The European Conquest and Colonization of the Americas
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Transcript of The European Conquest and Colonization of the Americas
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Five Nations started colonies in the New World
Five Nations started colonies in the New World
§ Spain – in South, Central and North America
§ Portugal – in Brazil§ France – In Canada § Great Britain – along the East
Coast of North America§ The Dutch – On Long Island
§ Spain – in South, Central and North America
§ Portugal – in Brazil§ France – In Canada § Great Britain – along the East
Coast of North America§ The Dutch – On Long Island
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European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
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Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
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Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c
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European ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean Explorations
“ “ ””
“ “ ””
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Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Christófo Colón Christófo Colón [1451-1506][1451-1506]
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Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
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Fernando CortesFernando CortesFernando CortesFernando Cortes
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
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The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés
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Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
vsvs..
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Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas
Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas
New Laws --> 1542New Laws --> 1542
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The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes
v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine
v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO
v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE
v Syphilis
v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice
v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley
v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats
v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE
v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpox
v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria
v Diptheria v Whooping Cough
v Trinkets
v Liquor
v GUNS
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Docs. 1- 4Docs. 1- 4
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The Spanish The Spanish Gain land and riches
§Gain converts (Catholic)
§Conquered and destroyed native cultures (Encomeinda system)
Gain land and riches
§Gain converts (Catholic)
§Conquered and destroyed native cultures (Encomeinda system)
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Spain in the New World
Spain in the New World
§ Motivated by the 3 G’s§God, Glory and Gold
§ Destroyed native culture§Encomienda system
§ Motivated by the 3 G’s§God, Glory and Gold
§ Destroyed native culture§Encomienda system
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MercantilismMercantilism
§Economic activity should enhance power of the state (more gold and silver).
§Economic activity should enhance power of the state (more gold and silver).
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Mercantilism An economic policy of the major trading nations from the 16th to the 18th cent……based on the premise that national wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and collecting precious metals in return.
State action, an essential feature of the mercantile system……used to accomplish its purposes-to sell more than it bought to accumulate bullion and raw materials.
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Under a mercantilist policy, a government exercised much control over economic life by…
regulating production,
encouraging foreign trade,
levying duties on imports to gain revenue,
making treaties to obtain exclusive trading privileges, and
exploiting the commerce of the colonies.
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MercantilismMercantilism
§Favorable balance of trade – Spanish try to control access to wealth
§Mining (gold and silver)
§Control commerce.
§Favorable balance of trade – Spanish try to control access to wealth
§Mining (gold and silver)
§Control commerce.
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Fight for controlFight for control
§Spanish crown, colonists, and church fight for Indian cheap labor.
§Spanish crown, colonists, and church fight for Indian cheap labor.
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Foundation of economy – Indian labor.
Foundation of economy – Indian labor.
§Indian slavery and coercion – Indians paid tribute of gold and silver and worked for almost nothing or nothing.
§Indian slavery and coercion – Indians paid tribute of gold and silver and worked for almost nothing or nothing.
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EncomiendaEncomienda
§An assignment of Indians who were to serve the Spanish grantee (colonist) with tribute and labor…Indian slavery!
§An assignment of Indians who were to serve the Spanish grantee (colonist) with tribute and labor…Indian slavery!
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Encomienda System = Feudal System
Encomienda System = Feudal System
§ Headed by the Viceroy – a noble§ Social hierarchy based on race
§ Peninsulares§ Creoles§ Mestizos§ Mulattoes
§ Presidio – fort used to defend the mission – castle
§ Headed by the Viceroy – a noble§ Social hierarchy based on race
§ Peninsulares§ Creoles§ Mestizos§ Mulattoes
§ Presidio – fort used to defend the mission – castle
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HaciendasHaciendas
§As the encomienda system began to fail colonists created plantations called Haciendas – moved towards capitalism
§Tribute was no longer given
§Slavery still existed
§As the encomienda system began to fail colonists created plantations called Haciendas – moved towards capitalism
§Tribute was no longer given
§Slavery still existed
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The CongregacionThe Congregacion
§Churches attempt to control Indians
§Placed Indians on reservations
§Churches attempt to control Indians
§Placed Indians on reservations
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The MissionsThe Missions§Once Indians were
concentrated, Missions were established to convert and westernize the natives
§Church schools
§Once Indians were concentrated, Missions were established to convert and westernize the natives
§Church schools
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The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchColonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish MissionSpanish Mission Spanish MissionSpanish Mission
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Spanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class SystemSpanish Colonial Class System
PeninsularesPeninsularesPeninsularesPeninsulares
CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles
MestizosMestizosMestizosMestizos MulattosMulattosMulattosMulattos
Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves
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TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
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English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660
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The English Transplantations:
Motives for Settlement
The English Transplantations:
Motives for Settlement§ Commercial
§European belief in mercantilism§Find wealth or escape poverty
(enclosure movement)§ Religious
§Puritans wanted to escape persecution
§Establish religious communities
§ Commercial§European belief in mercantilism§Find wealth or escape poverty
(enclosure movement)§ Religious
§Puritans wanted to escape persecution
§Establish religious communities
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The EnglishThe English
§Commercial ventures ($)
§Joint Stock Companies
§Religious freedom (Protestants)
§Friendly at first – later fought natives for land
§Commercial ventures ($)
§Joint Stock Companies
§Religious freedom (Protestants)
§Friendly at first – later fought natives for land
Must Know
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The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to Guaranteed to
colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.
This provision was This provision was incorporated into incorporated into future colonists’ future colonists’ documents.documents.
Colonists felt that, even in the Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!
English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization
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The English Transplantations:
Jamestown
The English Transplantations:
Jamestown§ The first permanent English
settlement
§Colonists were “gentlemen”
§Expected to find gold
§ Poor location and management
§Located for defense§Smith saved colony from disaster
§ The first permanent English settlement
§Colonists were “gentlemen”
§Expected to find gold
§ Poor location and management
§Located for defense§Smith saved colony from disaster
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Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……
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JamestownJamestown
§ Their neighbors were the Powhattan Indians§ Pocahontas
§ The English mistreated the Indians and used force to get what they wanted. This angered the Indians who refused to help the settlers
§ Their neighbors were the Powhattan Indians§ Pocahontas
§ The English mistreated the Indians and used force to get what they wanted. This angered the Indians who refused to help the settlers
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JamestownJamestown
§Jamestown nearly failed due to lack of supplies, poor weather and poor location 60 miles up the James River in a swampy area (Defense).
§Jamestown nearly failed due to lack of supplies, poor weather and poor location 60 miles up the James River in a swampy area (Defense).
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High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%
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John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe
What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??
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What saved Jamestown?What saved Jamestown?
§ Tobacco was grown and the colony began to make a profit. Brought more settlers and $
§ Tobacco was grown and the colony began to make a profit. Brought more settlers and $
Must Know
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Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612
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English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..
Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..
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Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:
Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.
Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
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Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco
16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
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Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710
Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710
Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?
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Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
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VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
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The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor
Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.
Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power
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Indentured Indentured
ServitudeServitude
Indentured Indentured
ServitudeServitude
HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem
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The English Transplantations:
Plymouth
The English Transplantations:
Plymouth§ Pilgrims
§Separatists looking for religious freedom
§ Created Mayflower Compact§Government gets power from
the people§ Relations with the natives
§ Pilgrims§Separatists looking for
religious freedom§ Created Mayflower Compact
§Government gets power from the people
§ Relations with the natives
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New EnglandNew England§Pilgrims (1620) were religious
dissenters who wanted to separate from the Church of England. They faced fines, imprisonment or death in England for practicing their religion
§Came for Religious Freedom
§Pilgrims (1620) were religious dissenters who wanted to separate from the Church of England. They faced fines, imprisonment or death in England for practicing their religion
§Came for Religious Freedom
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New EnglandNew England
§ The Pilgrims were headed for Virginia, but were blown off course in a storm, and ended up in Massachusetts
§ Created the Mayflower Compact – a document that says the government gets its power from the people
§ The Pilgrims were headed for Virginia, but were blown off course in a storm, and ended up in Massachusetts
§ Created the Mayflower Compact – a document that says the government gets its power from the people
Must Know
Must Know
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The English Transplantations:
Massachusetts Bay
The English Transplantations:
Massachusetts Bay§ Puritans
§Wanted to purify church§Faced persecution
§ “City on a hill”§A religious model for the
world§Intolerant of dissent
§ Puritans§Wanted to purify church§Faced persecution
§ “City on a hill”§A religious model for the
world§Intolerant of dissent
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New EnglandNew England
§ Puritans (1630) also sought religious freedom
§ Wanted to create Cities on a hill – religious cities that would serve as a model for others
§ Covenant Communities§ intolerant of dissent
§ Puritans (1630) also sought religious freedom
§ Wanted to create Cities on a hill – religious cities that would serve as a model for others
§ Covenant Communities§ intolerant of dissent
Must Know
Must Know
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New EnglandNew England
§ Puritans were governed by the male members of the church
§ Town meetings – discussions about church rules that eventually became legislative assemblies
§ Puritans were governed by the male members of the church
§ Town meetings – discussions about church rules that eventually became legislative assemblies
Must Know
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France in the New World
France in the New World
§Commercial Incentives§Fishing and fur trade§Northwest Passage
§Adopted native customs§Married into families§Learned language
§Commercial Incentives§Fishing and fur trade§Northwest Passage
§Adopted native customs§Married into families§Learned language
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The FrenchThe French
Fishing, Fur Trapping
§ Looking for the Northwest Passage
§ Gain converts (Catholic)
§ Traded w/ natives (partners)
§ Married Native American women
Fishing, Fur Trapping
§ Looking for the Northwest Passage
§ Gain converts (Catholic)
§ Traded w/ natives (partners)
§ Married Native American women
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
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Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
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““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
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African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
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Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
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Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn
by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry
Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn
by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry