Days (cont.)

• Clashed with troops• 52 rebels killed

Results of February Days

• Louis Philippe abdicated• Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed

the Second Republic of France• Currently (since 1958) France is on

its Fifth…

A Republic Divided

• Deep differences• Bourgeois liberals –

constitution/political reform• Socialists – social & economic

reform– Set up national workshops – provided

work for unemployed

June Days

• Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t• Got rid of workshops• Ticked off the Socialists & workers• Workers – “Bread or Lead!”

More Violence

• Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors

• 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion

• Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class

Constitution

• By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution– Strong president– Unicameral legislature– Universal manhood suffrage

Election

• Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000)

• Elected Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte• Appealed to liberals – sympathy for

working class• Appealed to conservatives – name =

restore order

Buh-Bye Republic

• Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852)

• Proclaimed self Napoleon III

• Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)

The Age of Industry and Isms

The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology

Bell Ringer

• What was the Congress of Vienna, and what was its purpose?

Discuss with partner1 minute

Introduction

• The Industrial Revolution impacted:– Technology– Economics– Society– Politics

Industrial Revolution• Change from using hand

methods to machine methods to produce goods

• Result of the:– Agricultural revolution – Population explosion

• Began in Great Britain - Why?– Natural resources– Human resources– Capital & demand– Political & social conditions– technology

TechnologyYear Invention Inventor

1785-1813 Power Loom Edmund Cartwright

1807 Steamboat Robert Fulton

1814 Steam Locomotive

George Stephenson

1826 Photograph Joseph Niepce

1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse

1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell

1870-80s

Phonograph, light bulb, motion pictures

Thomas Edison

Laissez-Faire Economics

• Adam Smith• Free market

$ more goods at lower price

$ no government involved

• Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age

Thomas Malthus

• Englishman• “Essay on the

Principle of Population” (1798)

• Poverty & misery population growing faster than food supply

• Shaped economic thinking

Urbanization

Working Class Life

Industrial Town Life

Authors

Charles Dickens Amandine Auror Dupon(George Sand)

Émile Zola

Middle Class

Domestic Service

Mining

Factory Conditions

Factory Dangers

Protests & Unions

Child Labor

Workhouses

Mo Money, Mo Problems

• Larger gap between rich and poor - not only economically, but also politically & socially

• 19th Century = new ways of– Thinking– Believing– Looking at the world

19th Century “Isms”

• “ism” = belief or ideology

• 2 basic ways to define any ideology:– What does it oppose?– What does it advocate?

Utilitarianism• Jeremy Bentham

• Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve)

• Advocated: The greatest happiness for the greatest number

Liberalism

• John Stuart Mill• “Individual Liberty

and Social Control” (1859)

• Advocated: a way for people and government to coexist without1. Harming majority2. Stifling individuality

Liberalism (cont.)

• Opposed:– Use of force to compel citizens to

believe something– Inequality– People not helping society/others– Government & church interference

Emergence of Socialism

• Opposed laissez-faire (capitalism)

• Said it created poverty, inequality & injustice

• Way to combat the evils of capitalism – socialism

Socialism

• Advocated a society in which the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, owned and operated means of production that produced & distributed goods– Farms– Factories– Railways– Big business

Utopians• Early socialists• Built self-sufficient

communities• All shared workload• Common property• If gap between rich &

poor disappeared, fighting would cease

• All live as peaceful, happy family – a “Utopia”

Robert Owen

• Utopian Socialist• Successful mill

owner• Refused child labor• Campaigned for

child labor laws• Encouraged labor

unions

Owen’s Utopia

• Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character

• New Lanark, Scotland factory – model– Built homes– Opened a school– Treated employees well

• Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers

Karl Marx

• German philosopher

• Father of Communism

• Worked for reform with Friedrich Engels

• 1848 – “The Communist Manifesto”

Friedrich Engles

• Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the employer & employees as inevitable

How it Works…• Economics = driving force behind

history• History is a series of class struggles:

HAVE NOTS HAVESplebeians patricians

serfs lords

Proletariat(working class)

Bourgeoisie

(middle class)

End of History

• Marx theorized that history would end with communism

• Why?

End of History

• Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared

Weakness & Impact

• Claimed to be based on “scientific law”

• Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong)

• Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact

• Influenced many governments & is active today

SPW: Interpreting Marx

“ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”

Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto

Homework: STUDY!!• QUIZ next class period!

– Industrial Revolution • Define/describe• Origins• Problems (social, economic & political)

– “Isms” – Ideologies & People• Utilitarianism• Liberalism• Socialism• Communism (Know how this works!!)