The Estrous Cycle Physiology and Endocrinology. Terminology Estrus is a noun. –The cow is...
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Transcript of The Estrous Cycle Physiology and Endocrinology. Terminology Estrus is a noun. –The cow is...
The Estrous Cycle
Physiology and Endocrinology
Terminology• Estrus is a noun.
– The cow is displaying estrus.• Estrous is an adjective.
– The length of the estrous cycle is 21 days. • Oestrus and Oestrous
– British and European spellings• Estrus and Heat are synonymous
Terminology (cont.)• Anestrus
– When the female is not having repeated estrous cycles.
• Polyestrus– repeated estrous cycles
• Seasonally Polyestrus– repeated estrous cycles only certain times
of the year• Monoestrus
– only one cycle per year
Average Reproductive CyclesSpecies Length of Length of Ovulation Length of
Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy
cow 21 days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus
ewe 17 days 29 hr near end148 daysseasonal (fall) estrus
sow 21 days 48-72 hr 35-45 hr 115 days polyestrus after start
estrus
mare 21 days 4-8 days 3-6 day of 335 daysseasonal (spring) estrus polyestrus (1-2 days
before end ofestrus)
Variation in Cycle Types
Example Type of Follicular Ovulation & CL Cycle Development CL Formation Function
Cow, ewe, Long Spontaneous Spontaneous Spontaneoussow, mare
rats, mice, Short Spontaneous Spontaneous Inducedhamsters (4 days) (prolactin)
rabbit, cat, Induced Spontaneous Induced Inducedmink, ferret, (LH surge)otter, alpaca
Estrous Cycle
Length of the estrous cycle Average 21 days (range 18 to 24 days)
Estrus (standing heat) 12 to 18 hours (range 8 to 30 hours)
Ovulation Approximately 30 hours after the beginning of
standing heat (or 12 to 18 hours after the end of standing heat)
2
Estrous Cycle
Major structures on the ovary are …
Follicle … a blister-like structure containing the egg (referred to as oocyte); produces hormone “estrogen” High amount of estrogen causes “standing heat”
and “ovulation”
Corpus luteum (referred to as “CL”) … looks like a hard yellow structure and produces hormone “progesterone” that is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy
3
Phases in oestrous cycle
1. Proestrus
2. Estrus
3. Metestrus
4. Diestrus
Atresia
CL
CA
Ovulation
CL
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LH
FSH
PGF2
Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
Follicular Phase
Proestrus• follicle enlarges• estrogen increases• vascularity of the
female reproductive tract increases
• endometrial glands begin to grow
• estrogen levels peak
Estrus• allows male to mount• estrogen decreases• LH surge occurs • ovulation 24-48 hr after
surge of LH• uterine motility high with
contractions moving toward oviduct
• sperm transport is optimal
• cervical mucus volume increases
Atresia
CL
CA
Ovulation
CL
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LH
FSH
PGF2
Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
Follicular Phase
Atresia
CL
CA
Ovulation
CL
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LH
FSH
PGF2
Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
Luteal PhaseLuteal Phase
Metestrus
• estrogen low
• ovulation in cow
• corpus hemorrhagicum present
• uteruscontractions subsideendometrial glands
continue to grow and become coiled
in cattle bleeding occurs
• FSH increasestriggering growth of
follicles
Atresia
CL
CA
Ovulation
CL
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LH
FSH
PGF2
Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
Luteal PhaseLuteal Phase
Diestrus• progesterone high• FSH
Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle
• Uterus secrets fluid but
volume gradually decreases
contraction stop CL regresses at the
end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release
Characteristics of Estrous CyclesCharacteristics of Estrous Cycles
Cow Ewe Sow Mare
Estrous cycle (days) 21 17 21 21
Proestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 3-4 2-3
Estrus 12-18 hr 24-36 hr 48-72 hr 4-8 days
Metestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 2-3 2-3
Diestrus (days) 10-14 10-12 11-13 10-12
Estrus phase is the shortest phase in the estrous cycle, but
the most important one….!!Why….?
Follicular Development During Estous Cycle
Ovarian Structure
Follicle DevelopmentFollicular Wave
Recruitment
Growth
Selection
Dominance
Regression
Next Recruitment
Follicle development occurs as a wave-like pattern consisting of “Recruitment”, “Selection”, “Growth”, “Dominance”, and “Regression” phases
Usually 2 to 4 follicular waves occur during the estrous cycle in cattle
4
Follicle DevelopmentFollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Recruitment
Next Recruitment
FSH precedes recruitment of follicles (causes follicles to start growing)
FSH is the same hormone used for superovulation and embryo transfer in cattle
5
Regression
FSH FSH
Follicle DevelopmentLuteinizing Hormone (LH)
Growth
Selection
Dominance
LH promotes further follicle growth and maturation of egg
6
Regression
LH pulses
Follicle Development and OvulationLuteinizing Hormone (LH) and Estrogen
Growth
Selection
Dominance
Estrus
LH Surge
Ovulation
Estrogen
LH stimulates follicle growth and a growing follicle produces high levels of estrogen
High levels of estrogen, in turn, cause estrus and surge release of LH that triggers ovulation
7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Length of the estrous cycle in cattle with 3 follicular waves is typically 20 to 24 days
Follicle Development During the Estrous Cycle
Example for 3 Follicular Waves
8
Ovulation
Ovulation
Day of the Estrous Cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Length of the estrous cycle in cattle with 2 follicular waves is typically 18 to 20 days, slightly shorter than the estrous cycle with 3 follicular waves
9
Ovulation
Ovulation
Follicle Development During the Estrous Cycle
Example for 2 Follicular Waves
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
10
Ovulation
Ovulation
Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleFollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves during a 21-day estrous cycle
FSH
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves during a 21-day estrous cycle
11Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleLuteinizing Hormone (LH)
LH Surge
Ovulation
Ovulation
LH Surge
LH pulses LH pulses
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
12
Example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves during a 21-day estrous cycle
Endocrinology During the Estrous CycleEstrogen
Ovulation
Ovulation
Estrogen
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Growth
Regression
13Corpus Luteum (CL)Growth and Regression
Corpus luteum develops from the ovulated follicle and takes approximately 10 days to reach mature size
Ovulation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Corpus luteum produces progesterone
Progesterone is responsible for maintenance of pregnancy after conception occurs
14Corpus Luteum (CL)Progesterone
Growth
Regression
Progesterone
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Corpus Luteum (CL) RegressionProstaglandin F2 (PG)
Day of the Estrous Cycle Late in the estrous cycle, uterus produces PG which causes
regression of corpus luteum
PG is the same or similar hormone in “Lutalyse®”, “Estrumate®”, “ProstaMate®”, and “In Synch®”
Growth
Regression
15
PG
Est
rus
Corpus Luteum (CL) MaintenanceWhen cow becomes pregnant …
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Presence of embryo blocks uterus to produce PG late in the estrous cycle which causes maintenance of corpus luteum and production of progesterone for pregnancy
PG
Maintenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Embryo
Growth
16
Progesterone regulates LH PulsesLuteinizing Hormone (LH)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
LH Surge
Progesterone regulates secretion pattern of LH pulses and hence, follicular development
17
Progesterone
LH pulses LH pulses
Endocrinology of the Estrous Cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
Estrogen
Progesterone PG
Relationships among estrogen, progesterone, and PG during the 21-day estrous cycle
18
Physiology and Endocrinologyof the Estrous Cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Est
rus
Est
rus
Day of the Estrous Cycle
19
Relationships among structural and hormonal changes during the 21-day estrous cycle (example shown for cattle having 3 follicular waves)
35
Time to breed
LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB
Causes of Anestrus
Pregnancy Presence of Offspring
Season
Stress
Pathology
Nutrition
Gestational Anestrus
• Progesterone during pregnancy– negative feedback
• After parturition anestrus continues– progesterone exposure during pregnancy– hypothalamus
• Lacks estradiol positive feedback
• allows time for uterine involution
Seasonal Anestrus
• just like entering puberty• silent ovulation
Silent Ovulation
Anestrus Estrus
Lactational AnestrusLactational Anestrus
Lactational Anestrus
• Suckling• Other offspring factors
– visual encounter– olfactory encounter– auditory encounter
• Prolactin– inhibits GnRH release– major infertility problem in women who are not
lactating
Nutritional Anestrus
Terima kasih…
Estrus Synchronization
20
Effective Estrus Synchronization Programs
Shorten the AI breeding season Cows or heifers are in estrus during a
predictable interval that facilitates AI
Reduce time and labor required to detect estrus
Result in more cows and heifers becoming pregnant early during the breeding season Progestin-based programs can induce estrous
cyclicity in anestrous cows and prepubertal heifers (For example: MGA, or CIDR)*
21
* Progestins are progesterone-like compounds that act like progesterone
Effective Estrus Synchronization Programs
Result in older and heavier calves at weaning
Will have beneficial effects on the next breeding season
More cows and heifers calve early More days postpartum at the next breeding
season Replacement heifers will be older
22
Effective Estrus Synchronization Programs
Consider what happens during a restricted breeding season, based on the average 21-day estrous cycle:
If cows or heifers are cycling when an estrus synchronization treatment is implemented and they exhibit estrus during the synchronized period, they would have 3 opportunities to conceive during a 45-day period or 4 opportunities during a 65-day period
If cows or heifers are cycling but no estrus synchronization treatment is implemented, then they have only 2 (45-day) or 3 (65-day) opportunities to conceive
If cows or heifers are not cycling at the beginning of the breeding season, they have even less opportunity to conceive
23
Points to Consider When UsingEstrus Synchronization
Estrus synchronization is never a substitute for:
Nutrition Herd health Proper management
Estrus synchronization should not be used as a crutch for poor management
When administered appropriately, estrus synchronization is an effective reproductive management tool that can be used to facilitate AI
24
Determine which females would make the best candidates before beginning estrus synchronization
Successful application of estrus synchronization is easier to accomplish with heifers (no calves to work with)
Points to Consider When Using Estrus Synchronization
25
Selecting Heifers for Estrus Synchronization
Heifers should be of adequate age (cycling or close to reaching puberty)
Heifers should be of adequate weight Developed to 65 % of projected mature
weight Do you know the mature weight of your
cows?
Utilize reproductive tract score (RTS) to assess reproductive maturity
37
Timing of Puberty in Heifers
Target weight: Heifers reach puberty at approximately 65% of their mature body weight
Determine your desired weight at breeding, calculate the gain needed to meet that weight, and feed to meet it
38
Management Considerations for Heifers
DO NOT use growth promoting implants in replacement heifers
Implants may disrupt or impair normal development of reproductive organs Developing uterus is especially sensitive to
growth promoting implants
39
Management Considerations for Heifers
Reproductive Tract Scores (RTS) are determined by rectal palpation of the ovaries and uterus
The RTS should be performed approximately 6 to 8 weeks prior to breeding season and/or approximately 2 weeks prior to beginning an estrus synchronization treatment
40
Reproductive Tract Scores (RTS)
RTS
1
2
3
4
5
Uterine horns
Immature < 20 mm diameter
No tone
20-25 mm diameterNo tone
20-25 mm diameterSlight tone
30 mm diameterGood tone
> 30 mm diameter
Length
15
18
22
30
> 32
Height
10
12
15
16
20
Width
8
10
10
12
15
Ovarian Structures
No palpable follicles
8 mmfollicles
8-10 mmfollicles
> 10 mm follicles
CL possible
CL present
Ovarian Measurement (mm)
Adapted from Anderson et al., 1991
Description
Infantile
Prepubertal(more than 30
days to puberty)
Peripubertal(within 30 days
to puberty)
Cycling(Follicular Phase)
Cycling(Luteal Phase)
41
RTS Measurements
RTS
1
2
3
4
5
No. ofHeifers
61
278
1103
494
728
Weight (lb)
594a
620b
697c
733d
755d
Pelvic Width (cm)
10.9a
11.2a
11.4b
11.7c
11.7c
Pelvic Height (cm)
13.9a
14.1a
14.5b
14.7c
14.7c
Pelvic Area (cm2)
152a
158a
166b
172c
172c
Estrous Response
54 %a
66 %b
76 %c
83 %d
86 %d
Adapted from Patterson et al., 1999a
42
Note the relationship between increasing RTS, weight, and skeletal development determined by pelvic area
Estrous response increased among heifers that were more reproductively mature at the beginning of estrus synchronization and/or breeding season
a, b, c, d = P < 0.05
Relationship Between RTS and Pregnancy
RTS
1
2
3
4
5
No. ofHeifers
53
762
3458
3398
2613
Pregnant
31
610
3014
3006
2331
Open
22
152
444
392
282
Pregnancy Rate
58 %
80 %
87 %
89 %
89 %
Randle et al., 2001
43
Higher pregnancy rates at the end of the breeding season were achieved among heifers that were more reproductively mature at the beginning of estrus synchronization and/or breeding season
Prepubertal Anestrus
Timing of puberty is controlled by …
Age Weight Breed Season
Develop heifers to approximately 65% of mature weight by the breeding season
This will help them to attain puberty at the right time
53
Many factors involved
55
Nutritional Anestrus
Nutritionally stressed cattle will experience delays in return to estrus after calving
Can be “managed” through
Improvement in BODY CONDITION Proper feeding management
56Postpartum AnestrusInduction of Estrous Cyclicity
Bull exposure Prepubertal heifers
Exposure of prepubertal heifers to sterile bulls (for example, vasectomized, epididyectomized … etc) for 60 to 80 days before the breeding season may hasten the onset of puberty (ranges from no effect to 70 days earlier)
This procedure also shortens the postpartum period in anestrous cows however my concentration is on heifers
Izard and Vandenbergh, 1982; Berardinelli et al., 1978;MacMillan et al., 1979; Roberson et al., 1991
Foote, 1974; MacMillan et al., 1979; Zalesky et al., 1984; Gifford et al., 1989
Products Currently Utilized in Protocols to Synchronize Estrus
*** Price may vary depending on suppliers ***
Prostaglandin F2 (PG) Lutalyse®, Estrumate®, ProstaMate®, In Synch®
Approximate cost is $3.00/dose (range $2.50-$4.00)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Cystorelin®, Factrel®, Fertagyl®
Approximate cost is $5.00/dose (range $4.00-$6.00)
Melengestrol Acetate (MGA® Premix) Approximate cost ranges $0.14 - $0.40/day/head including
carrier 14 days ($2.00-$5.60/head) or 7 days ($1.00-$2.80/head)
EAZI-BREED™ CIDR® Cattle Insert (CIDR) Approximate cost is $8.00 (range $8.00-$10.00)
Syncro-Mate-B® (off the market)
28
Prostaglandin F2 (PG)
60
PG causes CL regression
No effect on anestrous cattle
No induction of estrous cyclicity … No Jump-start
Only effective during Days 6 (6 days after estrus) to 16 of the estrous cycle
Prostaglandin F2 (PG)
61
Lauderdale, 1972
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0
Day of the Estrous Cycle
PG regresses CL
NO NO
YES
Prostaglandin F2 (PG)
Estrus Estrus
62
Modified from Stevenson et al., 2000
Hours following second PG injection
% o
f co
ws
in e
stru
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 < 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 > 120
PG
2 x PG
77Estrous ResponseDouble Injection PG Program
Example shown is 14-day interval for PG injections
Advantages: Cost effective ($3.00 or $ 6.00) Easy to use Good fertility
Single or Double Injection PG Programs
$3.00 or $6.00 ($3.00/one dose)
74
Disadvantages: No effect between days 0 to 4 or 16 to 21 of
the estrous cycle
Improved effectiveness after day 10 of the estrous cycle
Require heifers and cows to have CL (cycling)
Require extensive estrus detection (minimum 7 days)
No induction of estrous cyclicity (No Jump-start)
Single or Double Injection PG Programs
$3.00 or $6.00 ($3.00/one dose)
75
Estrous response: Varies depending on the degree of estrous
cyclicity in the herd and the stage of the estrous cycle of an individual animal
Single injection of PG … up to 40 to 60 % Double injection of PG … up to 50 to 80 %
Timing of estrus: Before PG injection to 7 to 10 days after PG
injection Peak response ranges from 48 to 96 hours after
PG injection
Possible OutcomesSingle or Double Injection PG
Programs
76
Melengestrol Acetate (MGA®)
98
MGA is a registered trademark of Pfizer Animal Health
Orally active progestin, administered as a feed additive
Blocks estrus and ovulation Acts similar to progesterone from CL
MGA can induce estrous cyclicity in peripubertal (within 30 days to attain puberty) heifers and postpartum anestrous cows
Currently, MGA and CIDR are the only progestins commercially available in the U.S.
Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)99
Patterson et al., 1989
Mix with grain source (example: cracked or ground corn) For example: MGA with ground corn ($0.15/day/head) Top dressing does not work well
If cattle are on lush pasture, remove salt from pasture and include salt in MGA carrier
0.5 oz. Salt per cow and MGA in carrier ($0.30/day/head)
Pellet form (very palatable) For example: MFA Cattle Charge® with MGA ($0.40/day/head)
Intake Considerations
What type of carrier to use?
100
Need to provide adequate bunk space (18 inches per heifer, and 24 inches per cow)
Make sure cattle come to bunk before start of feeding MGA If cattle are not used to bunk feeding, 1-2
weeks of warm-up bunk feeding is recommended
MGA should be fed one time per day at approximately the same time every day
Separate heifers from cows for MGA feeding Late-term pregnant cows should not be fed
MGA
Intake Considerations101
• MGA can be combined with PG to improve results
Distribution of Estrus
MGA-PG
(for AI)
MGA only(for Natural service)
% ofherd in estrus
Adding the PG injection to the MGA program results in a much tighter synchronization of estrus
3-5 days
7-10 days
106
Adapted from Patterson et al., 2000
Management ConsiderationsWhy Not Introduce Bulls Right After MGA
Withdrawal?
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days after MGA feeding
% ofherd in estrus
If bulls were introduced to the herd right after MGA withdrawal, they may be overworked during the less fertile estrous period after MGA withdrawal, but before cows express fertile estrus
Less fertile estrus after
MGA7-10 days
107
2nd estrus for anestrous cows after
short estrous cycle (more
fertile)
2nd estrus for most of cows (more fertile)
Suggested timing of introducing bulls
(see page 104 and 105)
Advantages: Easy to use Shortens the next calving season
(ideal way to start AI program in the following year)
MGA can induce estrous cyclicity in postpartum anestrous cows (Jump-start)
Does not require cattle to be handled
Natural Service with MGA Program
$2.00–$5.60 (MGA cost)
109
Disadvantages: Must have adequate bull-power
At least 1:15 to 20 bull:female ratio for 2-year or older bulls
Yearling bulls … consider decreasing the bull:female ratio
Resulting calves may be of inferior quality and provide less genetic improvement for the herd compared to AI calves (depends on the genetic quality of the clean-up bulls)
Natural Service with MGA Program
$2.00–$5.60 (MGA cost)
110
Summation
• Lots of programs– Many combinations of programs
• Many prices• The numbers definitely show results
– Earlier calving season– More time to return to Estrus– Increased opportunity to become pregnant
• However due to expense and labor intensity this is not for everyone
Bibliography
• “Guide to Estrus Synchronization
of Beef Cattle” CDFreddie N. Kojima, Ph.D.and David J.
Patterson, Ph.D.Department of Animal Sciences University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211