The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP · • DLR Institute of Solar Research...
Transcript of The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP · • DLR Institute of Solar Research...
Co-funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the
European Union
The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 1
CSP Today Sevilla 2017 Dennis Thomey, Christos Agrafiotis, Nicolas Overbeck, Martin Roeb, Christian Sattler
• DLR Institute of Solar Research – Solar Chemical Engineering • Potential of solar energy • Sulphur as industrial commodity and thermochemical storage medium • Solar sulphur power generation • Background of DLR on sulphur cycles • European project PEGASUS • Conclusions and outlook
Contents
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 2
• Research Institution, Space Agency and Project Management Agency • Research Areas:
• Aeronautics • Space Research and Technology • Transport • Energy • Defence and Security
• 8000 employees across 33 institutes and facilities at 20 sites in Germany • Offices in Brussels, Paris, Tokyo and Washington • Total income 2015: 888 Mio. €
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 3
Credit: Nonwarit/Fotolia
Institute of Solar Research
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 4
Point Focus Systems • Heliostats • High temperature receivers • System technology
Line Focus Systems • Heat transfer media • Collector development • Industrial process heat
New Materials • Absorber materials • High temperature redox
systems • Photocatalysts • Heat transfer fluids
Qualification • Components • Component durability • Systems
Solar Energy Meteorology • Solar radiation measurement
and modelling • Radiation nowcasting • Other meteorological influences
Solar Chemical Engineering • Solar fuels • Solar water treatment
Institute of Solar Research Solar Chemical Engineering
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 5
Reactive Systems • Simulation • Synthesis • Chemical characteristics • Physical characteristics
Solar Fuels
Technical development in all dimensions
Solar Plant • Site assessment • Solar field simulation • Environmental impact
Receiver • Design • Simulation • Construction • Testing • Next generation
development
Receiver Components • Materials • Design • Heat and mass transport • Simulation • Testing and
Development
Potential of solar energy
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 6
Hydrogen production with solar plants on the area of Lake Nasser is equivalent (energetically) to whole oil production of Middle East.
World EU-25 Germany
M. Schmitz, TSK Flagsol
Comparison of energy storage densities
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 7
1College of the Desert 2General Atomics
*at 700 bar
Technology Energy density (kJ/kg)
Volumetric energy density (kJ/l)
Hydrogen 141,886 1 ~6,700 * Gasoline 47,357 1 ~35,000 Sulphur 9,281 2 ~18,000 Lithium Ion Battery 580 2 ~730 Molten Salt 282 2 ~540 Elevated water Dam (100m) 1 2 ~1
• Sulphur is required for sulphuric acid (SA) production • SA is world’s most produced chemical ⇒ Global annual rate >200 Mio. tons
• SA is measure of industrial development • SA is mainly needed for fertiliser production
• Sulphur from desulphurisation of hydrocarbons via Claus process
• Sulphur is by-product of metallurgic processes
Sulphur in industrial processes
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 8
Sulphuric acid plant
Sulphur pile
Claus process
Ore roasting
Sulphur world production 2014 Total of 69.1 Mio. tons (avg. world price of US$160 per ton)
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 9
12,5
40,5
7,8
8,4 Metallurgy (smelting ofsulphide ores)
By-product sulphur fromrefineries etc. (processingnatural gas, petroleum andoil sands)Mining (pyrite, nativesulphur, undergrounddeposits)
Other
Source: 2014 Minerals Yearbook, SULFUR, U.S. Geological Survey
Mio. tons
Transportation and storage of sulphur In solid or liquid form
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 10
Molten sulphur in heated pipelines (~140 °C)
Molten sulphur trailer
Molten Sulphur Rail Car
Pipeline
Ship
Train
Truck
Thermochemical sulfur storage cycle for on-demand solar power production
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 11
SO2 + H2O
Sulphuric Acid Decomposition
SO2 Disproportionation
SO2
Sulphur Combustion
S H2SO4
S + O2 ⇒ SO2 >1000 °C
2 H2SO4 ⇒ 2 H2O + 2 SO2 + O2
>800 °C
2 H2O + 3 SO2 ⇒ 2 H2SO4 + S
<200 °C (liq. phase)
ΔH = 551 kJ/mol
ΔH = -254 kJ/mol
ΔH = -297 kJ/mol
Sulphuric Acid
© Twin Filter B.V.
On-demand Electrical Power
© dpa
Concentrated Solar Power
© DLR
Sulphur
© DLR
• Direct absorption ⇒ high efficiency and energy density • Direct storage • Receiver and storage at ambient pressure • No freezing and no decomposition • Low parasitic • Low security requirements
Solar particle technology Centrifugal receiver
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 12
SO3 Decomposer
SulphurStorage
Sulphuric Acid
Storage
Absorbers
DisproportionateReactor
SulphurBurner
Contact process
SO3, H2OdiluteH2SO4
SO2O2N2
SO3 , O2, N2
S
AirElectricity
Oxygen
Solar field
Hot particlesstorage tank
H2SO4Evaporator
Cold particlesstorage tank
Solar particle receiver
SO2
900 °C
600 °C
100 °C
GasTurbine
SteamTurbine
Steam
O2N2
Gas Separation
SO2O2
H2O
WaterStorage
SO2Storage
H2O
O2
H2SO4Concentrator
H2O
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 13
PEGASUS – Process diagram
Non-solar site
Solar site
H2SO4 ⇒ SO3 + H2O (400°C)
SO3 ⇒ SO2 + ½ O2 (850°C)
Integration of solar sulphur power generation
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 14
Sulphuric acid plant
Refinery Sulphur gas turbine plant
Sulphuric acid
Solar particle plant
Hot particles
Particle reactor (sulphuric acid splitting)
Disproportionate reactor
Sulphur
Electrical power
SO2
SO3
• Experience on solar sulphuric acid cracking since more than 20 years • Research on Hybrid Sulphur Cycle for Hydrogen production
in European projects HYTHEC, HycycleS and SOL2HY2 (2004 – 2016) • Development and on-sun testing of receiver/reactors in solar furnace • Construction of pilot unit and demo operation on solar tower • Modelling of reactors • Testing of catalysts and construction materials • Flowsheeting and techno-economics of HyS process • Scale-up concepts
Research of DLR on sulphur cycles
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 15
Catalyst testing Solar furnace reactor Solar tower demo
• Funding: United States Department of Energy (DOE) • 2 project phases from 2010 to 2013 • GO/NO-GO review after phase I • Phase I completed in Mar. 2012 • GO recommendation for Phase II (May 2012 – Oct. 2013)
• Coordinator: General Atomics (GA), USA
• SO2 disproportionation • Sulfur combustion • Experiments, plant design, flowsheeting, economics
• Subcontractor: German Aerospace Center (DLR)
• H2SO4 decomposition • Experiments, modeling • Funded work and in-kind contribution
Project Baseload (Sulfur Based Thermochemical Heat Storage for Baseload Concentrated Solar Power Generation)
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 16
• DLR, Germany (Coordinator) • Solar tower/simulator owner/operator • Solar receiver/reactor developer
• APTL/CERTH, Greece • Catalyst materials developer
• KIT, Germany • Combustion specialist
• Baltic Ceramics, Poland • Advanced ceramics manufacturer
• Processi Innovativi, Italy • Power plant designer/contractor
• BrightSource, Israel • CSP plant designer/contractor
PEGASUS partners
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 17
Research institute University SME Industry
• WP1: Catalytic particles development, manufacturing – APTL, Baltic Ceramics • WP2: Centrifugal particle solar receiver – DLR
• Preparation of existing test receiver • On-sun test operation with catalytic particles (WP1)
• WP3: Sulphur trioxide decomposer + WP4: Sulphuric acid evaporator – DLR • Development and construction of moving bed reactors with direct (WP3)
and indirect (WP4) heat transfer • Off-sun test operation
• WP5: Sulphur Combustor – KIT • Development, construction and operation of sulphur burner
• WT6.1, 6.5, 6.6:Overall concept evaluation – Processi Innovativi, BrightSource • System modelling, flowsheeting, techno-economy
• WT6.2-6.4: System integration, test operation – DLR • Integrated operation of solar receiver (WP2) and sulphuric acid splitting
reactors (WP3, WP4)
PEGASUS – Work plan
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 18
DLR Solar Power Tower in Juelich, Germany Research and demonstration plant
DLR.de • Folie 19 > The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017
• 2153 heliostats (mirrors) à 8 m2 • 60 m tower • 22 m2 solar receiver • 680 °C air outlet temperature of receiver • 1.5 MWel steam turbine • Thermal storage for 1 hour of full load operation
• Centrifugal particle receiver was erected on scaffold in front of Juelich Solar Tower
• Nominal power: 2.5 MWth • Diameter of aperture: 1.13 m • Max. particle temperature: 1000 °C
• Commissioning completed • Solar testing of CentRec started
in autumn 2017
Project PEGASUS • Solar testing of catalytic particles in CentRec pilot • Integrated testing together with particle reactors for
sulphuric acid splitting planned in last project year
Centrifugal particle solar receiver optimization Application of pilot receiver developed in CentRec project
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 20
Experimental conditions • Reaction temperature: 850 °C • Pressure: 1 bar • Feed: liquid sulfuric acid 95-98 w% • Catalyst quantity per test: 1 g • On-stream exposure per test: 60 min
Development of catalytic particles
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 21
Pump Furnace
TC TC
�
N2
MFC
Sulfuric Acid
vaporization
spectrometer
N2: dilutionfor analysis
Lines heated up to 185oC
Cuvette heated up to 212oC
SO2 analysisvia UV spectrometry
SO2: calibration
vent
H2SO4, SO3, SO2, H2Ocollection
UV-lamp
SO2 0.5%
SO2 1.0%
SO2 1.5%
TC
Results of CuO enriched particles
Setup for catalytic activity measurements
Particle preparation (capacity of 3000 tons/year)
Preparation and qualification of catalytic particles Required quantity for solar testing: 3 tons
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 22
Particle characterisation
Crush test Abrasiveness Density Roundness and sphericity
Solubility in acid
Development of particle reactor for sulphuric acid splitting SO3 decomposer Sulphuric acid evaporator
• Direct contact • Indirect heat transfer (tube type)
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 23
Particles 100 °C
Particles 600 °C
H2SO425 °C
SO3, H2O400 °C
SO3, H2O400 °C
SO2, O2, H2O800 °C
Particles 900 °C
Particles 600 °CParticles 750 °C
Particles 750 °C
850 °C
H2SO4 ⇒ SO3 + H2O (400 °C) SO3 ⇒ SO2 + ½ O2 (850 °C)
Development of sulphur burner for gas turbines
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 24
Test rig for atomization and combustion of sulphur
Development of chemical kinetics and CFD aided burner development
Quantum Mechanics
structure
Kinetics Thermodynamics
Sulphur combustion reaction kinetics mechanism
Transition State Theory
Entropy and Heat Capacities
Heat of Formation
QRRK k(E)-rate const. Needed as input → Mechanism
Input for CFD Model
Flowsheet development
Process simulation and techno-economics
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 25
Disproportionation
SO2 AbsorberP= 9 Bar
H2O
H2SO4 25%wt
H2SO4 1,74%wt
H2SO4 15%wt
P=9,4 Bar
340 - 270 °C
H2SO4 94,5%wt
Sulfuric acid concentration
H2SO4 96,96%wtH2SO4 75,69%wt
320 - 80 °CP=1,5 Bar
H2SO4storage
Solar receiver
H2SO4Decomposer
H2SO4 98,3%wt
Hot particles900°C
Cold particles345°C
Hot particles700°C
30-500 °CP=10 Bar
850 - 550 °C 550 - 400 °C 400 - 340 °C
270 - 140 °C 140 - 60 °C
H2SO4 98,3%wt
SO2 - SO3Converter SO3 Absorber
H2SO4 99,99%wt
665 - 400 °CP=1,5 Bar
Gas Turbine
AirC. C.
Sulfur 130°C
Air Dryer
StrongSulfuric acid
Slightly weakenedSulfuric acid
Sulfur Melter
ExhaustDried Air
Tail gas
Dilu
te H
2SO
4
H2SO4 98,3%wt
S1
B1
S2
EVA DEC
S6
S7
S8
HR
SEP1
S10
S11
B6
SEP2
S12
ABS
S13
S14
B9
S16
S18
Techno-economical evaluation
Overall process simulation
Cosine effect (e.g. 1st Jan.)
Solar field design and modelling Reference site: Ouarzazate, Morocco
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 26
8 am
1 pm
5 pm
Blocking & Shadowing (e.g. 21st Mar.)
• Sulphur is one of the most important commodity of chemical industry • Sulphur has high thermochemical energy density • Transportation and storage of solid or liquid sulphur is industrial practice • Solar sulphur cycle allows for baseload and on-demand power production • Potential for integration of sulphur cycle into existing sulphuric acid plants • Investigation of solar sulphur cycle in European project PEGASUS
• Development and on-sun testing of catalytically active solar particles • Construction of particle reactor for sulphuric acid splitting • Prototype development of sulphur burner for gas turbine • Component modelling and solar field design • Process simulation and techno-economic analysis
Conclusions and outlook
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 27
Thank you for your attention!
> The EU Horizon 2020 project PEGASUS and its role in the CSP > Thomey et al. • CSP Today Sevilla > 22nd Nov. 2017 DLR.de • Slide 28
Co-funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the
European Union
www.pegasus-project.eu