TheEssentialGuidetoSAS®DatesandTimesSecond

Edition

DerekP.Morgan

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Thecorrectbibliographiccitationforthismanualisasfollows:Morgan,DerekP.2014.TheEssentialGuidetoSAS®DatesandTimes,SecondEdition.Cary,NC:SASInstituteInc.

TheEssentialGuidetoSAS®DatesandTimes,SecondEdition

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Contents

AboutThisBookAcknowledgmentsChapter1:Introductionto

DatesandTimesinSAS1.1HowDoesItWork?(January1,1960,andMidnightasZero)1.2InternalRepresentation1.3ExternalRepresentation(BasicFORMATConcepts)1.4DateandTimeas

NumericConstantsinSAS1.5LengthandNumericRequirementsforDate,Time,andDatetime1.6GeneralSASOptionsforDates

Chapter2:DisplayingSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValuesas

DatesandTimesasWeKnowThem2.1HowDoIUseaFormat?2.2HowManyBuilt-InFormatsAreThereforDatesandTimes?2.3DateFormats,Justification,andODS2.4DetailedDiscussionofEachFormat

2.4.1DateFormats2.4.2TimeFormats2.4.3DatetimeFormats

2.5CreatingCustomDateFormatsUsingtheVALUEStatementofPROCFORMAT2.6CreatingCustomDateFormatsUsingthePICTUREStatementofPROCFORMAT

2.7CreatingCustomFormatsUsingPROCFCMPforProcessing2.8ThePUT()FunctionandFormats

Chapter3:ConvertingDatesandTimesintoSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValues

3.1AvoidingtheTwo-DigitYearTrap3.2UsingInformats3.3TheINFORMATStatement3.3.1UsingInformatswiththeINPUTStatement3.3.2InformatswiththeINPUT()Function3.3.3WhentheInformatDoesNot

MatchtheDataBeingRead

3.4ListingandDiscussionofInformats3.4.1DateInformats3.4.2TimeInformats3.4.3DatetimeInformats3.4.4The"ANYDATE"SeriesofInformats3.4.5SoWhyNotJustUsethe"ANYDATE"

SeriesofInformats?

Chapter4:ISO8601Dates,Times,Datetimes,Durations,andFunctions4.1WhatIsISO8601?4.2ISO8601Formats4.2.1ISODateFormats

4.2.2ISOTimeFormats4.2.3ISODatetimeFormats

4.3ISO8601Informats4.3.1ISODateInformats4.3.2ISOTimeInformats4.3.3ISODatetimeInformats

4.4TimeZoneFunctions

4.4.1Introduction4.4.2TheTIMEZONE=Option4.4.3ListofTimeZoneFunctions

4.5ISO8601DurationsandIntervals4.5.1ISODurationandIntervalRepresentations4.5.2ISO8601DurationandInterval

Formats4.5.3ISO8601DurationandIntervalInformats4.5.4CALLIS8601_CONVERT

4.6Conclusion

Chapter5:DateandTimeFunctions

5.1CurrentDateandTimeFunctions5.2ExtractingPiecesfromSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValues5.3CreatingDates,Times,andDatetimesfromNumbersorOtherInformation5.3.1Introduction5.3.2ListofFunctionsandTheirDescriptions

5.4CalculatingElapsedTime,andtheHOLIDAY()Function5.4.1CalculatingElapsedTimewithDATDIF()andYRDIF()

5.5TheBasicsofSASIntervals5.5.1TheIntervalCalculationFunctions:INTCK()andINTNX()

5.6ModifyingSAS

Intervals5.7CreatingYourOwnSASIntervals5.8IntervalFunctionsaboutIntervals5.8.1INTFIT(argument-1,argument-2,type)5.8.2INTFMT('interval','size')5.8.3INTGET(argument1,argument2,argument3)

5.8.4INTSHIFT('interval')5.8.5INTTEST('interval')

5.9RetailCalendarIntervalsandSeasonality5.9.1RetailCalendarIntervals5.9.2SeasonalityFunctions

Chapter6Deeper

intoDatesandTimeswithSAS6.1MacroVariablesandDates6.1.1AutomaticMacroVariables6.1.2PuttingDatesintoTitles6.1.3Using%SYSFUNC()toCreateDates,Times,and

DatetimesinMacroVariables6.1.4UsingDatesinMacros

6.2GraphingDatesJohnny'sSavingsAccount

6.3TheBasicsofPROCEXPAND6.3.1CapabilitiesofPROCEXPAND6.3.2UsingPROC

EXPANDtoConverttoaHigherFrequency6.3.3UsingPROCEXPANDtoConverttoaLowerFrequency6.3.4UsingPROCEXPANDtoInterpolateMissingValues6.3.5TheOBSERVED=OptionfortheCONVERTStatementinPROC

EXPAND6.4InternationalDate,Time,andDatetimeFormatsandInformats6.4.1"EUR"FormatsandInformats6.4.2NLSFormats

6.5NLSDate,Time,andDatetimeConversionFunctions6.6DateFormatsandInformatsforOther

Calendars6.6.1HebrewDateFormats6.6.2JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateFormats6.6.3JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateInformats

6.7OtherSoftwareandTheirDates(Excel,Oracle,DB2)

6.7.1TheSASDATEFMT=SystemOption

6.8Conclusion

AppendixA:AQuickReferenceGuidetoSASDate,Time,andDatetimeFormatsAppendixB:A

QuickReferenceGuidetoNLSDate,Time,andDatetimeFormatsAppendixC:TroubleshootingDates101Index

AboutThisBook

PurposeThisbookisdesignedtoprovideadetailedlookathowtheSASdatefacilityworks,includinganin-depthlookatintervalsand

theintervalfunctions,ISO8601dateanddatetimehandling,andtheNLSformatsandinformats.Itisintendedtoserveasbothareferenceandateachingtool.Ultimately,thisbookwillallowthereadertobecomemoreconfidentintheirdailyworkwithdates,times,and

datetimesinSAS.

IsThisBookforYou?ThisbookisaimedatbeginningtointermediateSASprogrammers,orthosewhoworkwithISO8601data,intervals,and/orreportingin

multiplelanguages.

What’sNewinThisEditionThisneweditionincludesupdatedinformationtoreflectthechangesinversion9ofSAS;anexpandeddiscussionofintervals,includingtheabilityto

defineyourownintervals;asectiononhowSASworkswiththeISO8601datestandards;andatroubleshootingappendixforbeginners.

ScopeofThisBookThisbookdoesnotcovertheSAS/ETSproduct,exceptforan

overviewoftheEXPANDprocedure.

AbouttheExamplesSoftwareUsedtoDeveloptheBook'sContentSASversion9.4(TSlevel1M0)wasusedto

producealltheexamplesinthisbook.

ExampleCodeandDataManyoftheexamplesusedinthisbookhaveaccompanyingcodeanddata.

Youcanaccesstheexamplecodeanddata

forthisbookbylinkingtoitsauthorpageathttp://support.sas.com/publishing/authorsSelectthenameoftheauthor.Then,lookforthecoverthumbnailofthisbook,andselectExampleCodeandDatatodisplaytheSASprogramsthatareincludedinthisbook.

Foranalphabetical

listingofallbooksforwhichexamplecodeanddataisavailable,seehttp://support.sas.com/bookcodeSelectatitletodisplaythebook’sexamplecode.

Ifyouareunabletoaccessthecodethroughthewebsite,sende-mailto

saspress@sas.com.

OutputandGraphicsUsedinThisBookTablesinthisbookweregeneratedusingODSRTF,whilegraphicsweregeneratedasPNGfilesdirectlyinSASusingtheGPLOTand

SGPLOTprocedures.ScreencaptureswereusedtoshowtheVIEWTABLEdisplays.

AdditionalHelpAlthoughthisbookillustratesmanyanalysesregularlyperformedinbusinessesacrossindustries,questions

specifictoyouraimsandissuesmayarise.Tofullysupportyou,SASInstituteandSASPressofferyouthefollowinghelpresources:

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dateinformation.OnepagethatisparticularlyusefultoboththenoviceandtheseasonedSASuserisitsKnowledgeBase.Searchforrelevantnotesinthe“SamplesandSASNotes”sectionoftheKnowledgeBaseat

http://support.sas.com/resources•RegisteredSASusersortheirorganizationscanaccessSASCustomerSupportathttp://support.sas.comHereyoucanposespecificquestionstoSASCustomerSupport;underSupport,click

SubmitaProblem.Youwillneedtoprovideanemailaddresstowhichrepliescanbesent,identifyyourorganization,andprovideacustomersitenumberorlicenseinformation.ThisinformationcanbefoundinyourSAS

logs.

MeettheAuthor

DerekMorganisaseniorSASprogrammer

inthepharmaceuticalindustrywhohasbeenprogrammingprofessionallyinSASforover27years.Hespent23ofthoseyearsatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,wherehereceivedanA.B.inbiologyin1985andhisfirstintroductiontoSASasastudent.Duringhis

careerhehasusedSAStocreateinteractivedataentryandmanagementsystemsandtobuildandmaintainresearchdatabasesforanalysis.Inthelate1980s,hecreatedamacrolibrarytoallowtheuseofnonproportionalfontsintablesandlistingsonPostScriptprinters.He

hastaughtintroductorySASprogrammingandhaspresentedmanypapersatlocal,regional,andnationalSASUsersGroupconferences.Derekismarriedandhasoneson,andinhissparetimeheplayselectricbassaroundtheSt.Louisarea.

Learnmoreaboutthisauthorbyvisitinghisauthorpageathttp://support.sas.com/publishing/authors/morgan.htmlThereyoucandownloadfreebookexcerpts,accessexamplecodeanddata,readthelatestreviews,getupdates,andmore.

KeepinTouch

Welookforwardtohearingfromyou.Weinvitequestions,comments,andconcerns.Ifyouwanttocontactusaboutaspecificbook,pleaseincludethebooktitleinyourcorrespondence.

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AuthorthroughSASPress•Bye-mail:saspress@sas.com

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Acknowledgments

Abookisalwaysateameffort,andIcanhonestlysaythatIhavehadagreatone.StartingwiththepeopleatSASPresswhoseeffortsandpatienceonmybehalfhaveresultedinthis

secondedition,IwouldliketothankJuliePlatt,ShelleySessoms,andStaceyHamiltonbutmostespeciallymydevelopmentaleditor,StephenieJoyner,whokeptmeontaskandmovingforward.SASguruArtCarpenterhasbeenmorethanjustaneditor;hehasbeenamentor,andeverytime

Irunintohim,IfindmyselfknowinghowtodosomethingbetterthanIdidbefore.Thissecondeditionwouldnotexistwithouthissupport.AnotherbigthankyougoestoDeniseT.Jones,StacySuggs,andRobertHarris,allfromSASPress,whoareresponsiblefor

producingthisbookfrommymanuscript.

ThankstoAndrewKarpforintroducingmetotheworldofPROCEXPAND,andtoMikeFornoofSASInstituteforansweringmyquestionsonit.IgreatlyappreciatetheAmericanPublicTransportation

Association(http://www.apta.com),whichallowedmetousedatacompiledfromitsmembertransitagenciesforthePROCEXPANDexamples.ThetechnicalsupportgroupatSASInstitutedeservesspecialmention;after27yearsofworkingasacomputerprogrammer,

Ihavecometotheconclusionthatyouare,withoutadoubt,thebestinthebusiness.ThankyouforallofyourhelpthroughoutmySAScareer.

I’dalsoliketothankthetechnicalreviewersfromSASInstitute—RichardBell,ChrisDeHart,Johnny

Johnson,RickLangston,andKimWilson—fortheirthoughtfulcommentsandcorrections.Inaddition,PaulRowlanddeservesabigthankyouforhiswillingnesstoprovideaSASuser’sperspective.

Ultimately,thisprojectwouldnothavebeen

possiblewithoutthesupportofmyfamily,pastandpresent.Tomyson,Terec,thankyouforunderstandingmydistractionduringFormulaIseason,andthankyouforthephoto.Tomywife,Billie,thankyouforlettingmeworkonourweekendsandagoodnumberofour

evenings,andforcontributingyourknowledgeofMicrosoftWordtohelpmewritethemanuscript.

Chapter1:IntroductiontoDatesandTimesinSAS

1.1HowDoesItWork?(January1,1960,and

MidnightasZero)1.2InternalRepresentation1.3ExternalRepresentation(BasicFORMATConcepts)1.4DateandTimeasNumeric

ConstantsinSAS1.5LengthandNumericRequirementsforDate,Time,andDatetime1.6GeneralSASOptionsforDates

IntheyearsthatI've

beenworkingwithSASandteachingstudentshowtouseit,IfindthattwothingsconsistentlyconfusethosewhoarenewtoSAS.FirstisthedefaultwaythattheDATAstepworks.ItsimpliedDO-until-end-of-datageneratesmany"HowdoItellithowmuchdatatoreadandwhen

tostop?"questions.ThesecondmostconfusingconceptinSASisthatofhowdates(andtimes)workwithinthesoftware.I'veseenmanymisusesofcharacterstringsmasqueradingasdatesand/ortimesovertheyears,aswellasunexpectedresultsduetoafailureto

understandthisfundamentalpartofSAS.

However,thewaythatSASreads,stores,anddisplaysdatesandtimesisonlythetipoftheicebergwhenitcomestothepowerandflexibilityofSASinhandlingthisinformation.Thereisso

muchmorethanjusthavingnumbersrepresentdateandtimevalues.We'llstartwiththebasicsinthefirstthreechapters,andthenprogresstosomemoreadvancedusesofthosedateandtimevalues,takingadvantageofmanyofthefeaturesavailableinSASforthatpurpose.

1.1HowDoesItWork?(January1,1960,andMidnightasZero)SAScountsdates,times,anddatetimevaluesseparately.ThedatecounterstartedatzeroonJanuary1,1960.AnydaybeforeJanuary1,1960,isa

negativenumber,andanydayafterthatisapositivenumber.Everydayatmidnight,thedatecounterisincreasedbyone.Thetimecounterismeasuredinsecondsandrunsfromzero(atmidnight)to86,400(thenumberofsecondsinaday),whenitresetstozero.SAS

calculatesdatetimesasthenumberofsecondssincemidnight,January1,1960.WhyJanuary1,1960?ThefoundersofSASwantedtousetheapproximatebirthdateoftheIBM370systemtorepresentthebeginningofthemoderncomputingera,andtheychoseJanuary1,1960,asaneasy-to-

rememberapproximation.

Indecidingwhethertouseadate,atime,oradatetime,youshouldconsiderhowyouaregoingtouseit.Datetimesarealwaysdateandtimecombined;therefore,ifyouwillnotalwayshaveatimeavailable

foreachdate,youshouldstronglyconsiderusingseparatedateandtimevariablesandthencalculateadatetimevariablefromthetwocomponentswhenneeded.Normally,attemptingtocreateadatetimewithoutbothadateandatimewillcauseanerror,andtheresult

willbeamissingvalueforthedatetime.However,inspecificcircumstances,itispossibletocreateadatetimevaluefromadateandamissingtime(seeSection4.3.3,"ISODatetimeInformats,"foranexample).Inthesecases,thetimewillbesetautomaticallyto

midnight(0secondsofthegivendate).Youmaywantyourdatetimevaluetobemissingwhenthereisadatebutnotimeavailable.Inthesespecificcircumstances,itisimportanttokeeptrackofdateandtimeseparately.Manyprogramsthathandledates(suchas

databasesandspreadsheets)maintaintheirdatesandtimesasanumericvaluerelativetosomefixedpointintime,althoughthedatethatrepresentszeroisdifferentacrosseachpackage,andpackagesmayvaryinhowtheykeeptrackoftimeofday.Ultimately,thismakescalculating

durationseasy,andworkingwithdatesandtimesstoredinthisfashionbecomesamatterofaddition,subtraction,multiplication,anddivision.

1.2InternalRepresentation

SASstoresdatesasintegers,whilethedatetimeandtimecountersarestoredasrealnumberstoaccountforfractionalseconds.TheoriginofthealgorithmusedforSASdateprocessingcomesfromaJanuary14,1980,ComputerworldarticlebyDr.BhairavJoshiof

SUNY-Geneseo.TheearliestdatethatSAScanhandlewiththisalgorithmisJanuary1,1582(essentiallytheimplementationdateofthecurrentGregoriancalendarsystem).Thelatestdateisfarenoughintothefuturethatatleastfivedigitswillberequiredtodisplaytheyear.

DatesasstoredbySASdon'tdousmuchgoodintherealworld.Thestatement"Iwasbornon-242"won'tmeanmuchtoanyoneelse.However,"IwasbornonMay4,1959,"caneasilybetranslatedintosomethingthatmostpeoplecanunderstand,oritcanbeusedasis.Fortunately,

SAShasanumberofbuilt-infacilitiestoperformautomatictranslationbetweentheinternalnumbersstoredinSASanddatesandtimesandtheirrepresentationasunderstoodbytherestoftheworld.Thesebuilt-intoolsincludeformatsandinformats(introducedinSection

1.3andcoveredextensivelyinChapters2,3,and4),dateandtimeconstants(Section1.4),andfunctions(Chapter5).

1.3ExternalRepresentation(BasicFORMAT

Concepts)Formatsperformanautomatictranslationbetweentheactualvalueandthevaluetobedisplayed.Formatsdisplaythedate,time,anddatetimevaluesinafashionthatismuchmoreeasilyunderstood.Formatsdonotchangethevalues

themselves;theyarejustawaytodisplaythevaluesinanyoutput.

WhenyouhavedatesortimesandwanttotranslatethemintoSASdateandtimevalues,youwilluseinformats.Althoughyouwillneedastatement,procedure,orafunctionto

actuallycreatetheSASvalues,informatsdescribewhatthedatalooklikesothatSAScantranslateitcorrectlyforstorage.WewilldiscussformatsandinformatsindetailinChapters2,3,and4becausetherearedozensofthem.Threeofthemostcommonlyusedformatsthatwork

withSASdate,time,anddatetimevaluesareusedinthefollowingsection.

1.4DateandTimeasNumericConstantsinSASWe'vetalkedaboutinternalandexternal

representationofdatesandtimes.Howdoyouputaspecificdateintoaprogramasaconstant?Formatsonlychangethewaythevaluesaredisplayedinoutput,soyoucan'tusethem.InformatsneedafunctionoraSASstatementtotranslatethecharacterstheyaregiven,soyoucoulduse

them,butthenyouwouldalwaysneedtousetheINPUT()functiontocreateaSASdateinaDATAsteporPROCSQL.TheINPUTfunctiontakesaseriesofcharactersthatyougiveitandtranslatesitusingtheinformatthatdescribeswhattheseriesofcharacterslooklike.

That'sveryinefficientifyoujustwantonespecificdate.

date=INPUT("04AUG2013",DATE9.);

LookattheprograminExample1.1toseehowdate,time,anddatetimeconstantsarewrittenintoaSASprogram.Takenoteof

thequotationmarksaroundthevaluesfordate,time,anddatetimeandthelettersthatfolloweachclosingquote.

Example1.1:DateConstants

DATAdate_constants;

date='04aug2013'd;/*Thisisadateconstant*/

time='07:15:00't;/*Thisisatimeconstant*/datetime='07aug1904:21:31:00'dt;/*Thisisadatetimeconstant*/RUN;

TITLE"UnformattedConstants";PROCPRINTDATA=date_constants;VARdatetimedatetime;RUN;

TITLE"FormattedConstants";PROCPRINTDATA=date_constants;VARdatetimedatetime;FORMATdateworddate32.timetimeampm9.datetimedatetime19.;/*Formattheconstants*/RUN;

Thequotesareusedtocreatealiteralvalue.Youmayuseapairofsingleordoublequotes

tospecifytheliteralvalue.Dateshavetobewrittenasddmonyyyy;timesashh:mm:ss(addadecimalpointandmoredigitstorepresentfractionalsecondsifnecessary);anddatetimesasthedateddmonyyyy,followedbyaseparator(frequentlyseenasacolon[:])andthenthe

time(hh:mm:ss).Asidefromthecorrectformattingoftheseliteralvalues,themostimportantpartofadate/time/datetimeconstantistheletterthatimmediatelyfollowsthelastquote.Theletter"D"standsfordate,"T"fortime,and"DT"fordatetime.Upperorlowercaseis

valid.Ifyouputoneofthesestringsinquoteswithouttheletterattheend,youwillcreateacharactervariable,notanumericvariablewithadate,time,ordatetimevalue.Thedifferencemightnotbecomeapparentuntilyoutrytodosomethingwiththevariableyoucreated

thatinvolvesacalculation.Don'tforgetyour"D,""T,"or"DT"!ThisexampledemonstrateshowtheseconstantsaredefinedandthenautomaticallyconvertedtotheirequivalentSASvalues.

ThefirstPROCPRINTstatementdisplaysthe

date,time,anddatetimevalueswecreatedwithourconstantswithoutformats,sowecanseethevaluesastheyarestoredinthedataset.

UnformattedConstants

date time datetime

19574 26100 -1748226540

ThesecondPROCPRINTshowstheeffectofassociatingthevariableDATEwiththeWORDDATE.format,thevariableTIMEwiththeTIMEAMPM.format,andthevariableDATETIMEwiththeDATETIME.format.

FormattedConstants

date time datetime

August4,2013

7:15AM

07AUG1904:21:31:00

Withouttheformats,youcanseethatthedateconstantsweusedtocreatethevaluesstoredinthedataset

aredisplayedastheiractualSASdate,time,anddatetimevalues.Theydon'tmakemuchsensetousuntilaformatisassociatedwiththevariable.

Whathappensifyouforgettoputthe"D,""T,"or"DT"afteryourdateconstant?InExample1.2,the"D,"

"T,"and"DT"havebeenremovedfromthesamedate,time,anddatetimeinExample1.1.

Example1.2:IncorrectDateConstants

DATAbad_date_constants;

date='04aug2013';/*ThisisNOTadateconstant*/time='07:15:00';/*

ThisisNOTatimeconstant*/datetime='07aug1904:21:31:00';/*ThisisNOTadatetimeconstant*/RUN;

TITLE"UnformattedConstants";PROCPRINTDATA=bad_date_constants;VARdatetimedatetime;RUN;

Nowweprintoutthevalueswithoutformats.Whiletheproblemmaynotbeapparentatfirstglance,thisresultdoesnotlookliketheunformattedSASdate,time,anddatetimevaluesinthepreviousexample.

Unformattedconstants

date time

04aug2013 07:15:00

Nowlet'strytoaddonedaytothedate,andaminute(60seconds)toboththetimeanddatetime.HereisapartiallogofwhathappenswhenwetrythiswiththecodeinExample1.2.

12DATAbad_date_constants;13date='04aug2013'+1;14time='07:15:00'+60;15datetime='07aug1904:21:31:00'+60;16RUN;

NOTE:Charactervalueshavebeenconvertedtonumericvaluesattheplacesgivenby:(Line):(Column).

13:814:815:12NOTE:Invalidnumericdata,'04aug2013',atline13column8.NOTE:Invalidnumericdata,'07:15:00',atline14column8.NOTE:Invalidnumericdata,'07aug1904:21:31:00',atline15column12.

❶date=.time=.datetime=._ERROR_=1_N_=1

The"invalidnumericdata"noteinthelogtellsyouthatyoutriedtouseacharactervaluetodosomethingthatrequiresanumericvalue.Theboldfacelastlinetellsyouthatyouhavemissingvaluesforallthreevariables,becauseyouweretryingtodomathwithacharactervalue.

RememberthatSASdates,times,anddatetimesarealwaysstoredasnumbers.Whenyousee"invalidnumericdata"whereyouintendedtouseadateconstant,itishighlyprobablethatyourdateconstantismissingitsidentifying"D,""T,"or"DT."

1.5LengthandNumericRequirementsforDate,Time,andDatetimeYoucantakeadvantageofthefactthatdatesarestoredasintegerstosavespacewhenyoucreatevariablestostorethem.Insteadofusing

thedefaultlengthof8fornumericvariables,setthelengthofthenumericvariableswhereyouarestoringdatesto4.ThiswillsafelystoredatesfromJanuary1,1582(theearliestdateSAScanhandle),toOctober23,7701.Alengthof5isoverkill,althoughthatwouldextendthe

endingdateanother534,773,760days!Alengthof3willnotaccuratelystoredatesoutsidetherangeofJanuary1,1960,andSeptember13,1960.Ifyoudeclareyourdatevariablestobealengthof4,youwillbeabletostoretwodatesinthespaceitwouldtaketostoreoneifyouwere

usingtheSASdefaultlengthfornumericvariables.Thiscansaveyouagreatdealofstoragespaceinalargedatawarehouse.

Timesmaypresentabitofaproblem,becauseyoumayneedtostorefractionalseconds.Theruleissimpleenough:Ifyou

wanttostoretimevalueswithfractionalseconds,youmustusealengthof8tostorethemaccurately.Otherwise,thelengthof4islongenoughtostoreeverypossibletimevaluefrommidnighttomidnightdowntothesecond.Inthesecases,notusingthedefaultlengthwill

allowyoutostoretwotimesinthesameamountofspaceasone.

Datetimevaluesrequiremorespace,becausealengthof4willnotstoreadatetimevaluewithaccuracy,regardlessofwhetheryouwantfractionalseconds.Thenumberis

justtoobig.Aslongasyouarenotstoringfractionalseconds,alengthof6willstoredatetimesthataccuratelyrepresentvaluesfrommidnightonJanuary1,1582,to3:04:31p.m.onApril9,6315.Changingtherangefromthedefaultof8to6fordatetimevaluesresultsina25

percentsavingsinspace,whichstillmaybesignificantdependingonhowmuchdatayouhave.Ofcourse,ifyouaregoingtomaintaindecimalplacesinyourdatetimevalues,youmustusethedefaultlengthof8.

Ihavejustprovidedthe

absoluteminimumlengthsrequiredforaccuracy.DONOTattempttosaveadditionalspacebyshrinkingthevariablelengthsbeyond4,6,or8aslisted.Youwillloseprecision,whichcouldleadtounexpectedresults.Example1.3showswhatcanhappenifyou

donotuseenoughbytestostoreyourdatevalues.Thisexampleusesthevalue19941,whichrepresentsthedateofAugust6,2014,anditisinvariablesoflengths3,4,and5.

Example1.3:TheEffectofLENGTHStatementsonDates

DATAdate_length;

LENGTHlen33len44len55;len3=19941;len4=19941;len5=19941;FORMATlen3len4len5mmddyy10.;RUN;

Asthetablebelowshows,whenyoutrytostoreadateinfewerthan4bytes,youdonotgetthecorrect

value.Usingalengthof4tostoreyourdatesandtimes(withoutfractionalseconds)isstillasignificant(50percent)savingsintheamountofstoragerequired.Youwillcreateinaccuraciesinyourdataifyoutrytosavemorethanthat.Savingadditionalspaceisnotworththeriskof

inaccuratedata.

len3 len4

08/05/2014 08/06/2014

1.6GeneralSASOptionsforDatesTwooptionsinfluencethedefaultdateand

timestampthatSASplacesonpagesofoutputandtheSASlog.TheDATE/NODATEoptioncausesthestartdateandtimeoftheSASjob(orsession)toappearoneachpageoftheSASlogandSASoutput.Thesevaluesareobtainedfromtheoperatingsystemclockandaredisplayedas

24-hourclocktime,followedbythedayoftheweek,month,day,andfour-digityear.IfyouarerunningSASinteractively,thenthedateandtimeareprintedonlyontheoutput,notthelog.Bydefault,theDATEsystemoptionisineffectwhenyoustartSAS.However,ifyou

donotwantthisdefaultdisplay,thenusetheNODATEoption.Youprobablydon'twantSAStodisplayitsdefaultdatestampifyouaregoingtoputyourowndateand/ortimestampinthetitleorinafootnote(seeChapter6).

Asmentionedinthepreviousparagraph,iftheDATEoptionisenabled,SASprintsthedateandtimethatthecurrentSASsessionstartedoneachpage.Ifyouwantamoreexactdateandtimeonthosepages,youcanusetheDTRESETsystemoption,whichwillcauseSAStoretrieve

thedateandtimefromtheoperatingsystemclockeachtimeapageiswritten.ThatdateandtimewillthenbeplacedonthepageinsteadofthetimethattheSASjobstarted.Sincethetimeisdisplayedinhoursandminutes,youwillonlyseeitchangeeveryminute.TheDTRESET

optioncanbeusefulininteractiveapplicationsorSASprogramsthatmayhavebeenrunningfordaysorweeks,whereknowingwhentheoutputwasgeneratedismoreimportantthanknowingwhentheSASsessionbegan.SincetheDTRESEToptionaffectsthedefaultSAS

dateandtimestamp,itworksonlyiftheDATEoptionisenabled.WhenyouusetheNODATEoption,usingDTRESETwillhavenoeffectbecauseyouaren'tusingtheSASdateandtimestamponyouroutput.

Chapter2:DisplayingSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValuesasDatesand

TimesasWeKnowThem

2.1HowDoIUseaFormat?2.2HowManyBuilt-InFormatsAreThereforDates

andTimes?2.3DateFormats,Justification,andODS2.4DetailedDiscussionofEachFormat2.5CreatingCustomDate

FormatsUsingtheVALUEStatementofPROCFORMAT2.6CreatingCustomDateFormatsUsingthePICTUREStatementofPROCFORMAT

2.7CreatingCustomFormatsUsingPROCFCMPforProcessing2.8ThePUT()FunctionandFormats

InSAS,date,time,anddatetimevaluesare

storedasintegers(unlessyouarestoringfractionalpartsofseconds).Theyareallcountedfromafixedreferencepoint.SASdatevaluesincrementby1atmidnightofeachday,whileSASdatetimevaluesincrementby1everysecond.SAStimevaluesstartatzeroat

midnightofeachday,andalsoincrementby1eachsecond.

Thisschememakesiteasytocalculatedurationsindaysandseconds,butitdoesnotdomuchforfiguringoutwhatagivenSASdate,time,ordatetimevaluemeansintermsofhowwetalkabout

them.Therefore,SASprovidesafacilitythatmakesiteasytoperformthetranslationfromSASintothecommonterminologyofmonths,days,years,hours,andseconds.Thetranslationisdonethroughformats.

FormatsarewhatSASusestocontroltheway

datavaluesaredisplayed.Theycanalsobeusedtogroupdatavaluestogetherforanalysis.TheyareessentialtodatesandtimesinSASbecauseSASdoesnotstoredatesandtimesinaneasilyrecognizableform,aswediscussedinChapter1.SAShasmanybuilt-informats

todisplaydates,times,anddatetimevalues.Thischapterprovidesadetailedguidetoallofthedate,time,anddatetimeformatsreadilyavailableinSAS.Inaddition,ifanyofthesebuilt-informatsdon'tfityourneeds,youhavetheabilitytocreate(andstoreforfutureuse)

yourownformats.CreatingyourownformatsiscoveredinSections2.5and2.6.

Ifyouarelookingforaquickreference,youcangotoAppendixA,whichlistsallofthedate,time,anddatetimeformatsandprovidesasampledisplayusingtheir

defaultlengths.Ifthedefaultdoesnotgiveyouwhatyouwant,Section2.4discusseseachdate,time,anddatetimeformatindetail,includinghowtospecifythelengthoftheformatandhowthatlengthaffectsthedisplay.

2.1HowDoIUseaFormat?Formatsareeasytouse.YoucanpermanentlyassociateaformatwithavariablebyusingaFORMATstatementinaDATAstep,asshowninExample2.1.

Example2.1:Permanently

AssociatingaFormatwithaVariable

DATAtest;LENGTHdate1time14;date1=19781;time1=73000;FORMATdate1MMDDYY10.time1TIMEAMPM11.;RUN;

Example2.1createsadatasetcalledTEST,whichhastwovariables:date1and

time1.ByusingtheFORMATstatementhere,youhavespecifiedthatwheneverthevaluesfromthisdatasetaredisplayed,thevaluesstoredinthevariabledate1willalwaysbedisplayedwiththeformatMMDDYY10.,andthosestoredintime1willalwaysbe

displayedusingtheTIMEAMPM11.format.

date1 time1

02/27/20148:16:40PM

Ifyoudon'twanttohaveyourdatavaluespermanentlyassociatedwithaformat,thenyou

canjustapplytheformatwhenyouareactuallywritingthevaluestoyouroutput.ThesameFORMATstatementisused,butthelocationhaschanged,fromtheDATAsteptothePROCstep.Example2.2illustratesthis.

Example2.2:Associatinga

FormatwithaVariablefortheDurationofaProcedure

DATAtest2;LENGTHdate2time24;date2=19781;time2=73000;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=test2;FORMATdate2DATE9.time2TIMEAMPM11.;RUN;

date2 time2

02/27/20148:16:40PM

Althoughthereisnoformatassignedtoeitherdate2ortime2intheDATAstep,youhavetoldthePRINTproceduretowritethesevaluesusingthe

twoformatslisted,sothereisnodifferencebetweentheoutputfromExample2.1andthatfromExample2.2.AnotherhandythingaboutusingtheFORMATstatementwithaSASprocedureisthatifyouusetheFORMATstatementinaSASprocedure,itwilloverrideanyformat

thathasbeenpermanentlyassociatedwiththevariablesforthedurationofthatprocedure.Toillustrate,we'lltakethedatasetTESTfromExample2.1.Thevariablesdate1andtime1havebeenassociatedwiththeformatsMMDDYY10.andTIMEAMPM11.,

respectively.Whatifyourreportneedsthedateprintedoutwiththedayoftheweek,alongwiththenameofthemonth,day,andyear,whilethetimeneedstobesecondsaftermidnight?ThePROCPRINTstepwilllooklikethis:

PROCPRINTDATA=test;

FORMATdate1WEEKDATE37.time1;RUN;

date1 time1

Thursday,February27,2014 73000

AllSASprocedureswillusetheformatsspecifiedinthe

FORMATstatementthatispartofthePROCstepinsteadoftheformatsassociatedwiththevariableinthedataset.Therefore,intheaboveexample,date1isprintedusingtheWEEKDATE.format.Whatabouttime1?There'snoformatnamegivenafterthevariablenameintheFORMAT

statement.ThisishowtotellSASnottouseanyformatsthatmightbeassociatedwiththevariable.ToremoveaFORMATfromavariable,makesurethatnoformatnamesofanykindfollowitanywhereintheFORMATstatement.

Example2.3:Removing

AssociatedFormatsinaProcedure

DATAtest3;date3=19067;time3=18479;date4=18833;time4=45187;FORMATdate3date4DATE9.time3time4TIME5.;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=test3NOOBS;FORMATdate3date4time3time4;RUN;

Datasettest3withallformatsremoved

date3 time3 date4

19067 18479 18833

Whathappensifthereareformatnamesaftertheonethatyouwanttoremove?Lookatthecodesegmentthatfollowsthisparagraph.

Thegoalistodisplaythevariabledate3withtheMMDDYY10.format,removetheformatfromthevariabledate4,andapplytheTIMEAMPM11.formattothetimevariablestime3andtime4.SotheFORMATstatementhasMMDDYY10.fordate3,nothingfor

date4,andTIMEAMPM11.fortime3andtime4,right?

PROCPRINTDATA=test3NOOBS;FORMATdate3MMDDYY10.date4time3time4TIMEAMPM11.;RUN;

date3 time3

5:07:59

3/15/2012 AM

Whathappened?Thevariabledate4isdisplayedasatime,whenyoudidn'tputaformatnameafterthevariablenameintheFORMATstatement.TheansweristhatyougavealistofthreevariablestoSASand

toldittoapplytheTIMEAMPM11.formattothem(seeboldfacecodebelow):

FORMATdate3MMDDYY10.date4time3time4TIMEAMPM11.;

Howdoyoufixthis?Youhavetomakesurethatdate4isthelastvariablelistedinthe

FORMATstatement.

PROCPRINTDATA=test3NOOBS;FORMATdate3MMDDYY10.time3time4TIMEAMPM11.date4;RUN;

date3 time3

3/15/20125:07:59AM

2.2HowManyBuilt-InFormatsAreThereforDatesandTimes?SAShasmorethan70ready-to-useformatstodisplaydates,times,anddatetimes.WewilldiscusseachoneindetailinSection2.4,butifyou'relookingfor

aquickreferenceguide,seeAppendixA.SAScontinuestodevelopformatsandinformats,soitisalwaysagoodideatocheckthedocumentationthatcamewithyourreleaseofSAS,ortheonlinedocumentationatsupport.sas.com.AllSASformatshavea

commonsyntaxstructure,beginningwiththeformatname,followedbyanoptionalwidthspecification,andendingwithaperiod.Theperiodiscritical.ItiswhatallowsSAStorecognizethewordasaformatandnotsomeotherSASkeywordortext.Thewidthspecification

varieswitheachformat,andallformatshaveadefaultwidththatisusedifthereisnowidthspecificationgiven.ThewidthspecificationisveryimportanttodatesbecauseSASwillabbreviatethedisplayedvalueifyoudonotspecifyenoughcharactersforthe

width,andtheabbreviationthatSASusesmightnotgiveyoutheoutputthatyouwant.ThedefaultwidthisnotedinthedescriptionforeachformatinSection2.4,anditisusuallythewidththatwillaccommodatethelongestvaluetobedisplayed.Forexample,

thedefaultwidthfortheDOWNAME.(day-of-week)formatis9.Thatwillaccommodatethestring“Wednesday”,whichisthelongestEnglishday-of-weekname.

2.3DateFormats,Justification,and

ODSEachdateformathasadefaultjustificationwithrespecttothewidthspecificationthatyougiveit.Sincenumericvaluesareright-justifiedinSAS,mostoftheformatsthatareappliedtodate,time,ordatetimeformatsarealsoright-

justified,withafewexceptions(whichwillbeclearlynotedinthedetailedexplanationsthatfollow).InODSdestinationsotherthanLISTING,valuesarejustifiedwithinatablecolumnbySASproceduredefaultorbyauser-definedODStemplate.Bydefault,SASmakesitscolumns

wideenoughtofitthewidestiteminagivencolumn.Therefore,anyleadingspacescausedbyspecifyingawidththatistoowidetofittheformattedvaluewon'tshowupinODSoutput.

However,priortoODSorversion9.3intheLISTINGdestination,

usingawidthspecificationthatiswiderthantheoutputrequirescausesSAStofilltheemptyspaceswithblanks.Forvaluesthatareright-justified,thismightcausesomeoftheoutputtoshifttotherightbyanumberofspaces.InExample2.4,weusetheMONNAME.format,

whichdisplaysthetextcorrespondingtothemonthofthedate,toillustrate.

Example2.4:HowJustificationWorksintheLISTINGDestination

FormatName Result

MONNAME9. September

MONNAME10. September

MONNAME11. September

MONNAME15. September

Asyoucansee,making

thewidthspecificationlargeronlyaddsleadingspaces,andyoucouldextendthisallthewaytothemaximumwidthfortheformat.

WhyshouldIworryaboutjustification?I'mnotusing

ODSLISTING,andI'musingSAS9.3orhigher.

WhileitistruethatjustificationismoreofaconcerninthetraditionalLISTINGdestinationandonlyapplicable

totraditionalcolumn-basedoutput,leadingspacescanshowupifyouusethePUT()(orPUTN())functiontocreatecharacterstringsfromSASdate,time,ordatetimevalues.Incasessuchasthese,the

leadingspacesarepartoftheoutputandassuchmightbedisplayed.YoucanuseSTRIP()orCOMPRESS()toremovetheleadingspacesexplicitly.Ifyouaregoingtoconcatenatemultipleitems,

usetheCATX(),CATS(),orCATT()functions,allofwhichremoveleadingandtrailingspacesofeachitembeingconcatenated.

Ifyoudonotspecifycolumnalignmentinan

ODStemplateorbyusingSTYLE=directives,certainODSdestinations(suchasRTFandPDF)willjustifyvalueswithinacolumnaccordingtothejustificationoftheformatusedinthecolumn,withoutleadingspaces.

2.4DetailedDiscussionofEachFormatThissectiongivesadetailedexplanationofallthecurrentstandardformatsavailableforSASdate,time,anddatetimevalues.Inadditiontothedisplaythatresultsfromusing

agivenformat,theexplanationincludesinformationaboutthedefaultwidthspecificationanditspossiblevalues,annotatedexamplesofthedisplaywithvaryingwidthspecifications,andusagenotes.Dateformatswillbecoveredfirst,thentimeand

datetimeformats.Eachsubsectionisarrangedalphabetically.

2.4.1DateFormatsAdateformatprovidesasetofinstructionsforhowaSASdateisdisplayedsothatitlookslikeadateinthewaywenormally

expressthem.Youcanspecifythewidth(numberofcharacters)thatthetranslatedtextwilloccupy,buteachformathasitsowndefaultwidthspecification,shownaswinthistext.Thedefaultwidthspecificationisgiveninthedescriptionofeachformat.Some,butnot

all,ofthedateformatsallowyoutospecifythecharacterthatseparateseachelementofthedate.Youmustnotuseadateformattotranslatedatetimevalues.Ifyoutrytotranslateadatetimevaluewithadateformat,youwillgetincorrectoutput.(Foranexample,see

Example2.5.)

DATEw.DATEw.writesdatesasthenumericaldayofthemonthfollowedbythethree-lettermonthabbreviationandtheyear,withoutanyseparatingcharacters.Itisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcan

befrom5to11,andthedefaultwidthis7.Ifyouwanttodisplayfour-digityears,useDATE9.orDATE11.DATE11.willdisplayfour-digityearswithahyphenbetweentheday,monthabbreviation,andyear.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis

19715,whichcorrespondstoDecember23,2013.

FormatName Result

DATE. 23DEC13

DATE5. 23DEC

DATE7. 23DEC13

DATE9. 23DEC2013

DATE11. 23-DEC-

2013

ThisformatisanalogoustotheDTDATE.format,whichdisplaysdatetimevaluesinthesamemanner.

DAYw.

DAYw.writesthenumericaldayofthemonth,anditisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom2to32,andthedefaultwidthis2.Specifyinganythinglongerthan2willonlyplacemorespacesinthefieldtotheleftofthenumber,soitisnotnecessarytospecifymorethan2.

Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis16739,whichcorrespondstoOctober30,2005.

FormatName Result Comment

DAY2. 30

DDMMYYw.

DDMMYYw.writesdatesasday/numericalmonth/year,wheretheslash(/)istheseparator,anditisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom2to10,andthedefaultwidthis8.Ifyouspecifyawidthfrom2to5,thedatewillbe

truncatedontheright,asSAStriestofitasmuchofthedayandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuse6,noslasheswillbeprinted.Awidthof8willuseatwo-digityearaftertheslashes.Use10togetafour-digityearwithslashes.Thefollowingtableshowstheresult

whenthedatevalueis19869,whichcorrespondstoMay26,2014.

FormatName Result

DDMMYY5. 26/05

DDMMYY6. 260514

DDMMYY8. 26/05/14

DDMMYY10. 26/05/2014

DDMMYYxw.

DDMMYYxw.issimilartotheDDMMYY.format.Itisalsoright-justified.However,withthisformat,youcanspecifywhatcharacterseparatestheday,numericalmonth,

andyear.Thexintheformatnamerepresentstheseparatorbetweentheday,month,andyear.Thefollowingtablelistswhatxcanbe.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

B blank

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wisamaximumof8,not10.

P period(.)

S slash(/) EffectivelythesameasusingtheDDMMYY.format.

wcanbefrom2to10,withthedefaultbeing

8.ThisworksthesamewayastheDDMMYY.formatwithrespecttowhatSASfitsinthespacespecified.Again,ifyouspecifyawidthfrom2to5,thedatewillbetruncatedontheright,asSAStriestofitasmuchofthedayandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuse6,

noseparatorwillbeused.At8,SASwillprintatwo-digityear.Use10togetafour-digityearwithyourseparator.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19398,whichcorrespondstoFebruary9,2013.

FormatName Result

DDMMYYP5. 09.02

DDMMYYB6. 090213

DDMMYYD8. 09-02-13

DDMMYYD8. 09-02-13

DDMMYYS8. 09/02/13

DDMMYYC10. 09:02:2013

DOWNAMEw.

DOWNAMEw.writesthedateasthenameof

thedayoftheweek.Itisright-justified,soifyougiveittoomuchspace,therewillbeleadingblanks.wcanbefrom1to32,andthedefaultis9.Ifyoudon'tspecifyw,SASwillalwaysprinttheentirenameoftheday.However,ifyouspecifywlessthan9,thenSASwilltruncatethename

ofthedaytofitasnecessary.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20280,whichcorrespondstoSaturday,July11,2015.

FormatName Result

DOWNAME3. Sat

DOWNAME6. Saturd

DOWNAME8. Saturday

JULDAYw.JULDAYw.writesthedateastheJuliandayoftheyear,whichisavaluefrom1to366.Itisright-justified.wcan

befrom3to32,andthedefaultis3.NotethattheminimumwidthoftheformatwillcauseleadingspacesiftheJuliandateislessthan100.ThiswouldbecomeobviousifyouarecreatingacharacterstringusingthePUT()orPUTN()functionsanddonotremove

leadingblanks.

FormatName Result Comment

JULDAY3. 9 Thereare2leadingspacesherebecausetherearefewerthan

3digitsinthevaluedisplayed.Thedatevalueusedhereis374,whichcorrespondstoJanuary

9,1961.

JULDAY3. 76 Thereisaleadingspaceherebecausetherearefewerthan3digitsinthevalue

displayed.Thedatevalueusedhereis19068,whichcorrespondstoMarch16,2012.

JULDAY3. 107 Thereisnoleadingspaceherebecausethereare3digitsinthevaluedisplayed.Thedate

valueusedhereis19465,whichcorrespondstoApril17,2013.

JULIANw.

JULIANw.writesyourdatevalueasaJuliandate,withtheyearprecedingtheJulianday.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom5to7,andthedefaultis5.Ifyouspecifyawidthof5,theyearportionoftheJuliandateistwodigitslong.Ifyouspecifyawidthof7,theyearportionisfour

digitslong.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis18514,whichcorrespondstoSeptember9,2010.

FormatName Result Comment

JULIAN5. 100252

JULIAN7. 2010252

MMDDYYw.

MMDDYYw.writesthedateasnumericalmonth/day/year,whereaslash(/)istheseparator.Itisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom2to10,andthedefaultis8.Itissimilartothe

DDMMYY.formatinthatifyouspecify2–5forthewidth,thedatewillbetruncatedontheright,asSAStriestofitasmuchofthedayandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuse6,noslasheswillbeprinted,butitwillprintatwo-digityear.Awidthof8willputa

two-digityearaftertheslashes.Useawidthof10togetafour-digityearwithslashes.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19655,whichcorrespondstoOctober24,2013.

FormatName Result

MMDDYY2. 10

MMDDYY4. 1024

MMDDYY5. 10/24

MMDDYY6. 102413

MMDDYY8. 10/24/13

MMDDYY10. 10/24/2013

MMDDYYxw.

MMDDYYxw.displaysthedateinthesamewaythattheMMDDYY.formatdoes,exceptthatyoucanspecifytheseparator.Thexintheformatnamespecifiestheseparatorthatyou

wanttouseaccordingtothefollowingtable.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

B blank

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wisamaximumof8,not10.

P period(.)

S slash(/) Effectivelythesameasusingthe

MMDDYY.format.

Thedatewillberight-justifiedwithinthewidththatyouspecify.wcanbefrom2to10,andthedefaultis8.Ifyouspecify2–5,thedatewillbetruncatedontheright,asSAS

triestofitasmuchofthedayandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuseawidthof6,noseparatorwillbeused.At7,SASwillprintatwo-digityearwithoutaseparator,andwidthsof8or9willputatwo-digityearaftertheseparator.Use10togetafour-digityearwith

separators.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19188,whichcorrespondstoJuly,14,2012.

FormatName Result

MMDDYYD5. 07-14

MMDDYYS6. 071412

MMDDYYC8. 07:14:12

MMDDYYP10. 07.14.2012

MMDDYYB10. 07142012

MMYYw.

MMYYw.displaysthezero-filledmonthnumberandyearforthegivendatevalue,separatedbytheletterM.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to32,withadefault

widthof7.Whenwislessthan7,atwo-digityearisused.Otherwise,afullfour-digityearisdisplayed.Sincethisformatonlyneedsamaximumof7characters,anywidthgreaterthan7willjustaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19756,

whichcorrespondstoFebruary2,2014.

FormatName Result Comment

MMYY5. 02M14

MMYY7. 02M2014 Four-digityear.

MMYYxw.MMYYxw.displaysthemonthnumberandyearforagivendatevalueinthesamefashionthattheMMYY.formatdoes,exceptthatyoucanspecifytheseparatorwithx,accordingtothetablebelow.Notethattheblankisnotvalidwith

thisformat,whileitisvalidwiththeDDMMYYx.andMMDDYYx.formats.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wcanbefrom4to32,withadefaultof6.

P period(.)

S slash(/)

Thedisplayeddate

valuewillbeisright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to32,withadefaultwidthof7.Whenwisspecifiedas5or6,atwo-digityearisused,unlessyouhavespecified"N,"fornoseparator.Withoutaseparator,thereisenoughspacetodisplaythetwodigitsofthemonth,andfour

digitsfortheyear.Ifwis7ormore,afullfour-digityearisalwaysdisplayed.Sincethisformatwillonlydisplayamaximumof7characters,anyvaluegreaterthan7willjustaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19628,whichcorrespondsto

September27,2013.

FormatName Result Comment

MMYYD5. 09-13 Two-digityear.

MMYYN6. 092013 Noseparator,four-digit

year.

MMYYS6. 09/13 Two-digityearbecauseofseparatorandleadingspace.

MMYYC7. 09:2013 Four-digityear.

MMYYP7. 09.2013 Four-digityear.

MONNAMEw.

MONNAMEw.displaysthenameofthemonth.

Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom1to32,withadefaultof9.Usingavaluegreaterthan9willonlyaddleadingspaces.SASwilltruncatethemonthnameasnecessarytofitinthewidth.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis18336,whichcorrespondsto

September15,2010.

FormatName Result

MONNAME3. Sep

MONNAME4. Sept

MONNAME9. September

MONTHw.

MONTHw.displaysthenumberofthemonthoftheyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom1to21,withadefaultof2.Usingaw

of1willdisplaythemonthnumberasahexadecimalvalue(1throughC).Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19341,whichcorrespondstoDecember14,2012.

FormatName Result Comment

MONTH1. C walwaysprintsasinglecharacter,whichisahexadecimaldigit.

MONTH2. 12

MONYYw.

MONYYw.displaysthethree-lettermonthabbreviation,followedbytheyearwithoutanyseparatingcharacters.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to7,withadefaultof5.Specifyingawidthof5willgiveyouatwo-digityear.A

widthof6givesyouatwo-digityearandoneleadingspaceinthedisplayeddate,while7givesyouafour-digityear.ItisanalogoustotheDTMONYY.format,whichisusedwithdatetimevalues.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19718,whichcorrespondsto

December26,2013.

FormatName Result Comment

MONYY5. DEC13

MONYY7. DEC2013

PDJULGw.

PDJULGw.writesa

packedJuliandateinhexadecimalformatforIBMcomputers.Justificationisnotanissue,andwcanrangefrom3to16.Thedefaultwidthis4.TheJuliandateiswrittenasfollows:Thefour-digitGregorianyeariswritteninthefirsttwobytes,andthethree-digitintegerthat

representsthedayoftheyearisinthenextone-and-a-halfbytes.Thelasthalf-bytecontainsallbinary1s,whichindicatesthevalueispositive.

IftheSASdatevaluebeingtranslatedbythisformatisadateconstantwithatwo-digityear,itwillbe

affectedbytheYEARCUTOFFoption.SeethefollowingSASlog.

246OPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=1880;247DATA_NULL_;248date1="15JUN2004"d;249date2="15JUN04"d;/*AffectedbyYEARCUTOFFoption*/250juldate1=put(date1,PDJULG4.);

251juldate2=put(date2,PDJULG4.);252PUTjuldate1=$HEX8.;253PUTjuldate2=$HEX8.;254RUN;

juldate1=2004167Fjuldate2=1904167F

PDJULIw.PDJULIw.writesapackedJuliandateinhexadecimalformatfor

IBMcomputers.ItonlydiffersfromthePDJULG.formatinthatitwritesthecenturyinthefirstbyteasatwo-digitinteger,followedbytwodigitsoftheyearinthesecondbyte.Thenextone-and-a-half-bytesstorethethree-digitintegerthatcorrespondstothedayoftheyear,whilethe

lasthalf-byteisfilledwithhexadecimal1sthatindicateapositivenumber.AswiththePDJULG.format,justificationisnotanissue,andthedefaultwidthis4,withawidthrangeof3to16.

Thecenturyandyeararecalculatedbysubtracting1900from

thefour-digitGregorianyear.Ayearvalueof1980givesacentury/yearvalueof0080(1980-1900=80),while2015gives0115(2015-1900=115).Beawarethatthisformatwillnotproducecorrectresultsforyearspreceding1900.Theexamplebelowdemonstrates.

OPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=2000;DATA_NULL_;date1="15JUN1804"d;date2="15JUN1996"d;date3="15JUN96"d;juldate1=PUT(date1,pdjuli4.);juldate2=PUT(date2,pdjuli4.);juldate3=PUT(date3,pdjuli4.);PUTjuldate1=$hex8.;PUTjuldate2=$hex8.;PUTjuldate3=$hex8.;should_be_date1=INPUT(juldate1,pdjuli4.);

PUTshould_be_date1=mmddyy10.;PUTshould_be_date1=;RUN;

Hereistheresultingoutput:

juldate1=009609DFjuldate2=0096167Fjuldate3=0196167Fshould_be_date1=04/12/1996should_be_date1=13251

Thevalueofdate1

correspondstoadatein1804,causingthePDJULI.representationofdate1(juldate1)tobeincorrect.Whileitshouldbethesamedayoftheyear(167)asdate2anddate3,youcanseethatthedayisincorrectlywrittenas09D,whilethecenturyvalueisalsoincorrect,markedas00when,by

thealgorithm,itshouldbeexpressedasanegativenumber.ThisisverifiedbyusingthePDJULI.informattoreadjuldate1,whichgivesaresultofApril12,1996,whenitshouldbeJune15,1804.(Thisisbecausethereisnosignbitforjulday1toindicatethatthevalueshouldbe

negative.)Thedifferencebetweendate2anddate3iscausedbytheYEARCUTOFFoption.Thetwo-digityear96istranslatedas2096,not1996,becauseoftheoption'svalue.

QTRw.QTRw.writesadate

valueasthequarteroftheyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom1to32,withadefaultof1.Sincethisformatwillonlywrite1character,specifyingawidthgreaterthan1willjustaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis18264,

whichcorrespondstoJanuary2,2010.

FormatName Result Comment

QTR1. 1

QTRRw.

QTRRw.alsowritesadatevalueasthe

quarteroftheyear,exceptthatitdisplaysthequarterasaRomannumeral.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to32,withadefaultof3.Thisformatwillwriteamaximumof3characters.Awidthspecificationgreaterthan3willaddleadingspaces.

FormatName Result Comment

QTRR3. III Thedatevalueusedis17791(September16,2008).

QTRR3. IV Withadatevalue

of17882(December16,2008),thereis1leadingspace.

QTRR5. III Withadatevalueof17791

(September16,2008),thereare2leadingspaces.

WEEKDATEw.

WEEKDATEw.writesdatevaluesasday-of-

weekname,monthname,day,andyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to37.Thedefaultis29,whichisthemaximumwidthofadateinthisformat.Specifyinganythinglongerthan29willcauseleadingspacestobeadded.Ifthewidthspecifiedistoosmalltodisplaythe

completedayoftheyearandmonth,SASwillabbreviate.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis18164,whichcorrespondstoSeptember24,2009.

FormatName Result

WEEKDATE3. Wed

WEEKDATE9. Wednesday

WEEKDATE17. Wed,Sep24,2009

WEEKDATE23. Wednesday,Sep24,2009

WEEKDATE29. Wednesday,September24,2009

WEEKDATXw.WEEKDATXw.writesdatevaluesasday-of-weekname,day,monthname,andyear.

ItdiffersfromtheWEEKDATE.formatinthatthedayofthemonthprecedesthemonthname.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to37.Thedefaultis29,whichisthemaximumwidthofadateinthisformat.Specifyinganythinglongerthan29willcauseleadingspacesto

beadded.Ifthewidthspecifiedistoosmalltodisplaythecompletedayoftheyearandmonth,SASwillabbreviate.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19260,whichcorrespondstoSeptember24,2012.

FormatName Result

WEEKDATX3. Wed

WEEKDATX9. Wednesday

WEEKDATX17. Wed,24Sep,2012

WEEKDATX23. Wednesday,24Sep,2012

2012

WEEKDATX29. Wednesday,24September,2012

WEEKDAYw.

WEEKDAYw.writesthedatevalueasthenumberofthedayoftheweek,where1=Sunday,2=Monday,andsoon.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom1to32.Thedefaultis1.Sincethemaximumwidthofthedisplayisalwaysonecharacter,specifyinganything

longerwilljustcauseleadingspacestobeadded.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20569,whichcorrespondstoMonday,April25,2016.

FormatName Result Comment

WEEKDAY1. 2

WEEKUw.WEEKUw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimalformatusingtheUalgorithm.Unlikemanyotherdate,time,anddatetimeformats,itisleft-justified.wcanbefrom1to200,andthe

defaultis11.Specifyinganyvaluegreaterthan11willdisplaythesameresultsasifwwere11.TheUalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonSundaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroif

necessary.Thedisplaythatthisformatpresentsvaries,basedonthewidthspecification.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20885,whichcorrespondstoMarch7,2017,whichisaTuesdayinthetenthweekoftheyear.

FormatName Result

WEEKU3. W10

WEEKU4. W10

WEEKU5. 17W10

WEEKU6. 17W10

WEEKU7. 17W1003

WEEKU8. 17W1003

WEEKU9. 2017W1003

WEEKU10. 2017W1003

WEEKU11. 2017-W10-03

WEEKU12. 2017-W10-03

WEEKVw.

WEEKVw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimalformatusingtheValgorithm,whichisInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)compliant.Itisleft-justifiedinthesamefashionastheWEEKU.format.wcanbefrom1to200,andthedefaultis11.

Specifyinganyvaluegreaterthan11willdisplaythesameresultsasifwwere11.TheValgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroifnecessary.

ThisalgorithmdefinesthefirstweekoftheyearascontainingbothJanuary4andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.Therefore,ifthefirstMondayoftheyearfallsonJanuary2,3,or4,theprecedingdaysofthecalendaryearareconsideredtobeapartofweek53ofthepreviouscalendaryear.

Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19723,whichcorrespondstoDecember31,2013.Notethatalthoughthedateisin2013,thealgorithmusedbythisformatplacesthedateintheyear2014.Monday,December30,2013,isconsideredto

bethefirstdayofthefirstweekfortheyear2014.

FormatName Result

WEEKV3. W01

WEEKV4. W01

WEEKV5. 14W01

WEEKV6. 14W01

WEEKV7. 14W0102

WEEKV8. 14W0102

WEEKV9. 2014W0102

WEEKV10. 2014W0102

WEEKV11. 2014-W01-02

WEEKV12. 2014-W01-02

WEEKWw.

WEEKWw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimalformatusingtheWalgorithm.AswiththeWEEKU.andWEEKV.formats,itisleft-justified.wcanbefrom1to200,andthedefaultis11.Specifyinganyvalue

greaterthan11willdisplaythesameresultsasifwwere11.TheWalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutanyotherrestriction.Theweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroif

necessary.Thedisplaythatthisformatpresentsvariesbasedonthewidthspecification.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19723,whichcorrespondstoDecember31,2013(thesamedateusedintheValgorithmexample).Notethatthe

Walgorithmassignsthedateastheseconddayofthelastweekofthecalendaryear2013.

FormatName Result

WEEKW3. W52

WEEKW4. W52

WEEKW5. 13W52

WEEKW6. 13W52

WEEKW7. 13W5202

WEEKW8. 13W5202

WEEKW9. 2013W5202

WEEKW10. 2013W5202

WEEKW11. 2013-W52-02

WEEKW12. 2013-W52-

02

WORDDATEw.

WORDDATEw.displaysthedatevalueasnameofmonth,day,andyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to32.Thedefaultis18.Ifthewidthspecifiedisless

than18,SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameandaddleadingspacesasnecessary,regardlessofwhetherthespecificdatetobedisplayedwillfitintheallocatedspacebecauseofitsvalue.ThismighthaveanimpactifyouaregoingtousethePUT()orPUTN()functionstocreatea

characterstringusingthisformat.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20328,whichcorrespondstoAugust28,2015.

FormatName Result

WORDDATE3. Aug

WORDDATE12. Aug

28,2015

WORDDATE15. Aug28,2015

WORDDATE18. August28,2015

WORDDATE20. August28,2015

WORDDATXw.

WORDDATXw.displaysthedatevalueasday,nameofmonth,andyear.ItdiffersfromtheWORDDATE.formatinthatthedayprecedesthenameofmonth.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to32.Thedefaultis18.Ifthewidthspecifiedisless

than18,SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameandaddleadingspacesasnecessary,evenifthedatetobedisplayedwillfitinthewidthspecified.ThismighthaveanimpactifyouaregoingtousethePUT()orPUTN()functionstocreateacharacterstringusingthisformat.Inthe

followingtable,youseethatMarchisabbreviatedforwidthspecificationslessthan18,eventhoughthereisroomtoprinttheentiredatestring.Thetableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis21259,whichcorrespondstoMarch16,2018.

FormatName Result

WORDDATX3. Mar

WORDDATX12. 16Mar2018

WORDDATX14. 16Mar2018

WORDDATX16. 16Mar2018

WORDDATX18. 16March2018

YEARw.

YEARw.displaystheyearforthegivendatevalue.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom2to4,withadefaultwidthof4.

Whenwisspecifiedas2or3,atwo-digityearisused.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis18599,whichcorrespondstoDecember3,2010.

FormatName Result Comment

YEAR2. 10 Two-digityear.

YEAR3. 10 Two-digityearwithaleadingspace.

YEAR4. 2010 Four-digityear.

YYMMw.

YYMMw.displaystheyearandmonthnumberforthegivendatevalue,separatedbytheletterM.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to32,withadefaultwidthof7.Whenwisspecified

as5or6,atwo-digityearisused.Ifwis7ormore,afullfour-digityearisdisplayed.Sincethisformatcanonlydisplayamaximumof7characters,anythingmorethan7willjustaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19517,whichcorrespondsto

June8,2013.

FormatName Result Comment

YYMM5. 13M06 Two-digityear.

YYMM6. 13M06 Leadingspace.

YYMM7. 2013M06 Four-

digityear.

YYMM8. 2013M06 Leadingspace.

YYMMxw.YYMMxw.displaystheyearandmonthnumberforagivendatevalueinthesame

mannerastheYYMM.formatabove,exceptthatyoucanspecifytheseparatorwithxaccordingtothetablebelow.UnliketheDDMMYYx.,MMDDYYx.,andtheYYMMDDx.formats,ablankisnotavalidseparatorwiththisformat.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wcanbefrom4to32,withadefault

adefault

of6.

P period(.)

S slash(/)

YYMMxw.isright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to32,withadefaultwidthof7.Whenwisspecifiedas5or6,atwo-digityear

isused.Ifwis7ormore,afullfour-digityearisdisplayed.Specifyingnoseparatorwith"N"willchangetherangeofwfrom4to32,andthedefaultwidthbecomes6.Sincethisformatcanonlydisplayamaximumof7characters,anythingmorethan7willjustaddleadingspaces.The

followingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19237,whichcorrespondstoSeptember1,2012.

FormatName Result Comment

YYMMN4. 1209 Noseparator;minimum

widthis4;two-digityear.

YYMMC5. 12:09

YYMMD6. 12-09 Oneleadingspace;two-digit

year.

YYMMP7. 2012.09 Four-digityear.

YYMMS8. 2012/09 Four-digityear;1leadingspace.

YYMMDDw.

YYMMDDw.isavariationontheDDMMYY.andMMDDYY.formats.Itwritesthedateasayear,followedbythenumericalmonth,andthentheday,withadash(-)astheseparator.Itisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom2to10,andthedefaultis

8.ItissimilartotheMMDDYY.formatinthatifyouspecifythewidthfrom2to5,thedatewillbetruncatedontheright,asSAStriestofitasmuchoftheyearandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuse6,nodasheswillbeprinted.At7,SASwillprintatwo-digityear

withoutadash,and8or9willproduceatwo-digityearbeforethefirstdash.Useawidthof10togetafour-digityearwithdashes.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20031,whichcorrespondstoNovember4,2014.

FormatName Result

YYMMDD4. 1411

YYMMDD5. 14-11

YYMMDD6. 141104

YYMMDD7. 141104

YYMMDD8. 14-11-04

YYMMDD9. 14-11-04

YYMMDD10. 2014-

11-04

YYMMDDxw.

YYMMDDxw.displaysthedateinthesamewaythattheYYMMDD.formatdoes,exceptthatyoucanspecifytheseparator.Thexintheformatnamespecifiestheseparatorthatyou

wanttouseaccordingtothetablebelow.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

B blank

C colon(:)

D dash(-) Effectively

thesameasusingtheYYMMDD.format.

N noseparator

wisamaximumof8,not10.

P period(.)

S slash(/)

Thedatewillberight-justifiedwithinthewidththatyouspecify.wcanbefrom2to10,andthedefaultis8.Ifyouspecify2–5,thedatewillbetruncated

ontheright,asSAStriestofitasmuchofthedayandmonthaspossibleinthespaceallowed.Ifyouuse6,noseparatorwillbeused.At7,SASwillprintatwo-digityearwithoutaseparator,and8or9willputatwo-digityearbeforethefirstseparator.Thefollowingtableshows

theresultwhenthedatevalueis19500,whichcorrespondstoMay22,2013.

FormatName Result

YYMMDDN4. 1305

YYMMDDC5. 13:05

YYMMDDD6. 130522

YYMMDDP7. 130522

YYMMDDB8. 130522

YYMMDDN8. 20130522

YYMMDDS9. 13/05/22

YYMMDDD10. 2013-05-22

YYMONw.

YYMONw.writesdatesasatwo-orfour-digityearfollowedbythethree-lettermonthabbreviation.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom5to32,andthedefaultis7.Useawidthof7togetafour-digityear.Ifwislessthan7,atwo-digityearwillbe

displayed.Ifwislargerthan7,leadingspaceswillbeadded.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis20796,whichcorrespondstoDecember8,2016.

FormatName Result

YYMON5. 16DEC

YYMON6. 16DEC

YYMON7. 2016DEC

YYMON10. 2016DEC

YYQw.

YYQw.writesdate

valuesasatwo-orfour-digityear,followedbytheletterQ,andasingle-digitrepresentingthequarteroftheyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom4to32.Thedefaultwidthis6.Use6togetafour-digityear,whileawidthof4or5willgiveyouatwo-digityear.

Specifyingawidthlargerthan6willonlyaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis21384,whichcorrespondstoJuly19,2018.

FormatName Result Comment

YYQ4. 18Q3 Two-digityear.

YYQ5. 18Q3 Two-digityearwith1leadingspace.

YYQ6. 2018Q3 Four-digityear.

YYQ8. 2018Q3 Four-digityearwith2leadingspaces.

YYQxw.YYQxw.writesdatevaluesasatwo-or

four-digityear,followedbyaseparatorthatyouspecify,andasingle-digitrepresentingthequarteroftheyear.xistheletterthatyouusetoindicatetheseparatoraccordingtothetablebelow.UnliketheDDMMYYx.,MMDDYYx.,andtheYYMMDDx.formats,a

blankisnotavalidseparatorwiththisformat.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wcanbefrom3to32,withadefaultof4.Whenwis3or4,theyearwillbe

displayed

withtwodigits.

P period(.)

S slash(/)

Thisformatisright-justified,andwcanbefrom4to32.The

defaultwidthis6.Useawidthof6togetafour-digityear,while4or5willgiveyouatwo-digityear.Specifyingawidthlargerthan6willaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19659,whichcorrespondstoOctober28,2013.

FormatName Result Comment

YYQN3. 134 Two-digityearwithnoseparator.

YYQC4. 13:4 Two-digityear.

YYQS5. 13/4 Two-digityearwith1leadingspace.

YYQP6. 2013.4 Four-digityear.

YYQD7. 2013-4

Four-digityearwith1leading

space.

YYQRw.

YYQRw.writesdatevaluesasatwo-orfour-digityear,followedbytheletterQ,andthequarteroftheyearisrepresentedinRomannumerals.It

isright-justified,andwcanbefrom6to32.Thedefaultwidthis8.Use8togetafour-digityear,while6or7willgiveyouatwo-digityear.Specifyingawidthlargerthan8willaddleadingspaces.

Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis

20312,whichcorrespondstoAugust12,2015.

FormatName Result Comment

YYQR6. 15QIII Two-digityear.

YYQR7. 15QIII Two-digityearwith

1leadingspaceforthethirdquarteronly;four-digityeardisplayedforthe

1st,2nd,and4thquarterswithoutanyleadingspace.

YYQR8. 2015QIII Four-digit

year.

YYQR12. 2015QIII Four-digityearwith4leadingspaces.

YYQRxw.

YYQRxw.writesdate

valuesasatwo-orfour-digityear,followedbyaseparatorthatyouspecify,andthequarteroftheyearisdisplayedasaRomannumeral.xistheletterthatyouusetoindicatetheseparatoraccordingtothefollowingtable.Thisisanotherformatthatcannotuseablank

astheseparator.

x

CharacterDisplayedinOutput Comment

C colon(:)

D dash(-)

N noseparator

wcanbefrom5to

32,withadefaultof7.Whenwis5or6,theyearwillbedisplayedwithtwo

digits.

P period(.)

S slash(/)

Thisformatisright-justified,andwcanbefrom6to32.Thedefaultwidthis8.Use8togetafour-digityear,while6or7will

displayatwo-digityear.Specifyingawidthlargerthan8willaddleadingspaces.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19545,whichcorrespondstoJuly6,2013.

FormatName Result Comment

YYQRP6. 13.III Two-digityear.

YYQRS7. 13/III Two-digityearwith1leadingspaceforthethirdquarteronly;

four-digityeardisplayedforthe1st,2nd,and4thquarterswithoutany

leadingspace.

YYQRN8. 2013III Four-digityearwith1leadingspaceandnoseparator.

YYQRC9. 2013:III Four-digityearwith1leadingspace.

YYQRD10. 2013-III

Four-digityearwith2leadingspaces.

YYWEEKUw.YYWEEKUw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimalformatusingtheUalgorithm.Unlikemanyotherdate,time,anddatetimeformats,itisleft-justified.wcanbefrom3to8,andthedefaultis7.TheUalgorithmcalculates

weeksbasedonSundaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroifnecessary.Thedisplaythatthisformatpresentsvariesbasedonthewidthspecification.Thisformatissimilartothe

WEEKU.format,exceptthatitdoesnotprovidethenumericaldayoftheweek.Thedatevalueusedinthisexampleis20041,whichcorrespondstoNovember14,2014.

FormatName Result

YYWEEKU3. W45

YYWEEKU4. W45

YYWEEKU5. 14W45

YYWEEKU6. 14W45

YYWEEKU7. 2014W45

YYWEEKU8. 2014-W45

YYWEEKVw.

YYWEEKVw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimalformatusingtheValgorithm,whichisInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)compliant.Itisleft-justifiedinthesamefashionastheYYWEEKU.format.wcanbefrom3to8,andthedefaultis7.This

formatissimilartotheWEEKV.format,exceptthatitdoesnotprovidethenumericaldayoftheweek.TheValgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroif

necessary.

ThisalgorithmdefinesthefirstweekoftheyearascontainingbothJanuary4andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.Therefore,ifthefirstMondayoftheyearfallsonJanuary2,3,or4,theprecedingdaysofthecalendaryearareconsideredtobeapart

ofweek53ofthepreviouscalendaryear.Thedatevalueusedinthisexampleis20455,whichcorrespondstoSaturday,January2,2016.Notethatalthoughthedateisin2016,thealgorithmusedbythisformatplacesthedateinweek53oftheyear2015.Thefirstweekofthe

year2016startsonSunday,January3,2016,asthatcontainsthefirstThursdayoftheyearandJanuary4,2016.

FormatName Result

YYWEEKV3. W53

YYWEEKV4. W53

YYWEEKV5. 15W53

YYWEEKV6. 15W53

YYWEEKV7. 2015W53

YYWEEKV8. 2015-

W53

YYWEEKWw.

YYWEEKWw.writesthedatevalueasaweeknumberindecimal

formatusingtheWalgorithm.AswiththeYYWEEKU.andYYWEEKV.formats,itisleft-justified.wcanbefrom3to8,andthedefaultis7.ThisformatissimilartotheWEEKW.format,exceptthatitdoesnotprovidethenumericaldayoftheweek.TheWalgorithmcalculates

weeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutanyotherrestriction.Theweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroifnecessary.Thedisplaythatthisformatpresentsvaries,basedonthewidth

specification.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalue20455,whichcorrespondstoSaturday,January2,2016(thesamedateusedintheYYWEEKV.algorithmexample).NotethattheWalgorithmassignsthedateasbeinginweekzeroofthecalendar

year2016.UnliketheValgorithm,itdoesnotconsiderthedateasbeingapartofweek53in2015,butassignsittoweek0in2016.Week1isdefinedasthefirstfullweekin2016.

FormatName Result

YYWEEKW3. W00

YYWEEKW4. W00

YYWEEKW5. 16W00

YYWEEKW6. 16W00

YYWEEKW7. 2016W00

YYWEEKW8. 2016-W00

2.4.2Time

FormatsTimeformatstranslatesecondsintooneofseveraldifferentwaysofdisplayingtime.OnlytheTIMEAMPM.andTOD.formatsarespecifictoclockvalues,displayingclockvaluesfrom12:00:00a.m.to11:59:59p.m.Allotherformatswilldisplay

hoursgreaterthan23whentranslatingavaluegreaterthanorequalto86400,whichwouldbemidnightofthefollowingday.Thedisplayofminutesalwaysrangesfrom0to59,exceptwhenyouareusingtheMMSSw.dformat.Thebuilt-inSASformatsalwaysdisplaysecondsfrom0

to59.

Thewidthspecificationfortime(anddatetime)valuesisdifferentfromtheonefordateformatsbecauseithastoallowfordecimalpartsofseconds.Insteadofw,timeanddatetimeformatsarespecifiedasw.d,wherewistheoverallwidth

oftheentireformat,andthedaccountsforthenumberofdigitstotherightofthedecimalpoint.wmustbegreaterthan(d+1)toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Aswithdateformats,eachoftheseformatshasitsowndefaultwidthspecification,whichisdetailedinthe

descriptionoftheformat.

HHMMw.dHHMMw.ddisplaysSAStimevaluesashours:minutes.Itisright-justifiedanddoesnotdisplayaleadingzeroinfrontofthehours.wcanbefrom2to20,withadefaultof

5,whiledindicatesthenumberofdecimalplacestotherightoftheminutes.Aspreviouslynoted,wmustbegreaterthand+1,toaccountforthedecimalpoint.ItisdifferentfromtheTIMEw.dformatinthatitdoesnotdisplayseconds.Ifdis0ornotpresent,SASwillround

tothenearestminute.Otherwise,SASwilldisplaythesecondsindecimalminutes(seconds/60).Leadingspaceswillbeaddedtothedisplaybasedonthenumberofdigitsintheresult.Ifthewidthspecifiedisnotlongenoughtoaccommodatethe3spacesforthecolon

andtheminutes,SASwillonlydisplaythehoursanddoesnotroundthedisplayedvalue.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis49794,whichcorrespondsto13hours,49minutes,and54seconds.

FormatName Result Comment

HHMM2. 13

HHMM3. 13

HHMM5. 13:50

HHMM5. 13:50

HHMM8. 13:50

HHMM8.2 13:50.90

HOURw.d

HOURw.ddisplaysSAStimevaluesashoursanddecimalfractionsofhours.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom

2to20,withadefaultof2.disthenumberofdecimalplacestotherightofthehours,andwmustbegreaterthand+1toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Ifyoudonotspecifyanydecimalplaces,SASroundstothenearesthour.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis

53706,whichcorrespondsto14hours,55minutes,and6seconds.

FormatName Result Comment

HOUR2.0 15 Roundedtothenearest

hour.

HOUR4.2 14.9 55minutes,6seconds,is.92hours;doesnotleave

enoughspaceforaseconddecimalplace.

HOUR6.2 14.92 Oneleadingspace.

HOUR8.2 14.92 Three

leadingspaces.

MMSSw.d

MMSSw.ddisplaysSAStimevaluesasminutesandseconds(mm:ss).Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom2to20,withadefaultof5.Ifyoudo

notspecifywlargeenoughtofitminutesandseconds,SASwillroundanddisplaytheminutesonly.dwillprintdecimalfractions(e.g.,tenthsorhundredths)ofseconds.wmustbegreaterthand+1toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthe

timevalueis37269,whichcorrespondstothetime10:21:09a.m.(10:21:09).

FormatName Result Comment

MMSS4. 621

MMSS5. 621

MMSS8.2 621:09.0

MMSS9.2 621:09.00

TIMEw.d

TIMEw.ddisplaysSAStimevaluesashours:minutes:seconds.Itisright-justifiedanddoesnotprintaleadingzeroinfrontofthehours.wcanbefrom2to20,withadefaultof8,whiledindicatesthenumberofdecimalplacestotherightof

theseconds.wmustbegreaterthand+1toaccountforthedecimalpoint.dwillprintdecimalfractions(e.g.,tenthsorhundredths)ofseconds.

Thisformatisnotrestrictedtoa24-hourday;ifhoursisgreaterthan24,thenitwilldisplaytheactualvalue

ofhours,whichmeansthatthedefaultlengthof8maynotbeenoughtoholdtheentireformattedtimevalue.ItisdifferentfromtheHHMM.formatinthatitdisplayssecondsasopposedtodecimalfractionsofminutes.Ifdis0ornotpresent,SASwillroundtothenearestsecond.The

timevalueusedforthefollowingtableis49794seconds,thesamevalueusedfortheHHMMw.dformat.Thetimevaluecorrespondstothetime1:49:54p.m.(13:49:54).

FormatName Result Comment

TIME5. 13:49

TIME6. 13:49 Leadingspace.

TIME7. 13:49 Twoleadingspaceswithsecondstruncated.Ifthiswereasingle-digit

hour(i.e.,0through9),theentiretimewouldbedisplayedwithoutleadingspacesbecauseit

wouldfitin7spaces.

TIME8. 13:49:54 Defaultwillaccommodateupto99hours.

TIME9. 13:49:54 Leadingspace;may

benecessaryforhourvaluesgreaterthan99.

TIMEAMPMw.d

TIMEAMPMw.ddisplaystimein

hours:minutes:secondsfollowedbyaspaceandthenAMorPM.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom2to20,andthedefaultis11.wmustbegreaterthand+1,toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Anytimevaluegreaterthanorequalto86400(midnight)willbedisplayedasthe12-

hourclocktimeofthenextday.Thisformatdoesnotprintaleadingzero.Ifyouwantthesecondstobeprinted,useatleast11forthewidth.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis11923,whichcorrespondstothetime3:18:43a.m.

FormatName Result

TIMEAMPM7. 3:18AM

TIMEAMPM9. 3:18AM

TIMEAMPM11. 3:18:43AM

TODw.d

TODw.ddisplaystimeinhours:minutes:secondsusingthe24-hour

clock.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom2to20,andthedefaultis11.disthedecimalfractionofseconds.wmustbegreaterthand+1,toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Anytimevaluegreaterthanorequalto86400(midnightofthenextday)willbemarkedasthe24-hourclocktime

ofthenextday.Thisformatdoesnotprintaleadingzero.Ifyouwantthesecondstobedisplayed,use8forthewidth.Useatleast10ifyouwantdecimalfractionsofsecondsshown.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis75122,whichcorrespondstothetime

8:52:02p.m.(20:52:02):

FormatName Result Comment

TOD5. 20:52

TOD8. 20:52:02

TOD11. 20:52:02 Threeleading

spaces;usefulwhenusingfractionsofseconds.

2.4.3Datetime

FormatsDatetimeformatstranslateSASdatetimevaluesintooneofseveraldifferentformats.SASdatetimevaluesarethenumberofsecondssincemidnight,January1,1960.Youcanuseaformattodisplayboththedateandtime.

Again,youneedtopayattentiontothewidthspecificationindatetimeformatsbecauseitallowsfordecimalfractionsofseconds.Insteadofw,timeanddatetimeformatsarespecifiedasw.d,wherewistheoverallwidthoftheentireformat,andthedaccountsforthe

numberofdigitstotherightofthedecimalpoint.wmustbegreaterthand+1toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Aswithdateformats,eachoftheseformatshasitsowndefaultwidthspecification,whichisdetailedinthedescriptionoftheformat.

StartingwithSASversion9,therearealsoanumberof"DT"formatsthatwillallowyoutodisplayjustthedateorjustthetimefromadatetimevalue,eliminatingtheneedtousetheDATEPART()orTIMEPART()functionsfordisplaypurposes.Althoughthese"DT"formatsappeartogive

thesameresultastheircorrespondingdateortimeformats,theresultsyougetwillbeverydifferentshouldyouuseadatetimeformatonadatevalueandviceversa.Datetimeformatstranslatesecondssincemidnight,January1,1960,whiledateformatstranslatedays

sinceJanuary1,1960.

Example2.5showswhathappenswhenyouusedateformatstointerpretdatetimevaluesandviceversa.IfyoutranslatetheSASdatevalue19855usingadateformat,youwillgetthecorrectvalueofMay12,2014(❶and❷).However,ifyouuse

adatetimeformattotranslatethesamevalue,youwillget5:30:55a.m.onJanuary1,1960,whichcorrespondsto19,855secondsaftermidnight,January1,1960(❸and❹).Insimilarfashion,ifyoutranslatethevalue1705587720usingadatetimeformat,youwillget

2:22p.m.onJanuary17,2014(❺and❻).Thistime,ifyoutrytouseadateformattotranslatethisvalue,youwillgetaseriesofasterisksbecausethevalueistoofarinthefuturefortheSASformatalgorithmtohandle(❼and❽).Evenifyoutrytogetthemonth,day,andyear

ofthisvalueusingtheappropriatefunctions,itwillnotwork.

Example2.5:TheDifferencebetweenDateandDatetimeValuesinFormatsThatDisplayDates

DATA_NULL_;date=19855;datetime=1705587720;PUT"MMDDYY10.representationofdate="

datemmddyy10.;❶PUT"MONYY7.representationofdate="datemonyy7.;❷PUT"DTMONYY7.representationofdate="datedtmonyy.;❸PUT"WhenvalueofdateisusedasaSAS*datetime*value,thedaterepresentedis:"datedatetime20.;❹PUT"DATETIME20.representationofdatetime="datetimedatetime20.;❺

PUT"DTMONYY7.representationofdatetime="datetimedtmonyy7.;❻PUT"MONYY7.representationofdatetime="datetimemonyy7.;❼PUT"WhenvalueofdatetimeisusedasaSAS*date*value,thedaterepresentedis:"datetimemmddyy10.;❽RUN;

Andhereistheresult.

MMDDYY10.representationofdate=05/12/2014❶MONYY7.representationofdate=MAY2014❷DTMONYY7.representationofdate=JAN60❸WhenvalueofdateisusedasaSAS*datetime*value,thedaterepresentedis:01JAN1960:05:30:55❹DATETIME20.representationofdatetime=17JAN2014:14:22:00❺DTMONYY7.representation

ofdatetime=JAN2014❻MONYY7.representationofdatetime=*******❼WhenvalueofdatetimeisusedasaSAS*date*value,thedaterepresentedis:**********❽

Withthatinmind,herearetheformatsthatareapplicabletodatetimevalues.

DATEAMPMw.dDATEAMPMw.ddisplaysdatetimevaluesasddmonyy(yy):hh:mm:ss.ssxx,whereddisthedayofthemonth,monisthethree-letterabbreviationforthemonth,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.Acolonfollows

thedate,andthetimeisrepresentedbyhh:mm:ss.ss,followedbyaspaceandthenAMorPM.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom7to40,andthedefaultis19.disthedecimalfractionofsecondsandmustbelessthanw–1,toaccountforthedecimalpoint.wmustbeatleast13toprint

AMorPM.Ifwis10,11,or12,thetimeisdisplayedasa24-hourclock.Also,ifw–dislessthan17,thedecimalvalueswillbetruncatedtofitthespecifiedfieldwidth.Thisformatproducestwo-digityearsforwidthsof19orless.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhen

thedatetimevalueis1746745319.6,whichcorrespondstothetime11:01:59.6p.m.onMay8,2015.

Notetheroundingtothenearestsecond,whichcausesthedisplayedresulttoberoundedtothenearestminutewhenthereisn'tenoughroomforthe

decimal.

FormatName Result

DATEAMPM7. 08MAY15

DATEAMPM12. 08MAY15:11

DATEAMPM18. 08MAY15:11:02AM

DATEAMPM18.1 08MAY15:11:02PM

DATEAMPM19. 08MAY15:11:02:00

PM

DATEAMPM19.1 08MAY15:11:02:00PM

DATEAMPM21. 08MAY15:11:02:00

PM

DATEAMPM21.1 08MAY15:11:01:59.6PM

DATETIMEw.dDATETIMEw.ddisplays

datetimevaluesasddmonyy(yy):hh:mm:ss.ss,whereddisthedayofthemonth,monisthethree-lettermonthabbreviation,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.Acolonfollowsthedate,andthetimeisrepresentedbyhh:mm:ss.ss.ItissimilartotheDATEAMPMw.dformat,

exceptthatitusesthe24-hourclockandthereforedoesnotdisplayAMorPM.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom7to40,andthedefaultis19,whichwillprovideenoughroomforseconds.Usealengthof15ifyouonlywanthoursandminutestobedisplayedalongwiththedate.d

isthedecimalfractionofsecondsandmustbelessthanw–1toaccountforthedecimalpoint.Ifw–dislessthan17,thedecimalvalueswillbetruncatedtofitthespecifiedfieldwidth.Ifw–dislessthan19,thisformatproducestwo-digityears.Thefollowingtableshows

theresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1698258126.84,whichcorrespondstothetime6:22:07p.m.onOctober24,2013.

FormatName Result

DATETIME16. 24OCT13:18:22:07

DATETIME18. 24OCT13:18:22:07

DATETIME18.1 24OCT13:18:22:06.8

DATETIME19. 24OCT2013:18:22:07

DATETIME19.1 24OCT13:18:22:06.8

DATETIME20. 24OCT2013:18:22:07

DATETIME20.1 24OCT2013:18:22:06.8

DATETIME21. 24OCT2013:18:22:07

DATETIME21.2 24OCT2013:18:22:06.84

DTDATEw.

DTDATEw.displaysdatetimevaluesasthenumericaldayofthemonth,followedbythethree-lettermonthabbreviationandtheyearwithoutanyseparatingcharacters.Itisright-justifiedwithinthefield.wcan

befrom5to9,andthedefaultwidthis7.Ifyouwanttodisplayfour-digityears,useDTDATE9.TheoutputisidenticaltotheoutputusingtheDATE.format.Thedifferenceisthatthisformatwillonlyworkcorrectlywithdatetimevalues,whiletheDATE.formatonlyworkscorrectly

withdatevalues.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1729519835.7,whichcorrespondstothetime2:10:36p.m.onOctober21,2014.

FormatName Result

DTDATE5. 21OCT

DTDATE6. 21OCT

DTDATE7. 21OCT14

DTDATE8. 21OCT14

DTDATE9. 21OCT2014

DTMONYYw.

DTMONYYw.displaysthedatefromadatetimevalueasthethree-lettermonthabbreviationfollowedimmediatelybytheyear.Thereareno

separatingcharacters.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom5to7,withadefaultof5.Specifying5or6willgiveyouatwo-digityear,while7willgiveyouafour-digityear.AlthoughthisformatappearstoproducethesameMMMyy(yy)resultastheMONYY.format,theDTMONYY.

formatonlyworkswithdatetimevalues,whiletheMONYY.formatonlyworkswithdatevalues.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1727036339.1,whichcorrespondstothetime8:18:59p.m.onSeptember22,2014.

FormatName Result

DTMONYY5. SEP14

DTMONYY6. SEP14

DTMONYY7. SEP2014

DTWKDATXw.

DTWKDATXw.writesdatetimevaluesasdayofweekname,day,monthname,andyear.ItdiffersfromtheWEEKDATX.formatinthatitworksondatetimevalues,notdatevalues.Itisright-justified,andwcanrangefrom3to37.The

defaultis29,whichisthemaximumwidthofadateinthisformat.Specifyinganythinglongerthan29willcauseleadingspacestobeadded.Ifthewidthspecifiedistoosmalltodisplaythecompletedayoftheyearandmonth,SASwillabbreviate.Itwillfirstabbreviatethemonth

andthenthedayoftheweekasnecessary.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1645971726,whichcorrespondstothetime2:22:06p.m.onFebruary27,2012.

FormatName Result

DTWKDATX3. Mon

DTWKDATX9. Monday

DTWKDATX15. Mon,27

Feb12

DTWKDATX23. Monday,27Feb2012

DTWKDATX29. Monday,27February

2012

DTYEARw.

DTYEARw.displaystheyearforthegivendatetimevalue.TheDTYEAR.formatisidenticalinresulttotheYEAR.format,but

itisusedwithdatetimevaluesinsteadofdatevalues.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom2to4,withadefaultwidthof4.Whenwisspecifiedas2or3,atwo-digityearisused.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1716310050.2,whichcorrespondsto

thetime4:47:30p.m.onMay21,2014.

FormatName Result Comment

DTYEAR2. 14 Two-digityear.

DTYEAR3. 14 Two-digityearwith

aleadingspace.

DTYEAR4. 2014 Four-digityear.

DTYYQCw.

DTYYQCw.writesdatetimevaluesasa

two-orfour-digityear,followedbyacolon,andasingle-digitrepresentingthequarteroftheyear.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom4to6.Thedefaultwidthis4.Useawidthof6togetafour-digityear.Use4or5togetatwo-digityear.Thisgivesyouthesameresultwith

datetimevaluesthatusingtheYYQC.formatwouldyieldwithadatevalue.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1662064659.5,whichcorrespondstothetime8:37:40p.m.onAugust31,2012.

Format

Name Result Comment

DTYYQC4. 12:3 Two-digityear.

DTYYQC5. 12:3 Leadingspace;two-digityear.

DTYYQC6. 2012:3 Four-digit

digit

year.

MDYAMPMw.MDYAMPMw.writesdatetimevaluesinthefollowingformat:mm/dd/yy(yy)hh:mmAM/PM.Therearenoleadingzeroesineitherthedateorthetimeportionsofthis

format.Itisright-justified,andwcanbefrom8to40,withadefaultwidthof19.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatetimevalueis1716089122,whichcorrespondstothetime3:25:22a.m.onMay19,2014.Notethatinthefollowingexampletherearetwospaces

betweenthedateandthetimebecausethehourisonlyasingledigit.

FormatName

MDYAMPM8.

MDYAMPM15.

MDYAMPM16.

MDYAMPM17. 5/19/143:25AM

MDYAMPM18. 5/19/143:25AM

MDYAMPM19. 5/19/20143:25AM

MDYAMPM21. 5/19/20143:25AM

MDYAMPM24. 5/19/20143:25AM

2.5Creating

CustomDateFormatsUsingtheVALUEStatementofPROCFORMATInadditiontothedateandtimeformatssuppliedwithSAS,youcancreateyourowncustomformatswiththeFORMATprocedure.Withdates

andtimes,youcanmodifythedefaultdisplayofanexistingSASformatorcreateyourownusingtheVALUEorthePICTUREstatement.BelowIshowhowtomodifythedefaultdisplayofanexistingSASformatusingtheVALUEstatement.

Example2.6:CreatingYourOwnDateFormatwiththeVALUEStatementinPROCFORMATAnaccesscontrolcompanywantsareportofthepeople

whosesecuritycardshaveexpiredasofJanuary1,2014,andtheyhavetheexpirationdateforeachcard.Insteadofhavingtoreadthereportanddeterminewhichdatesarepriortothecutoff,theywanttodisplayanydatepriortoJanuary1,2014,as"EXPIRED,"anddates

afterthatusingtheMMDDYY10.format.Setthevalueto"EXPIRED"fordatespriortoDecember31,2013,usingthatastheupperlimit,andthespecialvalue"LOW"asthebottomoftherange.Fortheremainingvalues,usethelowerlimitofJanuary1,2014,and

thespecialvalue"HIGH"astheupperlimit,andindicatetheSASformattobeappliedtothisrangeinbrackets❶.IfyoudonotenclosetheSASformatinbrackets,youwillgetanerrorintheFORMATprocedure.

PROCFORMAT;VALUEexp

LOW-'31DEC2013'd="Expired"'01JAN2014'd-HIGH=[MMDDYY10.];❶RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=access;IDcard_num;VARexp_dateexp_date_raw;FORMATexp_dateexp.exp_date_rawDATE9.;RUN;

card_num exp_date

84485598 11/14/2015

16205371 11/27/2014

63656754 01/14/2014

10270040 Expired

94822015 Expired

27800904 Expired

97189418 08/14/2014

70815194 03/14/2016

50465401 Expired

43034970 09/28/2014

Example2.7:CreatingYourOwnTimeFormatwiththeVALUEStatementin

PROCFORMATInordertobeabletodrivethenextstageinaroadrace,driversmustfinishapreviousstageintenminutesorless,andtheresultsareposted.Thisexampleshowsthatyoucancustomizetimeanddatetimeformatsaswellasdateformats.

Tocustomizedatetimeformats,youwouldspecifyadatetimeformatinsteadofadateortimeformat.

PROCFORMAT;VALUEqualifyLOW-'00:10:00't=[MMSS5.];'00:10:00't<-HIGH='DidNotQualify';RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=racers;IDname;

VARtime;FORMATtimequalify.;RUN;

name time

Bork DidNotQualify

Bova DidNotQualify

Brantley 08:31

Brickowski 08:59

Burkhart 07:10

Burroughs 08:05

Butler DidNotQualify

2.6CreatingCustomDate

FormatsUsingthePICTUREStatementofPROCFORMATTocreateyourowndateandtimeformatswiththePICTUREstatementintheFORMATprocedure,youneedtousetheDATATYPE=option.

DATATYPEcantakethevaluesof"DATE,""TIME,"or"DATETIME"toindicatethetypeofvalueyouareformatting.Youthenneedtodefineyourdisplaybyusingoneormoreofthepictureformatdatedirectivesshowninthelistbelow.Thesedirectivesarecase-sensitive.

Table2.1:PictureFormatDateDirectives

DateDirective Description

%a Locale'sabbreviatedweekdayname.Localeisdefinedby

theLOCALE=systemoption.

%A Locale'sfullweekdayname.Localeisdefinedbythe

LOCALE=systemoption.

%b Locale'sabbreviatedmonthname.Localeisdefinedbythe

LOCALE=systemoption.

%B Locale'sfullmonthname.LocaleisdefinedbytheLOCALE=

systemoption.

%d Dayofthemonthasadecimalnumber(1–31),withnoleadingzero.Putazero

betweenthepercentsignandthe"d"tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%H Hour(24-

hourclock)asadecimalnumber(0–23),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthepercentsignandthe"H"

tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%I Hour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber(1–12),withno

leadingzero.Putazerobetweenthepercentsignandthe"I"tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%j Dayoftheyearasadecimalnumber(1–366),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthe

percentsignandthe"j"tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%m Monthasadecimal

number(1–12),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthepercentsignandthe"m"tohavealeadingzero

inthedisplay.

%M Minuteasadecimalnumber(0–59),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthe

percentsignandthe"M"tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%p Locale'sequivalentof

eithera.m.orp.m.LocaleisdefinedbytheLOCALE=systemoption.

%S Secondasa

decimalnumber(0–59),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthepercentsignandthe"S"tohavea

leadingzerointhedisplay.

%U Weeknumberoftheyear(Sundayasthefirstdayoftheweek)

asadecimalnumber(0–53),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthepercentsignandthe"U"tohavea

leadingzerointhedisplay.

%w Weekdayasadecimalnumber,where1isSundayandSaturdayis

7.

%y Yearwithoutcenturyasadecimalnumber(0–99),withnoleadingzero.Putazerobetweenthe

percentsignandthe"y"tohavealeadingzerointhedisplay.

%Y Yearwithcenturyasadecimal

number(four-digityear).

%% Thepercentcharacter(%).

Notethatifyouaregoingtousethesedirectivesinapicture

format,youwillprobablywanttoaddthefollowinglineofcodeorsomevariantinthePICTUREstatementtohandlethedisplayofmissingvalues.

.-.z="NoDateGiven"

Example2.8createsaformatsimilartotheWORDDATE.format,

exceptthatleadingzeroesareapartofthedatedisplay.Payspecialattentiontohowthepictureiscreatedinline4.Whenyouareusinganyofthedatedirectivesfromthetableabove,youmustencloseyourpicturestringinsinglequotes.Ifyouusedoublequotes,SASwill

trytointerpretthedirectivesasmacrocallsbecauseofthepercentsign(%).ThePROCFORMATstepwillexecutewithouterror,andyouwillnotseeanywarningsintheSASloguntiltheformatisused.Theformatwillnotworkifyouhaveamacrothathasthesamenameas

theformatyoucreated.

Example2.8:CreatingaPictureFormatforDatesUsingDateDirectives

1PROCFORMAT(DEFAULT=21);2PICTUREZWDATE3.-.z="NoDateGiven"4LOW-HIGH='%B%0d,%Y'(DATATYPE=DATE);5RUN;

6PROCPRINTDATA=pictest

LABEL;7VARdatedate2;8FORMATdateworddate.date2zwdate21.;9LABELdate="DateUsingWORDDATE."10date2="DateusingZWDATE.";11RUN;

Line3definesthedisplayformissingvalues.Withoutit,youwillseetheSASmissingvaluesymbol:

eitheraperiod(.)oraspecialmissingvalue.Line4givesthepictureofhowthedateistobedisplayed.Thezeroprecedingthedaydirective(%0d)causestheleadingzerotobeprintedasapartofthedate.Thelengthofthestringwiththedatedirectivesdeterminesthedefaultwidthofthe

format.Inthisexample,thedefaultwidthis10,butinordertomakesurethatallthedatesprintcorrectly,theFORMATstatementinline8setstheformatwidthto21.Whatfollowsistheresultingoutput.

Date

DateusingWORDDATE.

usingcustomPICTUREformat

ZWDATE.

July8,2012 July08,2012

April17,2014

April17,2014

October30,2013

October30,2013

. NoDateGiven

May14,2012

May14,2012

February2,2013

February02,2013

. NoDate

Given

November26,2014

November26,2014

Example2.9:UsingDateDirectiveswithTextThisexampledefinesa

formatthatwilldisplaytextalongwiththedateandtime.Itprovidesastandardizeddateandtimestampthatcanbeaddedasatitleorfootnotetoreports(forexamplesofhowtodothis,seeSections6.1.2andsection6.1.3.Inline2ofthecodebelow,theDEFAULT=optionisusedto

specifyadefaultlengthfortheformat.Withoutthatoption,thisformatwouldhaveadefaultlengthof35,whichisthenumberofcharactersbetweenthequotes.However,thereisnowaythatthedefaultwidthcansuccessfullyprinttheentiredateandtimestampforallcases,

becausefullmonthnamesarealwayslongerthantwocharacters,whichisallthattheformatdirective"%B"makesroomfor.Similarly,thefour-digityearwilltakeupmorethanthetwocharactersaccountedforbythe%Ydirective.Thecodebelowusestheformatwidthof35

toillustratewhatwouldhappenwithouttheDEFAULT=option.

Inline3,ifthedatetimestampismissing,thedatetimestampdisplaystheword"Missing."Thepictureforallothervaluesisdefinedinline4;"LOW-HIGH"specifiestherange.The

picturedescriptionbeginswithtext,andthedateisrepresentedbythefullmonthname(%B),followedbythenumericday(%dwithoutaleadingzero),acomma,andthefour-digityear(%Y).Thetimefollowstheword"at"andisrepresentedasa12-hourclocktime

withoutseconds(%I:%0M),followedbyAMorPM(%p).TheDATATYPE=optiontellstheformatthatitwillbereceivingdatetimevaluestotranslate.

SASCode1PROCFORMAT;2PICTURErptdate(DEFAULT=43)

3.-.Z='Missing'4LOW-HIGH='Generatedon%B%d,%Yat%I:%0M%p'(DATATYPE=DATETIME);5RUN;67DATA_NULL_;8rpt_date="15dec2012:22:25:00"dt;9PUT'SASdatetimevalue='rpt_date;10PUT'FormattedwithDATETIME.='rpt_datedatetime.;11PUT'Usingcustomformatatwidthof35='rpt_daterptdate35.;

12PUT'Usingcustomformatatdefaultwidthof43='rpt_daterptdate.;12RUN;

TheResultSASdatetimevalue=1671229500FormattedwithDATETIME.=15DEC12:22:25:00Usingcustomformatatwidthof35=GeneratedonDecember15,2012at1❶Usingcustomformatatdefaultwidthof43

=GeneratedonDecember15,2012at10:25PM

Asyoucansee,withoutthecorrecteddefaultwidth,theresultingoutputistruncatedat35characters.

2.7CreatingCustomFormats

UsingPROCFCMPforProcessingThereisanotherpossibilityforcustomformatsbeyondthefunctionalityoftheVALUEandPICTUREstatements.YoucanactuallyprocessdatausingPROCFCMPtowriteyourownfunctionsandthen

displaytheresultofthatfunctionasaformattedvalue.Thiscanbehelpfulforhandlingdirtydatedata(missingvaluesformonth,day,oryear)orimputingvaluesformissingdatecomponents.WhilethespecificsofPROCFCMParebeyondthescopeofthisbook,the

followingsectionwilldemonstratesomeofthecapability.

Example2.10:UsingPROCFCMPtoImputeDateswithAnnotationforImputedDates

Thisexampledefinesaformatthatwilltakeadate,andifanycomponentismissing,itwillimputeavaluefordisplayonthereportalongwithanindicatorofwhichcomponentismissing.Theadvantageofdoingthiswithaformatisthattheoriginalvalueinthedatasetis

untouched,allowingforinvestigationandlatercorrection.TheOUTLIB=option(❶)onthePROCFCMPstatementdefinesthelocationwherethecompiledfunctionistobestored.TheFUNCTIONstatement(❷)namesthefunctionanddescribestheinput

parameter(cdate;the$indicatesthatitisacharactervalue),andtheseconddollarsignindicatesthatthereturnedvaluewillalsobecharacter.

PROCFCMPCodetoCreatetheMAKEDATE()Functionfor

ImputationODSESCAPECHAR='~';

PROCFCMPOUTLIB=control.functions.dates;❶

FUNCTIONmakedate(cdate$)$;❷LENGTHdtstr$42supr$16;supr='';/*Initializesuperscriptvariable*//*assumethatdataisinMMDDYYYYform,but

check*//*Parsedatestring,getelements*/cmo=SCAN(cdate,1,'/-.:','M');cdy=SCAN(cdate,2,'/-.:','M');cyr=SCAN(cdate,3,'/-.:','M');IFcyrEQ''ORINDEX(cyr,'_')GT0ORcyrEQ'.'THENy=.;ELSE

y=INPUT(cyr,4.);

/*Testyearvalue-earliestdateis1990,cannotbeinfuture*/IFyne.and(1990LTyLTYEAR(TODAY()))THENDO;/*assumeyearisgood*/IFcmoEQ''ORINDEX(cmo,'_')GT0ORcmoEQ'.'THENm=.;ELSEm=INPUT(cmo,2.);IF1LEmLE12

THENDO;/*monthhastobebetween1and12*//*Monthisgoodchkday*/IFcdyEQ''ORINDEX(cdy,'_')GT0ORcdyEQ'.'THENd=.;ELSEd=INPUT(cdy,2.);IFdLE1ORdGT(DAY(INTNX('MONTH',MDY(m,1,y),0,'e')))THENDO;/*Dayisbadforthismonth-imputemiddleofmonth*/

d=CEIL(DAY(INTNX('MONTH',MDY(m,1,y),0,'e'))/2);supr='~{superDay}';END;END;ELSEDO;/*Monthisbad-resetmonthandday*/m=6;d=30;supr='~{superMonth}';END;/*Createthedatevalue*/

date=MDY(m,d,y);dtstr=CATT(PUT(date,mmddyy10.),supr);END;ELSEDO;/*yrisbad-flag*/dtstr='Unknown~{superY}';END;RETURN(dtstr);ENDSUB;RUN;QUIT;

Thissectionofthe

examplewillusetheMAKEDATE()functioncreatedaboveinsideofacustomformat.Itisimportanttonotethatthedatesdisplayedarecharacters;therefore,theformatisacharacterformat(asindicatedbytheleadingdollarsign[$]).TheOTHER=keywordwithnoother

formatrangesdefinesarangeofallpossiblevalues,andplacingthefunctionnameinsidethebrackets(❷)appliesthefunction.

UsingtheMAKEDATE()FunctionasaCustomFormat

PROCFORMAT;VALUE$mkdt

❶OTHER=[makedate()]❷;RUN;

DATAerrorcnt;INPUTrecno@4rptdt$10.errs;DATALINES;113/15/2013374209/08/20133302/30/2013324__/15/201315504/27/2013195605/__/201317707/08/____20806/04/0135

908/32/201341011//201361101/23/203111;;;;RUN;

TITLE1'ErrorCountsbyDate';PROCREPORTDATA=errorcntNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNrecnorptdtrptdt=dterrs;DEFINErecno/order'Record#';DEFINErptdt/'Original\Datefrom\ErrorLog';

DEFINEdt/'Imputed\Date'f=$mkdt36.;❶DEFINEerrs/"Errors\Reported";RUN;

ThePROCREPORTstepaboveusesthevaluethatisstoredinthedatasetandcreatesanalias(DT)forit.Weapplytheformatwecreatedtothataliased

variable(❶)toshowboththeoriginalandtheon-the-flyimputationaliasforit.

TheOutput

Record#

OriginalDatefromErrorLog

ImputedDate

1 13/15/2013

2 09/08/2013

3 02/30/2013

4 __/15/2013

5 04/27/2013

6 05/__/2013

7 07/08/____

8 06/04/013

9 08/32/2013

10 11//2013

11 01/23/2031

Itisimportanttorealizethatusingthisfunctionasaformatdoesnotcreateimputedvaluesinthedataset.Itisonlyawayto

displaythevaluesfromthedataset.

2.8ThePUT()FunctionandFormatsWhathappensifyouneedtousetheformattedvalueofadateinacharacter

stringyou'reassembling?Ifyouusethevariablethatcontainsthedatevalue,you'llgettheactualSASdatevalue,regardlessofanypermanentformatsassignedtothevariable.ThePUT()functionisusedtostoretheformattedvalueofanumeric

valueinacharactervariable.Thesyntaxis:

PUT(value,format);

valueisaconstantoravariable(eithernumericorcharacter),andformatisthenameofaSASformat.Ifyouareformattingacharactervariableorconstant,thenthe

formatyouusemustbeacharacterformat.Similarly,ifyouareformattinganumericvalue,theformatmustbeanumericformat.Example2.11willdemonstratehowtousethePUT()function.ThePUT()function❶createsthecharactervariablechar_value.Thelengthofthevariable

inthiscaseisdefinedbythewidthoftheformat,10.Ifyou'vealreadydefinedthelengthofthecharactervariablewhereyoustoretheresult,ithastobeatleastaslongastheformatwidth,oryouroutputwillbetruncated.

Example2.11:Usingthe

PUT()FunctiontoCreateaCharacterDateString

DATAsample281;numeric_value=18947;fmt_num_value=18947;char_value=PUT(numeric_value,MMDDYY10.);❶FORMATfmt_num_valuemmddyy10.;LABELnumeric_value="SASDate\Value"fmt_num_value="Formatted\SASDate\Value"char_value="CharacterDate\inString";

RUN;

ODSRTFFILE="c:\book\2ndEd\examples\putfunction.rtf";

PROCPRINTDATA=sample281NOOBSSPLIT='\';RUN;ODSRTFCLOSE;

SASDateValue

FormattedSASDateValue

18947 11/16/2011

Sowhat'sthedifference?Theformattedvaluelooksthesameasthecharacterdate,right?However,inthissimplePROCPRINT,onedifferenceisapparent.Thenumericvariableisright-justified(the

defaultfortheMMDDYY.formatisright-justified),whilethecharactervariableisleft-justified(defaultforcharactervariables).Ifyoulookatthelabels,youwillseethatthelabelsalsoreflectthedefaultjustification.Thelabelsforthenumericvariablesareright-

justified,andtheoneforthecharactervariableisleft-justified.

WhywouldyouneedtouseacharacterrepresentationofaSASdate?Ifyouareprintingadateinsideofatextstring(e.g.,inatitleorfootnote,orinthetextofaformletter),youwillneedto

createacharactervariablewiththedate.Example2.12putstheRPTDATE.formatcreatedinSection2.6.1oneachpageofareportasafootnote.

Example2.12:UsingaCharacterDateStringinaFootnote

PROCFORMAT;PICTURErptdate(DEFAULT=43)

.-.Z='Missing'LOW-HIGH='Generatedon%B%d,%Yat%I:%0m%p'(DATATYPE=DATETIME);RUN;

Inordertodothis,wewillhavetocreateamacrovariabletostorethevaluesothatitcanbeusedinaFOOTNOTEstatement.ThemethodchosenhereisviaaDATAstep

andtheCALLSYMPUTXstatement.CALLSYMPUTXtrimsanytrailingspacesasopposedtoCALLSYMPUT.Thereareotherwaystocreatethemacrovariable&RPTDTMaswell(seeSection6.1.3).

DATA_NULL_;CALL

SYMPUTX('RPTDTM',PUT(DATETIME(),RPTDATE.));RUN;FOOTNOTE"&RPTDTM";

Chapter3:ConvertingDatesandTimesintoSASDate,Time,andDatetime

Values

3.1AvoidingtheTwo-DigitYearTrap3.2UsingInformats3.3TheINFORMATStatement

3.4ListingandDiscussionofInformats

InChapter2,IdiscussedtranslatingSASdatestothewayweexpressthem.Howcanwedothereverse?Afterall,ifyouhaveadate,time,ordateandtimethatyouneedto

storeormanipulate,itwon'tberepresentedasaSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue(unlessitcomesfromanotherSASdataset).Thetranslationfromcommondateand/ortimeterminologytoSASisalmostaseasyasgoingtheotherway,anditisdoneinoneoftwoways:Thefirst,

discussedinSection1.4,usesdate,time,anddatetimeliterals.Whilethisworksforasmallnumberofthesevaluesthatareknownatthetimeyouwritetheprogram,howdoyoudealwithmultipledates,orthosethatareknownonlyatruntime?Byusinginformatstoprocess

them.

3.1AvoidingtheTwo-DigitYearTrapFirst,itisalwaysgoodpracticetousefour-digityearsinyourdatevalues.Ifthisisnotpossible,SASwill

handledateswithtwo-digityearswithoutanyproblems,butthissituationiswhereyou,theuser,shouldbeconcernedwiththeYEARCUTOFF=systemoption.Anytimethatyoutranslateadateordatetimefromaneverydayrepresentationusingtwo-digityears(for

example,05/16/89)toitsSASvalue,theYEARCUTOFF=systemoptionwillaffecttheresultingSASvalue.TheYEARCUTOFF=systemoptionwilldefinethebeginningofthe100-yearperiodforthosetwo-digityears.InSAS9.4,theSASdefaultvalueforthisoptionis1926,

definingarangeof1926through2025.Therefore,two-digityearsintherangefrom26through99willbeassignedtotheyears1926–1999,whileyearvaluesfrom00through25willbesettotheyears2000–2025.ThisruleappliestoeverythingthathastobetranslatedintoaSAS

dateordatetimevalueandwherethereareonlytwodigitsrepresentingtheyear.ThismeansthattheYEARCUTOFF=optionappliestoexternaldatabeingprocessedwiththeINPUTstatement,anydateordatetimeliterals,aswellasanyfunctions(suchasINPUT())wherethe

inputstringonlyhastwodigitsrepresentingtheyear.TheexamplebelowshowshowdateanddatetimeliteralsareaffectedbytheYEARCUTOFF=systemoption.ItdisplaystheactualSASdateordatetimevaluerepresentedbytheliteralalongwithitsformattedvalue.

Example3.1:EffectsoftheYEARCUTOFF=SystemOptiononDateandDatetimeLiteralsOPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=1920

SASDateLiteral

a1 '23MAR2005'd

a2 '23MAR1905'd

a3 '23MAR05'd

a4 '19AUG1959:14:45:00'dt

a5 '19AUG2059:14:45:00'dt

a6 '19AUG59:14:45:00'dt

Thevariablesa3anda6aredateanddatetimeconstants,respectively,withtwo-digityearsasapartoftheconstant.Whiletheliteralswithfour-digityearsarestoredastheirproperSASdates,

a3isinthe21stcentury,buta6issetinthe20thcentury.The100-yearrangeis1920–2019.Therefore,'05'fallsintherange00–19andisassignedtotheyear2005,and'59'fallsintherange20–99andisassignedtotheyear1959.Forthefollowingexample,let'susethesamedate

anddatetimeliterals,butchangethevalueoftheYEARCUTOFF=option.

OPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=1905

SASDateLiteral

a1 '23MAR2005'd

a2 '23MAR1905'd

a3 '23MAR05'd

a4 '19AUG1959:14:45:00'dt

a5 '19AUG2059:14:45:00'dt

a6 '19AUG59:14:45:00'dt

Now,a3hasmovedtothe20thcentury.Theliteralswithfour-digit

yearsremainstoredastheirproperSASdatesanda6remainsinthe20thcentury,butwehavemovedthe100-yearrangetostartin1905.Therefore,therangeisnow1905–2004,and'05'fallsinthe05–99range,soitisassignedto1905.

Thesamethingwill

happenwhenyouuseaninformattotranslateadateordatetimestringwherethereareonlytwodigitsrepresentingtheyear.

3.2UsingInformatsFormatstakevalues

anddisplaytheminaspecificfashion,whileinformatstakeaseriesofalphanumericcharactersandtranslatethemintoasinglevalue.Datesandtimesarethebestexampleofapplyinginformats,sinceSASdatevaluesarenotnormallyhowthemajorityoftheplanetexpressesdates.

Adatesuchas11/24/05,or24-05-2002containsnon-numericcharacters,sotheywouldhavetobereadascharactervalues,whichisquiteadistancefromnumericSASdatevalues.Aswithformats,youcancreate(andstoreforfutureuse)yourowninformatsifoneisnot

availablewithinSAStofityourneeds.TherearefewerSAS-suppliedinformatsthanformats,soyoushouldbecarefultoonlyusetheinformatslistedinthischaptertotranslateyourdateanddatetimestrings,andnottheformatsfromChapter2.

JustasyoucanusetheFORMATstatementtoapplyaformattoavariable,youcanusetheINFORMATstatementtoapplyaninformattoavariableinaprocedureoraDATAstep.However,themostcommonuseofinformatsiswiththeINPUTstatementinaDATAstep,asdataare

beingreadin,orwiththeINPUT()functiontotranslatecharacterdatathatarealreadyindatasets.

Youspecifyaninformatbygivingtheinformatname,followedbyanoptionalwidthspecificationandaperiod(.).Informatsarelikeformatsinthat

eachinformathasadefaultwidththatSASwilluseifnoneisspecified.

3.3TheINFORMATStatementTheINFORMATstatementisanalogoustotheFORMAT

statement.YouusetheINFORMATstatementtoassociateaninformatwithavariableinaSASdataset.Youcanalsoremoveaninformatthathasbeenpermanentlyassociatedwiththevariablebyleavingtheinformatnameblank.Youmightalsousethe

INFORMATstatementtoassociateaninformatwithavariableforthedurationoftheprocedure(whichmightbeusefulincertainproceduressuchastheFSEDITprocedure).

INFORMATdate1mmddyy10.;

Thestatementabovesaysthatanytimeacharacterstringisreadintothevariabledate1,itwillbetranslatedintoaSASdatevalueusingtheinformatMMDDYY10(detailedbelow).IfthecharacterstringbeingprocessedisnotinanMMsDDsYY(YY)(sstandsforaseparator),

youwillgetamissingvaluestoredindate1andanerrormessageintheSASlog.

Justaswithformats,youcanremoveinformatsthathavebeenpermanentlyassociatedwithavariablebyusingthevariablenameintheINFORMATstatement

withoutaninformat,asisshownbelow.

INFORMATtime3;

Thisstatementwillremoveanyinformatthathasbeenpermanentlyassociatedwiththevariabletime3.

3.3.1Using

InformatswiththeINPUTStatementThebasicsyntaxofanINPUTstatementwithaninformatisasfollows:

INPUT@1date1mmddyy10.;

First,youwillusually

specifyastartingcolumn.Thedefaultstartingcolumnis1,butyoucanspecifythestartingcolumnwiththe@sign,followedbythecolumnnumber.Ifyoudonot,thestartingcolumnwillbesettothecurrentlocationoftheinputpointer.Youshouldalsospecifyawidthfortheinformat

toindicatehowmanycharactersaretoberead.TheaboveINPUTstatementwillreadthefirsttencharactersinaline,startingatthefirstcharacterinadataline,andSASwillexpectittolooklikemmsdds(yy)yy,wheremmisthemonthfrom01to12,srepresentsaseparatorcharacter,dd

isadayfrom01to31,and(yy)yyisatwo-orfour-digityear.Thefollowingexampledemonstratesthattheseparatorcharacterdoesnothavetobethesameoneveryline,andthefielddoesnothavetobeexactlytencharacterslong.

Example3.2:INPUT

Statement1.DATAinformats_are_smart;2.INPUT@1date1:MMDDYY10.;3.unformatted_date=date1;4.DATALINES;5.10/17/20146.05-04-597.3-1-19408.RUN;9.PROCPRINT;10.FORMATdateworddatx.;

11.RUN;

TheResult

Obs date1 unformatted_date

1 17October2014

2 4May1959

3 1March1940

Asyoucansee,thecharactersineachlineoftheDATALINESstatementwereconvertedtoaSASdatevalue.Thelengthoftheinformatmustbelongenoughtoreadallof

thecharactersinthedatestring.Intheexample,thereareamaximumof10charactersinthedatestring.Therefore,thewidthoftheinformatisspecifiedas10.Theotherimportantthingtonoteistheuseofthecolon(:,line2,inbold)modifierprecedingtheinformat

name.Itisbestpracticetousethecolonmodifierwithanyinformat,notjustthoserelatingtodatesandtimes,whenyouaredealingwithvaryinglengthfields.Thecolonmodifierensuresthatitdoesn'tmatterifthelengthsofthecharacterstringsrepresentingdateinthedataareless

thanthewidthspecifiedfortheinformat.

Ifthecharactersreaddonotmatchthatlayout(forexample,June26,2014,whentheinformatspecifiedisMMDDYY.)oriftheinformatwouldyieldanimpossiblevalue(forexample,February

31),SASwillsetthevalueofthevariabledate1tomissingandsetthesystemvariable_ERROR_to1.Ingeneral,youshouldknowthelayoutofthecharactersbeforeselectinganinformat.Beginningwithversion9ofSAS,ifyoudonotknowthelayoutofthedatesaheadoftime,

theANYDTfamilyofinformats(seeSection3.4.4)aredesignedtosolvethisproblem.

3.3.2InformatswiththeINPUT()FunctionTheINPUT()functionistheparalleltothe

PUT()function,anditstoresanumericorcharactervalueasanumericorcharactervariable.Thetypeoftheresultdependsonthetypeoftheinformatthatisused.Acharacterinformat(onethatbeginswitha$)willreturnacharactervalue.Allinformatsusedwithdates,times,

anddatetimesarenumeric.Therefore,thevariablereturnedisnumeric.Thesyntaxisgivenbelow.

INPUT(character-value,informat-name);

IfyouwanttodefinetheinformatthatistobeappliedduringaSASjob(atruntime),

youwillneedtousetheINPUTN(character-value,informat-name)function(orINPUTC(),ifyouwanttoproduceacharactervariable)instead.informat-namerepresentsacharactervariableorcharacterconstantthatcontainsaninformatname,whiletheINPUT()functionneedsan

actualinformatname.Makesurethatyouhavedefinedthewidthoftheinformatsothatitislongenoughtocaptureallthecharactersintheentirecharactervariable.ThefollowingexamplesillustratetheuseoftheINPUT()andINPUTN()functions:

Example3.3:INPUT()Function

DATA_NULL_;datestr="15-NOV-2013";sasdate=INPUT(a,date11.);PUTsasdate=;RUN

TheINPUT()functiontranslatedthedateinthecharactervariabledatestrintoitsequivalentSASdate

value,19677,andstoreditinthenumericvariablesasdate.Thedate11.informataccountsforthelengthofthecharactervariable.

Example3.4:INPUTN()Function

DATA_NULL_;datestr="15-NOV-2013";inf="DATE11.";sasdate=INPUTN(a,inf);

PUTsasdate=;RUN;

TheINPUTN()functionusedthevalueofthecharactervalueinf(DATE11.)astheinformattouseintranslatingthedateinthecharactervariabledatestrintoitsequivalentSASdatevalue,19677.

3.3.3WhentheInformatDoesNotMatchtheDataBeingReadInformats,likeformats,areseparatedintoclassesaccordingtothetypeofdatathatarebeingread.Inmostcases,ifyouusethewronginformatforthe

datatype,informatswillreturnanerror(settheSASautomaticvariable_ERROR_to1),andthevalueofthevariablebeingreadwillbesettomissing.

Thisbehaviordiffersfromdate,time,anddatetimeformatsinthatifyouusethewrongtypeofformat

todisplayavalue(forexample,ifyouuseadateformattodisplayatimevalue),noerrorwilloccur,andatworst,youwillgetawarningintheSASlog.However,incorrectlyspecifyingaformatwillmostlikelycausethedisplaytobeincorrect.Example3.5showswhathappenswhen

youtrytouseaninformatthatdoesnotmatchthecharacterstringthatyouaretryingtoprocess.

Example3.5:UsingtheWrongInformat

DATAbad_informat;INPUT@1date:datetime18.;DATALINES;11-06-19888-25-2004

4-24-2005;;;;RUN;

TheLog1DATAbad_informat;2INPUT@1date:datetime18.;3DATALINES;

NOTE:Invaliddatafordateinline41-18.RULE:----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+

411-06-1988date=._ERROR_=1_N_=1NOTE:Invaliddatafordateinline51-18.58-25-2004date=._ERROR_=1_N_=2NOTE:Invaliddatafordateinline61-18.64-24-2005date=._ERROR_=1_N_=3NOTE:ThedatasetWORK.BAD_INFORMAThas3observationsand1variables.NOTE:DATAstatementused(Totalprocesstime):

realtime0.53secondscputime0.03seconds7;;;;8RUN;

TheResultingSASDataset

Obs date

1 .

2 .

3 .

Asyoucanseeintheaboveexample,usingtheDATETIME.informattoprocessaseriesofcharacterstringsthatdonotrepresentdatetimesproducesanoteinthelog.Italsosetstheautomaticvariable

_ERROR_to1foreachrecordwhereitencounteredamismatchbetweentheinformatspecifiedandthedatathatitattemptedtoread.TheendresultisthatthevalueofthedatevariableinyouroutputdatasetismissingbecauseSASwasnotabletoprocessthe

charactersusingthespecifiedinformat.Remembertoalwayscheckyourlogandyourdatasetafterreadingatextfile.

3.4ListingandDiscussionofInformats

Eachdiscussionofaninformatinthissectionwillprovideanexplanationoftheinformat,itswidthspecification,andthetextitisdesignedtoprocess.Eachsubsectionisaccompaniedbyatablethatgivesexamplesofthetextthatistobeprocessed,alongwith

theinformat(anditswidthspecification)andtheresultingSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.SAScontinuestodevelopformatsandinformats,soitisalwaysagoodideatochecktheonlinedocumentationatsupport.sas.com.

3.4.1DateInformats

DATEw.DATEw.readsdatesintheformddmonyy(yy),whereddrepresentsthedayofthemonth,monisthethree-lettermonthabbreviation,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.The

defaultvalueofwis7,butyoushouldspecify9ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.dd,mon,andyy(yy)canbeseparatedbyblanksorspecialcharacters.Ifyouseparatethem,youmustaccountfortheblanks(orspecialcharacters)inthewidthspecification.Ifyouhaveblanksafter

themonthandtheday,thenyouneedtohaveawidthof9fortwo-digityearsor11forfour-digityears.Iftheleadingzeroforddismissing,ithasnoeffectonthevalue.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorresponds

tothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

20sep15 DATE7.

4feb2014 DATE11.

07-may-1960

DATE11.

DDMMYYw.

DDMMYYw.readsdatesoftheformddmmyy(yy),whereddrepresentsthedayofthemonth,mmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.Thedefaultvalueofwis6,butyoushouldspecify8ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.dd,

mm,andyy(yy)canbeseparatedbyblanksorspecialcharacters.Ifyouseparatethem,youmustaccountfortheseparatingcharactersinthewidthspecification.Ifyouhaveblanksafterthemonthandtheday,thenyouneedtohaveawidthof8fortwo-digityearsor10forfour-digityears.SAS

willdoitsbesttodecipherthestringifnoseparatorsareused,butsomedatescannotbeprocessed—forexample,2112008.Withoutplace-holdingzerosorseparators,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedateis21January2008or2November2008.Thefollowingtablegives

examplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

140390 DDMMYY6.

06/09/05 DDMMYY8.

22-04-2003

DDMMYY10.

JULIANw.

JULIANw.translatesaJuliandateintheformyy(yy)ddd,withthetwo-orfour-digityearprecedingthezero-filleddayoftheyear.Itisright-justified.wcanbefrom5to32,andthedefaultis5.Ifyou

specify5,theyearportionoftheJuliandateistwodigitslong.Ifyouspecify7ormore,theyearportionisfourdigitslong.Zerosmustfillthespacebetweentheyearanddayvalues:Forexample,thefifthdayoftheyearmustbegivenas"005."Anydateprecedingtheyear

1582ontheGregoriancalendarcannotbereadasaJulianvalue.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

09284 JULIAN5.

2014005 JULIAN7.

2012168 JULIAN7.

MMDDYYw.MMDDYYw.readsdatesoftheformmmddyy(yy),wheremmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,dd

representsthedayofthemonth,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.Thedefaultvalueofwis6,butyoushouldspecify8ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.dd,mm,andyy(yy)canbeseparatedbyblanksorspecialcharacters.Ifyouseparatethem,youmustaccountforthe

blanksinthewidthspecification.Ifyouhaveblanksafterthemonthandtheday,thenyouneedtohaveawidthof8fortwo-digityearsor10forfour-digityears.SASwilldoitsbesttodecipherthestringifnoseparatorsareused,butsomedatescannotbeprocessed—for

example,1272003.Withoutplace-holdingzerosorseparators,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedateisJanuary27,2003,orDecember7,2003.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownin

eachline.

CharactersRead Informat

041798 MMDDYY6.

1/15/2013 MMDDYY10.

08282015 MMDDYY10.

MONYYw.

MONYYw.readsdates

oftheformmonyy(yy),wheremonisthethree-lettermonthabbreviation,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.UsingthisinformatwillsettheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothefirstdayofthemonth.Thedefaultvalueofwis5,butyoushouldspecify7ifyouarereading

four-digityears.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

Characters

Read Informat

JAN15 MONYY5.

dec1920 MONYY7.

aug2020 MONYY7.

PDJULG4.

PDJULG4.readsapackedJuliandateinhexadecimalformatforIBMcomputers.Thewidthspecificationisalways4,becausethe

Juliandateisparsedasfollows:thefour-digitGregorianyeariswritteninthefirsttwobytes,andthethree-digitintegerthatrepresentsthedayoftheyearisinthenextone-and-a-halfbytes.Thelasthalf-bytecontainsallbinary1s,whichindicatesthevalueispositive.There

isnoexamplegivenforthisinformatbecausepacked-decimalJuliandatesyieldnonprintablecharacters.

PDJULIw.PDJULIw.alsoreadsapackedJuliandateinhexadecimalformatforIBMcomputers.It

differsfromthePDJULG.informatinthatitexpectsthetwodigitsofthecenturyinthefirstbyte,followedbytwodigitsoftheyearinthesecondbyte.Thenextone-and-a-half-bytesstorethethree-digitintegerthatcorrespondstothedayoftheyear,whilethelasthalf-byteisfilled

withhexadecimal1s,representingapositivenumber.Thecenturyandyeararecalculatedbysubtracting1900fromthefour-digitGregorianyear.Onceagain,thereisnoexample,sincepacked-decimalJuliandatesyieldnonprintablecharacters.

YYMMDDw.YYMMDDw.isusedtoreaddatesoftheformyy(yy)mmdd,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,mmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.Thedefaultvalueofwis6,butyoushouldspecify8ifyou

arereadingfour-digityears.yy(yy),mm,andddcanbeseparatedbyblanksorspecialcharacters.Ifyouseparatethem,youmustaccountfortheseparatingcharactersinthewidthspecification.Ifyouhaveblanksafterthemonthandtheday,thenyouneedtohaveawidthof8fortwo-

digityearsor10forfour-digityears.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

441205 YYMMDD6.

20150517 YYMMDD8.

2014-07- YYMMDD10.

2014-07-

06

YYMMDD10.

YYMMNw.

YYMMNw.readsdatesoftheformyy(yy)mm,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,andmmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth.

Thedayisautomaticallysetto1.Thedefaultvalueofwis4,butyoushouldspecify6ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.TheNintheinformatnameisnecessary.Yourdatamustnothaveanyseparatingcharactersbetweenthemonthandtheyear.Thisinformat

willproduceadatevaluethatisequaltothefirstdayofthemonthgiven.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.Notethatline2ofthistabledemonstrateswhat

happensifyoutrytoreadadatewithatwo-digityearusingthewidthof6.Inthiscase,SASistranslatingthefourdigitsastheyear,sothemonthvalueisconsideredtobemissing.

CharactersRead Informat

1 9905 YYMMN4.

2 9905 YYMMN6.

3 201403 YYMMN6.

4 201610 YYMMN6.

YYQw.YYQw.readsdatesoftheformyy(yy)Qq,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityearfollowedbytheletterQ

andqisanumberfrom1to4,indicatingthequarteroftheyear.Thedatevalueproducedbythisinformatwillcorrespondtothefirstdayofthegivenquarter.Use6forwifyouarereadingfour-digityears,or4ifyouarereadingtwo-digityears.Thedefaultwis6.Thefollowingtable

givesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

ResultingSASDateValue

14Q1 YYQ4.

2010Q3 YYQ6.

2015Q2 YYQ6.

2013Q4 YYQ6.

YYMMDDw.YYMMDDw.isusedtoreaddatesoftheformyy(yy)mmdd,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,mm

representsthenumberofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.Thedefaultvalueofwis6,butyoushouldspecify8ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.yy(yy),mm,andddcanbeseparatedbyblanksorspecialcharacters.Ifyouseparatethem,youmustaccountforthe

separatingcharactersinthewidthspecification.Ifyouhaveblanksafterthemonthandtheday,thenyouneedtohaveawidthof8fortwo-digityearsor10forfour-digityears.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorresponds

tothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

441205 YYMMDD6.

20150517 YYMMDD8.

2014-07-06

YYMMDD10.

YYMMNw.YYMMNw.readsdates

oftheformyy(yy)mm,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,andmmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth.Thedayisautomaticallysetto1.Thedefaultvalueofwis4,butyoushouldspecify6ifyouarereadingfour-digityears.TheNintheinformatnameis

necessary.Yourdatamustnothaveanyseparatingcharactersbetweenthemonthandtheyear.Thisinformatwillproduceadatevaluethatisequaltothefirstdayofthemonthgiven.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdate

valuethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.Notethatline2ofthistabledemonstrateswhathappensifyoutrytoreadadatewithatwo-digityearusingthewidthof6.Inthiscase,SASistranslatingthefourdigitsastheyear,sothemonthvalueisconsideredtobe

missing.

CharactersRead Informat

1 9905 YYMMN4.

2 9905 YYMMN6.

3 201403 YYMMN6.

4 201610 YYMMN6.

YYQw.

YYQw.readsdatesoftheformyy(yy)Qq,whereyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityearfollowedbytheletterQandqisanumberfrom1to4,indicatingthequarteroftheyear.Thedatevalueproducedbythisinformatwillcorrespondtothefirstdayofthegivenquarter.Use6forwif

youarereadingfour-digityears,or4ifyouarereadingtwo-digityears.Thedefaultwis6.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead Informat

ResultingSASDateValue

14Q1 YYQ4.

2010Q3 YYQ6.

2015Q2 YYQ6.

2013Q4 YYQ6.

TheWEEKInformats

TheWEEKinformatsreaddatesintheISO-standardWEEKformat.TherearethreealgorithmsusedtocalculatetheWEEKvaluefromagivendate.TheUalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonSundaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutanyotherrestriction.TheV

algorithmdefinesthefirstweekoftheyearascontainingbothJanuary4andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.Therefore,ifthefirstMondayoftheyearfallsonJanuary2,3,or4,theprecedingdaysofthecalendaryearareconsideredtobeapartofweek53ofthepreviouscalendaryear.

Itisalsopossibleforcalendardaysattheendofayeartobeconsideredasbeinginthefirstweekofthenextcalendaryear.Finally,theWalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutanyotherrestriction.

TheWEEKalgorithmscalculatedatesdifferently,soitiscriticalthatyouusethecorrectalgorithmfortheweekvaluethatyouareconverting.Thismeansthatyouneedtoknowwhichalgorithmwasusedtocreatetheweekvaluebeforeyoutrytoconvertit.Ifyouusea

differentweekalgorithmfromtheonethatwasusedtocreatetheweekvalue,youwillgetthewrongactualdate.Example3.6demonstratesthis.

Example3.6:TheDifferencebetweentheVariousWEEKAlgorithms(U,V,W)

Date

Weekvalue

FormattedwithWEEKDATEUAlgorithm

1 W12 Sunday,March23,2014

2 13W45 Sunday,

November10,2013

3 15W5303 Tuesday,January5,2016

4 2014W2104 Wednesday,May28,2014

5 2015-W01-02

Monday,January5,2015

Example3.6demonstratesthedifferencesthatexistnotonlyintheresultingdatebetweenthealgorithms,butalsointhedayoftheweek,

whichdependsonwhetherthealgorithmusesSundayorMondayasthefirstdayoftheweek.Rows3and5highlightthedifferencesinthewaythefirstandlastweekofthecalendaryeararehandledbythedifferentalgorithms.Asyoucansee,ifyouusethewrongalgorithm,

notonlycanyouendupwithanunintendeddate,buttheresultingdatemightnotevenbeinthesameyear.

WEEKUw.WEEKUw.isnewasofSASversion9.3.ItisusedtotranslateweekvaluesintoSASdatesusingtheUalgorithm.

TheUalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonSundaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroifnecessary.Weekvaluesaredatesintheformyyyy-Wnn-dd,whereyyyyistheoptionalyear(canbe

twoorfourdigits).Wistheletter"W"for"Week";nnistheweeknumberrangingfrom0to53;andddistheoptionaldayoftheweek.Thedashesareoptionalseparators,buttheyaretheonlyseparatorsthatcanbeusedinISO8601weekvaluesandareusedbetweentheyear,the

weeknumber,andtheday(ifpresent).Thewidthspecification,w,canrangefrom3to200andtellsSASwhattoexpectfromthecharacterstringbeingprocessedaccordingtothefollowingtable.

Width(w)

PatternExpected Example

3–4 Wnn W08

5–6 yyWnn 14W08

7–8 yyWnndd 14W0803

9–10 yyyyWnndd 2014W0803

11–200

yyyy-Wnn-dd

2014-W08-03

Specifyinganyvalue

greaterthan11willhavenoeffectonthedatereturned,althoughtheimpliedcursorplacementcancauseanINPUTstatement(notfunction)toyieldunexpectedresults.

Characters

Read Informat

W12 WEEKU3.

14W40 WEEKU5.

15W2801 WEEKU7.

2014W3304 WEEKU9.

2015-W06-02

WEEKU11.

WEEKVw.WEEKVw.isavailableasofSASversion9.3.ItisusedtotranslateweekvaluesintoSASdatesusingtheValgorithm.TheValgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek,andtheweeknumberis

displayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroifnecessary.ThisalgorithmdefinesthefirstweekoftheyearascontainingbothJanuary4andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.Therefore,ifthefirstMondayoftheyearfallsonJanuary2,3,or4,theprecedingdays

ofthecalendaryearareconsideredtobeapartofweek53ofthepreviouscalendaryear.Weekvaluesaredatesintheformyyyy-Wnn-dd,whereyyyyistheoptionalyear(canbetwoorfourdigits).Wistheletter"W"for"Week";nnistheweeknumberrangingfrom0to53;andddisthe

optionaldayoftheweek.Thedashesareoptionalseparators,buttheyaretheonlyseparatorsthatcanbeusedinISO8601weekvaluesandareusedbetweentheyear,theweeknumber,andtheday(ifpresent).Thewidthspecification,w,canrangefrom3to200andtellsSASwhat

toexpectfromthecharacterstringbeingprocessedaccordingtothefollowingtable:

Width(w)

PatternExpected Example

3–4 Wnn W08

5–6 yyWnn 14W08

7–8 yyWnndd 14W0803

9–10 yyyyWnndd 2014W0803

11–200

yyyy-Wnn-dd

2014-W08-03

Specifyinganyvaluegreaterthan11willhavenoeffectonthedatereturned,althoughtheimpliedcursorplacementcancausean

INPUTstatement(notfunction)toyieldunexpectedresults.

CharactersRead Informat

W12 WEEKV3.

14W40 WEEKV5.

15W2801 WEEKV7.

2014W3304 WEEKV9.

2015-W06-02

WEEKV11.

WEEKWw.WEEKWw.isavailableasofSASversion9.3.Itisusedtotranslate

weekvaluesintoSASdatesusingtheWalgorithm.TheWalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutanyotherrestriction.Theweeknumberisdisplayedasatwo-digitnumberfrom0to53,withaleadingzeroif

necessary.Weekvaluesaredatesintheformyyyy-Wnn-dd,whereyyyyistheoptionalyear(canbetwoorfourdigits).Wistheletter"W"for"Week";nnistheweeknumberrangingfrom0to53;andddistheoptionaldayoftheweek.Thedashesareoptionalseparators,buttheyare

theonlyseparatorsthatcanbeusedinISO8601weekvaluesandareusedbetweentheyear,theweeknumber,andtheday(ifpresent).Thewidthspecification,w,canrangefrom3to200andtellsSASwhattoexpectfromthecharacterstringbeingprocessedaccordingto

thefollowingtable:

Width(w)

PatternExpected Example

3–4 Wnn W08

5–6 yyWnn 14W08

7–8 yyWnndd 14W0803

9–10 yyyyWnndd 2014W0803

11–200

yyyy-Wnn-dd

2014-W08-03

Specifyinganyvaluegreaterthan11willhavenoeffectonthedatereturned,althoughtheimpliedcursorplacementcancauseanINPUTstatement(notfunction)toyieldunexpectedresults.

CharactersRead Informat

W12 WEEKW3.

14W40 WEEKW5.

15W2801 WEEKW7.

2014W3304 WEEKW9.

2015-W06- WEEKW11.

02

3.4.2TimeInformats

HHMMSSw.HHMMSSw.isavailableasofSASversion9.3.Itwillreadtimevaluesintheformhh:mm:ssor

hhmmss,wherehhishours,mmisminutes,andssisseconds,withanoptionalseparator.Thisinformatwillignorefractionalseconds.Thedefaultwidthforthisformatis8,butwcanrangefrom1to20.Whentherearesixdigitsinthestringbeingread,thefirsttwodigitswill

betranslatedintohours,thesecondtwointominutes,andthelasttwointoseconds.

CharactersRead Informat

143500 HHMMSS6.

971406 HHMMSS6.

000339 HHMMSS6.

081525 HHMMSS6.

Theparsingandinterpretationperformedbythisinformatchangesiftherearefewerthansixdigitsinthestring

beingreadandisbasedonthefollowingrules:Ifthereisanoddnumberofdigitsinthestringbeingread,SASwilladdazerotothebeginningofthestring,andthefirsttwodigitswillthenbetranslatedashours.SASwillthenaddzerostotheendofthestringuntilithassixdigitsandcanbe

translatedashours,minutes,seconds.

CharactersRead Informat

1 HHMMSS6.

11 HHMMSS6.

112 HHMMSS6.

1127 HHMMSS6.

11274 HHMMSS6.

112745 HHMMSS6.

Whentherearemorethansixdigitsinthestringthatisbeingread,SASwillparsethestringfromrighttoleft.Theassumptionisthatsincesecondsandminutesnormallycycleat60,theywillonlyeverrequiretwodigits.Itwilltranslatethelast

fourdigitsofthestringasminutesandseconds.Alldigitstotheleftofthefinalfourdigitswillbetranslatedintohours.

CharactersRead Informat

172154 HHMMSS10.

1721543 HHMMSS10.

17215430 HHMMSS10.

172154305 HHMMSS10.

1721543058 HHMMSS10.

MSEC8.

MSEC8.readsIBMmainframetimevaluesaccuratetothenearestmillisecond.Thewidthis8becausetheOSTIMEmacroandSTCKsysteminstructionsstoretheirtimevaluesin8bytes.

PDTIME4.PDTIME4.convertspacked-decimaltimevaluescontainedinSMFandRMFrecordsproducedbyIBMmainframesystemstoSAStimevalues.Thewidthisshownas4becauseSMFandRMFrecordsare4byteslong.Whilethe

informatRMFSTAMP8.alsoreadspackeddecimalRMFrecords,RMFSTAMP8.readsboththe4bytesoftimeand4bytesofdateinformationcontainedintheRMFrecordandcreatesaSASdatetimevaluefromit.PDTIME4.onlyreadsthe4bytesoftimeinformationfrom

anRMFrecordandcreatesaSAStimevalue.

RMFDUR4.RMFDUR4.convertsIBMmainframeRMFdurationrecordsintoSAStimevalues.Thewidthisshownas4becauseRMFrecordsare4-byte-longpacked

hexadecimalrecords.

STIMERw.STIMERw.readstimesproducedbytheSTIMERSystemoptionintheSASlog.Thisinformathasnodefaultwidth.Itreadstimesandinterpretsthembasedoncolonsanddecimalpoints.Ifthere

isonecolon,thefirsttwodigitsareminutesandthelasttwoareseconds.Iftherearetwocolons,thedigitsprecedingthefirstcolonarehours,thenextsetoftwodigitsisminutes,andthelasttwoareseconds.Ifthereisadecimalpoint,thevaluefollowingthedecimal

pointistranslatedasadecimalfractionofseconds.Itcanreadtimevaluesinthefollowingformats,wherehhcorrespondstohours,mmcorrespondstominutes,sscorrespondstoseconds,andffcorrespondstodecimalfractionsofseconds.

ssss.ffmm:ssmm:ss.ffhh:mm:sshh:mm:ss.ff

CharactersRead Informat

33 STIMER2.

51.60 STIMER5.

14:05 STIMER5.

3:11.03 STIMER7.

1:19:21 STIMER7.

1:46:17.74 STIMER11.

TIMEw.

TIMEw.willreadtimesintheformhh:mm:ss.ff,wherehhindicatesthehours,mmisminutes,andssisthenumberofseconds.Theymustbeseparatedbyaspecialcharacter,suchasacolon(:),period(.),or

hyphen(-).ffindicatesdecimalfractionsofsecondsandmustbeseparatedfromthesecondsbyadecimalpoint(.).Bothsecondsandtheirdecimalfractionsareassumedtobezeroiftheyarenotpresent.Thisinformatcanreada.m.andp.m.timevalues.Ifhhisgreaterthan24,

and/ormmandssaregreaterthan60,thetimevaluereadwillgivethecorrectnumberofseconds,evenifitisgreaterthan86399.99(thenumberofsecondsinaday).Thisinformatwillparsethetimestringbeingreadashours,minutes,secondsfromlefttoright.Therefore,

ifyouareattemptingtoreadonlyminutesandseconds,youmusthaveleadingzerosforthehours,andvaluesforbothminutesandseconds.Otherwise,yourvaluewillbetranslatedashours:minutes,notminutes:seconds.wrangesfrom5to32withadefaultof8.

CharactersRead Informat

1 124:46 TIME6.

2 14:11:03.3 TIME10.

3 08-15 TIME5.

4 00:10 TIME5.

5 00:10:42 TIME8.

6 10.42 TIME10.

7 00:10:42.5 TIME10.

TODSTAMP8.

TODSTAMP8.converts

aneight-bytetime-of-daystampproducedbytheOSTIMEmacroortheSTCKinstructiononIBMmainframesintoaSAStimevalue.Thewidthis8becausethesecallsreturneight-bytetime-of-dayvalues.UsethisinformatwhenyouarereadingIBMmainframetime-of-dayvalueson

otheroperatingsystems.

TU4.TU4.convertsIBMmainframetimerunits(38,400timerunitspersecond)toSAStimevalues.ItisusedwhenreadingIBMmainframetimerunitvaluesunderotheroperating

systems.Thewidthis4becausetheOSTIMEmacroreturnsafour-byteword.

3.4.3DatetimeInformats

B8601CIw.dB8601CIw.disavailableasofSASversion9.3.Itreads

IBMtimevalueswithacenturymarkeroftheformcyymmddhhmmss<fff>,wherecrepresentsthecenturydigit.Thecenturydigitiscalculatedbysubtracting1900fromthecurrentyear,dividingby100,anddroppingtheremainder.yyisthe

two-digityearfrom00to99,themmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.Thetimeisrepresentedbyhhmmss<fff>,wherehhindicatesthehours,mmisminutes,ssisthenumberofseconds,andfffindicatesthousandthsofseconds.

wrangesfrom10to26,withadefaultvalueof16,whiledrangesfrom0to6forthefractionalpartofseconds.

CharactersRead Informat

21504231905 B8601CI16.

1560928053505 B8601CI16.

2140630102416454 B8601CI19.3

2131216094500 B8601CI16.

B8601DJw.dB8601DJw.disavailableasofSASversion9.3.Itreadsdatetimesinstandard

Javadateandtimenotation.yyyymmddhhmmss<ffffff>whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,mmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,ddrepresentsthedayofthemonth,andtimeisrepresentedbyhhmmss<ffffff>,wherehhindicatesthehours,mmisminutes,ssisthe

numberofseconds,andffffffindicatesmillionthsofseconds.wrangesfrom10to26,withadefaultvalueof16,whiledrangesfrom0to6forthefractionalpartofseconds.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorresponds

tothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead

201607181108

20141123054509

201303070814433064

201406241630254

DATETIMEw.d

DATETIMEw.dreadsSASdatetimevalues.Thedatetimevaluemustbeintheformddmonyy(yy),followedbyablankoraspecialcharacter,andthenthetimeintheformathh:mm:ss.ff.ddrepresentsthedayof

themonth,monisthethree-lettermonthabbreviation,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.hhindicatesthenumberofhours,mmisthenumberofminutes,andssisthenumberofseconds.ffindicatesfractionalpartsofseconds.Bothsecondsandfractionalseconds

areassumedtobezeroiftheyarenotpresent.wcanbefrom13to40,withadefaultof18,whiledcanrangefrom0to6.

Ifyouuseatwo-digityear,SASwillapplytheYEARCUTOFF=systemoptionintranslatingtheyear.Thisinformatcanalso

reada.m.andp.m.timevalues.

CharactersRead

22APR20145:23PM

22APR2014-17:23

22APR2014:05:23:15

PM

22APR2014/17:23:15.6

MDYAMPMw.dMDYAMPMw.dreadsdatetimevaluesintheformofmm-dd-yy(yy)hh:mm:ss.ffAM|PM,wheremmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,ddrepresents

thedayofthemonth,andyy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,followedbythetimewherehhrepresentshours,mmrepresentsminutes,ssrepresentsoptionalseconds,ffrepresentsoptionalfractionalseconds,andAM|PMindicatesa.m.orp.m.Theseparatorsarenotoptionaland

canbeahyphen(-),orperiod(.),orslash(/),orcolon(:).Thedefaultvalueofwis19andrangesfrom8to40,whiledrangesfrom0to39forthefractionalpartofseconds.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorresponds

tothetextshownineachline.Line4showsthatthisformatcantranslatetwenty-four-hourclockvalueswithouttheAM|PMindicator.

CharactersRead Informat

1 05-08-20159:33AM

MDYAMPM18.

2 10-26-20145:00PM

MDYAMPM18.

3 04-25-20131:00:57.4

MDYAMPM22.3

PM

4 08-09-201714:15

MDYAMPM17.

RMFSTAMP8.

RMFSTAMP8.convertsIBMmainframeRMF

dateandtimerecordsintoSASdatetimevalues.Thewidthisshownas8becauseRMFrecordsarepacked-decimalrecordswith4bytesoftimeinformationfollowedby4bytesofdateinformation.WhilePDTIME4.alsoreadsRMFrecords,itonlyreadsthetimeportion

oftheRMFrecordandproducesaSAStimevalue.RMFSTAMP8.readsboththedateandtimeportionsoftheRMFrecordandproducesaSASdatetimevalue.

SHRSTAMP8.SHRSTAMP8.convertsIBMmainframeSHR

dateandtimerecordsintoSASdatetimevalues.Thewidthisshownas8becauseSHRrecordsarepacked-decimalrecordswith4bytesofdateinformationfollowedby4bytesoftimeinformation.

SMFSTAMP8.

SMFSTAMP8.convertsIBMmainframeSMFrecordsintoSASdatetimevalues.Thewidthisshownas8becauseSMFrecordsarepacked-decimalrecordswith4bytesoftimeinformationfollowedby4bytesofdateinformation.ThisenablesyoutoreadSMFrecordswithout

regardtooperatingsystem.

YMDDTTMw.dYMDDTTMw.dreadsdatetimevaluesintheform<yy>yy-mm-ddhh:mm:ss.ff,wherespecialcharacterssuchasahyphen(-),period(.),slash(/),orcolon(:)areusedtoseparate

theyear,month,day,hour,minute,andseconds.Separatorsarerequiredforeachcomponent.Theyearcanbeeithertwoorfourdigits.yy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear,mmrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.Thetimefollows,wherehh

representshours,mmrepresentsminutes,ssrepresentsoptionalseconds,andffrepresentsoptionalfractionalseconds,whichmustbeseparatedfromthesecondsbyadecimalpoint(.).Thisinformatwilltranslatea.m.andp.m.timevalues.Thedefaultvalueofwis19

andcanrangefrom13to40,whiledrangesfrom0to39forthefractionalpartofseconds.

CharactersRead

2014-07-18-11-08-05

2014/01/11:05:19:45

1983.02.18.05:59PM

2015-08-23-14:24:16.5

3.4.4The"ANYDATE"Seriesof

InformatsSAS9addressedanissuewiththeprocessingofdatesandtimesthathasalwaysaffectedSASusers.AlthoughinformatshandlethetranslationofastringofcharactersintoSASdateandtimevalueseasily,inordertousethemyouhadto

knowwhatthestringofcharacterslookedlikebeforeyouprocessedthem.Giventhemanywaysthatdatesandtimescanberepresented,itwasnotuncommonforseveralrecordstohaveincorrectvaluesafterprocessingbecauseofanerrorintheunderlyingtextstrings

beingtranslated.Forexample,ifyouexpectthedatestobeintheform"ddMOMyyyy,"buthalfwaythroughthefilethestringswereenteredas"mmddyyyy,"atleasthalfofyourresultingdatasetwillhavemissingdatevalues.TheDATE.informatcannotreadstrings

formattedtobereadwiththeMMDDYY.informat,andviceversa.Therearenowthreeinformatsthatwillintelligentlyand,forthemostpart,successfullyenableyoutoavoidthisproblem.

TheANYDTDTE.,ANYDTDTM.,andANYDTTME.informats

willtranslatedates,datetimevalues,andtimevalues,respectively,intotheircorrespondingSASvalues.Thistranslationwillbeperformedwithouthavingtoknowtherepresentationofthesedate,datetime,andtimevaluesinadvance.Somelimitsexistasto

thetypesofrepresentationstheseinformatswillbeabletotranslate,andinthiseraofbigdatayoushouldalsobeawarethatusingtheseinformatswillrequiremoreCPUtimethanifyouareabletouseoneoftheregularinformatstoprocessyourdata.

ThepotentialforconfusionexistswithDDMMYY,MMDDYY,andYYMMDDvalues,especiallyinthepresenceoftwo-digityearvalues.TheSASoptionDATESTYLEindicateshowsuchconfusionswillberesolved.ThepossiblevaluesfortheDATESTYLE=system

optionareshowninthefollowingtable.

Value Explanations

MDY Setsthedefaultorderasmonth,day,year."10-03-12"wouldbe

translatedasOctober3,2012.

YMD Setsthedefaultorderasyear,month,day."10-03-12"wouldbe

translatedasMarch12,2010.

DMY Setsthedefaultorderasday,month,year."10-03-12"wouldbe

translatedasMarch10,2012.

LOCALE(default)

SetsthedefaultvalueaccordingtotheLOCALE=system

option.WhenthedefaultvaluefortheLOCALE=systemoptionis"English_US,"thissets

DATESTYLEtoMDY.Therefore,bydefault,"10-03-12"wouldbetranslatedasOctober3,2012.

Note:YDM,MYD,andDYMhavebeenremovedfromSAS9.3andlaterversions.Ifyoucontinuetousetheminlegacycode,noerrorwillappearinthelog,butanyinputstringsthatcannotbetranslatedwithoutknowingtheDATESTYLE(forexample,"10-03-12")

willbetranslatedasmissing.

WhathappenswhentheinputstringcannotbetranslatedusingtheDATESTYLEoptionineffect?TheANYDTseriesofinformatswilltesttheinputstringtoseewhetheroneoftheotherDATESTYLEoptionswillwork.If

onlyoneDATESTYLEproducesavalidSASdateordatetimevalue,thenSASwillprocesstheinputstringusingthatDATESTYLE.However,itisentirelypossiblethattheinputstringcanbetranslatedusingmorethanoneoftheremainingDATESTYLEoptions.Forexample,theinput

string"270328"cannotbetranslatedusingMDY,butbothYMDandDMYwillproduceavalidSASdate.SAShasaninternalpriorityofwhichDATESTYLEtakesprecedencewhentheoptionineffectwillnotwork,andtwoormoreDATESTYLESwill.ItisbasedontheDATESTYLEoptionin

effect.ThefollowingtabledetailshowtheDATESTYLEischoseniftheDATESTYLEoptionineffectdoesnotyieldavalidSASdatevalue.

DATESYTLEOptioninEffect

InputString

DATESTYLEsPossible

MDY 170514

YMD 110845

DMY Noambiguityispossible.DMYwillalwaystakeprecedence.

Inshort,whentheDATESTYLEisMDY,thenanyambiguitywillberesolvedusingYMD,andwhentheDATESTYLEisYMD,anyambiguityisresolvedusingDMY.

ANYDTDTEw.ANYDTDTEw.willtranslatedatathatcan

bereadwiththefollowinginformats:DATE,DATETIME,DDMMYY,JULIAN,MDYAMPM,MMDDYY,MMxYY,MONYY,TIME,YMDDTTM,YYMMDD,YYMMn,orYYQintoSASdatevalues.Thisinformatcanalsoworkwiththefollowingstandarddateformats:"February25,

2012,""08/2014,"or"2015-05."wcanrangefrom5to32,andthedefaultwidthis9.Thisinformatextractsdatevaluesfromadatetimestring.However,ifonlyatimevalueisgiven,thedateisassumedtobeJanuary1,1960.ThefollowingtableusesOPTIONSDATESTYLE=MDYas

thedefaultinterpretationfortwo-digityearvalues.

CharactersRead

05172014

20140517

2014Q2

051714

17052014

170514

17MAY2014:15:12:06

15:12:06

2014137

MAY2014

17MAY2014

May17,2014

14-05

2014-05

05-2014

05-17-20143:12:06PM

2014-05-17-15:12:06

ANYDTDTMw.

ANYDTDTMw.willtranslatedatathatcan

bereadwiththefollowinginformats:DATE,DATETIME,DDMMYY,JULIAN,MDYAMPM,MMDDYY,MMxYY,MONYY,TIME,YMDDTTM,YYMMDD,YYMMn,orYYQintoSASdatetimevalues.Thisinformatcanalsoworkwiththefollowingstandarddateformats:"February25,

2012,""08/2014,"or"2015-05."wcanrangefrom1to32,andthedefaultwidthis19.

Thisinformatwillparsetimevaluesfrominputstringsbasedoncolonsandperiods.Ifthereisonecolon(forexample,15:12),thefirsttwodigitsaretranslatedashoursand

thelasttwoasminutes.Iftherearetwocolons(forexample,15:12:06),thedigitsprecedingthefirstcolonaretranslatedashours,thenextsetoftwodigitsasminutes,andthelasttwoasseconds.Ifthereisasingledecimalpointandoneormorecolons(forexample,12:06.5),

thevaluefollowingthedecimalpointistranslatedasadecimalfractionofseconds,andthevalueprecedingthedecimalpointisconsideredtobeseconds.Asinglecolonisthereforeinterpretedasminutes:seconds.fractionalseconds.Inordertoaccountforhours,the

correctformatwouldbehours:minutes:seconds.fractionalseconds.

Iftherearemultipledecimalpoints(forexample,15.12.06),thentheyareconsideredtobedelimitersfordatevaluesandthusarenottranslatedastime

values.

Thisinformatextractsdatetimevaluesfromastring.Ifonlyatimevalueisgiven,thedateisassumedtobeJanuary1,1960.Ifonlyadatevalueisgiven,thetimeisassumedtobemidnight(0:00).Thefollowingtableusesthesameinputdataasis

usedintheANYDTDTE.informatexampleabove.

CharactersRead

05172014

20140517

2014Q2

051714

17052014

170514

17MAY2014:15:12:06

15:12:06

2014137

MAY2014

17MAY2014

May17,2014

2014-05

05-2014

14-05

05-17-20143:12:06

PM

2014-05-17-15:12:06

ANYDTTMEw.

ANYDTTMEw.willtranslatedatathatcanbereadwiththefollowinginformats:DATE,DATETIME,DDMMYY,JULIAN,

MDYAMPM,MMDDYY,MMxYY,MONYY,TIME,YMDDTTM,YYMMDD,YYMMn,orYYQintoSAStimevalues.Thisinformatcanalsoworkwiththefollowingstandarddateformats:"February25,2012,""08/2014,"or"2015-05."wcanrangefrom1to32,andthedefaultwidthis8.

ANYDTTMEw.canextracttimevaluesfromadatetimevalue.However,ifonlyadatevalueisgiven,thetimeisassumedtobe12:00a.m.

Characters

Read

17MAY2014:15:12:06

15:12:06

05-17-20143:12:06PM

2014-05-17-15:12:06

08.05

08.05

08:05

08:05:05

17:15

2:45PM

2:45PM

6AM

6:00AM

27:36:58

3.4.5SoWhyNotJustUsethe"ANYDATE"SeriesofInformats?ItistemptingtoautomaticallyuseANYDTDTE.,ANYDTTM.,orANYDTTME.toprocess

stringsrepresentingdates,datetimes,andtimes.Youdonothavetoworryabouttheformattingoftheinputstring,andSASwillmakesenseoutofit.The"ANYDATE"informatsdohavelimitations,andtherulesthatSASfollowsmightnotbetherulesthatyouneedtoapply.

First,thereisthematteroftheadditionalprocessingneeded.Theseinformatsgothroughadecisiontreetodeterminehowtotranslateeverysinglevalueencountered;therefore,theamountofadditionalprocessingwillincreasewiththenumberoftimeseach"ANYDATE"informat

hastobeused.Thiswouldhaveanegligibleimpactonasmallamountofdata,butifyouneedtousethemonbigdata,youmightwanttoconsiderstandardizingtherepresentationofyourdate,time,anddatetimetextvaluesbeforehandandusingthecorresponding

informat.Second,itisentirelypossiblethatyouwouldwanttoconsideranonstandardvalueerroneousanddon'twantSAStodecidewhattodowithitwithoutyoubeingabletoinspectitfirst.Third,exceptionscanoccur,evenwhentheuseofanANYDATEinformatiswarranted.

WhileitisalwaysagoodideatocheckalldatathatyouareconvertingtoSASfromanothersourceandespeciallywhenyouareconvertingdates,times,anddatetimevalues,itiscriticalifyouareusingtheANYDT.informats.

Finally,itisimportant

tonotethattheANYDATEseriesofformatsaredesignedtohandletheissueofvaryingwaysofrepresentingdates,butthey,likeallotherdate,time,anddatetimeinformats,arenotdesignedtohandledirtydata.Missingseparators,misspelledwords,andmissing

datecomponentsareafewofthemajordataproblemsthatareencounteredwhenprocessingdates,times,anddatetimesfromsourcesotherthanSAS.Unlessyouspecificallyprovidecodetofixthoseproblemsontheflyorcanensurethatyourdatesarecleanbeforeprocessingthem,

youwillwindupwithmissingdate,time,ordatetimevaluesinyourdataset.SASprogrammershavewrittenagreatdealofcodetohandlethisspecificissue;KingandFlemingshowonesuchapproachinthe2011SASGlobalForumproceedings(seehttp://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings11/117-

2011.pdf).Example3.7isaskeletonofanapproachusingauser-writtenfunctionandtheANYDATE.informat.

Example3.7:ASimpleFunctiontoHandleDateswithMissingSeparators

LIBNAMEcontrol"c:\book\2ndEd\examples";ODSESCAPECHAR='~';OPTIONSCMPLIB=

(control.functions);

PROCFCMPOUTLIB=control.functions.dates;

FUNCTIONmakedate(cdate$)$;LENGTHdtstr$42supr$16;supr='';*assumethatdateisinMMDDYYform,butcheck;*missingdatesoftenhaveaformof__/__/____;IFSUBSTR(cdate,7,4)

NOTIN('','____')THENDO;*assumeyearisgood;yy=INPUT(SUBSTR(cdate,7,4),4.);m=SUBSTR(cdate,1,2);IF'01'<=m<='12'THENDO;mm=INPUT(m,2.);*Monthisgoodchkday;*UseINTNXtofindthemaximumnumberofdaysincurrentmonth;d=SUBSTR(cdate,4,2);IF'01'<=d<=PUT(DAY(INTNX('MONTH',MDY(mm,1,yy),0,'e')

),z2.)THENdd=INPUT(d,2.);ELSEDO;*Dayisbadforthismonth;*Fixbydividingnumberofdaysinmonthby2;dd=CEIL(DAY(INTNX('MONTH',mdy(mm,1,yy),0,'e'))/2);supr='~{superDay}';END;END;ELSEDO;*Monthisbad-

resetmonthandday;mm=6;dd=31;supr='~{superMonth}';END;*Createthedatevalue;date=MDY(mm,dd,yy);dtstr=CATT(PUT(date,MMDDDYY10.),supr);END;ELSEDO;*yrisbad;dtstr='Unknown~{superY}';

END;RETURN(dtstr);ENDSUB;RUN;QUIT;PROCFORMAT;VALUE$mkdtOTHER=[makedate()];RUN;

ThecodeinExample3.7createdafunctiontobeusedasaformatforourdates,whichwillimputea

replacementdatestringwhenprovidedwithadatestringthatmayormaynothavemissingdatecomponents.Notethatthisisacharacterformatbecauseithastotreattheincomingdatedataascharacterstrings.IfyoutrytoreaddatestringswithmissingdatecomponentsasaSAS

date,youwillgetamissingvalue.

Nowlet'sreadinsomesampledata.ThedatasetRPTDATEScontainsproductionerrortrackingdatafromalegacysystem.Unfortunately,someofthedatedatawascorrupted,sotherearemissingandincorrect

days,months,andyears.

DATArptdates;INPUTrecno@4rptdt$10.errs;DATALINES;113/15/2013374209/08/20133302/30/2013324__/15/201315504/27/2013195605/__/201317707/08/____20806/04/0135

908/32/201341011//201361101/23/203111;;;;RUN;

Butnowthatwe'vecreatedafunctionthatistobeusedasaformat,let'suseit.Belowisadatasetwithsomedatesandacountofmachinefaultsoccurringonthatdate.

Asyoucansee,thedateshavenotbeenenteredverywell,withmissingcomponents(rows3,5,and6)andtypographicalerrors(rows7and9).We'regoingtousetheformat$MKDTtoimputethedateswecan,andannotateeachdatethatwasimputedintheoutputstring.

Figure3.1:RPTDATESDataSetwithInvalidDates

NowwewilluseaPROCREPORTtodisplaythetableandformatourbaddata.In

line2,wealiastheoriginaldatestringasasecondcolumninordertoshowitwithandwithouttheformatthatwecreated.Weleavetheoriginaldatestringinthevariablerptdtandinline4weapplytheformatthatwecreatedtothevaluesinthealiasedcolumndt.

1.PROCREPORTDATA=rptdatesNOWDSPLIT='\';2.COLUMNrptdtrptdt=dterrs;3.DEFINErptdt/DISPLAY"Original\Datefrom\ErrorLog";4.DEFINEdt/'Imputed\Date'f=$mkdt36.;5.DEFINEerrs/"Errors\Reported";6.RUN;

TheresultofthePROC

REPORTisbelow.The"ImputedDate"columnisnothingmorethantheresultofdisplayingtheoriginaldatestringusingthe$MKDT.format.

Output

OriginalDatefromErrorLog

ImputedDate

13/15/2013 06/30/2013

09/08/2013 09/08/2013

02/30/2013 02/14/2013

__/15/2013 06/30/2013

04/27/2013 04/27/2013

05/__/2013 05/16/2013

07/08/____ UnknownY

06/04/013 UnknownY

08/32/2013 08/16/2013

11//2013 11/15/2013

01/23/2031 UnknownY

ThiscapacitytousePROCFCMPtocreatefunctionsthatprocesscharacterstringsandthenusethefunctionyoucreateinacustominformat(orformat,for

thatmatter)givesyoutheabilitytocreatecustomdateinformats.Withalittlecreativityonyourpart,youcanusethismethodtosolvesomeofthemoredifficultdateprocessingchallengesthatyoumayencounter.

Chapter4:ISO8601Dates,Times,Datetimes,Durations,andFunctions

4.1WhatIsISO8601?4.2ISO8601Formats4.3ISO8601Informats4.4TimeZoneFunctions4.5ISO8601

DurationsandIntervals4.6Conclusion

4.1WhatIsISO8601?ISO8601isthenameofaninternationallyacceptedwayof

describingdatesandtimesusingnumbersandisoneofnumerousinternationalstandardsmaintainedbytheInternationalStandardsorganization(ISO).Whileusingnumberseliminatestheneedfortranslatingmonthnames,thestandarddefinestheorderofdateandtime

componentsinadatestring,removingtheconfusionofwhether01-11-05meansJanuary11,2005,November12005,orNovember5,2001.Thisfacilitatestheexchangeofdata,especiallybetweeninternationalparties.Thecompletestandard(availablefrom

http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htmlcoversthefollowing:

•Date•Timeofday•Coordinateduniversaltime(UTC)•LocaltimewithoffsettoUTC•Dateandtime•Timeintervals

•Recurringtimeintervals

ThisstandardhasbeenadoptedbytheClinicalDataInterchangeStandardsConsortium(CDISC)fortherepresentationofitsdateandtimedata,sothoseinthepharmaceuticalindustryare

particularlyfamiliarwithit.

SAShasbuilt-informatsspecificallydesignedtodisplayitsdate,time,anddatetimevaluesinthewaydescribedbythestandard.Thereisalsoacompletesetofinformatsdesignedtointerpretstringsthat

conformtothestandardsothattheycaneasilybeconvertedtoSASdate,time,anddatetimevaluesandthereforeusedincalculationsandstoredinSASdatasets.OnemajordifferencebetweentheISOformatsandinformatsandtheirstandardcounterpartsisthatthe

ISOstandardallowsformissingcomponents.Forexample,ifyouhaveadatevaluewhereyouonlyknowthemonthandyear,itcanbeexplicitlyrepresentedinanISO-standarddatestring.ThestandardSASdateformatscanonlyrepresentacompleteSASdatevalue.Even

thestandardformatsthatonlydisplaymonthandyearusecompleteSASdatevalues,butthedaysarenotpartofthedisplay.TheISOinformatsarealittlemoreintricatebecauseofthisfeatureofthestandard;someoftheinformatsperformadefaultsubstitutionforany

missingcomponentsinordertocreateavalidSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.Bycomparison,thestandardSASdate,time,anddatetimeinformatswillreturnamissingvalueifyoupresentthemwithastringthathasamissingcomponent.Therefore,whileit

mightseemthatsomeoftheformatsandinformatsthatwedescribedinChapters2and3willproduceresultsaccordingtothestandard,itismuchmorereliabletousetheformatsandinformatsdescribedinthischapterwhenyouareworkingwithISOstandarddatesand

times.

AswithstandardSASformats,itiscriticalthatyouonlyusedateformatsandinformatsfordatevalues,timeformatsandinformatswithtimevalues,anddatetimeformatsandinformatswithdatetimevalues.

4.2ISO8601FormatsAlltheISO8601formatsareleft-justified,asopposedtothemajorityofstandardSASdate,time,anddatetimeformats,whichareright-justifiedbecausetheyrepresentnumericvalues.Theformatsin

thefollowingdescriptionsaregroupedbydate,time,anddatetime.Eachformathasabasic(formatnamestartswith"B")andanextended(formatnamestartswith"E")version.TheextendedversionoftheISOformatsusesdelimitersbetweencomponents,whilethe

basicversionsdonot.Allthefollowingexampleswillpresentthebasicversionoftheformat,followedbytheextendedversionofthesameformatwiththesameSASvalue,soyoucanseethedifference.ItisimportanttonotethatSAScontinuestodevelopformatsandinformats,soitis

alwaysagoodideatocheckthedocumentationthatcamewithyourreleaseofSAS,ortheonlinedocumentationatsupport.sas.comforanyadditionalformatsand/orinformats.

4.2.1ISODateFormats

B8601DAw.B8601DAw.writesdatevaluesintheISO8601basicdatenotationyyyyMMdd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,andddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.Itisleft-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom8

to10,andthedefaultwidthis10.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19920,whichcorrespondstoJuly16,2014.

FormatName Result

B8601DA8. 20140716

B8601DA9. 20140716

B8601DA10. 20140716

E8601DAw.

E8601DAw.writesdatevaluesintheISO8601extendeddatenotationyyyy-MM-dd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-

paddedmonth,andddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.Itisleft-justified.wisalways10.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthedatevalueis19920,whichcorrespondstoJuly16,2014.

FormatName Result Comment

E8601DA10. 2014-07-16

4.2.2ISOTimeFormats

YoucandeterminewhichoftheISO8601timeformatsyouwanttousebyansweringtwoquestions.First,doestheSAStimevaluethatyouaregoingtodisplayrepresentUTCorlocaltime?IfitrepresentsUTC,thenyouwilluseeitherthe*8601TX.orthe*8601TZ.format,

andyouhavetodeterminewhetheryouwanttodisplayUTCasitslocaltimeequivalent(basedontheTIMEZONE=optionsetting).Inthatcase,youwouldusethe*8601TX.format.IfyouwanttodisplaytheUTCtimevalueasitisstored,usethe*8601TZ.format.Ifthe

SAStimevaluerepresentslocaltime,thenusethe*8601LZ.format.TheTIMEZONE=optionhasnoeffectbecausetheformatunderstandsthatthetimeisthelocaltime.

B8601TMw.dB8601TMw.dwrites

timevaluesintheISO8601basictimenotationhhmmssffffff,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.NotethattherearenodelimitersintheISObasictimestring,whichmight

maketheresultdifficulttoread.wcanbefrom6to15,withadefaultwidthof8.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis61479.468,whichcorrespondstothetime5:04:39p.m.

(17:04:39.468):

FormatName Result

B8601TM6. 170439

B8601TM8. 170439

B8601TM10.2. 17043947

B8601TM12. 170439

B8601TM15.3. 170439468

E8601TMw.d

E8601TMw.dwritestimevaluesintheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.Colons(:)

delimithours,minutes,andseconds,whileadecimalpointdelimitsthedecimalportionofseconds.wcanbefrom8to15,withadefaultwidthof8.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis

61479.468,whichcorrespondstothetime5:04:39p.m.(17:04:39.468):

FormatName Result

E8601TM6.

E8601TM8. 17:04:39

E8601TM10.2. 17:04:39.5

E8601TM12. 17:04:39

E8601TM15.3. 17:04:39.468

B8601TXw.d

Thisformatisavailable

asofSASversion9.4.B8601TXw.dadjustsaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)valuetotheuser'slocaltime.Sinceitisintendedforclocktimesonly,valuesgreaterthan86400orlessthan0willshowasterisks.TheformatwritestheadjustedlocaltimeintheISO8601basictime

notationhhmmssffffff+|–hhmm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthe

zeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashhmm,allwithoutdelimiters,asthisisabasicISOformat.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,usingtheTIMEZONE=

systemoption.IfTIMEZONEisnotset,thentheuserlocaltimeisbasedonthesystemclock.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Youwillneedtoensurethatyouhavealargeenoughwidthspecification,orelsethetimezone

offsetcouldbetruncatedordroppedcompletely.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,whichcorrespondstothetime10:17:30a.m.GreenwichMeanTime.Asyoucansee,thevaluedisplayedchangeswiththetime

zone.

FormatName Result

B8601TX9. 144730+04

B8601TX12. 171730+0700

B8601TX14. 052500-0500

B8601TX16. 221730+1200

E8601TXw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.E8601TXw.dadjustsaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)valuetotheuser'slocaltime.Sinceitisintendedforclocktimesonly,valuesgreaterthan86400orlessthan0willshowasterisks.Theformat

writesthelocaltimeintheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff+/-hh:mm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.The

timeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashh:mm.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,usingtheTIMEZONE=system

option.IfTIMEZONEisnotset,thentheuserlocaltimeisbasedonthesystemclock.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,which

correspondstothetime10:17:30a.m.GreenwichMeanTime.Asyoucansee,thevaluedisplayedchangeswiththetimezone.

FormatName Result

E8601TX9. 12:17:30

E8601TX. 12:17:30+02:00

E8601TX12. 15:47:30+05

E8601TX14. 18:17:30+08:00

E8601TX16. 12:17:30+02:00

B8601LZw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.B8601LZw.ddisplaysSAStimevalueswithoutanyadjustmentsusingtheISO8601basictimenotation

hhmmssffffff+|-hhmm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffsetfromCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC).Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortime

zoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashhmm,allwithoutdelimiters,asthisisabasicISOformat.TheoffsetiscalculatedbasedonthetimezoneatthelocalSASsessionItisnotaffectedbythe

TIMEZONE=systemoption.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.ThemaindifferencebetweenthisformatandtheB8601TX.formatisthattheSAStimevalueisconsideredtobelocal

time,notGreenwichMeanTime.Foreasiercomparison,wewillusethesameSAStimevalueaswiththe*8601TXexamples.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,whichcorrespondstothetime10:17:30a.m.CentralDaylighttime.

FormatName Result

B8601LZ9. 101730Z

B8601LZ12. 101730-0500

B8601LZ14. 101730-0500

B8601LZ16. 101730-0500

E8601LZw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.E8601LZw.ddisplaysSAStimevalueswithoutanyadjustmentsusingthe

ISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff+/-hh:mm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffsetfromCoordinatedUniversal

Time(UTC).Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashh:mm.TheoffsetiscalculatedbasedonthetimezoneatthelocalSASsession.Itisnotaffectedbythe

TIMEZONE=systemoption.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.ThemaindifferencebetweenthisformatandtheE8601TX.formatisthattheSAStimevalueisconsideredtobelocal

time,notGreenwichMeanTime.Foreasiercomparison,wewillusethesameSAStimevalueaswiththe*8601TXexamples.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,whichcorrespondstothetime10:17:30a.m.CentralDaylighttime.

FormatName Result

E8601LZ9. 10:17:30Z

E8601LZ12. 10:17:30Z

E8601LZ14. 10:17:30-05:00

E8601LZ16. 10:17:30-05:00

B8601TZw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.B8601TZw.ddisplaysa

SAStimevalueasaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)value.Sinceitisintendedforclocktimesonly,valuesgreaterthan86400orlessthan0willshowasterisks.TheformatwritestheUTCtimeintheISO8601basictimenotationhhmmssffffff+|-hhmmwherehhrepresents

zero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisalwaysgoingtobedisplayedas+0000,becausetheresultingtimedisplayisthetimeatthezero

meridianinGreenwich,England.ThisformatisnotaffectedbytheTIMEZONE=systemoption.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,

whichcorrespondstothetime10:17:30a.m.GreenwichMeanTime.

FormatName Result

B8601TX9. 101730Z

B8601TX12. 101730+0000

B8601TX14. 101730+0000

B8601TX16. 101730+0000

E8601TZw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.E8601TZw.ddisplaysaSAStimevalueasaCoordinatedUniversal

Time(UTC)value.Sinceitisintendedforclocktimesonly,valuesgreaterthan86400orlessthan0willshowasterisks.TheformatwritestheUTCtimeintheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff+/-hh:mm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresents

zero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffrepresentsdecimalfractionofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisalwaysgoingtobedisplayedas+00:00,becausetheresultingtimedisplayisthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England.Thisformatis

notaffectedbytheTIMEZONE=systemoption.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableshowstheresultwhenthetimevalueis37050,whichcorrespondstothetime10:17:30a.m.

GreenwichMeanTime.

FormatName Result

E8601TX9. 10:17:30Z

E8601TX. 10:17:30+00:00

E8601TX12. 10:17:30Z

E8601TX14. 10:17:30+00:00

E8601TX16. 10:17:30+00:00

4.2.3ISO

DatetimeFormats

B8601DNw.B8601DNw.writesdatesfromdatetimevaluesintheISO8601basicdatenotationyyyyMMdd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,andddisthe

zero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.Itisleft-justifiedwithinthefield.wcanbefrom8to10,andthedefaultwidthis10.Notethatthebasicdatenotationhasnodelimiters.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1664263800,whichcorrespondsto7:30:00a.m.onWednesday,

September26,2012.

FormatName Result

B8601DN8. 20120926

B8601DN9. 20120926

B8601DN10. 20120926

E8601DNw.

E8601DNw.writesdatesfromdatetimevaluesintheISO8601extendeddatenotationyyyy-MM-dd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,andddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.Itisleft-justified.wisalwaysequalto10,andthe

defaultwidthis10.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1664263800,whichcorrespondsto7:30:00a.m.onWednesday,September26,2012.

FormatName Result Comment

E8601DN10. 2012-

09-26

B8601DTw.d

B8601DTw.dwritesdatetimevaluesintheISO8601basicdatetimenotationyyyyMMddThhmmssffffffwhereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,dd

isthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.TistheISO8601delimiterfortime.NotethattherearenootherdelimitersintheISObasic

datetimestring,includingthedecimalfractions,whichmightmaketheresultdifficulttoread.wcanbefrom15to26,withadefaultwidthof19.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1686408430.44,which

correspondsto2:47:10.44p.m.onSunday,June9,2013.

FormatName Result

B8601DT15.2. 20130609T144710

B8601DT19. 20130609T144710

B8601DT19.2. 20130609T14471044

B8601DT24.1. 20130609T1447104

B8601DT26. 20130609T144710

E8601DTw.d

E8601DTw.dwritesdatetimevaluesintheISO8601extendeddatetimenotationyyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.ffffff,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-padded

minutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.TistheISO8601delimiterfortime.Colons(:)delimithours,minutes,andseconds,whileadecimalpointdelimitsthedecimalportionofseconds.wcanbefrom19to26,withadefaultwidthof19.dcanbe

from0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1686408430.44,whichcorrespondsto2:47:10.44p.m.onSunday,June9,2013.

FormatName Result

E8601DT19. 2013-06-

09T14:47:10

E8601DT19.2. 2013-06-09T14:47:10

E8601DT22.1. 2013-06-09T14:47:10.4

E8601DT24. 2013-06-09T14:47:10

E8601DT24.2. 2013-06-09T14:47:10.44

B8601DXw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.B8601DXw.dadjustsa

CoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)datetimevaluetotheuser'slocaldateandtime.TheformatwritestheadjustedlocaltimeintheISO8601basicdatetimeandtimezonenotationyyyyMMddThhmmssffffff+|–hhmm,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-padded

month,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.NotethattherearenodelimitersintheISO

basicdatetimestringincludingthe+/-ofthetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashhmm,allwithoutdelimiters.Theoffsetiscalculatedfromthe

timeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,usingtheTIMEZONE=systemoption.IfTIMEZONEisnotset,thentheuserlocaltimeisbasedonthesystemclock.wcanbefrom20to35,withadefaultwidthof26.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.

Thefollowingtableusesthevalue1763371185,whichcorrespondsto9:19a.m.onNovember17,2015,GreenwichMeanTime.Asyoucansee,thedisplaydoesnotchangedependingonthewidthspecification,becausetheminimumlengthof20canaccommodatethe

entirewidthoftheoutput.

FormatName Result

B8601DX20. 20151117T111945+0200

B8601DX22. 20151117T031945-0600

B8601DX24. 20151117T041945-0500

B8601DX26. 20151117T171945+0800

B8601DX28. 20151117T194945+1030

E8601DXw.d

ThisformatisavailableasofSASversion9.4.E8601DXw.dadjustsaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)datetimevaluetotheuser'slocaldateandtime.Theformatwritesthe

adjustedlocaldatetimeintheISO8601extendeddatetimeandtimezonenotationyyyy-MM-ddThhmmss.ffffff+/-hh:mm,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-padded

hours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffset

timerepresentedashh:mm.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,usingtheTIMEZONE=systemoption.IfTIMEZONEisnotset,thentheuserlocaltimeisbasedonthesystemclock.wcanbefrom20to35,withadefaultwidthof26.d

canbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thefollowingtableusesthevalue1763371185,whichcorrespondsto9:19a.m.onNovember17,2015,GreenwichMeanTime.

Format

Name Result

E8601DX20. 2015-11-17T02:19:45

E8601DX22. 2015-11-17T05:19:45-04

E8601DX26. 2015-11-17T03:19:45-06:00

E8601DX28. 2015-11-17T19:49:45+10:30

B8601DZw.d

B8601DZw.ddisplaysaSASdatetimevaluebasedonthezeromeridianCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)intheISO8601basicdatetimeandtimezonenotationyyyyMMddThhmmssffffff+|–hhmm,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MM

isthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisalways

goingtobedisplayedas+0000,becausetheresultingtimedisplayisthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England.Therefore,thisformatisnotaffectedbytheTIMEZONE=systemoption.WhiletheSASdocumentationsaysthatwcanbefrom16to35,withadefault

widthof26,youwillgetawarningandamissingvalueifyouuseaformatwidthoflessthan20.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thevalueisleft-justified.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1730398875,whichcorrespondsto6:21:15p.m.onOctober31,

2014,GreenwichMeanTime.

FormatName Result

B8601DZ20. 20141031T182115+0000

B8601DZ26. 20141031T182115+0000

E8601DZw.d

E8601DZw.ddisplaysaSASdatetimevaluebasedonthezeromeridianCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)intheISO8601extendeddatetimeandtimezonenotation

yyyy-MM-ddThhmmss.ffffff+/-hh:mm,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimal

fractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisalwaysgoingtobedisplayedas+00:00,becausetheresultingtimedisplayisthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England.Therefore,thisformatisnotaffectedbytheTIMEZONE=system

option.wcanbefrom20to35,withadefaultwidthof26,andthevalueisleft-justified.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Thedatetimevalueusedinthisexampleis1730398875,whichcorrespondsto6:21:15p.m.onOctober31,2014,GreenwichMeanTime.

FormatName Result

E8601DZ20. 2014-10-31T18:21:15Z

E8601DZ22. 2014-10-31T18:21:15Z

E8601DZ26. 2014-10-31T18:21:15+00:00

E8601DZ28. 2014-10-31T18:21:15+00:00

4.3ISO8601InformatsISO8601informatsaredesignedtoprocessstringsofcharactersthatrepresentISO8601dates,times,anddatetimesand,whenusedwiththeINPUTstatementorINPUT()orINPUTN()functions,willproduceaSAS

date,time,ordatetimevaluewhenthestringisreadwiththeselectedinformat.

4.3.1ISODateInformats

B8601DAw.B8601DAw.willreaddatevaluesinboththeISO8601basicdate

notationyyyyMMddandtheISO8601extendeddatenotationyyyy-MM-dd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,andddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.wisalways10,andthedefaultis10.Itisimportanttonotethatifeithermonthor

dayismissing,SASwilluseavalueof1forthemonthand/ordaytoprovideaSASdatevalue.However,thismightnotbewhatyouwant,asyoursituationmightcallforanalgorithmtoimputedateswithmissingmonthsand/ordaysinstead.

CharactersRead Informat

20140504 B8601DA.

201405 B8601DA.

2014 B8601DA.

E8601DAw.

E8601DAw.readsdatevaluesintheISO8601extendeddatenotationyyyy-MM-dd,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-

paddedmonth,andddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth.Thisinformatcanonlyhavealengthof10,asthatistheonlylengthforadateinISO8601extendeddatenotation.Unliketheparallelbasicdatenotationinformat,SASwillnotsubstituteavalueof1foreither

missingmonthorday,andyouwillgetamissingvalueforyourSASdate.

CharactersRead Informat

2014-05- E8601DA10.

2014-05 E8601DA10.

2014 E8601DA10.

4.3.2ISOTimeInformats

B8601TMw.dB8601TMw.dreadstimevaluesintheISO8601basictimenotationhhmmssffffff,

wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.wcanbefrom6to15,with8asthedefault.Usingawof6willreadtimevalueswithnodecimalportion.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof

0.

CharactersRead Informat

144535 B8601TM8.

0630 B8601TM8.

1208455 B8601TM10.1

E8601TMw.d

E8601TMw.dreadstimevaluesintheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresents

seconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds.wcanbefrom8to15,with8asthedefault.Usingawof8willreadtimevalueswithnodecimalportion.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.

CharactersRead Informat

10:17:45 E8601TM8.

18:05 E8601TM8.

07:15:12.25 E8601TM12.2

B8601TZw.d

B8601TZw.dreadsCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)timevaluesusingtheISO8601basictimenotationhhmmssffffff,+|-hhmm,wherehhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentszero-paddedseconds,

andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashhmm.Thetimezoneoffsetmightalsobe

indicatedbytheletterZ,representingthezeromeridian.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,andtheresultingSAStimevaluewillbethetimeatthezeromeridian.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14,whiledcanbefrom

0to6,withadefaultof0.Sincethisinformatisintendedtoonlyreadclocktimes,valuesresultingintimesgreaterthan24:00:00orlessthan00:00:00willbeadjustedappropriatelysothattheresultwillbewithinthe24-hourclock.

CharactersRead Informat

175200+0000 B8601TZ14.

175200Z B8601TZ9.

091520+0600 B8601TZ14.

210800-0500 B8601TZ14.

E8601TZw.d

E8601TZw.dreadsCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)timevaluesusingtheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff+|-hh:mm,wherehh

representszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentszero-paddedseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestof

themeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashh:mm.ThetimezoneoffsetmightalsobeindicatedbytheletterZ,representingthezeromeridian.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,andtheresultingSAStime

valuewillbethetimeatthezeromeridian.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Sincethisinformatisintendedtoonlyreadclocktimes,valuesresultingintimesgreaterthan24:00:00orlessthan00:00:00willbeadjusted

appropriatelysothattheresultwillbewithinthe24-hourclock.

CharactersRead Informat

17:52:00+00:00

17:52:00Z

06:00:30.57+08:00

04:17:00-05:00

YoumightwonderwhyaUTCvalueof06:00:30.57+08:00

yieldsatimevalueof22:00:30.57atthezeromedian,andnot14:00:30.57.The+08:00houroffsetmeansthatGMTplus8hourswillgiveyouthelocaltime.Therefore,theconversionfromlocaltimetotimeatthezeromedianislocaltimeminustheoffset.6-8=-2,whichisthen

adjustedto22byadding24hours.

E8601LZw.d

E8601LZw.dreadsCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)timevaluesusingtheISO8601extendedtimenotationhh:mm:ss.ffffff+|–hh:mm,wherehhrepresentszero-padded

hours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentszero-paddedseconds,andffffffisdecimalfractionsofseconds,whichisthenfollowedbythetimeoffset.Thetimeoffsetisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followed

bytheoffsettimerepresentedashh:mm.ThetimezoneoffsetmightalsobeindicatedbytheletterZ,representingthezeromeridian.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,andtheresultingSAStimevaluewillbethetime

ofthelocalSASsession,basedonthesystemclock.ItisnotaffectedbytheTIMEZONE=systemoption.wcanbefrom9to20,withadefaultwidthof14.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Sincethisinformatisintendedtoonlyreadclocktimes,valuesresultingin

timesgreaterthan24:00:00orlessthan00:00:00willbeadjustedappropriatelysothattheresultwillbewithinthe24-hourclock.

CharactersRead Informat

17:52:00+00:00 E8601LZ14.

17:52:00Z E8601LZ9.

06:00:30.57+08:00 E8601LZ18.2

04:17:00-05:00 E8601LZ14.

4.3.3ISODatetimeInformats

B8601CIw.dB8601CIw.dreadsIBMtimevalueswithacenturymarkeroftheformcyyMMddhhmmss<fff>,wherecrepresentsthe

centurydigit.Thecenturydigitiscalculatedbysubtracting1900fromthecurrentyear,dividingby100,anddroppingtheremainder.yyisthetwo-digityearfrom00to99,MMrepresentsthenumberofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayof

themonth.Thetimeisrepresentedbyhhmmss<fff>,wherehhindicatesthehours,mmisminutes,ssisthenumberofseconds,andfffindicatesthousandthsofseconds.wrangesfrom10to26,withadefaultvalueof16,whiledrangesfrom0to6forthefractionalpartofseconds.

However,itisimportanttonotethatthereareonly3placesofdecimalprecision.

CharactersRead Informat

11504231905 B8601CI16.

0560928053505 B8601CI16.

1140630102416454 B8601CI19.3

2131216094500 B8601CI16.

B8601DJw.dB8601DJw.dreadsdatetimesinstandardJavadateandtimenotationyyyyMMddhhmmssffffff,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMrepresentsthenumber

ofthemonth,ddrepresentsthedayofthemonth,andtimeisrepresentedbyhhmmss<ffffff>,wherehhindicatesthehours,mmisminutes,ssisthenumberofseconds,andffffffindicatesmillionthsofseconds.wrangesfrom10to26,withadefaultvalueof16,whiledrangesfrom

0to6forthefractionalpartofseconds.ThefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisinformattoyieldtheSASdatevaluethatcorrespondstothetextshownineachline.

CharactersRead

201607181108

20141123054509

201303070814433064

201406241630254

B8601DTw.d

B8601DTw.dreadsdatetimevaluesinthe

ISO8601basicdatetimenotationyyyyMMddThhmmssffffffwhereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffis

decimalfractionsofseconds.TistheISO8601delimiterfortime.NotethattherearenootherdelimitersintheISObasicdatetimestring,includingthedecimalfractions.wcanbefrom19to26,withadefaultwidthof19.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Itis

importanttonotethatifeithermonthordayismissing,SASwilluseavalueof1forthemonthand/ordaytoprovidethedatefortheSASdatetimevalue,whilesettingthehours,minutes,andsecondstozero.However,thismightnotbewhatyouwant,asyoursituationmightcallforan

algorithmtoimputedatetimeswithmissingmonthsand/ordays,and/ortimesinstead.

CharactersRead

20141007T133008745

20150716T0859003315

20140331T1404

20150903T06

20140804

201312

2016

E8601DTw.d

E8601DTw.dreadsdatetimevaluesinthe

ISO8601extendeddatetimenotationyyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.ffffff,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffis

decimalfractionsofseconds.TistheISO8601delimiterfortime.wcanbefrom19to26,withadefaultwidthof19.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.Unliketheparallelbasicdatetimeinformat,thereisnodefaultsubstitutionformissingdateand/ortimecomponents,so

theresultisamissingdatetimevalue.

CharactersRead Informat

2014-10-07T13:30:08

E8601DT19.

2015-07-16T08:59:00

E8601DT19.

2014-03-31T14:04

E8601DT19.

2015-09-03T06

E8601DT19.

2014-08-04 E8601DT19.

2013-12 E8601DT19.

2016 E8601DT19.

B8601DZw.d

B8601DZw.dreadsa

SASdatetimevaluebasedonthezeromeridianCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)intheISO8601basicdatetimeandtimezonenotationyyyyMMddThhmmssffffff+|-hhmm,whereyyyyisthefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericalday

ofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisthedecimalfractionofseconds.Thisisfollowedbythetimeoffset,whichisaplus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestof

themeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashhmm.ThetimezoneoffsetmightalsobeindicatedbytheletterZ,representingthezeromeridian.TheoffsetiscalculatedfromthetimeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,andtheresultingSASdatetime

valuewillbethedatetimeatthezeromeridian.wcanbefrom20to35,withadefaultwidthof26.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.

CharactersRead

20150208T112705+0500

20150920T05045914-0400

20140511T211700Z

20140511T211700+0000

E8601DZw.d

E8601DZw.dreadsaSASdatetimevaluebasedonthezeromeridianCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)intheISO8601extendeddatetimeandtimezonenotationyyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.ffffff+|–hh:mm,whereyyyyis

thefour-digityear,MMisthezero-paddedmonth,ddisthezero-paddednumericaldayofthemonth,hhrepresentszero-paddedhours,mmrepresentszero-paddedminutes,ssrepresentsseconds,andffffffisthedecimalfractionofseconds.Thisisfollowedbythetimeoffset,whichisa

plus(fortimezoneseastofthezeromeridian)oraminus(fortimezoneswestofthemeridian),followedbytheoffsettimerepresentedashh:mm.ThetimezoneoffsetmightalsobeindicatedbytheletterZ,representingthezeromeridian.Theoffsetiscalculatedfromthe

timeatthezeromeridianinGreenwich,England,andtheresultingSASdatetimevaluewillbethedatetimeatthezeromeridian.wcanbefrom20to35,withadefaultwidthof26.dcanbefrom0to6,withadefaultof0.

CharactersRead Informat

2015-02-08T11:27:05+05:00

E8601DZ26.

2015-09-20T05:04:59.14-04:00

E8601DZ29.2

2014-05- E8601DZ26.

2014-05-

11T21:17:00Z

E8601DZ26.

2014-05-11T21:17:00+00:00

E8601DZ26.

4.4TimeZoneFunctions

4.4.1IntroductionThereareseveraltimezonefunctionsavailableinSAS.TheyareprovidedaspartofNationalLanguageSupport(NLS),butthesefunctionsarecoveredinthissectionbecausethisiswheretheformatsand

informatsthatprovidefortimezoneoffsetsandsupportforUTCaredetailed.

Forallofthefollowingfunctions,time-zone-idrepresentsaSAStime-zoneIDvalue.Itisalsoanoptionalargumentinthesefunctions.Ifitisnotprovided,thefunctionwillusethe

currentsettingoftheTIMEZONE=systemoptionasthedefault.Beforeusingthesefunctions,youneedtocheckthesettingofyourTIMEZONE=systemoptiontomakesurethatitdoeshaveavalue,ormanyofthesefunctionswillproduceamissingresult.Thisoptioncanbelockedby

yourSASadministrator.

4.4.2TheTIMEZONE=OptionManyoftheISOtimeanddatetimeformatsusetheTIMEZONE=systemoption,whichisavailableasofSAS

version9.4.TheTIMEZONE=systemoptionallowsyoutosetatimezonebasedonageographicallocation.Itisnotsetbydefault.Thisoptionaffectsthefollowing:

•Timesthatarerecordedinlogsandevents.•Creationand

modificationtimestampsonSASdatasets•TheDATE(),DATETIME(),TIME(),andTODAY()functions•ThetimezoneformatsB8601DXw.d,E8601DXw.d,B8601LXw.d,

E8601LXw.d,B8601TXw.d,E8601TXw.d,NLDATMZw.,NLDATMTZw.,andNLDATMWZw.•ThetimezonefunctionsdescribedinSection4.4.3.

Thevalueoftheoptionmayberepresentedinoneoftwoways:It

maybeathree-orfour-letteracronymthatdescribesthetimezone(forexample,EST,forEasternStandardTime),oratime-zoneIDthatspecifiesaregionandanarea,separatedbyaforwardslash(/),suchas"America/New_York."ThetimezoneIDvaluesareuniqueand

compatiblewithJavatimezonenames,whilethethree-orfour-letterabbreviationsarenot.Considertheabbreviation“CST”,whichstandsfor"ChinaStandardTime,"or"CubaStandardTime,"or"CentralStandardTime."HowdoesSASchoosewhat"CST"representsinyour

program?ItusesthevalueoftheLOCALE=systemoptiontodecidewhatthecorrectregionandareashouldbe.Ofcourse,ifyouarerunningaSASprogramintheUnitedStates,butareusingtheLOCALE=systemoptiontoproduceoutputforanothergeographicalregion,

thismaycauseincorrecttiming.IwouldrecommendusingthetimezoneIDinsteadoftheacronymsasabestpractice.Thereareover500timezoneIDvalues;consulttheSASdocumentationtofindthetimezoneIDvaluesyouneed.

4.4.3ListofTimeZoneFunctionsNotethatallofthesefunctionsareonlyavailablebeginningwithSASversion9.4.

TZONEID(time-zone-id)TZONEIDwillreturn

eitherthecurrenttimezoneIDiftime-zone-idisavalidvalue,orablankwhentime-zone-idismissingorinvalid.Note:PriortoSAS9.4TS1M2,supplyingatime-zone-idforthisfunctionwillcauseanerror.

Sample

FunctionCall

OPTIONSTIMEZONE=

TZONEID()

TZONEID() Africa/Addis_Ababa

TZONEID() Africa/Brazzaville

TZONEID() America/Montreal

TZONENAME(time-

zone-id,datetime-value)

TZONENAMEreturnsthecurrenttimezonenamebasedonthetimezoneIDandanydaylightsavingtimerules.Thisfunctionwillreturnablankiftime-zone-idismissing,ortheTIMEZONE=

systemoptionhasnovalue.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionissetto'America/Chicago.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONENAME()

TZONENAME('06JUN2014:08:00'dt)

TZONENAME('06JAN2015:08:00'dt)

TZONEOFF(time-zone-id,datetime-value)

TZONEOFFreturnsthetimezoneoffsetfromCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)basedontimezonename,andstandardordaylightsavingtimerules.Iftime-zone-idisblankormissing,theoffsetwillbedeterminedfromthesystemclock.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionis

setto'Europe/Stockholm.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONEOFF()

TZONEOFF('06JUN2014:08:00'dt)

TZONEOFF('06JAN2015:08:00'dt)

TZONES2U(datetime-value,time-zone-id)

TZONES2UconvertsaSASdatetimevaluetoaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)datetimevaluebasedonthetimezoneanddaylightsavingrules.Iftime-zone-idisblankormissing,theoffsetwillbedeterminedfromthesystemclock.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionis

setto'America/Chicago.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONES2U('11NOV2014:12:00'dt)

TZONES2U('11NOV2014:12:00'dt,'Pacific/Guam')

TZONES2U('11NOV2014:12:00'dt,'Europe/Istanbul')

TZONEDSTNAME(time-

zone-id)

TZONEDSTNAMEreturnsthedaylightsavingtimeabbreviationforthetimezoneID.Iftime-zone-idismissing,andtheTIMEZONE=optionisnotset,youwillreceivea"NOTE:Invalidargumenttofunction

TZONEDSTNAME()"messageinthelog.Ifthetimezoneprovideddoesnotfollowdaylightsavingtime,thentheresultwillbemissing.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionissetto'America/Chicago.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONEDSTNAME()

TZONEDSTNAME('Asia/Calcutta')

TZONEDSTNAME('America/Sao_Paulo')

TZONEDSTOFF(time-zone-id)

TZONEDSTOFFreturnsthetimezoneoffsetvalueforthespecifieddaylightsavingtime.If

time-zone-idismissing,andtheTIMEZONE=optionisnotset,youwillreceivea"NOTE:InvalidargumenttofunctionTZONEDSTOFF()"messageinthelog.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionissetto'America/Chicago.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONEDSTOFF()

TZONEDSTOFF('Asia/Calcutta')

TZONEDSTOFF('America/Sao_Paulo')

TZONESTTNAME(time-zone-id)

TZONESTTNAMEreturnsthestandardtimenameforthetime

zoneID.ThisfunctiondiffersfromtheTZONEDSTNAME()functioninthatitprovidesthestandardtimeabbreviationasopposedtothedaylightsavingtimeabbreviation.Iftime-zone-idismissing,andtheTIMEZONE=optionisnotset,youwillreceivea"NOTE:

InvalidargumenttofunctionTZONESTTNAME()"messageinthelog.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionissetto'Pacific/Honolulu.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONESTTNAME()

TZONESTTNAME('Australia/Sydney')

TZONESTTNAME('Asia/Dubai')

TZONESTTOFF(time-zone-id)

TZONESTTOFFreturnsthetimezoneoffsetvalueforthespecifieddaylightsavingtime.Iftime-zone-idismissing,

andtheTIMEZONE=optionisnotset,youwillreceivea"NOTE:InvalidargumenttofunctionTZONESTTOFF()"messageinthelog.Inthefollowingexample,theTIMEZONEoptionissetto'Pacific/Honolulu.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONESTTOFF()

TZONESTTOFF('Australia/Sydney')

TZONESTTOFF('Asia/Dubai')

TZONEU2S(UTC-datetime-value,time-zone-id)

TZONEU2SconvertsaCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC)datetimevaluetoaSASdatetimevalue.Iftime-zone-idisblankormissing,theoffsetwillbedeterminedfromthesystemclockandaccordingtodaylightsavingtimerulesineffect.Inthefollowingexample,the

TIMEZONEoptionissetto'America/Chicago.'

SampleFunctionCall

TZONEU2S('11NOV2014:12:00'dt)

TZONEU2S('11NOV2014:12:00'dt,'Pacific/Guam')

TZONEU2S('11NOV2014:12:00'dt,'Europe/Istanbul')

4.5ISO8601DurationsandIntervalsTheISO8601standardalsoprovidesawaytodescribetheintervalbetweentwodatetimes,oraperiodoftimeoverwhichaneventhasoccurred.Anintervalcanbeexpressedby

usingthestartingandendingdatetimes,oradurationandastartingtime.Durationscanbeexpressedbyprovidingthelengthoftimeinacommonform.However,ISO8601durationsandtimeintervalsdonotdirectlyequatetoasinglepointintime,whileeverythingelse

intheSASdateandtimefacilityrepresentsonespecificpointintime.Nonetheless,SASgivesyoutheabilitytohandledurationsandintervalssothatyouhaveaccesstoallthefunctionalityoftheSASdateandtimefacility.

UnlikeeveryotherpartoftheSASdateand

timefacility,ISO8601durationsandintervalsarestoredincharactervariables,buttheyarenotstoredassimpletext.YoucannotconvertadatetimetoacharacterstringusingthePUT()functionandthenconcatenateitwithadurationstringoranotherdatetimethathasbeenconverted

toacharacterstring.InordertousetheSASdateandtimecapacitywithISOdurationsandintervals,youmustfirstconvertISOdurationandintervalvaluestoaninternalrepresentation.Thisisverymuchthesameprocessthatyouhavetoundertakewhenyouareworkingwithdates

andtimesasweunderstandthem;youmustturnthemintovaluesthatSASunderstandsortakethevaluesthatSASunderstandsandtranslatethemintotherepresentationthatweunderstand.

Therefore,SAShasformatsandinformats

dedicatedtotranslatingthisinternalrepresentationofISOdurationsandintervals.Theinternalrepresentationcannotbeusedwithoutthistranslation.ThereisalsooneextremelyimportantCALLroutinethatisusedtoeffectthetransformationbetweenISOdurations

andintervalstoorfromSASdate,time,anddatetimevalues.First,weshouldtalkabouttheformsofISOdurationsandintervals.

4.5.1ISODurationandIntervalRepresentations

ISODurationRepresentationsISOdurationsarerepresentedinthreeways.Thereisnopreferenceorpriorityattachedtoanyoftheforms:Usetheonethatbestfitsyourdata.OneformisPnYnMnDTnHnMnS,wherePistheindicator

forperiod,andisprecededbyaminussigniftheperiodrepresentedisnegative(the"starting"dateordatetimecomesafterthe"ending"dateordatetime),Yistheindicatorforyears,Mformonths,andDfordays.TheTistheindicatorfortimeandmustbepresentifthere

isatimecomponenttothedurationstring.Histheindicatorforhours,theMtotherightoftheTindicatorisforminutes,andtheSistheindicatorforseconds.nrepresentsanumber.Thisformofdurationdescriptionisthesameforboththebasicandextendednotation,asthereare

nodelimitersnecessary.

AnotherdurationformisPnW,whichisonlyusedtodescribeadurationmeasuredinweeks.nrepresentsanumber,andtheWistheindicatorforweeks.Aswiththepreviousform,whenthestartingdateordatetimeis

afterthe"ending"dateordatetime,thePisprecededbyaminussign.Again,sincetherearenodelimitersinthisform,theoutputusingbasicandextendednotationisidentical.

ThelastofthedurationformsisPyyyyMMddThhmmssfffinbasicnotation,or

Pyyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.fff,intheextendednotation,whereyyyyisthenumberofyears,MMisthenumberofmonths,ddisnumberofdays,hhrepresentsnumberofhours,mmrepresentsminutes,andssrepresentssecondsintheperiod,withfffasdecimalfractionsof

secondsuptothemillisecond.TistheISO8601delimiterfortime.ThisdurationformcanalsoberepresentedasPyyyyMMddorPyyyy-MM-ddifthereisnotimecomponent.Aswiththeotherdurationforms,ifthe"start"islaterthanthe"end,"thePwillbeprecededbya

minussign.

ISOIntervalRepresentationsISOintervalsarerepresentedbytwodatetimesthatrepresentthestartandendoftheinterval,oradurationandadatetimethatrepresentseitherthe

startorendoftheinterval.Thedatetime/datetimeformisyyyyMMddThhmmss/yyyyMMddinthebasicnotation,oryyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss/yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ssintheextendednotation.Theslashorsolidus(/)betweenthetwodatetimesisarequired

delimiterwhenusingeithernotation.

Inthebasicnotation,theduration/datetimeformis:PnYnMnDTnHnMnS/yyyyMMddwhenthedatetimerepresentstheendoftheinterval,oryyyyMMddThhmmssfff/whenthedatetimevaluerepresentsthe

beginningoftheinterval.Inextendednotation,theformsareyyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.fff/PnYnMorPnYnMnDTnHnMnS/yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.fff.ThedurationsegmentisspecifiedbyP,theindicatorforperiod,Yistheindicatorforyears,Mformonths,D

fordays.TheTistheindicatorfortime,andmustbepresentifthereisatimecomponenttothedurationstring.Histheindicatorforhours,theMtotherightoftheTindicatorisforminutes,andtheSistheindicatorforseconds.nrepresentsanumber.

4.5.2ISO8601DurationandIntervalFormatsThefirstthingyoumightnoticeabouttheISOdurationandintervalformatsisthat,unlikeanyoftheotherdate-andtime-relatedformatsinSAS,theyarecharacterformats,

asindicatedbytheleadingdollarsign($).Thisisreasonable,sincedurationsandintervalsarestoredascharactervalues.Whydoyouneedformatsforcharactervariables?SASstoresISOdurationsandintervalsinaninternalform,sojustasyouneedformatstoconvert

betweenSASdatevaluesandhowweunderstanddates,youneedtheseformatstoperformtheconversionfromthestoredformtothecorrespondingISO8601representation.Here'sanexamplethatshowswhatthestoredformofdurationandintervalvalueslookslike,alongwithits

formatteddisplay.TheexampleusestheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutinetocreatetheinternalrepresentations,andwewilldiscussthisroutine,itssyntax,anduseindetailinsection4.5.4.

Example4.1:WhyFormatsareNecessarywithISO

Durations,Intervals,andDatetimes

1.DATAisostore;2.SETisotest;3.LENGTHresult1-result2$32;4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('dt/dt','du',dt1,dt2,result1);5.CALLIS8601_CONVERT("dt/dt",'intvl',dt1,dt2,result2);6.fmt_result1=PUT(result1,$N8601E.);7.fmt_result2=PUT(result2,$N8601E.);8.RUN;

Theabovecodewilltakethedatetimevaluesdt1anddt2fromadataset.TheCALLIS8601_CONVERTinline4createsanISOdurationvalueinthevariableresult1,whiletheoneinline5createsanISOintervalvalueinthevariableresult2.Thetwo

resultsarethenformattedinnewvariablesusingthePUTfunction.Thevaluesinthisdatasetaredisplayedbelow.

Startofperiod(dt1)

04MAR2014:10:23:23

IntervalValueStoredinDataset(result2)

20143041023230012014C28230403001

Clearly,thestoreddurationandintervalvalues(italicizedintheabovetable)arenotintheISO8601format,soSASprovidesthefollowingformatsto

translatethemintothedesiredrepresentation.

$N8601Bw.d$N8601Bw.writesduration,datetime,andintervalvaluesintheISO8601basicnotation.Thisformatdiffersfromthe$N8601BA.formatinthatitdisplays

durationsintheformPnYnMnDTnHnMnSinsteadofPyyyymmddThhmmss.Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.Inordertodisplaydatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplayintervalvalues

correctly,theminimumwidthis32.Inversion9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesforthesecondscomponentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbe

displayed).Thenumberofdecimalplacesshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.TheformatwilldisplaythedurationvalueasanISOdurationandanintervalvalueasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming.SASchoosesoneofthefollowingformsbased

ontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•PnYnMnDTnHnMnS•PnYnMnDTnHnMnS/•yyyymmddThhmmssfff•

yyyymmddThhmmssfff•yyyymmddThhmmssfff

$N8601BAw.d

$N8601BAw.writesduration,datetime,andintervalvaluesintheISO8601basicnotation.Thisformatdiffersfromthe$N8601B.formatin

thatitdisplaysdurationsintheformPyyyymmddThhmmssinsteadofPnYnMnDTnHnMnS.)Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.Inordertodisplaydatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplay

intervalvaluescorrectly,theminimumwidthis32.Ifyouattempttodisplayanintervalwithawidthspecificationoflessthan32,youwillgetaseriesofasterisks(*)asyouroutput.Inversion9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesfortheseconds

componentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbedisplayed).Whetherone,two,orthreedecimalplacesareshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.Theformatwilldisplay

thedurationvalueasanISOdurationandanintervalvalueasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming.SASchoosesoneofthefollowingformsbasedontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•PyyyymmddThhmmss•yyyymmddThhmmss•PyyyymmddThhmmss/yyyymmdd•yyyymmddThhmmss/P•yyyymmddThhmmss/

$N8601Ew.

$N8601Ew.writesduration,datetime,andintervalvaluesintheISO8601extendednotation.Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.Inordertodisplaydatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplay

intervalvaluescorrectly,theminimumwidthis32.Ifyouattempttodisplayanintervalwithawidthspecificationoflessthan32,youwillgetaseriesofasterisks(*)asyouroutput.Inversion9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesfortheseconds

componentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbedisplayed).Whetherone,two,orthreedecimalplacesareshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.Theformatwilldisplay

thedurationvalueasanISOdurationandintervalvaluesasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming.SASchoosesoneofthefollowingformsbasedontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•PnYnMnDTnHnMnS•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.fff•PnYnMnDTnHnMnS/mm-ddThh:mm:ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.fff/PnY•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.fff/yyyy-

mm-ddThh:mm:ss.fff

$N8601EAw.

$N8601EAw.writesduration,datetime,andintervalvaluesintheISO8601extendednotation.Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.In

ordertodisplaydatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplayintervalvaluescorrectly,theminimumwidthis32.Ifyouattempttodisplayanintervalwithawidthspecificationoflessthan32,youwillgetaseriesofasterisks(*)as

youroutput.Inversion9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesforthesecondscomponentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbedisplayed).Whether

one,two,orthreedecimalplacesareshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.TheformatwilldisplaydurationvaluesasanISOdurationandintervalvaluesasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming.SASchoosesoneofthefollowingformsbased

ontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff

•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff

$N8601EHw.

$N8601EHw.writesduration,datetime,and

intervalvaluesintheISO8601extendednotation,substitutinghyphensforanymissingcomponents.Withthisformat,omitteddatetimecomponentsarealwaysdisplayed.Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.Inordertodisplay

datetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplayintervalvaluescorrectly,theminimumwidthis32.Ifyouattempttodisplayanintervalwithawidthspecificationoflessthan32,youwillgetaseriesofasterisks(*)asyouroutput.Inversion

9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesforthesecondscomponentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbedisplayed).Whetherone,two,orthree

decimalplacesareshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.TheformatwilldisplaydurationvaluesasanISOdurationandintervalvaluesasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming,anditwilldisplaytheminoneofthefollowingforms.SASchoosesone

ofthefollowingformsbasedontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-

mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff

$N8601EXw.

$N8601EXw.writesduration,datetime,andintervalvaluesintheISO8601extendednotation,substitutingtheletter"x"foranymissingcomponents.Withthisformat,omitteddatetimecomponentsarealwaysdisplayed.Itisleft-justified,andwcanbefrom1to200,witha

defaultwidthof50.Inordertodisplaydatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,thewidthmustbeatleast16,whiletodisplayintervalvaluescorrectly,theminimumwidthis32.Ifyouattempttodisplayanintervalwithawidthspecificationoflessthan32,youwillgeta

seriesofasterisks(*)asyouroutput.Inversion9.4,SASwillautomaticallyprovideupto3decimalplacesforthesecondscomponentofthesevalues(indicatedbelowbyfff),regardlessofsignificance(thatis,ifthereisnodecimalfractionofseconds,thenzeroswillbe

displayed).Whetherone,two,orthreedecimalplacesareshownisdependentupontheformatwidth.TheformatwilldisplaydurationvaluesasanISOdurationandintervalvaluesasanISOintervalwithoutanyadditionalprogramming.SASchoosesoneofthe

followingformsbasedontheinformationstoredintheISOduration,datetime,orintervalvariable:

•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-mm-

ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff•yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff/yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm.ss.fff

4.5.3ISO8601Durationand

IntervalInformatsInordertostoreduration,interval,anddatetimevaluesthatarealreadyrepresentedintheirISO8601formascharacterstrings,youwillneedtousethefollowinginformatswiththeINPUTstatementorINPUT()

function.TheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutineisdesignedtoworkwithSASdate,time,anddatetimevalues,notcharacterstrings.

$N8601Bw.$N8601Bw.willtranslateduration,datetime,andinterval

stringswrittenintheISO8601basicorextendednotationintotheSASinternalrepresentationforthesevalues.Missingcomponentsarecorrectlyprocessedaslongasasinglehyphen(-)isusedinplaceofeachmissingcomponent.wcanbefrom1to200,witha

defaultwidthof50.Inordertoprocessdatetimeanddurationvaluescorrectly,wmustbeatleast16,whiletoprocessintervalvaluescorrectly,wmustbeatleast32.Theinformatwillprocessdatainanyoneofthefollowingforms:

ISOFormRead

Pyyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss

PyyyymmddThhmmss

PnYnMnDTnHnMn.fffS

PnYnMnDTnHnMn.fffS

PnW

yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.

yyyymmddThhmmssfff/yyyymmdd

PnYnMnDTnHnMn.fffS/

yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.

yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.

yyyymmddThhmmss.fff

$N8601Ew.

$N8601Ew.willtranslateduration,datetime,andintervalstringswrittenintheISO8601extendednotationintotheSASinternalrepresentationforthesevalues.This

informatdiffersfromthe$N8601B.informatinthatitwillonlyprocessvaluesthatareintheISO8601extendedformat.Ifyouattempttoreadavalueinthebasicnotationwiththisinformat,youwillgetanerror,andthestoredresultwillbeamissingvalue.Thisinformatisusefulwhen

youneedtoenforceadherencetotheextendednotation.Missingcomponentsarecorrectlyprocessedaslongasasinglehyphen(-)isusedinplaceofeachmissingcomponent.wcanbefrom1to200,withadefaultwidthof50.Inordertoprocessdatetimeandduration

valuescorrectly,wmustbeatleast16,whiletoprocessintervalvaluescorrectly,wmustbeatleast32.

Todemonstratethedifferencebetweenthe$N8601B.and$N8601E.informats,theexamplebelowwillusethesameduration

stringinboththebasicandextendednotationsandtrytoprocessitwitheachinformat.

Example4.2:The$N8601B.Informatversusthe$N8601E.Informat

stored=INPUTC(duration_string,inf);

Example4.2usestheabovecodetostorethe

durationstring.infrepresentstheinformatbeingused.

ReadingtheISO8601BasicNotation

InformatUsed DurationString

$N8601B. P00020806T0100

$N8601E. P00020806T0100

Asyoucansee,the$N8601E.informatfailedtoprocessthebasicnotationstring,resultinginamissingvalue.WhenyoutrytoprocessastringintheISObasicnotationusingtheextendednotation-specificinformat,youwillgetthefollowingnoteinyourlog.

NOTE:InvalidargumenttofunctionINPUTatlinexxxcolumnyy.

Nowlet'sseewhathappenswhenwetrytoprocesstheextendednotationstring.

ReadingtheISO8601ExtendedNotation

Informat Duration Stored

Used String Representation

$N8601B. P0002-08-06T01:00

$N8601E. P0002-08-06T01:00

Inthiscase,both

informatscausedSAStostoreidenticalvalues.The$N8601B.informatcanprocessbothbasicandextendednotations,butthe$N8601E.informatwillonlyworkwiththeextendednotation.Usethe$N8601E.informatifyouwanttomakesurethattheinputdataconformtothe

extendednotation.

4.5.4CALLIS8601_CONVERTItisimportanttounderstandthatalthoughISOdurationsandintervalsarestoredincharactervariables,theyarenotsimpletext.Youcannotconvertadatetimetoa

characterstringusingthePUT()functionandthenconcatenateitwithadurationstringoranotherdatetimethathasbeenconvertedtoacharacterstring.InordertousetheSASdateandtimecapacitywithISOdurationsandintervals,youmustfirstconvertISOdurationandintervalvaluesto

aninternalrepresentationthatwillallowthis.

Theformatsandinformatswejustdiscussedwillworkoncharactervalues,butwhatifyouhaveSASdateordatetimevalues,whichofcoursearestoredinnumericvariables,andyou

wanttousethosetobuildyourISOdurationsandintervals?TheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutineperformsthisconversioninbothdirections,soitwillcreateyourISOdurationsandintervalsfromthoseSASdateanddatetimevalues.Itwillalsodothereverse,

andtransformyourISOdurationsandintervalsintotheirindividualdateanddatetimecomponents.Inordertocreateanintervaloraduration,youwillneedtwovalues:astartandanend(definedasdatesordatetimes),oryoucanprovideaduration,andeitherstartoranend.

Similarly,inordertoconvertaninterval,youwillbesplittingthecomponentsintotwovariables,adurationandadatetime,ortwodatetimes.Inaddition,theroutinecanderivethestartingorendingpointofanISOdurationorinterval.

Thesyntaxforthe

CALLIS8601_CONVERTroutineis:

CALLIS8601_CONVERT(convert-from,convert-to,from--variables,to-variables,replacements);

Theconvert-fromargumentdescribesthetypeof

date/datetime/interval/durationdatathatyouareconverting.convert-fromcanbeoneofthefollowingkeywordvalues,enclosedinquotationmarks,ormightalsoberepresentedbyacharactervariablethatresolvestooneofthesevalues.

KeywordValue

Description

'dn' Usethiswhenthevaluethatyouwanttoconvertconsistsofindividualcomponentsofadatevalue.n

from1to6,andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthelistoffrom-variablesYoucancreateeitheradateoradatetimevaluewiththis

argumenttype.Theindividualcomponentsfromlefttorightare:month,day,year,hour,minute,andsecond.

'dtn' Usethiswhenthevaluethatyou

wanttoconvertareindividualcomponentsofadatetimevalue.isfrom1to6,andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthelistoffrom-variables

Youcancreateeitheradateoradatetimevaluewiththisargumenttype.Theindividualcomponentsfromlefttorightare:month,day,year,

hour,minute,andsecond.

'dun' Usethiswhenyouwanttoconvertavalueconsistingofindividualcomponentsofadurationvalue.isfrom1to6,

andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthedurationvalue.Theindividualcomponentsfromlefttorightarethenumberofmonths,days,

years,hours,minutes,andsecondsintheduration.

'dt/dt' Usethiswhenyouareconvertingtwodatetimevalues.

'dt/du' Usethiswhenyouareconvertingadatetime/durationinterval.Thissignifiesthatthedatetimeisthestartoftheintervalthatyouareconverting.

'du/dt' Usethistoconvertaduration/datetimeinterval.Thissignifiesthatthedatetimeistheendoftheintervalthatyouareconverting.

'intvl' Usethistoconvertintervalvalues.

Theconvert-toargumentdescribestheformoftheresultfromtheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutine.

KeywordValue Description

'intvl' Usethistocreateanintervalvalue.

'dt/dt' Usethistocreateadatetime/datetimeinterval.

'dt/du' Usethistocreate

'dt/du' Usethistocreate

adatetime/durationinterval.Thissignifiesthatthedatetimeisthebeginningoftheinterval.

'du/dt' Usethistocreatea

duration/datetimeinterval.Thissignifiesthatthedatetimeistheendoftheinterval.

'du' Usethistocreateaduration.

'start' Usethistoderive

'start' Usethistoderive

astartingdateordurationfromanintervalvalue.

'end' Usethistoderivetheendingdateordurationfromanintervalvalue.

'dn' Usethiswhenyou

wanttocreateindividualcomponentsofadatevalue.n1to6,andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthelistoffrom-variables.The

individualcomponentswillbestoredfromlefttorightinthefollowingorder:month,day,year,hour,minute,andsecond.

'dtn' Usethiswhenyou

wanttocreateindividualcomponentsofadatetimevalue.from1to6,andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthelistoffrom-variables.The

individualcomponentswillbestoredfromlefttorightinthefollowingorder:month,day,year,hour,minute,andsecond.

'dun' Usethistocreate

'dun' Usethistocreate

individualcomponentsofadurationvalue.from1to6,andindicateshowmanycomponentsareinthelistoffrom-variables.Theindividual

componentswillbestoredfromlefttorightinthisorder:thenumberofmonths,days,years,hours,minutes,andseconds.

from-variablesarethe

variablescontainingthevalue(s)tobeconverted.Specifyonevariableifyouareconvertinganintervalandtwofordatetimeand/ordurationvalues.Ifyouareconvertingindividualcomponentsofadateoradatetime(using'dn,''dtn,'or'dun'inyourconvert-fromargument),then

youwillneedonevariableforeachcomponentspecified.Ifyouareconvertinganinterval,thevariablemustbeatleast32charactersinlength.

to-variablesarethevariablescontainingtheresultthattheroutinecalculates.Specifyonevariableif

youarecreatinganintervalandtwofordatetimeand/ordurationvalues.Ifyouwantindividualcomponentsofadateoradatetimefromthefunction(using'dn,''dtn,'or'dun'inyourconvert-toargument),thenyouwillneedonevariableforeachcomponentspecified.

replacementsenablesyoutoprovideyourownvalueforthemonth,day,hour,minute,andsecondcomponentstobeusedifanyofthosecomponentsaremissingintheconvert-fromargument.Thedefaultis1formonthandday,and0forhour,minute,and

second.Whenyouusethisparameter,eventhoughtheyearcomponentisrequiredforavalidISOdurationorintervalvalue,youwillneedaleadingcommaasaplaceholderfortheyearvalue,followedbyall5replacementvalues,separatedbycommas.Whileitis

possibletoleavesomeofthereplacementvaluesblank(andtherebyusethedefault),itiseasiertoreadwhenavalueisprovidedforeachofthereplacements,evenifitisthesameasthedefault.

Thefollowingexamplesdemonstratemanyof

thecapabilitiesoftheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutine,includingtheabilitytoperformdateandtimecalculations.

Example4.3:HowLongIs…inSAStime?MostofthecalculationsinvolvingSASdates

andtimeshaveaspecificreferencepointinmind;ingeneral,thereisadateand/oratimeinvolved,suchasJune8,2014,at3:50p.m.However,whatcanyoudoifyouwanttomeasureanISOdurationinSAStime?OnepossibilityistouseasamplestartingpointandSASintervalsto

obtaintheendpoint.Fromthere,itisjustamatterofsubtractingyourdummystartpointfromyourendpoint.OryoucoulduseCALLIS8601_CONVERT.Thefirstperiodissimple:Howlongisfourweeksexpressedintime?Thesecondperiodasksthesamequestionfor3days,4hours,27

minutes,and16.8seconds,whichisnotsoeasytodowithSASintervals.

1.DATAhowlong;2.LENGTHperiod$16;3.period="P4W";4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('du','du',period,howlong);5.howlong_disp=STRIP(PUT(howlong,time10.1));6.OUTPUT;7.period="P3DT4H27M16.8S";

8.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('du','du',period,howlong);9.howlong_disp=STRIP(PUT(howlong,time10.1));10.OUTPUT;11.RUN;

Inlines4and8,weuse'du'astheconvert-toargumentbecausethereisnoargumentvaluethatwillexplicitlygiveatimevalue.However,whenyouusethe'du'

argumentanddonotspecifytheresultasacharactervariable,CALLIS8601_CONVERTwillcreateyourdurationinseconds(thatis,aSAStimevalue).HereisthePROCPRINTofourHOWLONGdataset:

ISO8601Duration

TimeinSeconds

P4W 2419200.0

P3DT4H27M16.8S 275236.8

Example4.4:ConvertingTwoDatetimestoanISO

DurationThissituationisonefrequentlyencounteredinclinicaltrials.Thestartingandendingdatetimesforaneventwouldbepresentedastext,andyouneedtocalculatethedurationanddisplayitinISO8601formataccordingtotheCDISC

specification.Inthisexample,wewilltakesimulatedeventdata(someofwhichhasmissingcomponentsandentiremissingvalues),calculatethedurations,andpresenttheresultaccordingtotheISOstandard.Herearethedatashownintheiroriginaltextrepresentation.

ObsStartingDate

EndingDate

1

2 2013-01-18T09:30

2013-01-18T21:00

3 2012-12-30T11

2013-01-01T14:00

4 2012-11 2013-01-

04

5 2012-11-19

2013-01-04

6 2012-11-20T08:30

2013-01-03

7 2012 2013-02

8 2012-12-27

9 2012-11 2012-11-20

10 2012-11-19T14:15

2012-11-20

11 2012-12-17T08:20

2013-01-02T09

ThefirststepistocreatetheseasSAS

datetimevalues.Let'srunaquickSASprogramtocreateourexampledataset,AEDTM:

DATAbook.aedtm;INFILE"eventdata.txt"PADMISSOVERDLM='09'xFIRSTOBS=2DSD;INPUTaestdtm:E8601DT.aeendtm:E8601DT.;FORMATaestdtmaeendtmdatetime20.;RUN;

Executingthiscoderesultsinthisdataset:

Whathappenedhere?Mostofthedatetimevaluesaremissing!

Thisisadirectconsequenceofincompletedatafordatesandtimesinthesourcedata.RememberthatSASdatetimevaluesareacompletedateandacompletetime,soyes,thevaluesaremissingbecausethereisnocompletedateandtimeinmostofthesecases.TheISO

standardcanaccommodatepartialdatesandtimes,butthenormalSASdateandtimefacilitycannot.Let'strythisadifferentwayusingtheISO8601informats.

DATAbook.aedtm2;INFILE"eventdata.txt"PADMISSOVERDLM='09'xFIRSTOBS=2DSD;INPUTaestdtm:$N8601B.

aeendtm:$N8601B.;FORMATaestdtmaeendtmdatetime20.;RUN;

Thiscodedidn'tevenrun,givinganerrorinthelog.

1DATAbook.aedtm2;2INFILE"eventdata.txt"PADMISSOVERDLM='09'xFIRSTOBS=2DSD;3INPUTaestdtm:$N8601B.aeendtm

:$N8601B.;4FORMATaestdtmaeendtmdatetime20.;-----------48ERROR48-59:Theformat$DATETIMEwasnotfoundorcouldnotbeloaded.

5RUN;

NOTE:TheSASSystemstoppedprocessingthisstepbecauseoferrors.WARNING:ThedatasetBOOK.AEDTM2maybe

incomplete.Whenthisstepwasstoppedtherewere0observationsand2variables.

TheISOinformatsonlycreatecharactervariables.Therefore,theerrorariseswhenyoutrytouseanumericformatwithacharactervariable.Atthispoint,weareno

closertogettingourdurationsthanbefore.WhathappenswhenwetaketheFORMATstatementout?

Nowwe'vegottheinternalrepresentation

ofISOdatetimesinaSASdataset,whichwehavenamedAEDTM2.Let'sformatthetwovariablesusingthe$N8601EH.formatsothatwecanseetheresultwithaproperISOrepresentation.The$N8601EH.formatprovideshyphensformissingcomponents.

Fromhere,wecancalculatedurationswithCALLIS8601_CONVERTusingthefollowingcodeandthedatasetAEDTM2thatwecreatedintheprevious

step.Inline3,wedefinetheresultvariablesascharactersothatwedonotgetaSAStimevalue.Wearecreatingtwoforthepurposesofthisexercise,DURATIONwiththeroutineinline4,andAEDURinline6,whichistheISO-formattedversionofDURATIONsothatit

canbeshownalongsidetheinternalrepresentationoftheduration.

1.DATAbook.iso_durations;2.SETbook.aedtm2;3.LENGTHdurationaedur$16;4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('dt/dt','du',aestdtm,aeendtm,duration);5.aedur=duration;6.FORMATaedur$N8601E.;

7.RUN;

Oneofthethingsthatyoumightnoticeisthatdurationshavebeencalculatedforallthevaluesthathaveanendingdate,regardlessofmissingcomponents

inthestartingandendingdatetimes.TheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutineimputescompletedatetimevaluesbyusingdefaultvaluesformissingcomponents,soithassupplied1formissingmonthsanddays,andzerosforhours,minutes,andseconds.

Thiscausesanydatetimewithamissingtimetobesetat12:00a.m.ofthefollowingday.Thissimpleimputationmightnotbewhatyouwanttouse,andmoreelaboratecodingmightbenecessary.Youmighthavetostartwithparsingtheinputdatetimestringto

determinewhichcomponentsaremissingandapplyyourimputationalgorithmfromthere.Nonetheless,onceyouhaveyourimputeddatetimevalues,CALLIS8601_CONVERTwillcreateandstoreanISOdurationfromthosedatetimes.

Example4.5:ConvertingTwoDatetimestoanISOIntervalLet’susethedatafromexample4.4toquicklydemonstratethecreationofanISOintervalusingtheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutine.WewillstartwiththeISOdatetime

valuesstoredinthedatasetAEDTM2.

ThefollowingcodewillcreateourISOinterval.Notethatinline3,thelengthoftheresultvariableintervalisset

to32,whichistheminimumlengthforavariablethatholdsanISOinterval.Theresultisshowninthescreencapturefollowingthecode.Onceagain,wearecreatingacopyoftheresulttoshowboththeintervalvalueasastoredvalueandtheISO-formattedintervalvalue.

1.DATAbook.iso_intervals;2.SETbook.aedtm2;3.LENGTHintervalformatted_interval$32;4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('dt/dt','intvl',aestdtm,aeendtm,interval);5.formatted_interval=interval;6.FORMATformatted_interval$N8601E.;7.RUN;

Example4.6:ConvertingaDatetimeandaDurationintoanISOIntervalInthisexample,wewillcreateanISOintervalfroma

datetimeandadurationusingthefollowingdataset,SAMPLE,whichcontainsastartdatetimeandanISOduration.

Whydon'tweapplythe

$N8601E.formattoAESTDTMandDURATIONsothattheyarereadable?

Ifthisweretrueclinicaldata,therewouldbeanerrorinthedataat

record3,becausethedurationisnegative,indicatingthatthestartdatetimeislaterthantheendingdatetime.WhiletheISOstandardaccountsfornegativedurations,thisdoesnotmeanthatnegativedurationsareappropriateinyourdata.

Thiscodelookssimilartothecodeintheprevioustwoexamples.ThedifferenceisintheargumentsusedfortheCALLIS8601_CONVERTroutineinline4.The'dt/du'signifiesthatthedatetimerepresentsthestartoftheinterval.Wewillshowtheunformattedand

formattedresultasareminderthatthecharacterresultsarestoredintheirSASinternalrepresentation:

1.DATAinterval;2.SETsample;3.LENGTHintervalformatted_interval$32;4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('dt/du','intvl',aestdtm,duration,interval);5.formatted_interval=interval;6.FORMAT

formatted_interval$N8601E.;7.RUN;

Interval

2012B221030FFFFDFFFFF072330FFFFC

2012C02FFFFFFFFDFFFF105FFFFFFFFC

2012C121200FFFFDFEFFFFF12FFFFFFC

2012C191000FFFFDFFFFF072130FFFFC

2013101FFFFFFFFDFFFFF29FFFFFFFFC

Example4.7:CalculatingtheEndofanIntervalfromaDatetimeandaDuration

AnadditionalcapabilityoftheCALLISO_8601routineistocalculatestartingandendingdatetimesfromintervals,oracombinationofdurationanddatetime.Inthisexample,wewillcalculatetheenddatetimesfortheISOintervalsthatwecreatedinexample4.6.

1.DATAinterval_end;2.SETinterval;3.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('intvl','end',interval,end);4.FORMATinterval$N8601E.endDATETIME20.;5.RUN;

Youcanseethatthiscodeisagainslightlydifferentfromexample4.6.OnelargedifferenceisthatthereisnoLENGTH

statementusedtocreatetheresultasacharactervariable.ThiscausestheroutinetocreatetheresultasaSASdatetimevalue,notanISO8601datetimecharacterstring.Thisisanimportantdistinction.Inline3,wetelltheroutinethatwearegoingtoconvertaninterval,andwe

wanttheendingdatebasedonthatinterval.SincethevariableINTERVALisstillstoredinitsinternalSASrepresentation,wehaveappliedthe$N8601E.formattothatvariable,aswellasformattingtheENDvariablewithDATETIME20.sowecanreadthemeasilyin

theoutput.Hereistheresult.

Interval

2012-11-22T10:30/P7DT23H30M

2012-12-02/P1M5D

2012-12-12T12:00/-PT12H

2012-12-19T10:00/P7DT21H30M

2013-01-01/P29D

Anyoftheprecedingexamplescanbereversed;youcanconvertanISOdurationorintervalintotwodatetimesoryoucanturnan

intervalintoadurationandadatetime.Toshowyouhowitallconnectstotogether,inthislastexample,wewilltakestartingandendingISOdatetimevaluesandcreateanISOdurationandanISOinterval,andthenwewillrecalculatethestartingandendingdatetimesfromthat

ISOinterval,bothastheirISOdatetimevaluesandtheirSASdatetimevalues.

Example4.8:CALLIS8601_CONVERT:ISODatetimes,Durations,andIntervalsfromStarttoEndandBackAgainwithOneRoutine

ThiscodeusesthedatasetEX4_8,whichcontainstwoISOdatetimevaluesinthevariablesAESTDTMandAEENDTM.Theyaredisplayedusingthe$N8601E.formatsoyoucanreadthevalueseasily.

BecausewewanttheresultsinthisexampleastheirISOrepresentations,wedefinetheresultvariablesthatwearecreatingascharactervariables,includingtheendingdatetimes.Note

thatthevariableINTERVALis32bytesinlengthbecausethatistheminimumlengthforanISOintervalvalue.Line4createstheISOdurationandline5theISOintervalvalue,andweusethatintervalinlines6and7toproducethestartingandendingISOdatetimevalues.Lines

8and9linesrecalculatethestartingandendingdatetimesasSASdatetimevalues.Wewillpresenttheresultsseparately.

1.DATAcircle;2.SETex4_8;3.LENGTHduration$16interval$32start_dt$16end_dt$16;4.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('dt/dt','du',aestdtm,aeendtm,duration);5.CALL

IS8601_CONVERT('dt/dt','intvl',aestdtm,aeendtm,interval);6.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('intvl','start',interval,start_dt);7.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('intvl','end',interval,end_dt);8.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('intvl','start',interval,datetime_start);9.CALLIS8601_CONVERT('intvl','end',interval,datetime_end);10.FORMATdurationintervalstart_dtend_dt$N8601E.;11.RUN;

Original Original

StartingISODatetime

EndingISODatetime

ISODurationValue

2012-11-21T09:12

2012-11-30

2012-11-21T09:25

2012-11

2012-12-03T09:00

2012-12-03T10:00

2012-12-14T09:12

2013-01-17

2012-12-14

2012-12-29

14 29

Theonethingthatyoushouldtakenoteofhereisthenegativedurationvalueinthesecondrow.Sincethedaycomponentismissingfromtheendingdatetime,CALLIS8601_CONVERThasuseditsdefaultvalueforthedaycomponent,

whichis1.Obviously,November21(thestartingdate)isafterNovember1,soyoumightwanttouseadifferentimputationforyourendingdates.Nextaretherecalculatedstartingandendingdates,presentedinseparatetablestomakeiteasytoseetheresultoftheconversions.

OriginalStartingISODatetime

RecalculatedISOStartingDatetime

2012-11-21T09:12

2012-11-21T09:12

2012-11-21T09:25

2012-11-21T09:25

2012-12-03T09:00

2012-12-03T09:00

2012-12-14T09:12

2012-12-14T09:12

2012-12-14

2012-12-14

OriginalEndingISODatetime

RecalculatedISOEndingDatetime

2012-11-30

2012-11-30

2012-11 2012-11

2012-12-03T10:00

2012-12-03T10:00

03T10:00 03T10:00

2013-01-17

2013-01-17

2012-12-29

2012-12-29

Takenoteofthesecondrowintheendingdatetimetableabove.Notonlydoesthis

pointouttheproblemwithrelyingontheautomaticsubstitutionoftheroutine,butthedifferencebetweentheISOdatetimevaluesandSASdatetimevalues.TheISOstandardaccommodatesmissingcomponents,soitislegaltohavethevalue"2012-11,"which

clearlyindicates,"DuringthemonthofNovember,buttheexactdayisunknown,"and,"Atsometimeonthedayof…"TheSASdatetimevaluehastoprovidebothexactdateandexacttime,so"2012-11"issetto12:00AM,November1,2012,usingthedefaultreplacements

formissingcomponents.

4.6ConclusionTheISO8601standardhasbeendevelopedfortheclearcommunicationofdateandtimeinformationacrosscountries,applications,and

platforms.SAShasthecapabilitytohandlethisstandardtoitsfullextent,eventhoughonthesurfacethereseemtobemanyincompatibilitiesbetweentheSASdateandtimefacilityandtheISOstandard.Thelargestdifferencesarewithrespecttoincompletedata,and

thatalphabeticcharactersareusedasmorethansimpledelimitersmakestheISO8601handlingfacilityinSASuniquewhenitcomestodatesandtimes.ItistheonlypieceoftheSASdateandtimecapabilitiesthatrequirescharactervariables.

Chapter5:DateandTimeFunctions

5.1CurrentDateandTimeFunctions

5.2ExtractingPiecesfromSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValues5.3CreatingDates,Times,andDatetimesfromNumbersorOtherInformation

5.4CalculatingElapsedTime,andtheHOLIDAY()Function5.5TheBasicsofSASIntervals5.6ModifyingSASIntervals5.7CreatingYour

OwnSASIntervals5.8IntervalFunctionsaboutIntervals5.9RetailCalendarIntervalsandSeasonality

SAShasmanyfunctionstomanipulate

dates,times,anddatetimevalues.Thefunctionscanbecategorizedaccordingtowhattheydo.Youcanobtainthecurrentdate,time,ordatetime(asspecifiedbythecomputer'sclock).Youcanalsoeasilyextractpiecesofdates,times,ordatetimesasnumericalvaluesfrom

theircorrespondingSASvalues,oryoucanassembleSASdate,time,anddatetimevaluesfromSASvariablesorconstants.Anothersetoffunctionsoperateswithintervalssuchasweeksormonths.

5.1CurrentDateandTimeFunctionsCurrentdateandtimefunctionshavenoargumentsandreturnSASvaluesasnotedinthefollowingtable.Thevaluesareobtainedfromtheoperatingsystem'sclock.

Table5.1:CurrentDateandTimeFunctions

DateandTimeFunction Description

DATE(),TODAY()

Thesefunctionsareidentical,

andbothreturnthecurrentdateasaSASdatevalue.

TIME() Thisreturnsthecurrent

timeasaSAStimevalue.

DATETIME() ThisreturnsthecurrentdateandtimeasaSAS

datetimevalue.

5.2ExtractingPiecesfromSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValuesTheextraction

functionsalluseasingleargument(representedbyarginthefollowingtable),whichrepresentsaSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.ThiscanbeeitheraSASvariablenameortheappropriateconstant.Iftwo-digityearvaluesareused,theresultwillbesubjecttothe

YEARCUTOFF=optionvalueineffect.Theyallreturnanumericvalueastheresult.Thefollowingtablesareseparatedintofunctionsthatusedatesasanargument,thosethatusedatetimesastheargument,andthosethatusetimesasanargument.Eachtablegivesexamplesof

howtoapplyeachfunction,alongwithrelevantcommentsforeachexample.

Table5.2:FunctionsReturningaDateComponentandRequiringaSASDateValueasanArgument

FunctionName Explanation

DAY(arg) Extractsthenumber

ofthedayofthemonthfromaSASdatevalue.

JULDATE(arg) ExtractstheJuliandatefromaSASdatevalue.Itwillreturnafour-orfive-digitvaluewithaone-ortwo-digityear,ifthe

yearportionofthedatefallswithinthe100-yearspandefinedbytheYEARCUTOFF=option.Ifyouwanttoensurefour-digityearvalues,youshouldusethe

JULDATE7()function.

JULDATE7(arg) ExtractstheJuliandatewithafour-digityearfromaSASdatevalue.Thisalwaysreturnsaseven-digitnumber,regardless

oftheyear.

MONTH(arg) ExtractsthenumericalmonthfromaSASdatevalue.

QTR(arg) ExtractsthequarteroftheyearfromaSASdatevalue.

WEEK(arg) ExtractstheweeknumberfromaSASdatevalue,whereSundayisthefirstdayoftheweek,whichisthe"U"algorithm.ThisfunctionhasbeenaugmentedinSAS

versions9.1.3andabovebytheWEEK(functiondescribedimmediatelybelow.

(Version9.1.3andup)WEEK(arg,descriptor)

ExtractstheweeknumberfromaSASdatevalue.descriptorreferstothealgorithmusedtocalculatethefirstweekof

theyear.

TheUalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonSundaybeingthefirstdayoftheweek.

TheValgorithmcalculatesweeksto

theISOstandard.Mondayisthefirstdayoftheweek,andthefirstweekoftheyearisdefinedastheonethatcontainsbothJanuary4andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.

TheWalgorithmcalculatesweeksbasedonMondaybeingthefirstdayoftheweekwithoutrestriction.

WEEKDAY(arg) Extractsthenumberofthedayofthe

week,whereSunday=1,Monday=2,andsoonfromaSASdatevalue.

YEAR(arg) ExtractstheyearfromaSASdatevalue.Ifyouuseadateconstant(asin

theexample)andnotaSASdatevalue,itisimportanttorememberthattheYEARCUTOFF=optionaffectstwo-digityears.

Table5.3:FunctionsReturningaDatetime

ComponentandRequiringaSASDatetimeValueasanArgument

FunctionName Explanation

DATEPART(arg) ExtractsthedatefromaSASdatetimevalueasaSASdate

value.

TIMEPART(arg) ExtractsthetimeportionfromaSASdatetimevalueasaSAStimevalue.

Table5.4:FunctionsReturningaTimeComponentandRequiringaSASTimeValueasanArgument

FunctionName Explanation

HOUR(arg) Extractsthehourfroma

SAStimevalue.

MINUTE(arg) ExtractstheminutesfromaSAStimevalue.

SECOND(arg) ExtractsthesecondsfromaSAS

timevalue.

5.3CreatingDates,Times,andDatetimesfromNumbersorOtherInformation

5.3.1IntroductionThisseriesoffunctionswillcreateSASdate,time,anddatetimevaluesfromnumericalvariablesorconstants.Whileinformatstakecompletedate,time,anddatetimereferencesandtranslatethemtotheir

correspondingSASvalue,thesefunctionswillcreateaSASvaluefromdiscretepiecessuchasmonth,day,andyear.

5.3.2ListofFunctionsandTheirDescriptions

DATEJUL(Julian-date);DATEJUL(Julian-date);createsaSASdatevaluefromanumericvaluerepresentingaJuliandate.Julian-datemustbeofthetypeyy(yy)ddd,whereyy(yy)istwoorfourdigitsrepresentingtheyear,anddddmustbea

numberfrom1to365(366ifaleapyear).Ifyouusetwodigitsfortheyear,theYEARCUTOFF=optionwillbeusedtodeterminethecentury.Thefollowingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisfunction:

SampleFunctionCall

OPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=1920;DATEJUL(21286)

OPTIONSYEARCUTOFF=2000;DATEJUL(21286)

DATEJUL(2014174)

DATEJUL(1989005)

DATEJUL(00368)

DHMS(date,hour,minute,second);DHMS(date,hour,minute,second);createsaSASdatetimevalue.Allfourargumentsarerequired.dateisaSASdatevalue,whichcanbeeitheranumericvalueoradateconstant.Ifyouuseatwo-digityearinadateconstant,thedatewill

betranslatedaccordingtotheYEARCUTOFF=option.hour,minute,andsecondareallnumericvariablesand/orconstants.Hour,minute,andsecondarenotrestrictedtotheirclocktimes.Therefore,hourcanbegreaterthan24,whileminuteandsecondcanbegreaterthan60.The

followingtablegivesexamplesofhowtoapplythisfunction:

SampleFunctionCall

DHMS("08JUN2015"d,15,24,0)

DHMS("02FEB2014"d,11,54,15)

DHMS("30JUN2012"d,8,7,93)

Example5.1:UsingDHMS()WhenYou

AlreadyHaveaSASDateandTimeIfyouneedtocreateadatetimefromaSASdateandaSAStimevalue,youdonothavetousetheHOUR(),MINUTE(),andSECOND()functionstoextractthosecomponentsfromthetimevalue.Remember

thatSASkeepstrackoftimeinsecondssincemidnightandthatthesecondsargumentintheDHMSfunctioncanbegreaterthan59.Therefore,ifyousupplytheSAStimevalueasthesecondsargumentandsethourandminutetozeros,thatwillworkjustfine.Thefollowingexample

demonstrates:

1DATAex5_1;2INPUTrow$sasdate:date9.sastime:time8.;3result=DHMS(sasdate,0,0,sastime);4fmt_result=result;5formatsasdatedate9.sastimetimeampm.;6DATALINES;7A16oct201517:308B08jun201611:009C14apr201500:0010;;;11RUN;

12PROCPRINTDATA=ex5_1NOOBSLABELSPLIT='\';13IDrow;14VARsasdatesastimeresultfmt_result;15FORMATfmt_resultdatetime19.sasdatesastime;16LABELrow='Row'17result='~{text_align=c}SASDatetimeValue\CalculatedUsing\DHMS(sasdate,0,0,sastime)'18fmt_result="ResultFormattedwith\DATETIME19.Format";19RUN;

TheResult

Row sasdate sastime

A 20377 63000

B 20613 39600

C 20192 0

Thecalculationofthedatetimevalueisdoneinline3oftheaboveprogram.Theformatshavebeenremovedfromthesasdateandsastimevariablesinthetableforthepurposeofillustratingtheactualvaluesthatarebeingsenttothefunction.RowCabovehasbeenincludedto

demonstratethatanyvalidSAStimevaluewillwork,even0seconds.Whatgoodisthat?IfyouneedtocreateaSASdatetimevalueandyouonlyhaveadatewithoutatimevalue,thenyoucanuseDHMS(sasdate,0,0,0)toconvertyourSASdateintoaSASdatetime.

HMS(hour,minute,second);HMS(hour,minute,second);createsaSAStimevalue.hour,minute,andsecondareallnumericvariablesand/orconstants.Noneoftheparametersarerestrictedtotheirclocktimes.Therefore,hourcanbegreaterthan24,whileminuteandsecond

canbegreaterthan60.Allthreeargumentsmustbepresentoryouwillgetamissingvalueastheresult.Thefollowingtableprovidesexamples:

SampleFunction Time

Call Value

HMS(18,0,9) 64809

HMS(7,45,80) 27980

HMS(15,03,35.56) 54215.56

HMS(8,17,33) 29853

HMS(21,14,28) 76468

MDY(month,day,year);

MDY(month,day,year);createsaSASdatevaluefromthearguments.Allthreeargumentsarerequired.month,day,andyearareall

numericvariablesorconstants.Ifyearistwodigits,thecenturywillbedeterminedbytheYEARCUTOFF=option.Ifavaluegivenforanyoftheargumentsisnotvalidormissing,suchasMDY(2,31,2014)(February31,2014),thefunctionwillreturnamissingvalueand

giveyouan"invalidargumenttofunction"messageinthelog.Thefollowingtableshowsexamples:

SampleFunctionCall

SASDateValue

MDY(9,3,1876) –

30434

MDY(12,14,15) 20436

MDY(3,26,1915) –16352

MDY(5,22,2014) 19865

NWKDOM(n,weekday,month,year);

NWKDOM(n,weekday,month,year);createsaSASdatevaluefora

givenweekdayinagivenweeknumberfromagivenmonthandyear.Alloftheargumentsarenumericandcanberepresentedbyconstantsornumericvariables.Ifanyoftheargumentsaremissing,ornotvalid,thenthefunctionwillreturnamissingvalue.nrangesfrom1

(first)to5(last).Sometimesusingthevalueof5willgivethesameresultas4,ifthefourthweekofthemonthisalsothelastweekofthemonth.weekdayrangesfrom1to7,where1representsSunday,and7representsSaturday.monthcanrangefrom1(January)to12

(December).yearrepresentstheyearandissubjecttotheYEARCUTOFF=optionifyouusetwodigitsfortheyear.

Youcanusethisfunctiontofinddatesthatareexpressedas"ThefirstSaturdayinMay,"orthe"lastTuesdayinAugust,"

easily.Thefollowingtableprovidesexamplesofhowthisfunctionworks.

DateDescription SampleFunctionCall

First NWKDOM(1,3,11,2014)

TuesdayinNovember.

SecondTuesdayinDecember.

NWKDOM(2,3,12,2014)

ThirdWednesdayinApril.

NWKDOM(3,4,4,2014)

FourthSundayinMay.

NWKDOM(4,1,5,2014)

LastSundayinMay.

NWKDOM(5,1,5,2014)

FirstSundayin

NWKDOM(1,1,6,2018)

June.

SecondSaturdayinDecember.

NWKDOM(2,7,12,2018)

ThirdSaturdayinMay.

NWKDOM(3,7,5,2018)

Fourth NWKDOM(4,2,10,2018)

MondayinOctober.

LastMondayinOctober.

NWKDOM(5,2,10,2018)

Theboldedanditalicizedtextaboveshowsthatthelast

weekofthemonthandthefourthweekofthemonthmayormaynotproducethesamedate.

YYQ(year,qtr);YYQ(year,qtr);createsaSASdatevaluefromthearguments.Bothargumentsarerequired.yearisanumericvariableor

constantrepresentingtheyear,andqtrisanumericvariableorconstantbetween1and4,representingthequarteroftheyear.Ifyearistwodigits,thecenturywillbedeterminedbytheYEARCUTOFF=systemoption.Thisfunctionreturnsthedateofthefirstdayofthequarter

inthegivenyear.Thefollowingtableprovidesexamplesofhowthisfunctionworks.

SampleFunctionCall

SASDateValue

Formattedwithmmddyy10.Format

YYQ(2015,1) 20089

YYQ(99,3) 14426

YYQ(25,2) –12693

YYQ(25,2) 23832

YYQ(2015,2) 20179

5.4CalculatingElapsedTime,andtheHOLIDAY()FunctionBecauseSASusessimplemathasthebasisfordatesandtimes,youmightthinkthatcalculatingelapsedtimeorprojectingintothefuturewouldbe

easy.Itshouldbeamatterofsimpleadditionorsubtraction.However,SASprovidesseveralfunctionsthatdealwithcalculatingelapsedtime,andforthemostpartthefunctionisgoingtobemoreaccuratethansimplemath.Forexample,oneofthemathematicalequations

forcalculatingageis(currentdate–dateofbirth)/365.25.Thisapproximationusesthe.25toaccountforleapyears,butitfailstotakeintoaccounttheexceptionforyearsthataredivisibleby100butnotby400.Whileyoumightrarelyneedsuchaccuracywhencalculatingelapsed

years,theefficiencyofaSASfunctionmightspeedthingsperceptiblywhenworkingwithbigdata.

5.4.1CalculatingElapsedTimewithDATDIF()andYRDIF()

Thesetwofunctionswereoriginallydevelopedforusewithsecuritiescalculationsforspecificfinancialinstruments.

DATDIF(start,end,basis);DATDIF(start,end,basis);calculatesthenumberofdaysbetweentwodates.startisthe

startingdate,whichcanbeadateconstant,anumericvariable,oraSASexpression.endistheendingdate,alsoadateconstant,anumericvariable,oraSASexpression.basisisacharacterconstantorvariablethattellsSAShowtocalculatethedifference.Thestartandendargumentsare

required,whilebasisisoptional.basishastwopossiblevalues.Notethatifyouuseacharacterconstantforbasis,rememberthatitwillneedtobeenclosedinquotationmarks,oryouwillgetanerror.

1.'30/360',which

setseachmonthto30days,andtheyearto360days,regardlessofhowmanydaysareineachmonthoryearinthespanbetweenthetwodates.Ifadayisattheendofamonth(forexample,

February28/29orMarch31),itwillbeconsideredasthe30thofthemonth.

2.'ACT/ACT',whichusestheactualnumberofdaysineachmonthandyearinthespan

betweenthetwodates.Thisisthedefault,anditisidenticaltosubtractingstartfromend.

SampleFunctionCall

DATDIF('19JUL2015'd,'19JUL2016'd,'30/360')

DATDIF('19JUL2015'd,'19JUL2016'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF(start,end,basis);

YRDIF(start,end,basis);calculatesthenumber

ofyearsbetweentwodates.Itisalmostalwaysmoreaccuratethanusingmathematicalapproximation,dependingonthebasisusedandthedesiredresult.startisthestartingdate,whichcanbeadateconstant,anumericvariable,oraSASexpression.endis

theendingdate,alsoadateconstant,anumericvariable,oraSASexpression.basisisacharacterconstantorvariablethattellsSAShowtocalculatethedifference.basishasfivepossiblevalues,ascomparedwiththetwopossibilitiesintheDATDIF()function:

1.'30/360',whichsetseachmonthto30days,andtheyearto360days,regardlessofhowmanydaysareineachmonthoryearinthespanbetweenthetwodates.Ifadayisattheendofa

month(forexample,February28/29orMarch31),itwillbeconsideredasthe30thofthemonth.

2.'ACT/ACT',whichusestheactualnumberofdaysineach

monthandyearinthespanbetweenthetwodates.ThiswasthedefaultbasisthroughSASversion9.2.Youcanusethealias"Actual,"not'ACT.'

3.'ACT/360',whichusesthe

actualnumberofdaysbetweenthetwodatestocalculatethenumberofyears,butitusesa360-dayyear,regardlessofhowmanydaysareineachyear,sotheresultisnumberofdaysdividedby360.

4.'ACT/365',whichusestheactualnumberofdaysbetweenthetwodatestocalculatethenumberofyears,butusesa365-dayyear,regardlessofhowmanydaysareineachyear,

sotheresultisnumberofdaysdividedby365.

5.'AGE',whichisusedtocalculateaperson'sage.ThisisavailablestartingwithSASversion9.3,andasofthatrelease,'AGE'isnowthedefault.

SampleFunctionCall

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'30/360')

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/360')

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/365')

Asyoucansee,allfourresultsaredifferent,andthisisduetothewaytheywerecalculated.Priortoversion9.3,thisfunctionwasoftenusedtocalculateages,buteventhe'ACT/ACT'basisdoesn'tcalculateagesprecisely.The'ACT/ACT'basisaveragesleapyeardays

acrossthefouryears.Nowlet'sexaminetheYRDIFfunctionwhenthe'ACT/ACT'basisandthe'AGE'basisareused.

SampleFunctionCall

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1967'd,'24MAY2014'd,'AGE')

ThislooksasiftheYRDIF()functionwillyieldthesameresultforboththe'AGE'basisandthe'ACT/ACT'basis.Whereisthedifference?Let'slookatanotherseriesofdates.

SampleFunctionCall

A YRDIF('07AUG1968'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1968'd,'24MAY2014'd,'AGE')

B YRDIF('07AUG1969'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1969'd,'24MAY2014'd,'AGE')

C YRDIF('07AUG1971'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1971'd,'24MAY2014'd,'AGE')

D YRDIF('07AUG1972'd,'24MAY2014'd,'ACT/ACT')

YRDIF('07AUG1972'd,'24MAY2014'd,'AGE')

IngroupingsAandD,youseethatthebasismakesadifference,whileingroupingsBandC,the'ACT/ACT'and'AGE'returnidenticalresults.WhatmakesgroupingsAandDsodifferent?Theseareleapyears,andthe

leapdayisaccountedforasawholedayforthatgivenyear,asopposedtotheaveragingofaquarterdayperyearperformedbythe'ACT/ACT'algorithm.

(U.S.andCanadaOnly)HOLIDAY(holiday,year

HOLIDAY(holiday,year);providesthedateofselectedholidaysinanygivenyearasaSASdatevalue.ThisfunctionisvalidforU.S.andCanadaholidaysonly.holidaycanbeacharacterstringenclosedinquotationmarksoracharactervariablecontainingoneofthe

argumentslistedbelow.Thevalidvaluesofholidayarelistedinthetablebelow.Note:Ifyouuseacharactervariableinsteadofastring,yourvariableshouldbeatleast18characterslongtoaccommodatethelongestargument.

ArgumentUsedinFunction

BOXING

CANADA

CANADAOBSERVED

CHRISTMAS

COLUMBUS

EASTER

FATHERS

HALLOWEEN

LABOR

MLK

MEMORIAL

MOTHERS

NEWYEAR

THANKSGIVING

THANKSGIVING

THANKSGIVINGCANADA

USINDEPENDENCE

USPRESIDENTS

VALENTINES

VETERANS

VETERANSUSG

VETERANSUSPS

VICTORIA

SampleFunctionCall

HOLIDAY("EASTER",2014)

HOLIDAY("EASTER",2019)

HOLIDAY("EASTER",2026)

HOLIDAY("EASTER",2039)

HOLIDAY("THANKSGIVINGCANADA",2014)

HOLIDAY("THANKSGIVINGCANADA",2019)

HOLIDAY("THANKSGIVINGCANADA",2026)

HOLIDAY("THANKSGIVINGCANADA",2039)

HOLIDAY("USINDEPENDENCE",2014)

HOLIDAY("USINDEPENDENCE",2019)

HOLIDAY("USINDEPENDENCE",2026)

HOLIDAY("USINDEPENDENCE",2039)

5.5TheBasicsofSASIntervals

SomeoftheSASfunctionsdescribedinsection5.4,suchasDATDIF,areverygoodatcalculatingtheexactamountofelapsedtimebetweentwoSASdates,andasdemonstratedinsomeoftheaboveexamples,youcanseethedifferencebetweenthefunctionandsimplemath.Therearen't

functionstoprojectfuturedates,becauseitwouldseemsimpleenough:youjustaddanumberofdays,hours,orminutes,andyoucomeupwithananswer.

However,wefrequentlyneedtorefertounitsoftimethatarenotuniform,suchas

months,whichcanbe28,29,30,or31dayslong.SASprovidesfunctionstocalculateintervalsbecause,inmanycases,simplemathisstillonlyanapproximation.SAShasseveralstandardintervaldefinitionsthatareusedwithdates,times,anddatetimesthatrepresentmanyof

thenormalperiodsoftimethatwereferto,suchasweeksorquarters.Youarenotrestrictedtotheintervalsgiveninthestandarddefinitions,becauseyoualsohavetheabilitytoeasilymodifythem.Youcanusemultipliersand/orashiftindexinconjunctionwiththe

standardintervals.Multipliersenableyoutodefineintervalsthataremultiplesofastandardintervalandarenotalreadydefined,suchasadecadeoracentury.Ashiftindexenablesyoutodefineintervalsthatdonotcorrespondwiththestartingvaluesusedbyaninterval(standard

ORwithamultiplier),suchasafiscalyearthatbeginsinJulyinsteadofJanuary,or,togiveyouanexamplewithamultiplier,adecadethatstartsinyearsendinginthenumber'5,'insteadofyearsendingin0.Section5.6willdiscusstheconceptsofmultipliersandthe

shiftindexindetail.Ifyouneedintervalsthatcannotbedescribedbyusingmultipliersand/orashiftindexwiththestandardSASintervals,SAShasthecapacityforyoutodefineyourownintervals,andthisiscoveredindepthinSection5.7.

Fortheremainderofthisbook,whentheterm"interval"isusedinafunctiondefinition,itmeansaSASintervalname,alongwithanymultiplierand/orshiftindexunlessexplicitlyspecifiedotherwise.Wewillbeginourdiscussionofintervalsbyprovidingalistofallthestandard

intervaldefinitionsandtheperiodsthattheydescribeinTable5.5.

Table5.5SASIntervalDefinitionsUsedwithDates,Times,andDatetimes

Category IntervalName

Date DAY

WEEK

WEEKDAYdaysW

TENDAY

SEMIMONTH

MONTH

QTR

SEMIYEAR

YEAR

Datetime DTDAY

DTWEEK

DTWEEKDAYdaysW

DTTENDAY

DTSEMIMONTH

DTMONTH

DTQTR

DTSEMIYEAR

DTYEAR

DTSECOND

DTMINUTE

DTHOUR

Time SECOND

MINUTE

HOUR

5.5.1TheIntervalCalculation

Functions:INTCK()andINTNX()TheintervalcalculationfunctionsINTCK()andINTNX()useSASintervaldefinitions.INTCK()countsthenumberofintervalsbetweentwogivendates,times,or

datetimes.INTNX()calculatesthedate,time,ordatetimethatresultsafteragivennumberofintervalshavebeenaddedtoaninitialdate,time,ordatetimevalue.

ThesyntaxfortheINTCKfunctionisasfollows.

INTCK(interval,start-of-period,end-of-period,method);intervalistheSASdesignationforaperiodoftime,andcanbeacharacterliteralorcharactervariablethatcorrespondstooneofthedefinedtimeintervals(seeTable5.5).start-of-periodis

thebeginningdate,time,ordatetimevalue,whileend-of-periodistheendingone.Bothstart-of-periodandend-of-periodcanbeanythingthatevaluatestoavalidSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.

AsofSASversion9,methoddetermineshow

SASisgoingtocounttheintervals.Therearetwopossiblevalues:CONTINUOUS(orCorCONT)andDISCRETEor(DorDISC).ThedefaultisDISCRETE,andthishasbeenhowintervalshavetraditionallybeencalculatedinSAS.WhenmethodisDISCRETE,theINTCK()

functioniscountingthenumberoftimesthattheperiodintervalbeginsbetweenstart-of-periodandend-of-period,inclusive.Itdoesnotcountthenumberofcompleteintervalsbetweenstart-of-periodandend-of-period.Thisalsomeansthatthecountdoesnotbeginwithstart-of-

period,butatthebeginningofthefirstintervalafterthat.ThefollowingexampledemonstrateshowINTCK()countsusingtheDISCRETEmethod.Forexample,takethedatesSaturday,December31,2011,andSunday,January1,2012.

Example5.2:HowtheINTCK()FunctionCountsbyDefault(methodIsDISCRETE)

FunctionCall

INTCK('DAY','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd);

INTCK('WEEK','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd)

INTCK('MONTH','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd)

INTCK('YEAR','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd)

Alloftheintervalsareequalto1eventhoughonlyonedayhaspassed!January1,2012,isthestartofday,week,month,andyearintervals.ThestartingdayoccurredonDecember31,andtheendingdaybeganonJanuary1,soitis

obviousthattheresultfortheDAYintervalshouldbe1,becausetheDAYintervalboundarywascrossedonJanuary1.However,whenitcomestotheWEEKinterval,Sundayisthebeginningoftheweek.Therefore,theweekcontainingDecember31ststartedonSunday,

December25.Sunday,January1,isthebeginningofthenextweek,soyoucrosstheWEEKintervalboundaryatJanuary1.ThismeansthatoneWEEKintervalhaselapsedbetweenthestartoftheweekinDecemberandthestartoftheweekinJanuary,sothatcausestheresult

forWEEKtobe1.Similarly,themonthcontainingDecember31startedonDecember1,2011,andthemonthforJanuary1,2012,startedonJanuary1.YouarecrossingtheMONTHintervalboundaryonJanuary1,sooneMONTHintervalhaselapsedbetweenthestartofthe

intervalsforthetwodates,andtherefore,thatresultis1aswell.Finally,theyearforDecember31,2011,startedonJanuary1of2011,whiletheyearforJanuary1,2012,startsonthesamedate.YoucrosstheYEARintervalboundaryatJanuary1,whichcausestheYEAR

intervalresulttobe1.Allofthevaluesareequalto1becausetheINTCK()functioniscountingtheDAY,WEEK,MONTH,andYEARintervalboundary,whichoccursatSunday,January1,2012,andnotbecauseofthenumberofdays,weeks,months,oryearsthat

havepassed.

Nowlet'slookatthecorrespondingresultswhenyouuseCONTINUOUSforthemethod.

Example5.3:HowtheINTCK()FunctionCountsWhenmethodIsCONTINUOUS

FunctionCall

INTCK('DAY','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd,'C');

INTCK('WEEK','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd,'C')

INTCK('MONTH','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd,'C'

INTCK('YEAR','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd,'C')

Onedayhaspassed,asintheDISCRETEexample.However,this

looksmorelikewhatyoumightexpectwhenyouaskhowmanyweeks,months,andyearshavepassedbetweenDecember31,2011,andJanuary1,2012.Onlyonedayhaspassed,notanentireweek,month,oryear.TheCONTINUOUSmethodcalculatescontinuoustime,andit

usesthecalendardefinitionofaweek,month,oryear,startingonthedatesuppliedasthefirstargument.Let'schangetheendingdatesappropriatelytoreproducetheresultsinExample5.2.

Example5.4:HowtheINTCK()FunctionCountsWhenmethod

IsCONTINUOUS

FunctionCall

INTCK('DAY','31dec2011'd,'01jan2012'd,'C');

INTCK('WEEK','31dec2011'd,'07jan2012'd,'C')

INTCK('MONTH','31dec2011'd,'31jan2012'd,'C'

INTCK('YEAR','31dec2011'd,'31dec2012'd,'C')

NowthepictureshouldbealittlemoreclearthatusingCONTINUOUScausestheINTCK()functiontolookatcontinuouselapsedtime,notintervalboundaries.TofirmupthisdemonstrationoftheCONTINUOUSmethodfortheINTCK()function,let'slookat

howthedefinitionoftheMONTHintervalcanchange.

Example5.5:HowtheINTCK()FunctionCountsWhenmethodIsCONTINUOUS

FunctionCall

A INTCK('MONTH','01jan2012'd,'01feb2012'd,'C');

B INTCK('MONTH','01jan2012'd,'31jan2012'd,'C');

C INTCK('MONTH','01apr2012'd,'01may2012'd,'C');

D INTCK('MONTH','28feb2012'd,'28mar2012'd,'C');

E INTCK('MONTH','29feb2012'd,'28mar2012'd,'C');

F INTCK('MONTH','28feb2013'd,'28mar2013'd,'C');

RowsAandBlooknormal:31daysisa

month,while30daysisnotamonth.However,rowCstatesthat30daysisamonth.ThisisonlytrueforthemonthsofApril,June,September,andNovember.Finally,rowsDthroughFdemonstratethat,whenyouareusingtheCONTINUOUSmethod,theMONTHinterval

changesbasedonthemonthandtheyear.Inleapyears,aperiodof29daysacrossFebruaryisconsideredamonth(rowD).However,aperiodof28daysisnotconsideredamonthinleapyears(rowE).Ontheotherhand,ifitisnotaleapyear,28daysinFebruaryisamonth.

TheCONTINUOUSmethodisusefulforcalculatinganniversariesandmilestonestiedtodates,times,anddatetimes.Althoughthismethodseemsmuchmoreintuitivethanthetraditional(andstilldefault)waythatSAShandlesintervals,youwillhave

tobeverycautiousinchoosingwhichmethodyouuseandwhen.Itisnotrecommendedthatyoureplaceallofyourexistingcodetousethismethodinsteadofthedefault,becausethetwomethodsdifferintheirdefinitionofintervalboundaries.TheCONTINUOUSmethodshiftsthe

intervalbythestartingdateprovided.WiththeDISCRETEmethod,allvalueswithinanintervalboundaryareconsideredtobeequivalent.Thatmakesitpossibletogroupobservationsoccurringwithinanintervalforanalysis.

Sincethe

CONTINUOUSmethodismoreintuitivetothewaywetendtolookatperiodsoftime,theremainderofthissectionontheINTCK()functionwillbedevotedtothetraditionalDISCRETEmethod.PleaserememberthattheDISCRETEmethodisthedefault,andin

ordertousetheCONTINUOUSmethod,youwillhavetosupplythepropermethodargumentintheINTCK()function.Allofthefollowingexamplesrelyonthedefaultmethod,sothereisnomethodargumentusedinthefunctioncalls.

TocompletethepictureofhowthetraditionaluseoftheINTCK()functionworks,let'slookattheeffectthattheendingdatehasonINTCK().

Example5.6:HowtheINTCK()FunctionCounts

FunctionCall

INTCK('DAY','31dec2014'd,'06jan2015'd);

INTCK('WEEK','31dec2014'd,'06jan2015'd)

INTCK('MONTH','31dec2014'd,'06jan2015'd

INTCK('YEAR','31dec2014'd,'06jan2015'd)

Hereyoucanseethatalthough6dayshaveelapsed,stillonly1week,month,andyear

haveelapsedaccordingtoINTCK()!Thatisbecausethestartoftheweek,month,andyearintervalforJanuary6,2015,isstillJanuary1,2015,andthatiswhatINTCK()iscounting.HerearesomemoreexamplesoftheuseoftheINTCK()functionwithitsdefaultoftheDISCRETEmethod.

Example5.7:TheINTCKFunction:TheBasics

FunctionCall

INTCK('DAY','15jun2013'd,'22jun2013'd);

INTCK('WEEK','01jan2016'd,'01jan2017'd);

INTCK('DTDAY','01oct1872:08:00:00'dt,'20dec1872:18:00:00'dt);

INTCK('MONTH','05mar2000'd,'01may2000'd);

Example5.8:TheINTCKFunction:CountingBackward

FunctionCall

INTCK('YEAR','22dec2015'd,'16jul2010'd);

Inthisexample,thefromdateisafterthetodate,andtherefore,theanswerisnegative.

SinceINTCK()countsintervalboundaries,theansweris–5becauseitstartscountingatthestartofayear.ThestartoftheyearintervalforDecember22,2015,isJanuary1,2015,soitisnotcounted.January1,2014;January1,2013;January1,2012;January1,2011;and

January1,2010,aretheboundariesoftheYEARintervalsthatitiscounting,whichcorrespondstothebeginningdatesofeachyear.

Example5.9:TheINTCKFunction:CountingWeekdays

FunctionCall

A INTCK('WEEKDAY17W','12JAN2014'd,'14JAN2014'd);

B INTCK('WEEKDAY17W','13JAN2014'd,'14JAN2014'd);

C INTCK('WEEKDAY17W','17JAN2014'd,'18JAN2014'd);

Ifyouarecountingthenumberofworkweekdaysthathaveelapsed,youmustbecarefultorememberthatINTCK()counts

intervalboundariesandthatthestartingdateisnotcountedintheanswer.RowAaboveseemsperfectlyreasonable.YouwouldexpectthattherewouldbetwoweekdaysbetweenSunday,January12,2014,andTuesday,January14,2014.Eventhoughthestartingboundaryfor

WEEKDAY17WisMonday,thestartingdateisSunday,January12,2014,soitcountsMondayandTuesday.However,youmightthinkthattherearetwoweekdaysinthespanMonday,January13,2014,toTuesday,January14,2014.InrowB,theINTCK()functioniscounting

only1weekday,becauseitdoesn'tincludeMonday,January13,2014(thestartargumentusedinthefunction),whenitcountstheintervalboundaries.WhyisrowCequaltozerothen?First,Fridayisthestartingday,andthestartingdayisneverincludedinthecount.

January18,2014,isaSaturday,andsincewe'vedefinedtheweekenddaysasSaturdayandSunday,thosedaysareoutsideofanyintervalboundaries,sobydefinition,nointervalboundarieshavebeenpassed.

Example5.10

illustratesthedifferencebetweenthethreemethodsthathavebeendiscussedforcalculatingelapsedyearsusingSAS.WewillusetheYRDIF()functionusingboththe'AGE'basisand'ACT/ACT'basis.SincetheINTCK()functionalsocountselapsedintervals,wewilluseit

andshowboththeDISCRETEandCONTINUOUSmethods,andcomparethosewithmathematicalestimation.

Example5.10:TheYRDIF()FunctionasOpposedtoMathematical

EstimationandINTCK()Thisusesthesamedates,August7,1963,andMay8,2014,forallfivemethods,butrowAusestheYRDIF()functionwith'ACT/ACT,'rowBusesthesamefunction,butwiththe'AGE'basis.Thetwovaluesare

equivalentwiththeYRDIF()function,butaswehaveseenearlier,'AGE'and'ACT/ACT'onlyyielddifferentresultswhentheyearbeingtestedisaleapyear.Themathematicalapproximationdividesthenumberofdaysbetweenthetwodatesby365.25,andalthoughthe

discrepancyisminuteinthisexample,thedifferenceiscausedbythefactthatthenumberofleapyearsintheperiod(11)isnotevenlydivisibleby4,renderingthevalue365.25anapproximation.TheINTCKfunctionusingtheDISCRETEmethodcountsinterval

boundariesfromtheirbeginning,soitiscountingthenumberofJanuaryfirstsbetweenJanuary1,1963,andJanuary1,2015.Ineffect,unlessyouwerebornonJanuary1,usingtheDISCRETEmethodwithINTCK()tocalculateyouragewillmakeyouoldbeforeyourtime!Itis

moreappropriateinthistypeofscenariotousetheCONTINUOUSmethodwiththeINTCK()function,whichyieldstheanswer50yearsold.

Calculationmethod

A UsingYRDIF()withactualdaysinmonth,actualyear

B UsingYRDIF()withAGEbasis

C Using('08may2014'd-'07aug1963'd)/365.25

D UsingINTCK('YEAR','07aug1963'd,'08may2014'd,'DISCRETE')

E UsingINTCK('YEAR','07aug1963'd,'08may2014'd,'CONTINUOUS')

ThosearesomeexamplesoftheuseoftheINTCK()function.

Remember,asofSASversion9,theINTCK()functionhasanadditionalargumentthatyoucanusetochangethewaythatINTCKcountsintervalboundaries.However,anyexistingcodeusingINTCK()doesnotneedtobechanged,becausethedefaultmethodisthe'DISCRETE'method,

whichishowINTCK()hasalwaysworked.Onceagain,itisnotagoodideatochangeexistingcodewithoutconsideringhowINTCKisbeingused,becausethemethodsdiffersignificantlyintheircalculations.

Thenextoftheintervalfunctionsthatwewill

consideristheINTNX()function.ThisfunctiontakesagivenSASdate,time,ordatetimevalueandcalculatesanewvaluebyincrementingbythegivennumberofintervals.WhereINTCK()calculatesthenumberofintervalsbetweenanytwodate,time,ordatetimevalues,INTNX()takes

thestartoftheperiodandincrementsitbyanumberofintervalstogivetheendoftheperiod.ThesyntaxoftheINTNX()functionisasfollows:

INTNX(interval,start-from,number-of-increments,alignment);INTNX(interval,start-

from,number-of-increments,alignment);isoneoftheSASintervalsdefinedinTable5.5andcanbeacharacterliteralorcharactervariablethatevaluatestooneofthedefinedintervals.start-fromisthestartingdate,time,ordatetimevalue,whichcanbeaconstant,numeric

variable,oraSASexpression.number-of-incrementsisanintegerconstantoranumericvariablethatindicateshowmanyintervalstoadvance.Ifitisnotaninteger,onlytheintegerportionofthevaluewillbeused.alignmentsetsthereturneddate,time,ordatetimevalue

accordingtooneoffourpredefinedsettings.Thefunctioncalculatesthedatesatthebeginningoftheintervalperiod,andthenthealignmentargumentadjuststheresult.Thevaluesare:BeginningorB,MiddleorM,EndorE,andSameorS(Samedayisalsoacceptableasan

alias).ThedefaultvalueforalignmentisBeginning.TheSamedayargumentcannotbeusedwiththeDTQTR,DTSEMIYEAR,orDTYEARintervals,andithasnoeffectontimevalues.

Thenextseriesofexamplesdemonstrates

varioususesandeffectsoftheINTNX()function.Thefirstexampleisthedefaultuseofthefunctionwitheachofthedate,time,anddatetimeintervals,whilethesecondshowswhathappenswhenyouuseanon-integerastheincrementtothefunction.Example5.14illustratestheuseof

thealignmentargumentstoyieldspecificdates.

Example5.11:TheINTNX()FunctionwithDefaultAlignmentEachoftheexamplesbelowincrementsthedate,time,ordatetimevalueby3ofthe

intervalshowninbolditalics.Fordatesanddatetimes,thestartdateisthesame:Thursday,November6,2014.Theonlydifferenceisthatdatetimeintervals(intervalnamesstartingwithDT)returndatetimevalues,notdates.Theintervalvaluesfordatetime

valuesarecalculatedinseconds,notdays.Bydefault,theINTNX()functionreturnsthebeginningoftheintervalgiven.Ifyouwanttochangethis,usethealignmentargumentdiscussedabove.

FunctionCall

INTNX('DAY','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTDAY','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('WEEKDAY17W','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTWEEKDAY17W','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('WEEK','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTWEEK','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('TENDAY','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTTENDAY','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('SEMIMONTH','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTSEMIMONTH','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('MONTH','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTMONTH','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('QTR','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTQTR','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('SEMIYEAR','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTSEMIYEAR','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('YEAR','06NOV2014'd,3)

INTNX('DTYEAR','06NOV2014:15:00:00'dt,3)

INTNX('SECOND','8:00:00AM't,3)

INTNX('MINUTE','8:00:00AM't,3)

INTNX('HOUR','8:00:00AM't,3)

Example5.12:TheINTNX()Function:UsingNon-IntegerIncrements

INTNX('HOUR','16:45't,2.5)

Whenthenumberofincrementsargumentis

notaninteger,SASwilltaketheintegerpartasthevalue.Inthiscase,2.5becomes2.Thebeginningofthefirsthourincrementis17:00,andthesecondis18:00.SincealignmentisthedefaultvalueofBorbeginning,thatsetstheanswertothebeginningofthehour,

whichgivestheresultof18:00.

Example5.13:CountingBackwardwiththeINTNX()Function

INTNX('DAY','29NOV2014'd,-4)

INTNX()alwaysaddsthenumberofintervalstothestartingdate,

time,ordatetime.Ifyouwanttofindapriordate,thenuseanegativeincrement.

Example5.14:TheINTNX()FunctionwithAlignmentArguments

INTNXCall

INTNX('WEEK','02NOV2014'd,3,'

INTNX('WEEK','02NOV2014'd,3,'

INTNX('WEEK','02NOV2014'd,3,'

INTNX('WEEK','02NOV2014'd,3,'

AlthoughthealignmentargumentsdochangethevaluereturnedbytheINTNX()function,itmustbereiteratedthatthefunction

performsthecalculationbasedonthebeginningoftheinterval,andtheadjustmenttothefinalresultonlyoccursafterthatfirstcalculationhasbeendone.

5.6ModifyingSASIntervals

ThedefaultSASintervalsdon'tmatcheverysituation.However,therearetwowaystocustomizeSASintervals:YoucanmodifytheexistingSASintervalswithmultipliersandashiftindex,oryoucancreateyourownintervalsfromaSASdataset.Thissection

willdiscussmultipliersandtheshiftindex.Section5.7willdiscusscreatingyourownintervals.

TheintervalfunctionINTCK(interval,start-of-period,end-of-period,method)countsthenumberofintervalsbetweentwogivenSASdates,times,or

datetimes,whiletheINTNX(interval,start-from,number-of-increments,alignment)functionadvancesagivendate,time,ordatetimebyaspecifiednumberofintervals.BothfunctionsusethestandardSASintervaldefinitions.(SeeTable5.6,below.)WiththeDISCRETEmethod,the

INTCK()functioncountsatthestartingpointofagiveninterval,whiletheCONTINUOUSmethodadjuststhestartingpointoftheintervalbasedonthestartingdateandcountsfromthere.Eachmethodhasitsmerits,andwhichoneyouusewilldependonyour

analysisorreportingneeds.

TheINTNX()functionalwaysadvancestothebeginningofthegiveninterval.ThealignmentargumentavailablewithINTNX()willadjusttheresulttothemiddle,end,orthesamedayoftheinterval.Nonetheless,

theintervalsarestillmeasuredfromtheirstartingpoint,andtheadjustmentisonlyappliedafterINTNX()hasmovedthespecifiednumberofintervals.

Thisbehaviorcanleadtoproblemswhenyourdefinitionofanintervaldoesn'texactlymatch

thestandardSASdefinitionofthatsameinterval.Forexample,thestandardSASdefinitionofyearhasthefirstdayoftheyeardefinedasstartingJanuary1.WhathappensifyourfiscalyearstartsonJuly1,andthatishowyouwanttomeasureyouryear?Whatifyour

semi-monthperiodistruly14dayslong?

Ashiftindexandintervalmultipliersenableyoutodothis.Youhavetheabilitytodefinethestartofanintervaldefinitionbyaddingashiftindextoit.Theshiftindexdefinesthenumberofshiftpointstomovethe

startoftheinterval.Thereisonerestrictiononthevalueoftheshiftindex:Itmustbelessthanthenumberofshiftpointswithintheinterval.Forexample,youcanshiftthestartofaYEARintervalbyupto12months,butnot13,asthereareonly12monthsinayear.Thismakessense

asifyouweretoshiftayearby13months,youhaveshiftedintothenextYEARinterval,andthisismuchlessintuitivethanadding1yeartothestartingdate(s)thatyousendtotheintervalfunction.

Table5.6showstheSASintervalname,definition,andtheshift

incrementperiodforeachone.

Table5.6:SASIntervalsandTheirShiftPoints

Category Interval

Date DAY

WEEK

WEEKDAY<daysW>

TENDAY

SEMIMONTH

MONTH

QTR

SEMIYEAR

YEAR

Datetime DTDAY

DTWEEK

DTWEEKDAY<daysW>

DTTENDAY

DTSEMIMONTH

DTMONTH

DTQTR

DTSEMIYEAR

DTYEAR

DTSECOND

DTMINUTE

DTHOUR

Time SECOND

MINUTE

HOUR

Forourfirstexample,let'susethestandardcaseofafiscalyearthatstartsonJuly1.Technically,ashiftindexsaysthatyouaremovingthestartoftheintervaltothebeginningofoneofthesubperiodswithinthat

interval.Yearsaresubdividedintomonths,sothatistheshiftunit.Thestartpointisalwaysincludedinthecountofsubperiodstobeshifted.Theeasiestwayformetorememberthisisthatshiftinganintervalbyonesubperiodisthesameastheunshiftedbase

interval.Thinkofthisanotherway:whilethestartoftheyearisJanuary1,thebeginningofthefirstmonthintheyearisalsoJanuary1.Ifweuseashiftindexof1withourYEARinterval,weareshiftingtothebeginningofthefirstmonthintheyear.

Therefore,inordertomoveyourYEARintervalbysevenmonths,youneedtomoveittothebeginningoftheseventhsubperiod.(January1,February1,March1,April1,May1,June1,July1—that'sseven).Theshiftvalueisaddedtotheintervalnameby

appendingitwithadecimalpoint.

Therefore,inordertoadvancethestartoftheYEARintervalbysevenmonthstoJuly1,youwouldusetheinterval"YEAR.7,"asillustratedbythefollowing:

Example5.15:

MovingtheStartofaYearIntervalfromJanuary1toJuly1 SampleFunctionCall

A INTCK('YEAR','01jan2013'd,'06jul2014'd,'DISCRETE');

B INTCK('YEAR','01jan2013'd,'06jul2014'd,'CONTINUOUS');

C INTCK('YEAR.7','01jan2013'd,'06jul2014'd,'DISCRETE');

D INTCK('YEAR.7','01jan2013'd,'06jul2014'd,'CONTINUOUS');

INTCK()countsthestartofintervalboundarieswiththeDISCRETEmethod(rowsAandC).Whentheintervalis"YEAR,"itismeasuringfromJanuary1,2013,until

January1,2014(thestartoftheyearcontainingJuly6,2014).Whentheintervalis"YEAR.7,"youhaveshiftedthebeginningoftheYEARintervalby7months,whichdeclaresthattheyearstartsonJuly1.Intheexampleabove,thatshiftcausesthemeasurementtobegin

onJuly1,2012(thestartoftheshifted"year"containingJanuary1,2013)andendonJuly1,2014,whichisthestartoftheyearcontainingJuly6,2004.ThatiswhythevaluereturnedinrowCis2,not1.WiththeCONTINUOUSmethod,theshiftedyearstartsonJuly1,2013,sothe

startdateisbeforethestartofthemeasurement.Therefore,theonlyintervalboundarycrossedisonJuly1,2014,sotheanswerinrowDis1.

WhileashiftindexenablesyoutomovethestartingpointofanygivenSASinterval,

anintervalmultiplierenablesyoutodefinethelengthofyourownintervals.Youdefineyournewintervalbyapplyingamultipliervaluetoaninterval.Forexample,ifyouwanttomeasurebiweekly(14-day)periods,youwouldtaketheWEEKintervalandmultiplyitby2.

YouaddthenumericmultipliertotheendoftheSASintervalname,sointhiscaseyourintervalnamewouldbe"WEEK2."Itmeasures14-dayperiodsstartingonSundaybecausetheregularSASintervalWEEKstartsonSunday.Example5.16demonstratesthecreationanduseofa

custominterval,byusingtheexampleofamultiplierof2fortheWEEKinterval.Italsoillustratessomeofthefeaturesofcustomintervals.

Example5.16:UsinganInterval

MultipliertoCreateaCustomIntervalSampleFunctionCall

INTNX('WEEK','09feb2014'd,2,'S');

INTNX('WEEK2','09feb2014'd,2,'S');

Intheaboveexample,thestartoftheWEEKintervaltwoweeksfromFebruary9isFebruary23,soitmakessensethatthestartofthesecondbiweeklyperiodfromFebruary9isMarch9,

becauseFebruary2014has28days,whichisthesameastwoofyourWEEK2intervals.Thisisnotassimpleasitseems.WhenusingSASintervalswiththeINTNX()function,youmustkeepinmindthatintervalsarealwaysmeasuredfromthebeginningofthestartingintervaltothe

beginningoftheendinginterval.Thisisindependentofthestartingandendingdatesthatyousupply.Let'smovethestartingdateinExample5.16backwardbyoneweektoFebruary2,2014.

SampleFunctionCall

1 INTNX('WEEK','02feb2014'd,2,'S');

2 INTNX('WEEK2','02feb2014'd,2,'S');

AdvancingbytwoWEEKS(row1)isstilladifferenceof14days,asexpected.What

happenedinrow2?Shouldn'tyouget28daysinsteadof21?No,becausethestartoftheWEEK2intervalcontainingFebruary2,2014,isJanuary24,2014,andthatiswheretheINTNX()functionbeginsitscount.Hereisasampleprogramtoproducethestartingdatesoftheintervals:

Example5.17:WEEK2IntervalsfromJanuary1,2014

DATAtricky;DOintervals=0TO5;interval_start=INTNX('WEEK2','01jan2014'd,intervals);OUTPUT;END;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=tricky

NOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSintervalsinterval_start;DEFINEintervals/DISPLAY"NumberofWEEK2\intervalsfrom\January1,2014"STYLE={CELLWIDTH=1.25inTEXT_ALIGN=C};DEFINEinterval_start/FORMAT=weekdate32."StartingDateofInterval";RUN;

TheaboveprogramcreatesatablethatshowsthestartingdatesforthefirstfiveWEEK2intervalsof2014.Ifthedate(s)suppliedfallbetweenthestartingdatesofanytwoboundaries,theintervalcount(orincrementing)willbeginfromthestartingdateoftheprevious

interval.ThisiswhymovingthestartingdateoftheINTNXfunctionbyoneweekdoesn'tnecessarilymovetheresultbyoneweek.Youcanmoveupto14dayswithinaWEEK2intervalbeforeyouchangetheintervalboundary.

NumberofWEEK2intervalsfromJanuary1,2014

StartingDateofInterval

0 Sunday,December29,2013

29,2013

1 Sunday,January12,

2014

2 Sunday,January26,

2014

3 Sunday,February9,

2014

2014

4 Sunday,February23,

2014

5 Sunday,March9,2014

HowdoesSASdeterminewhatthe

startingdateofagivenintervalisifyouuseamultiplier?Ittakesthemultipliedintervalthatyou'vecreatedandstartscountingbeginningwithJanuary1,1960.ThisistrueforallmultipliedintervalsexceptmultipliedWEEKintervals.MultipliedWEEKintervalsarecounted

startingfromSunday,December27,1959,becauseweeksaredefinedasstartingonSundays,andJanuary1,1960,wasaFriday.

Youcanalsouseamultiplierandashiftindicatortogetherifneeded.Intervalmultipliersaredirectlyappendedtothe

intervalname(forexample,WEEK2),andshiftindicatorsareappendedtotheintervalnamewithaleadingdecimalpoint(forexample,WEEK.5).Touseboththemultiplierandashiftindex,youfirstappendthemultipliertotheintervalnametocreateanewintervalname

(forexample,WEEK2),andthenyouappendtheshiftindicatortotheintervalname.Givenamultiplierof2,andashiftof5,theintervalnamebecomes"WEEK2.5."Again,youcannotuseashiftindexthatisgreaterthanthenumberofshiftpointsintheinterval.InthecaseofaWEEK2

interval,youwouldnotbeabletouseashiftindexgreaterthan14,asthatwouldplacethestartingpointofyourintervalintothenextWEEK2interval.Inthatcase,itwouldbemoreintuitivetochangethestartingdate(s)thatyouwillsupplytotheintervalfunction.

Todemonstrate,let'sexpandonthescenariousedinexample5.17.WhatifyouwantedyourbiweeklyperiodstostartonJanuary1,2014?January1,2014,wasaWednesday,soyouwanttomovethestartingdatetothefourthdayoftheweek(Sunday=1,therefore,Wednesday=4).Now

we'llgeneratethesametableasabove,usingashiftindicatorof4daysinadditiontothebiweeklyintervalofWEEK2.

Example5.18:UsingBothanIntervalMultiplierand

ShiftIndextoCreateaCustomInterval

DATAtricky;DOintervals=0TO5;plain_interval_start=INTNX('WEEK2','01jan2014'd,intervals);shifted_interval_start=INTNX('WEEK2.4','01jan2014'd,intervals);OUTPUT;END;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=trickyNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSintervalsplain_interval_startshifted_interval_start;DEFINEintervals/"NumberofWEEK2\intervalsfrom\January1,2014"STYLE={CELLWIDTH=1.25inTEXT_ALIGN=C}DISPLAY;DEFINEplain_interval_start/."StartingDateofWEEK2Interval"FORMAT=weekdate32.;

DEFINEshifted_interval_start/"StartingDateofWEEK2.4Interval"FORMAT=weekdate32.;RUN;

NumberofWEEK2Intervalsfrom

StartingDateof

StartingDateof

January1,2014

WEEK2Interval

WEEK2.4Interval

0 Sunday,December29,2013

Wednesday,January1,

1 Sunday,January12,2014

Wednesday,January15,

2 Sunday,January

Wednesday,January29,

January

26,2014

January29,

3 Sunday,February9,2014

Wednesday,

4 Sunday,February23,2014

Wednesday,

5 Sunday,March9,

Wednesday,March12,

2014

Whenyouuseamultiplier,youalsohavetheabilitytodefineyourshiftswithintheentireintervalcreatedbythemultiplier.Forexample,let'screateadecadeintervalby

usingYEAR10astheinterval.Rememberthatintervalsstartatthebeginningoftheboundary,sothedecadeswouldstartatthebeginningofthefirstyearofthedecade.WhatcanyoudoifyouwanttodefinethedecadeasstartinginMayofthemiddleyearinthedecade(for

example,Mayof1955asopposedtoJanuaryof1950)?

Toshiftintervalsacrossyears,youneedtousethefirstnestedintervalwithintheYEARinterval,whichisMONTH.Soyouwoulduse(numberofyearstoshift*12)tocalculatethenumberofmonths

thatyouneedtoshift.Ifyouwantedtoshift5years,youwoulduse5*12=60.Add5tothat,whichshiftsthestartingmonthfromJanuarytoMay,andyourintervaldefinitionisnowYEAR10.65.ThatwouldbedecadesstartinginMayofyearsthatendin5.Thecodebelowshowstheeffect

ofmovingtheintervalby65months.

Example5.19:ShiftingaMultipliedInterval

DATAtricky3;DOintervals=0TO7;plain_interval_start=INTNX('YEAR10','01sep1950'd,intervals);shifted_interval_start

=INTNX('YEAR10.65','01sep1950'd,intervals);OUTPUT;END;RUN;

odsrtffile="c:\book\2ndEd\examples\ex5.6.5.rtf";

PROCREPORTDATA=tricky3NOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSintervalsplain_interval_startshifted_interval_start;DEFINEintervals/DISPLAY"Numberof\intervals

from\September1,1950"STYLE={CELLWIDTH=1inTEXT_ALIGN=C};DEFINEplain_interval_start/FORMAT=weekdate32."StartingDateofYEAR10Interval";DEFINEshifted_interval_start/FORMAT=weekdate32."StartingDateofShiftedYEAR10Interval";RUN;

NumberofIntervalsfromSeptember1,1950

StartingDateofYEAR10Interval

0 Sunday,January1,

1950

1 Friday,January1,

January1,

1960

2 Thursday,January1,

1970

3 Tuesday,January1,

1980

4 Monday,January1,

1990

5 Saturday,January1,

2000

6 Friday,January1,

2010

7 Wednesday,January1,

2020

ThefirstthingtonoteisthateventhoughthedatethatwespecifiedisSeptember1,thestartingdateoftheintervalisJanuary1,becausethatisthestartoftheYEARinterval.Inthesecondcolumn,youcanseethatthe

intervalhasbeenshifted.EventhoughthestartingdateoftheYEAR10.intervalisJanuary1,1950,theshiftedintervalitselfstartsonTuesday,May1,1945(bolditalicsadded),notMay1,1955.Why?BecauseitisthestartoftheintervalthatcontainsJanuary1,1950.

Thenextexamplewilldemonstratetheimportanceofmakingsurethatyouusethecorrectshiftindexandthatyouhavetobeawareofthestartingdateand/ordatetimeforyourshifted,multipliedinterval.

Example5.20:

TheInteractionbetweentheStartingDateandtheIntervalStartingPoint:The"WorkingShift"IntervalAcompanyhasa24-hourproductioncyclethatconsistsofthree8-

hourworkingshiftsperday.ItiseasytocreateanintervalthatrepresentseachshiftbyusingHOUR8asyourbaseinterval,butshiftsdonotstartatmidnight,8a.m.,and4p.m.,whichwouldbethedefaultfortheHOUR8interval.ThetablebelowshowswhentheHOUR8

intervalstartsbasedonthedefault.

FunctionCall

INTNX('HOUR8','00:00't,0)

INTNX('HOUR8','00:00't,1)

INTNX('HOUR8','00:00't,2)

However,inthiscase,theactualshiftsstartat6a.m.,2p.m.,and10p.m.,sowewillneedtouseashiftindextoalignourHOUR8intervalwiththeactualshifthours.Itisimportanttorememberthatwhenyouare

shiftingintervals,ashiftindexof1movesthestartoftheintervaltothestartofthefirstsubperiodwithintheinterval—whichisalwaysthesameasthestartoftheunshiftedinterval.Lookatthefollowingtable,whichwilltelluswhatintervalshiftwillgiveusthestartingpointat

6a.m.

FunctionCall

INTNX('HOUR8','6:00't,0);

INTNX(HOUR8.1,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.2,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.3,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.4,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.5,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.6,'6:00't,0)

INTNX(HOUR8.7,'6:00't,0)

Noticethatintheabovetable,we'veused6a.m.asourreferencetimeintheINTNX()

functioncall,andwegetthestartingpointoftheintervalbyadding0intervalstoourreferencepoint.Thismethodworksforfindingthestartingpointofanyintervalinrelationtothereferencepoint.Nowwe'llrepeatourfirsttable,showingthestartingpointsfora24-

hourperiodstartingat6a.m.,withourHOUR8.7intervaltodemonstratethateverythingiscorrect.

FunctionCall

INTNX('HOUR8.7','06:00't,0)

INTNX('HOUR8.7','06:00't,1)

INTNX('HOUR8.7','06:00't,2)

Althoughitmightseemoddthatashiftindexof7isneededtogetachangeof6hours,youmustrememberthat

theshiftindexisthenumberofsubperiodswithintheintervaltomove.Theshiftisalwaystothebeginningofeachsubperiodwithintheinterval.Therefore,thefirstsubperiodwithinanintervalalwaysstartsatthebeginningoftheinterval.Inthiscase,theHOUR8interval

startsatmidnight,andthefirsthourwithintheHOUR8intervalalsostartsatmidnight.Thatiswhytheshiftindexnecessaryis7,not6.

Insummary,themostimportantthingtorememberaboutusingintervals,multipliers,andtheshiftindexis

thatallintervals,nomatterhowtheyaredefined,aremeasuredfromtheirbeginning.IfyouareusingtheINTCK()function,thedefinitionof"beginning"isdependentuponthemethodthatyouuse,DISCRETEorCONTINUOUS.WithDISCRETE,itis

consideredtobethebeginningoftheintervalboundary,butwithCONTINUOUS,beginningisdefinedbasedonthestartdateprovided.TheINTNX()functionmeasuresthebeginningfromtheintervalboundary;ifitiseasiertothinkofINTNXasalwaysusingtheDISCRETEmethod,

thenyoucandothat.However,rememberthatthealignmentarguments"B","M","E",and"S"fortheINTNX()functiondonotadjustthedateuntilafterthefunctionhasexecutedandcalculateditsstart-of-intervalresult(alsorememberthatthealignmentargumentsonlyworkwiththe

INTNX()function).Nomatterwhat,youcanusetheintervalmultipliersandashiftindextomovethestartingpointofaninterval,andyoucanusethemanywherethatyoucanuseadate,time,ordatetimeinterval.

5.7CreatingYourOwnSASIntervalsAnotherwaytocreateintervalsforusewithintervalfunctionsisbycreatingaSASdatasetthatdefinestheboundariesofyourinterval.Thisdatasetdefinesthedurationofperiodswithintheintervalandtheperiod

acrosswhichtheintervalappliesaswell,whichisanimportantconceptthatwillbediscussedwhenitcomestoerrorswithusinguser-definedintervals.User-definedintervalsenableyoutocreateintervalsthatdonotcorrespondwithshiftedand/ormultipliedSAS

intervals,suchasintervalswithirregularboundaries,thosethatdonotencompassanentirepredefinedSASinterval,orintervalsthatarespecifictoyourjob,company,orindustry.However,ifyouneededtocountworkingshiftsinasituationwheretherearetwo10-hourwork

shiftsperdaywithafour-hourbreakin-betweenwhilethemachineryresets,youcouldnotdoitbyusingmultipliersandashiftindex.

Youcanalsoredefineaninterval.Forexample,theshiftpointforadayistheday;whathappensifyou

wantyour"day"tostartat6a.m.insteadofmidnight?DTHOUR24.7wouldcreateanintervalthatruns24hoursstartingat6a.m.(Seeexample5.20,whichdoesthesameforanHOUR8interval.Theonlydifferenceisthatthereare24-hour-longsubperiodsina

DTHOUR24interval.)Unfortunately,theoriginalquestionwastoshiftaDAYintervalby6hours,butyoucan'tdothatwithadatevalue.DTHOURintervalsonlyapplytodatetimevalues.Youwouldhavetoconvertallofyourdatedatatodatetimedatainordertousethatinterval.

Definingyourownintervalwheredaysstartatthedesiredtimewouldsolvethisproblem.

TheSASdatasetyouhavetocreateconsistsofatleastonevariablenamedbegin.Itcanalsohavetwootheroptionalvariables,endandseason.Ifyoudo

notincludetheendvariable,itisassumedtobeonelessthanthestartofthenextperiodwithinthatinterval;forexample,ifyouruser-definedintervalisbasedondays,theendwillbethedaybeforethebeginvalueforthenextrecord.Whileseasonalityisatimeseriesconceptoutside

ofthescopeofthisbook,itcanbeaccountedforwiththevariableseason.Oneadditionalrequirementisthatbegin(andend,ifpresentinthedataset)musthaveanappropriatedate,time,ordatetimeformatassignedatthetimethatthedatasetiscreated.Inorderto

associatethisdatasetwithauser-definedinterval,youneedtousetheINTERVALDSsystemoption.

OPTIONSINTERVALDS=(interval-name1,dataset-with-interval-records1,interval-name2,dataset-with-interval-records2…)

Thisiswhereyounameyouruser-definedintervalandtellSASwhichdatasettouseforthatinterval.Youcanspecifyasmanyuser-definedintervalsasyouneedinasingleOPTIONSINTERVALDSstatement.interval-namemustconformtostandardSASnamingconventions,andit

cannotbeaSASreservedword.Ifyoutrytouseareservedword,youwillgetanerrorattheOPTIONSstatement.ThisappliestonamesofexistingintervalsdefinedbySASaswell.YoucannotchangethedefinitionofanexistingSASintervalbycreatingoneofyour

ownwiththesamename.dataset-with-interval-recordsisastandardSASdatasetreferenceofthetypelibref.dataset-name.Sincethisstatementmerelyidentifiesadatasetforassociationwithyourintervalname,datasetoptionsarenotallowed.

Forourfirstexample,let'sdefineaSEMESTERinterval,basedonanacademiccalendarwithtwosemestersandasummersession.Thesessionsaredefinedasfollows:ThefallsemesterbeginsthedayfollowingthefirstMondayinSeptemberandendsonthethird

FridayinDecember.ThespringsemesterbeginsonthesecondMondayinJanuary,unlessthatdayfallsontheMartinLutherKing,Jr.,holiday.Inthatcase,itbeginsonthedayfollowingtheholiday.ThesummersessionstartsonthelastTuesdayinMayandproceedsthrough

thethirdFridayinAugust.ThefollowingexampleusesboththeNWKDOM()andHOLIDAY()functionsdescribedinsections5.3and5.4,respectively.

Example5.21:AcademicCalendar:

CreatingaSEMESTERInterval

OPTIONSINTERVALDS=(semester=semester);❶

DATAsemester;

DOyear=2014TO2017;❷

/*FallSemester*/begin=NWKDOM(5,2,8,year);/*LastMondayinAugust*/

end=NWKDOM(3,6,12,year);/*ThirdFridayinDecember*/OUTPUT;

/*SpringSemester*/begin=NWKDOM(2,2,1,year+1);/*SecondMondayinJanuaryoffollowingcalendaryear*/ifbegineqHOLIDAY('MLK',year+1)then/*IfMLKday,thenTuesday*/

begin=begin+1;end=NWKDOM(2,6,5,year+1);/*SecondFridayinMay*/OUTPUT;

/*SummerSession*/begin=NWKDOM(1,2,6,year+1);/*FirstMondayinJune*/end=NWKDOM(3,6,8,year+1);/*ThirdFridayinAugust*/OUTPUT;END;FORMATbeginend

WEEKDATE.;/*Required*/RUN;

❶tellsSASthatwearedefininganintervalnamed"semester,"anditistobebasedonthedatasetWORK.SEMESTER.

❷setsadefinitelimitontheinterval,fromthestartofthe2014academicyear

throughthe2017academicyear,whichendsinAugust2018.Belowistheresultingdataset:

begin end

Monday,August25,

2014

Friday,December19,2014

Monday,January12,

2015

Friday,May8,2015

Monday,June1,2015

Friday,August14,

2015

Monday,August31,

2015

Friday,December18,2015

Monday,January11,

2016

Friday,May13,2016

Monday,June6,2016

Friday,August12,

2016

Monday,August29,

2016

Friday,December16,2016

Monday,January9,

2017

Friday,May12,2017

Monday,June5,2017

Friday,August11,

2017

Monday,August28,

2017

Friday,December15,2017

Monday,January8,

2018

Friday,May11,2018

Monday,June4,2018

Friday,August10,

2018

YoucanthenusetheSEMESTERintervalthatyouhavecreated

intheINTCKorINTNXintervalfunctions.ThefollowingtableshowshowmanysemestershaveelapsedfromSeptember15,2014,totherespectiveenddatesshown.

Example5.22:UsingaUser-DefinedInterval

withINTCKFunctionCall

INTCK('SEMESTER',"15SEP2014"d,"22JUN2015"d);

INTCK('SEMESTER',"15SEP2014"d,"24NOV2016"d);

INTCK('SEMESTER',"15SEP2014"d,"01MAY2018"d);

Forasecondexample,let'sconsideracasewhereweneedto

counttheactualnumberofworkingdaysforeachyear.TheWEEKDAYintervalisausefulapproximation,butitdoesn'taccountforholidays,soifyouneedtoknowtheexactnumberofworkingdaysbetweentwodates,thiswillsolvethatproblem.

Example5.23:CustomizedCompanyWorkingDays

OPTIONSINTERVALDS=(WorkingDays=Workdays);DATAworkdays(KEEP=begin);/*Endvariablenotneeded*/start='01JAN2014'D;stop='31DEC2015'D;nweekdays=INTCK('WEEKDAY',start,stop);

/*BasedonMon-Friweekdays*/DOi=0TOnweekdays;begin=INTNX('WEEKDAY',start,i);year=YEAR(begin);

/*Company-specificholidays*/

/*Companyclosesdayafterthanksgiving*/xthanks=HOLIDAY("THANKSGIVING",year)+1;/*ChristmasEve*/xmaseve=

HOLIDAY('CHRISTMAS',year)-1;/*FridaybeforeEaster*/sprng=HOLIDAY("EASTER",year)-2;/*FoundersDayCompanyHoliday.Ifonweekend,moveforwardorback*/

founders=MDY(8,6,year);SELECT(WEEKDAY(founders));WHEN(6)founders=founders-1;WHEN(1)founders

=founders+1;OTHERWISEfounders=founders;END;

/*Excludedatesofstandardandcompanyholidaysfromintervaldataset*/IFBEGINneHOLIDAY("NEWYEAR",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("MLK",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("USPRESIDENTS",year)AND

BEGINneHOLIDAY("MEMORIAL",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("USINDEPENDENCE",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("LABOR",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("VETERANS",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("THANKSGIVING",year)ANDBEGINneHOLIDAY("CHRISTMAS",year)AND

BEGINnexmaseveANDBEGINnexthanksANDBEGINnesprngANDBEGINnefoundersTHENOUTPUT;END;FORMATbeginDATE9.;RUN;

Thefollowingcodegeneratesatableshowingthedifference

betweenthenumberofcalendardays,thenumberofweekdays,andthenumberofworkingdaysforthiscompanyforthecalendaryear2014.

DATACountDays;start='01JAN2014'D;stop='01JAN2015'D;ActualDays=INTCK('DAYS',start,stop);Weekdays=

INTCK('WEEKDAYS',start,stop);ProductionDays=INTCK('WORKINGDAYS',start,stop);LABELActualDays="ActualDays"Weekdays="Weekdays"ProductionDays="ProductionDays"start="StartingDate"end="EndingDate";FORMATstartstopDATE9.;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=CountDaysNOOBS;RUN;

start stop

01JAN2014 01JAN2015

Howmuchofadifferencecanthismake?Considerthatthiscompanyhassixproductlinesandthe

timetomanufactureeachproductvaries.Acustomercomesinwithalargeorderandwantstoknowwhatthedeliverydatewouldbeforeachproduct.Itiscriticalthatthedeliverybeguaranteedtotheday,sothecontractcallsforasubstantialdiscountifthedeliverydateisnot

met.Inthefollowingtable,theorderdateisJune27,2014.WeusetheINTNX()functiontoaddthecorrespondingnumberofproductiondaysforeachproducttotheorderdate.TheapproximatedeliverydateiscalculatedusingtheSASWEEKDAYinterval,whilethetrue

deliverydateusesouruser-definedWORKINGDAYSinterval.

DATAproduction_lines;LENGTHproduct$40;orderDate="27JUN2014"d;Product="StdProduct1";days_from_order=23;OUTPUT;Product="StdProduct2";

days_from_order=32;OUTPUT;Product="StdProduct3";days_from_order=35;OUTPUT;Product="CustomProduct1";days_from_order=33;OUTPUT;Product="CustomProduct2";days_from_order=42;OUTPUT;Product="CustomProduct3";

days_from_order=56;OUTPUT;FORMATorderdateweekdate.;RUN;

DATAordertime;SETproduction_lines;deliveryDate=INTNX('WORKINGDAYS',orderdate,days_from_order,'S');approx_deliveryDate=INTNX('WEEKDAY',orderdate,days_from_order,'S');FORMATdeliverydateapprox_deliveryDateweekdate.;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=ordertimeNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSproductdays_from_orderapprox_deliveryDatedeliveryDate;DEFINEproduct/"Product";DEFINEdays_from_order/"ProductionDays\Required"STYLE={TEXT_ALIGN=C};DEFINEapprox_deliveryDate/STYLE={TEXT_ALIGN=L}

"~S={text_align=c}ApproximateDeliveryDate\usingWEEKDAYSInterval";DEFINEdeliveryDate/"~S={TEXT_ALIGN=C}ActualDeliveryDate\usingCustom\WORKINGDAYSInterval"STYLE={TEXT_ALIGN=L};RUN;

ApproximateDelivery

Product

ProductionDaysRequired

DateUsingWEEKDAYSInterval

StdProduct1

23July30,2014

StdProduct2

32

StdProduct3

35 Friday,August

CustomProduct1

33

CustomProduct2

42

2

CustomProduct3

56September15,

Thereisonespecificproblemtobeawareofwhenyouareworkingwithuser-definedintervals.Ifaspecific

date,time,ordatetimeisnotcoveredintheintervaldataset,andyoutrytouseoneofthesevaluesinafunction,oroneofthesevaluesistobereturnedbyafunction,youwillnotgettheanswerthatyouexpect.Suchunexpectedresultscanbeavoidedbyensuringthatthe

datesthatyoudefineinthedatasetencompassallthedatesthatyoumayencounter.Thenexttwoexampleswilldemonstratewhathappenswhenyouuseadatethatisoutoftherangeofyouruser-definedinterval.WewillusetheWORKINGDAYSintervalasdefinedin

thepreviousexample.Thatintervalisonlydefinedforaperiodof2years,fromJanuary1,2014,throughDecember31,2015.WhathappensifyoutrytocalculatethenumberofworkingdaysusingtheINTCK()functionwithendingdatesoutsideofthatrange,oryoutryto

projectadateusingtheINTNX()functionthatwouldbebeyondthatrange?

Example5.24:Out-of-IntervalCalculationUsingINTCK()and

"WORKINGDAYS"CustomIntervalObs startDate endDate

1 Wednesday,December23,2015

Thursday,December24,2015

2 Wednesday,December

Friday,December

23,2015 25,2015

3 Wednesday,December23,2015

Saturday,December26,2015

4 Wednesday,December23,2015

Sunday,December27,2015

5 Wednesday,December

Monday,December

23,2015 28,2015

6 Wednesday,December23,2015

Tuesday,December29,2015

7 Wednesday,December23,2015

Wednesday,December30,2015

8 Wednesday,December

Thursday,December

23,2015 31,2015

9 Wednesday,December23,2015

Friday,January1,

10 Wednesday,December23,2015

Saturday,January2,

11 Wednesday,December

Sunday,January3,

23,2015

12 Wednesday,December23,2015

Monday,January4,

13 Wednesday,December23,2015

Tuesday,January5,

14 Wednesday,December

Wednesday,January6,

23,2015

15 Wednesday,December23,2015

Thursday,January7,

Rows1through4makesense.TherearenoworkingdaysfromThursdaythroughSunday,asDecember24isacompany

holiday.Rows5through8countaworkingdayforMondaythroughThursdayasyouwouldexpect.Friday,January1,2016,isalsoacompanyholiday.Therefore,youwouldnotexpectittocountasaworkingday,norwouldyouexpectthefollowingSaturdayand

Sundaytocountasworkdays.ButwhataboutthatfirstfullweekinJanuary,rows12through15?Thosedaysaren'tcompanyholidays,sowhyaren'ttheybeingcountedasworkingdays?

Theansweristhattheyaren'tpartoftheWORKINGDAYS

interval.ThedefinitionoftheintervalendedonDecember31,2015.Becausetheyarenotinthedataset,anydatesbeforeorafterthedatesspecifiedinthedatasetwillnotbeconsideredworkingdays.Thismakessensewhenyouconsiderhowweinitiallycreatedthecompanyholidays.We

didnotincludethosedatesinthedatasetthatcreatedtheinterval.Therefore,thisproblemactuallystartswithJanuary1,2016.ItismerelycoincidentalthatJanuary1stisaholiday,andthe2ndand3rdareweekenddays;thatisnotwhatispreventingthemfrom

beingcountedasworkingdays.Theirabsencefromthedatasetweusedtocreatetheintervalistheonlyreasonthattheyarenotbeingcounted.ThisnextexampleshowsthetypeofproblemthatcanarisewhenusingtheINTNX()functioninasimilarfashion.

Example5.25:Out-of-IntervalCalculationwithINTNX()and"WORKINGDAYS"CustomIntervalObs

1 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,1,'S');

2 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,2,'S');

3 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,3,'S');

4 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,4,'S');

5 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,5,'S');

6 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,6,'S');

7 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,7,'S');

8 INTNX('workingdays','26dec2015'd,8,'S');

Whathappenedhere?Rows1through4counttheworkingdaysasexpected,Monday

throughThursday.However,ifyoutrytoincrementthestartingdatebymorethan4workingdays,thefunctioncallreturnsamissingvalue.SAScannotdothecalculationbecausetheresultisundefined;itranoutofpossibleresultstoreturnatDecember31,2015,

becauseyoudidnotprovideanyinthedataset.

TheabilitytodefineyourownintervalswillcoversituationswhenthecombinationofstandardSASintervals,amultiplier,andashiftindexdoesnotsuffice.Itisnotdifficulttocreatethedataset

uponwhichSASwillbaseyouruser-definedinterval,butbeawarethatdatesthatarenotincludedintheintervalcancauseproblemswhenyoutrytousetheintervalsthatyoucreate.Ifyouseeunexpectedresultsfromusingyouruser-definedinterval,thefirstthingto

investigateistomakesurethattherangethatyouhavedefinedforyourintervalencompassestherangeofpossibleresults.

5.8IntervalFunctionsaboutIntervals

SAShasaseriesoffunctionsthatprovideinformationaboutintervalsthatarebeingused.Theycantellyouwhichintervalisthebestfitbetweentwoorthreedates,orsuggestaformatforagiveninterval.Thereisafunctiontotellyoutheshiftpointineffectforagiveninterval.(For

basicintervals,thisreturnsthevaluesinTable5.5,butintervalmultiplierscanchangethereturnedvalue.)Thereisalsoafunctionthatwilltellyouiftheintervalnamethatyouareusingisvalid.Thiscanallowforincreasedautomationandbuildingrobustapplications.

5.8.1INTFIT(argument-1,argument-2,type)INTFIT(argument-1,argument-2,type)takestwodate,datetime,orobservationnumbersasthefirsttwoargumentsandreturnstheintervalbetweenthemdeemed

tobe"thebestfit."Thisfunctionassumesthatthealignmentis"SAME,"sothattheexactvaluesarematchedbetweenthetwoarguments.typecanbeoneofthreecase-insensitivevalues:

IntervalName Definition

D UsewhenthetwoargumentsareSASdatevalues.Thesecanbedateliteralsorvariablescontaining

SASdatevalues

DT UsewhenthetwoargumentsareSASdatetimevalues.Thesecanbedatetime

literalsorvariablescontainingSASdatetimevalues

OBS Usethiswhenyouwanttofindtheinterval

betweentwoobservationsbyprovidingobservationnumbers.Thiswillreturnanintervalwiththebasenameof"OBS."

Youcanusethisfunctiontogiveyoutheintervalbetweentwopointsintime.Theintervalreturnedmightcontainamultiplierand/orashiftindex.Asyoucanseeinthetablebelow,someoftheintervalsarenotasyoumightanticipate.

start end

A Tuesday,April1,2014

Wednesday,April2,2014

B Tuesday,April1,2014

Thursday,April3,2014

C Tuesday,April1,2014

Friday,April4,2014

D Tuesday,April Saturday,April

1,2014 5,2014

E Tuesday,April1,2014

Sunday,April6,2014

F Tuesday,April1,2014

Tuesday,April8,2014

G Tuesday,April1,2014

Wednesday,April9,2014

H Tuesday,April Friday,April

1,2014 11,2014

I Tuesday,April1,2014

Sunday,April13,2014

J Tuesday,April1,2014

Tuesday,April15,2014

K Tuesday,April1,2014

Wednesday,April16,2014

L Tuesday,April1,2014

Thursday,April17,2014

M Tuesday,April1,2014

Saturday,April19,2014

N Tuesday,April1,2014

Monday,April21,2014

O 5/1/20149:00AM

5/1/20142:00PM

P 5/1/20149:00AM

5/1/20148:45PM

Q 5/1/20149:00AM

5/2/20143:30AM

Theitalicizedrowsshowexamplesofintervalsthatcanbepuzzling.Rememberthatthefunction

providestheexactintervalsbetweenthepairofdatesordatetimes,andthelowestcommondenominatorwillbeusedforbaseinterval.Inaddition,thedatesaremeasuredusingthesamedayalignment,whichmeansthattheintervalismeasuredfromthebeginningof

theinterval,andthenadjusted.Atfirstglance,theDAY5.5resultinrowEdoesn'tseemtoberight;Tuesdayisonlythethirddayoftheweek,soshouldn'ttheshiftbe3asitisfortheDAY3andDAY4intervals?ThestartofDAY5intervalsareSunday,thenFriday.Ifyou

wanttomeasureaDAY5intervaltoaSundayfromaTuesday,thenyouwillhavetomeasurefromtheFriday,whichgivesyouashiftof5.RowsPandQdemonstratethatitmightbecomeevenmoreconfusingwithtimesand/ordatetimes,asthebaseintervalshiftpointsbecome

minutesand/orseconds,sotheresultingmultipliersandshiftindicesmightbelargeenoughsothatyoulosethecontextofthereferencepoint.

ThefollowingtableshowsasampleresultofusingtheINTFIT()functionwiththe'OBS'type.Therecordsare

fromasequentialdatasetwithWednesday,April2,2014,asthefirstdate.Sincethedatesarekeyedbyobservation,theresultoftheINTFIT()functionshowstheintervalastherelationshipbetweenobservations,nottheactualdatevaluesthemselves.

SampleFunctionCall Date

INTFIT(1,1,'OBS') Wednesday,April2,2014

INTFIT(1,4,'OBS') Saturday,April5,2014

INTFIT(1,5,'OBS') Sunday,April6,2014

INTFIT(1,10,'OBS') Friday,April11,2014

INTFIT(1,12,'OBS') Sunday,April13,2014

INTFIT(1,13,'OBS') Monday,April14,2014

INTFIT(1,14,'OBS') Tuesday,April15,2014

INTFIT(1,16,'OBS') Thursday,April17,

2014

INTFIT(1,19,'OBS') Sunday,April20,2014

5.8.2INTFMT('interval','size')

INTFMT('interval','size')

takestheintervalthatyougiveandreturnsasuggestedformatfordate,time,ordatetimevaluesusingthisinterval.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexifdesired),orauser-definedintervalthatyouhavecreated,asshownin

Section5.6.Ifintervalisrepresentedbyacharacterstring,thenitmustbeenclosedinquotationmarks,butyoucanuseacharactervariablecontainingthenameofanintervalinstead.sizereferstowhethertheformatreturnedwillhaveatwo-digityear('short'/'s')orafour-

digityear('long'/'l').Thisargumentmustbeenclosedinquotationmarksalso,butaswiththeintervalargument,youcanuseacharactervariablefortheargument.Thereisoneimportantusagenoteaboutthesizeargument:Ifyoudonotuselowercase,thefunctionmightreturn

anunpredictableresult(seeRowA)intheexampletablebelow:

SampleFunctionCall

A INTFMT('WEEK','LONG')

B INTFMT('WEEK','long')

C INTFMT('MONTH','long')

D INTFMT('QTR','short')

E INTFMT('QTR','long')

F INTFMT('YEAR','long')

G INTFMT('YEAR10','l')

H INTFMT('YEAR100','l')

I INTFMT('DTMONTH','l')

J INTFMT('DTYEAR','l')

K INTFMT('HOUR','l')

L INTFMT('WORKINGDAYS','l')

ThisfunctionismostusefulwhenyouusetheINTFITorINTGETfunctionstodetermine

theintervaldynamically,sothatyouwillalwaysdisplayaresultinthepropercontext.Seeexample5.23toseehowthiscanbeusedtodynamicallyformatresults.

5.8.3INTGET(argument1,argument2,argument3)

INTGET(argument1,argument2,argument3determinesanintervalfromthreedateordatetimevaluesthatyouprovide.Theargumentscanbevariablesordate/datetimeliterals,buttheymustbeofthesametype;youcannotmixdatesanddatetimesasarguments.The

functioncalculatesallintervalsbetweenthefirsttwoarguments,andthenbetweenthesecondandthirdarguments.Iftheintervalsarethesame,itwillreturnthatinterval.Iftheintervalsarenotthesame,thenthefunctionwilltesttheintervalbetweenthesecondandthird

argumentstoseewhetheritisamultipleoftheintervalbetweenthefirsttwoarguments.Ifthisistrue,thenthefunctionwillreturnthesmallerofthetwointervals.Ifneitherofthesecasesaretrue,thentheINTGET()functionwillreturnamissingvalue.

SampleFunctionCall

A INTGET('05SEP2013'd,20SEP2013'd,05OCT2013'd)

B INTGET('15JAN2014'd,15APR2014'd,15OCT2015'd)

C INTGET('15JAN2014'd,15APR2015'd,15OCT2015'd)

D INTGET('09JUL2015'd,09SEP2015'd,09MAR2016'd)

E INTGET('09JUL2015'd,29AUG2015'd,15SEP2015'd)

InrowA,theperiod

betweenthedatesis15days,whichcorrespondstotheSEMIMONTHinterval.RowBdemonstratesthatthedatesdonothavetohavethesameinterval.ThegapbetweenJanuaryandAprilisonequarter,butthegapbetweenAprilandOctoberofthefollowingyearis

fivequarters.Sincetheintervalforthesecondpairofargumentswouldbe'QTR5,'sinceitisamultipleoftheQTRinterval,thefunctionreturnstheunmultipliedinterval.WhathappenedinrowC?Simply,theintervalbetweenJanuary2014andApril2015isnowQTR5,buttheinterval

betweenAprilandOctober2015isQTR2.SinceQTR2isnotamultipleofQTR5,theresultismissing.RowDshowsthatiftheintervalbetweentwoargumentsisitselfamultipliedinterval(MONTH2versusMONTH6),thefunctionwillreturntheintervalwiththesmallest

multiplier,whilerowEshowstheingenuityofthefunction:TheDAY17intervalworksifitisshiftedby15days.

5.8.4INTSHIFT('interval')INTSHIFT('interval')takestheintervalthatyougiveandreturns

theshiftpointforthatinterval.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexifdesired).Ifintervalisrepresentedbyacharacterstring,thenitmustbeenclosedinquotationmarks,butyoucanuseacharactervariablecontainingthenameof

anintervalinstead.Ifyoutrytousethisfunctionwithauser-definedintervalthatyouhavecreated,thefunctionwillreturnamissingvalue.

SampleFunctionCall

INTSHIFT('WEEK')

INTSHIFT('MONTH')

INTSHIFT('QTR3.4')

INTSHIFT('YEAR')

INTSHIFT('YEAR10.5')

INTSHIFT('YEAR100')

INTSHIFT('DTMONTH')

INTSHIFT('DTYEAR.7')

INTSHIFT('HOUR')

INTSHIFT('WORKINGDAYS')

5.8.5INTTEST('interval')INTTEST('interval')takestheintervalthatyougiveandreturnsa1ifitisavalidintervalname,or0ifitisnot.Youcanusethistodeterminewhetheryouhavecreatedavalidintervalwithmultipliersand/ora

shiftindex.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexifdesired).Ifintervalisrepresentedbyacharacterstring,thenitmustbeenclosedinquotationmarks,butyoucanuseacharactervariablecontainingthenameofanintervalinstead.If

youtrytousethisfunctionwithauser-definedintervalthatyouhavecreated,thefunctionwillreturnamissingvalue.

SampleFunctionCall

INTTEST('WEEK')

INTTEST('QTR.1')

INTTEST('QTR3.13')

INTTEST('YEAR.7')

INTTEST('YEAR10.14')

INTTEST('DTMONTH')

INTTEST('HOUR2.3')

INTTEST('WORKINGDAYS')

5.9RetailCalendarIntervalsandSeasonalityThissectioncoversintervalsandfunctionsthataremostfrequentlyusedwithtimeseriesanalyses.Althoughthetopicoftimeseriesanalysisisbeyondthescopeof

thisbook,theseintervalsandfunctionsaredescribedherebecausetheintervalscanbeusedwithINTNX()andINTCK(),whilethefunctionsareapartofBaseSAS.However,theyarepresentedwithoutcontext.

5.9.1RetailCalendarIntervalsSAShasaddedintervalsthatarespecificallydesignedfortheretailindustry.TheseintervalsareISO8601compliant,andcanbeusedwithanyoftheintervalfunctions.They

facilitatecomparisonsacrossyears,becausetheweeksremainconsistentbetweenyears.Inordertofacilitatethis,someyearswillhaveleapweeks.YeardefinitionsarebasedontheISO8601definitionofaweek,whichisthefirstMondayprecedingJanuary4,whichin

somecasesmightplacethebeginningoftheweekinDecember.Theseintervalsenableyoutodefinethestructureofyour52-weekyear,expectingthatforthefirst13-weekperiodofyourinterval,therewillbe1monththathas5weeksinit.Thismeansthatyoucansetthemonth

patternto5-4-4,4-5-4,or4-4-5.Youcanworkwithyears,months,orquartersinthisfashion.ThefulllistofretailintervalsisgiveninTable5.7.

Table5.7:RetailCalendarIntervals

Interval Description

YEARV Specifies

ISO8601yearlyintervals.TheISO8601yearbeginsontheMondayonorimmediately

precedingJanuary4.NotethatitispossiblefortheISO8601yeartobegininDecemberofthe

precedingyear.Also,someISO8601yearscontainaleapweek.Thebeginningsubperiod

iswritteninISO8601weeks(WEEKV).

R445YR IsthesameasYEARVexceptthatintheretailindustrythe

beginningsubperiodis4-4-5months(R445MON).

R454YR IsthesameasYEARVexceptthatintheretail

industrythebeginningsubperiodis4-5-4months(R454MON).

R544YR IsthesameasYEARVexceptthat

intheretailindustrythebeginningsubperiodis5-4-4months(R544MON).

R445QTR Specifies

retail4-4-5quarterlyintervals(every13ISO8601weeks).Somefourthquarterscontaina

leapweek.Thebeginningsubperiodis4-4-5months(R445MON).

R454QTR Specifiesretail4-5-4

quarterlyintervals(every13ISO8601weeks).Somefourthquarterscontainaleapweek.

Thebeginningsubperiodis4-5-4months(R454MON).

R544QTR Specifiesretail5-4-4quarterly

intervals(every13ISO8601weeks).Somefourthquarterscontainaleapweek.The

beginningsubperiodis5-4-4months(R544MON).

R445MON Specifiesretail4-4-5monthly

intervals.The3rd,6th,9th,and12thmonthsarefiveISO8601weekslongwiththe

exceptionthatsome12thmonthscontainleapweeks.AllothermonthsarefourISO8601weeks

long.R445MONintervalsbeginwiththe1st,5th,9th,14th,18th,22nd,27th,31st,35th,40th,

44th,and48thweeksoftheISOyear.Thebeginningsubperiodis4-4-5months(R445MON).

R454MON Specifiesretail4-5-4monthlyintervals.The2nd,5th,8th,and11thmonthsarefiveISO

8601weekslongwiththeexceptionthatsome12thmonthscontainleapweeks.R454MON

intervalsbeginwiththe1st,5th,10th,14th,18th,23rd,27th,31st,36th,40th,44th,and49thweeks

oftheISOyear.Thebeginningsubperiodis4-5-4months(R454MON).

R544MON Specifies

retail5-4-4monthlyintervals.The1st,4th,7th,and10thmonthsarefiveISO8601weekslong.All

othermonthsarefourISO8601weekslongwiththeexceptionthatsome12thmonths

containleapweeks.R544MONintervalsbeginwiththe1st,6th,10th,14th,19th,23rd,27th,32nd,

36th,40th,45th,and49thweeksoftheISOyear.Thebeginningsubperiodis5-4-4months

(R544MON).

WEEKV SpecifiesISO8601weeklyintervalsofsevendays.EachweekbeginsonMonday.

Thebeginningsubperiodsiscalculatedindays(DAY).NotethatWEEKVdiffersfromWEEKin

thatWEEKV.1beginsonMonday,WEEKV.2beginsonTuesday,andsoon.

5.9.2SeasonalityFunctionsSeasonalityisusedintimeseriesanalysisandcanbeusedinSAS/ETS.Ithelpstoaccountfornormalseasonalvariationsinpatternsinsideananalysis.Whileitisnot

strictlyadateandtimematter,itdoesuseintervals.Therefore,theseasonalityfunctionsaredocumentedhere,butwithoutcontext.Formoreinformationaboutseasonalityanditsapplication,youcanrefertotheSAS/ETSdocumentation,andsupport.sas.comisa

greatplacetofindmorehelponthistopic.

INTCINDEX('interval',argument)INTCINDEX('interval',argumentreturnstheindexoftheseasonalcyclebasedonintervalforargument,whereargumentisaSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.intervalcanbeanystandard

SASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexifdesired).

INTCYCLE('interval',seasonality)INTCYCLE('interval',seasonalityreturnstheintervaloftheseasonalcycle.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexif

desired).seasonalityisanoptionalargumentthatenablesyoutodefineseasonalcycles,anditcanbeanumberoracycle(suchas'YEAR').Forexample,youcanusetheseasonalityargumenttospecifyyouryearashaving53weeksinsteadof52.

INTINDEX('interval',argument,seasonality)INTINDEX('interval',argument,seasonalityreturnstheseasonalindexwhengivenaninterval,aSASdate,time,ordatetimeoftheseasonalcycle.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/orashiftindexifdesired.argumentisaSASdate,

time,ordatetimevalue.Notethattheintervalspecifiedmustbeappropriatefortheargument.seasonalityisanoptionalargumentthatenablesyoutodefineseasonalcycles,anditcanbeanumberoracycle(suchas'YEAR').TheINTINDEXfunctionreturnstheseasonalindex,while

theINTCINDEXfunctionreturnsthecycleindex.

INTSEAS('interval',seasonality)INTSEAS('interval',seasonalityreturnsthenumberofintervalsinaseasonalcycle.intervalcanbeanystandardSASinterval(withmultipliersand/ora

shiftindexifdesired).seasonalityisanoptionalargumentthatenablesyoutodefineseasonalcycles.Thisisagoodfunctiontobeawareofifyouarenotfamiliarwithconceptsofseasonality,becausethenumberofintervalsinaseasonalcyclemightnotbeintuitive.Forexample,whileyou

mightexpectthenumberofintervalsfortheQTRintervaltobe4(becausethereare4quartersinayear),thenumberofintervalsforaDAYintervalis7,forthenumberofdaysintheweek.Thiscanhelpyoucheckyourexpectations.

Chapter6DeeperintoDatesandTimeswithSAS

6.1Macro

VariablesandDates6.2GraphingDates6.3TheBasicsofPROCEXPAND6.4InternationalDate,Time,andDatetimeFormatsandInformats

6.5NLSDate,Time,andDatetimeConversionFunctions6.6DateFormatsandInformatsforOtherCalendars6.7OtherSoftware

andTheirDates(Excel,Oracle,DB2)6.8Conclusion

6.1MacroVariablesandDatesThereisahigh

potentialforconfusionwhenitcomestothesubjectofmacrovariablesanddates.AlthoughyouhaveaccesstodatesandtimesintheSASmacrolanguagewiththeautomaticmacrovariables&SYSDATE,&SYSDATE9,&SYSDAY,and&SYSTIME,thedisplay

ofthesevaluesisfixed,andthereforetheydonotgiveyouthepowerofSASformats,orofSASdateandtimefunctions.

6.1.1AutomaticMacroVariablesNoneoftheseautomaticmacrovariablescanbe

assignedvalueswith%LETorCALLSYMPUT(),orbyanyothermeans.Theyareread-onlyandworkbyreadingtheoperatingsystemclockwhenaSASsessionisstarted.ThismeansthattheydonotchangewithinagivenSASsession.

&SYSDATE

&SYSDATEcannotbemodifiedanddisplaysthesystemdateasaSASdatevalueformattedwiththeDATE7.format.IfthedateaccordingtotheoperatingsystemwhentheSASsessionstartsisJuly17,2014,then&SYSDATEwouldbeequalto"17JUL14."

&SYSDATE9&SYSDATE9isidenticalto&SYSDATE,exceptthatitformatsthesystemdatewiththeDATE9.formatandisthereforeY2K-compliant.IftheoperatingsystemdateisNovember22,2015,then&SYSDATE9wouldbeequalto

"22NOV2015."

&SYSDAY&SYSDAYdisplaysthenameofthedaythattheSASsessionbegan(accordingtotheoperatingsystem).IfyoustartedaSASjoborsessiononMonday,April14,2014,&SYSDAYwouldbe

equalto"Monday."

&SYSTIME&SYSTIMEdisplaysthesystemtime(accordingtotheoperatingsystem)inTIME5.format.Ifthesystemtimeis3:36p.m.whenyoustartSAS,then&SYSTIMEwouldbeequalto"15:36."

6.1.2PuttingDatesintoTitlesOneoftheprimeusesofdatesinmacrovariablesisforcustomtitlesandfootnotes.Touseamacrovariableinatitle,youjustneedtoenclosetheTITLEorFOOTNOTEstatementthatcontainsthemacrovariablewithdouble

quotationmarkslikethis:

TITLE"Today'sDateis&SYSDATE9";

Toseethisincontext,lookatthefollowingprogram:

Example6.1:UsingAutomaticMacroVariablesinaTitle

TITLE"Thisishowtoputamacrovariableinatitle:Today'sDateis&SYSDATE9";ODSRTFFILE="examples\title.rtf";PROCPRINTDATA=sashelp.company(OBS=5);IDjob1;VARdepthead;RUN;ODSRTFCLOSE;

Hereistheresultingoutput:

Whiletheautomaticmacrovariables&SYSDATE,&SYSDATE9,&SYSDAY,and&SYSTIMEmightgiveyoutheinformationthatyouneed,theirformatsarefixedand

cannotbechanged.Giventhemultiplewaysthatdates,times,anddatetimescanbedisplayed,itwouldbegoodifyoucouldusetheformatsandfunctionstogetthedisplayofdatesandtimesthatyouwantinyourtitles.

6.1.3Using%SYSFUNC()toCreateDates,Times,andDatetimesinMacroVariablesManyofthedateandtimefunctions,aswellasformats,areavailableintheSAS

macrolanguagethroughthe%QSYSFUNC()and%SYSFUNC()macrofunctions.Whenyouareusingoneofthesemacrofunctionswithdatesandtimes,youcanusetwoarguments:Thefirstisthedate,time,ordatetimefunctionthatyouwishtouse.Thesecond

argumentisoptional,butyoucanspecifytheformatthatshouldbeappliedtotheresult.

Example6.2:DateFunctionswith%SYSFUNC()Thisexampleputstheformattedvalueoftoday'sdateintothemacrovariable&DATE

anddemonstratesthedifferencebetweenunformattedandformatteddatesinmacrovariables.Thedatevaluein&RAWDATEisstoredinmacrospaceasatextstringandwillneedtobeconvertedifyouwanttouseitforanycalculations.&DATEisalsoatext

stringinmacrospace,butitshowsthattheWORDDATE.formathasbeenappliedtothevalue.

%LETrawdate=%SYSFUNC(DATE());%LETdate=%SYSFUNC(DATE(),WORDDATE32.);

TITLE"Today'sSASDateValueis&rawdate";TITLE2"Formatteddate:&date";

ODSRTFFILE="c:\book\2ndEd\examples\title2.rtf";PROCPRINTDATA=sashelp.class(OBS=5);IDname;VARage;RUN;ODSRTFCLOSE;

Nowyoucanusetheresultinatitleorfootnote.

YoucanalsousethisasapartofanoutputfilenameorExcelworksheetname.

Example6.3:PuttingaDateValueintoanOutputFileName

%LET

filedate=%SYSFUNC(DATE(),yymmddd10.);

ODSRTFFILE="Car_Report_&filedate..rtf";PROCPRINTDATA=sashelp.carsNOOBSLABEL;RUN;ODSRTFCLOSE;

Whenyoutrythisathome,youwillseethatyouhavegeneratedanRTFfilenamed"Car_report_yyyy-mm-

dd.rtf."

Example6.4:NamingWorksheetswiththeDateInthisexample,wecreateacustomformattodisplaydatesasthefullmonthnameand4-digityearandapplyittoacopyofthedatevariableinthedataset.

ThenweusethatvariableastheBYvariableinthePRINTprocedure.Notonlydoesthisputthenameoneachworksheet,butitalsofiltersthedatesintotheircorrectworksheetwithoutmuchextracodingrequired.Therearemanyotherwaysthatyoucanaccomplish

thistask,butthisisstraightforwardandsimple.Ifyouhaveagreatdealofdata,youmightwanttoinvestigateamoreefficientmethodthancreatinganadditionalvariableinadataset.Lines1–5createtheformatusingthePICTUREstatementinPROCFORMATand

datedirectivesdiscussedinsection2.6,andlines6–13createourduplicatevariablewithourcustomformatandalsosubsetthedataset.NotethedateliteralsusedasvaluesintheBETWEENoperatorinline10.WeremovethedefaultBYlinefromtheoutputinline14.

TheSHEET_NAMEoptionallowsustousetheBYvaluetoken(#BYVAL1)asthenameoftheworksheet.

1PROCFORMAT;2PICTUREnamefmt3LOW-HIGH='%B%Y'(DATATYPE=date)4;5RUN;

6PROCSQL;7CREATETABLEsubset

AS8SELECTdateassheet_dateFORMAT=namefmt15.,*9FROMsashelp.citiday10WHEREdateBETWEEN'01JAN1988'dAND'31AUG1988'd11ORDERBYDATE12;;;;13QUIT;

14OPTIONSNOBYLINE;15ODSTAGSETS.EXCELXPFILE="ex6.1.4.xml"OPTIONS

(SHEET_NAME="#BYVAL1");16PROCPRINTDATA=subsetLABELNOOBS;17BYsheet_date;18RUN;19ODSTAGSETS.EXCELXPCLOSE;

Thisistheresultingworkbook:

6.1.4UsingDatesinMacrosWhileSAScanhandledates,times,anddatetimevaluesasnumbers,gettingthemacroprocessortoacceptthemasnumbersmightinvolveanextrasteportwo.Let'slookatthefollowingcode:

1%MACROdate_loop;2%DOI='05JUN2014'd%TO'12JUN2014'd;3TITLE"HappyKidsIceCreamCo.Salesfor&i";4PROCPRINTDATA=sample.dailysales;5IDdistrict;6VARsales;7WHERE

dateEQ&i;8RUN;9%END;10%MEND;

Wehaveusedtwodateliteralstoprovidetheperiodoverwhichwewantthereportrunanduseditinthetitleaswell.Whathappenswhenthisissubmitted?

ERROR:Acharacter

operandwasfoundinthe%EVALfunctionor%IFconditionwhereanumericoperandisrequired.Theconditionwas:'05JUN2014'd

ERROR:The%FROMvalueofthe%DOIloopisinvalid.

ERROR:Acharacteroperandwasfoundinthe%EVALfunctionor%IFconditionwhereanumericoperandisrequired.Theconditionwas:'12JUN2014'd

ERROR:The%TOvalueofthe%DOIloopisinvalid.

ERROR:ThemacroDATE_LOOPwillstopexecuting.

Tothemacroprocessor,thedateliteralsareonlytext.TheydonotfunctionastheydointherestofSAS.Howcanwegetaroundthis?Byusing

the%SYSEVALF()macrofunctiontoforcetheinterpretationofthedateliterals.Let'sreplaceline2withthefollowingline:

%DOi=%SYSEVALF('05JUN2014'd)%TO%SYSEVALF('12JUN2014'd);

Nowtheloopwillexecuteproperly.

However,thedateinthetitledoesnotlookgoodatall.

Thedateinthetitledoesn'tlooklikeadate.Weneedtomakeonemoremodificationtotheprogramtogetour

titletolookright.The%LETstatementaddedinline3createsaformattedvalueofthedateinthemacroloopforuse.ThePUTN()functionisusedhereinsteadofthePUT()functionbecauseyoucan'tusethePUT()functionwith%SYSFUNC()orQSYSFUNC().

1%MACROdate_loop;2%DOI=%SYSEVALF('05JUN2014'd)%TO%SYSEVALF('12JUN2014'd);3%LETTITLEDATE=%SYSFUNC(PUTN(&i,WORDDATE.));4TITLE"HappyKidsIceCreamCo.Salesfor&titledate";5PROCPRINTDATA=sample.dailysales;6IDdistrict;

7VARsales;8WHEREdateEQ&i;9RUN;10%END;11%MEND;

Andnowwegetthedesiredresult.

Ourfinalexampleofusingdatesinmacrosdemonstrateshowtogetadatefromadatasetintoamacro.Forthisexample,wewanttoputthelatestdatefromagivencolumnintoamacrovariablesothatitcanbeusedinatitle.Let'slookatsometimingvariablesfromthissampledata

set.Wewanttoputthelatestdateandtime(whichisinrecord4)fromthevariableMODDATE(nicelyformatted,ofcourse)onthetitleofeachpage.

Method1:UsingCALLSYMPUTTheCALLSYMPUT()andSYMGET()functionsarealsousedtocommunicate

betweentheDATAstepandthemacroworld.CALLSYMPUT()takesavalueandstoresitinmacrospacefromwithinaDATAstep,whileSYMGET()takesamacrovariableandenablesyoutouseitinaDATAstep.Inthissituation,IrecommendthatyouuseCALLSYMPUTX()insteadof

CALLSYMPUT(),becauseCALLSYMPUTX()suppressesanytrailingblanksinthemacrovariablecreated,andthepresenceoftrailingblanksmightaffectthejustificationofyourtitleorfootnote.Thedifferencebetweenrun-timeandcompiletimeisveryimportant.You

cannotusea%LETstatementtostoremacrovaluesthataredefinedduringexecutionofaDATAstep.Youalsocannotuseamacrovariablereference(withanampersand[&])inthesameDATAstepwherethemacrovariableiscreatedwithCALLSYMPUT().Thenext

exampleuseswhatwasdiscussedinsection6.1.2toshowhowyoucanobtainadatevaluefromaSASdatasetandthenputitinamacrovariabletouseinatitle.SincetheDATETIME.formatisn'tformalenoughforthisreport,we'regoingtocreateaRPTDATE.customformat.

PROCFORMAT;PICTURErptdate(DEFAULT=32).-.Z='Missing'LOW-HIGH='%B%d,%Yat%I:%0M%p'(DATATYPE=DATETIME);RUN;

/*Getthemaximumdateinthevariable*/PROCMEANSDATA=sample.pmdataMAXNOPRINT;VARmoddate;OUTPUTOUT=tmpMAX=max;RUN;

/*TransferittoamacrovariableusingCALLSYMPUTX()*/DATA_NULL_;SETtmp;CALLSYMPUTX('lastmod',STRIP(PUT(max,rptdate.)));RUN;

%PUTlastmod=&lastmod;

PartialLog42%PUTlastmod=&lastmod;lastmod=February7,2014at4:18PM

Method2:UsingPROCSQLForsomethingassimpleasthehighest(orlowest)valueinadateordatetimevariable,youdon'thavetouseaSASprocedureandaDATAstep.PROCSQLcantaketheplaceofboth.

PROCSQLNOPRINT;

SELECTDISTINCTSTRIP(PUT(MAX(moddate),rptdate.))LENGTH=32INTO:lastmodFROMsample.pmdata;QUIT;

%PUTlastmod=&lastmod;

TheLog1PROCSQLNOPRINT;2SELECTDISTINCTSTRIP(PUT(MAX(moddate),rptdate.))LENGTH=32INTO3!:lastmod4FROMsample.pmdata;5QUIT;

NOTE:PROCEDURESQLused(Totalprocesstime):realtime0.08secondscputime0.00seconds

67%PUTlastmod=&lastmod;lastmod=February7,2014at4:18PM

Whichevermethodyouchoose,themacrovariable&LASTMOD,containingthevalue"February7,2014at4:18PM",isreadytouseinyourreporttitle.

6.2GraphingDatesWhenyouusedates,times,ordatetime

valuesinyourSASgraphics,youhavetorememberthattheyarenumbers.Thishasalargeimpactontheaxesandlabelingofyourgraphics.Attemptingtographaresultoveraperiodoftimewithoutusingformatsorintervalswillusuallyresultinagraphthatisnotclear

orwell-defined.ThegoodnewsisthatyoucanuseallthefeaturesassociatedwithSASdatestoimproveyourgraphics,suchasformatsandintervals.Thefollowingseriesofexampleswillillustrate.Example6.5willdemonstratethegraphingofdateswithSAS/GRAPH,while

Example6.6willuseODSgraphicstoproduceaseriesplot.

Johnny'sSavingsAccountWhenJohnnyturned10yearsoldonSeptember1,1975,hetookallthemoneythathehadinhispiggybankanddepositedit

intoabankaccountthatpaid3.5%interestannually,compoundeddaily.Hepromisedhimselfthathewouldaddtwodollarsattheendofeachweekandthathewouldtakethemoneyoutwhenhereachedtheripeoldageof50.Whenhewas10,Johnnythoughthemighthave$4,000by

thetimehereachedage50.Hekeptthatpromise,solet'slookatJohnny'searningsfromthetimehewas10untilhewas50usingthefollowingprogram:

Example6.5:SAS/GRAPH

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCGPLOT

DATA=book.graph1;PLOTfund*date/VREF=5000LV=1CV=blue;RUN;

Hereistheresultinggraph:

Unfortunately,theresultofthissimpleexampleisn'thelpful.WecanseethatJohnnystartedaround6000,andheturned50somewherearound20000.Whatdoesthat

mean?Thisshouldbeeasyenoughtofix.Don'twejustneedtoaddaFORMATstatement?

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;PLOTfund*date/VREF=5000LV=1CV=blue;FORMATdatemmddyy10.;/*AddFORMATstatement*/RUN;

HereisthenewGPLOTgraphwiththeFORMATstatement:

WhathashappenedhereisthatSASchosetheboundariesandfiguredoutmajorandminortickmarks.Inthisexample,ithasselectedmajorintervalsatdecadeboundaries,

andminoronesatyearboundaries.That'snotabadchoiceforthisexample,butSAS/GRAPHdoesn'talwaysmakesuchagoodchoicewhenselectingtheboundariesofanaxis.Can'tyoudefinethehorizontalaxisyourself?Ofcourse,youcan!Johnnywas

borninSeptember,soitwouldmakesensetocharthisprogressathisbirthdaysandrestrictthespanofthehorizontalaxistotheperiodduringwhichhe'scontributing.

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;PLOTfund*date/

VREF=5000LV=1CV=blueHAXIS='01SEP1975'dTO'01SEP2015'dbyYEAR;FORMATdatemmddyy10.;RUN;

HereisthenewgraphthatwegetfromusingtheHAXISoptioninthePLOTstatementtospecifytheaxisrange:

Whathappened?Wedefinedthehorizontalaxisashavingtickmarkseveryyear,soSASaccommodatedourrequest.Sincetherewasnotenoughroomtodisplaythevalues

horizontally,SASautomaticallyrotatedthevalues90degrees.Unfortunately,thatleftlessspaceforthegraphitself.Weneedbetterspacingonourhorizontalaxis.

Sincedecadesseemedtoworkwell,let'susethoseasourintervals,butwewanttostarton

Johnny's10thbirthday,anddefinethemajorhorizontalaxispointsatSeptember1,1975,September1,1985,September1,1995,September1,2005,andSeptember1,2015.Anintervalmultiplierof10willcreatethedecadeinterval,andashiftoperatorof69(60[monthsin5years]

plus9[monthsfromJanuarytoSeptember])willmovethestartingdateofthe10-yearintervaltoSeptember1975sothatitmatchesthestartingpointofthehorizontalaxis.Notethattheonlychangefromthepreviousversionisintheintervaldefinition.

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;PLOTfund*date/VREF=5000LV=1CV=blueHAXIS='01SEP1975'dTO'01SEP2015'dbyYEAR10.69;FORMATdatemmddyy10.;RUN;

Hereisthefinalproduct:

Nowthat'swhatwewanted.Thisdemonstratesthatyouhavealloftheintervaltypes,aswellastheirmultipliersandshiftoperators,availablewhenyouaredefining

axesthatinvolvedate,time,anddatetimevaluesinSAS/GRAPH.Itmakesdefiningtheexactscopeofthegraphmucheasier,nottomentioncomprehendingwhatyou'vegraphed.

Example6.6:ODSGraphics

WewillcontinuetouseJohnny's50thbirthdayfundfortheSGPLOTseriesofexamples.TheSGPLOTprocedurehasawayofassigningatimescaletoanaxisbysettingtheaxisTYPEoptionintheXAXISstatementequaltoTIME,andtheSERIESstyleofplotisperfectforgraphsof

longitudinaldata.

Here'sthebasicSGPLOTfromtheabovecode.

AswiththeGPLOTexample,an

unformatteddatevariableisn'tveryuseful.However,eventhoughwegotourgraph,SGPLOTdidnotrunsmoothly.Inordertoproducethisgraph,theproceduremadesomeadjustmentsinordertoproducethegraph.Let'slookatthelogfromtheprogramthatproducedthe

abovegraph.

3TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";4PROCSGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;5XAXISTYPE=time;6SERIESX=dateY=fund;7RUN;

NOTE:PROCEDURESGPLOTused(Totalprocesstime):realtime1.20

secondscputime0.09seconds

NOTE:Timeaxiscanonlysupportdatetimevalues.TheaxistypewillbechangedtoLINEAR.❶NOTE:Therewere2435observationsreadfromthedatasetBOOK.GRAPH1.

Note❶istellingusthatyoucan'tusethe

TYPEvalueofTIME.Butaren'twegraphingdates?TheSGPLOTprocedurereliesonformatstodeterminethatthedatabeinggraphedaredatesortimes.Withoutit,SGPLOTerrsonthesideofcautionandjustassumesthatyouaregraphinglineardata.Thiswillcreateaplot

fordatagraphedalongasequence(suchasdates),soitlooksright,butitisnotclearthatyouaregraphingdates.

Let'saddthemissingformattoourSGPLOT:

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCSGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;XAXISTYPE=time;

SERIESX=dateY=fund;FORMATdatemonyy7.;RUN;

Thatlooksbetter,eventhoughSASdidnotusetheMONYY7.formatthatyourequestedand

substitutedoneofitsownasseeninnote❶below.

51TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";52PROCSGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;53XAXISTYPE=time;54SERIESX=dateY=fund;55FORMATdatemonyy7.;56RUN;

NOTE:PROCEDURESGPLOT

used(Totalprocesstime):realtime0.90secondscputime0.20seconds

❶NOTE:ThecolumnformatMONYY7isreplacedbyanauto-generatedformatontheaxis.

Thisisreallythesameproblemaswith

SAS/GRAPHwhenyouhaven'tdefinedthetickmarksontheXaxisproperly.TheVALUES=optionintheXAXISstatementallowsustodefineourscaleinthesamewaythattheHAXIS=optioninthePLOTstatementdoesinSAS/GRAPH.Fora50-yearperiod,let'stry5-

yearintervals,startingwhenJohnnymadehispromiseonSeptember1,1975.

TITLE"Johnny's50thBirthdayFund";PROCSGPLOTDATA=book.graph1;XAXISTYPE=timeVALUES=('01sep1975'dTO'01sep2015'dBYYEAR5);SERIESX=dateY=fund;FORMATdatemonyy7.;RUN;

Nowthedisplaylooksmuchnicer,andwehaveourMONYY7.formatdisplayed.

6.3TheBasicsof

PROCEXPANDTheEXPANDprocedureisapartofSAS/ETS,whichisusedtopreparetimeseriesdataforfurtheranalysis.ItcreatesaSASdatasetanddoesnotproduceprintedoutput.

6.3.1

CapabilitiesofPROCEXPANDPROCEXPANDwillchangethesamplingfrequencyofthedatathatyouhaveandconvertittoadifferentone.Itcaninterpolatevaluesintimeseriesdata,forexample,whenyouhavequarterlydatathatyou

needtoreportoranalyzeonamonthlybasis.Itcanperformthereverseoperation,thatis,toaggregate(collapse)datafromahighersamplingfrequencytoalowerone,suchastakingmonthlydataandturningitintoquarterlydata.PROCEXPANDcaninterpolatemissing

valuesevenifyouaren'tchangingthesamplingfrequency.ItalsoprovidesforextensivedatatransformationsandperformsallofthesefunctionswithoutalotofDATAstepprogramming.TheSAS/ETSdocumentationprovidesdetailonthe

procedure,itsstatements,andtheoptionsforthosestatements.ThereareotherproceduresavailableinSAS/ETS,suchasTIMESERIESandTIMEDATA,thatcanbeusedtomanipulatetimeseriesdata,andifyouneedtoworkwithtimeseriesdataonaregularbasis,

youshouldinvestigatetheSAS/ETSproductanditsdocumentationmorecarefully.

PROCEXPANDusesSASintervaldefinitions.Thisincludesintervalmultipliersandtheshiftindex.Foradetailedexplanationofintervals,interval

multipliers,andtheintervalshiftindex,seeSections5.5and5.6ofthisbook.Whenyouusetheseintervaldefinitions(plusanyshiftindexand/ormultipliers),PROCEXPANDwillautomaticallyadjustforanycalendareffects(leapyears,varyingnumberofdaysina

month).Aswithanythingthatusestheseintervaldefinitions,allmeasurementsandcalculationsareconsideredtobeatthebeginningoftheinterval(s)specified.ItispossibletochangethatdefinitionwithoptionsinoneofthePROCEXPAND

statements,andthosearediscussedinSection6.3.5.

PROCEXPANDSampleDataThefollowingdatasetwillbeusedfortheexamplesinthissection.Thisismonthlytotallightrailridershipdataobtainedfromthe

AmericanPublicTransportationAssociationfortheyears2003and2004andisusedwiththeirpermission.ThevaluesforOctoberandNovember2003wereremovedfromthedatatodemonstratesomeofthecapabilitiesofPROCEXPAND.

DateRiders

(thousands)

JAN2003 2679.9

FEB2003 2421.9

MAR2003 2704.6

APR2003 2778.3

MAY2003 2718.6

JUN2003 2618.2

JUL2003 2999.0

AUG2003 3504.7

SEP2003 3329.4

OCT2003 .

NOV2003 .

DEC2003 2888.6

JAN2004 3132.9

FEB2004 2814.3

MAR2004 3067.3

APR2004 2928.8

MAY2004 2958.3

JUN2004 2966.3

JUL2004 3000.8

AUG2004 3071.2

SEP2004 2958.9

OCT2004 2992.8

NOV2004 3017.5

DEC2004 3038.4

6.3.2UsingPROCEXPANDtoConverttoaHigherFrequency

YoucanusePROCEXPANDtoconvertdatafromalowersamplingfrequencytoahighersamplingfrequency(forexample,convertingmonthlydatatodailyorweeklydata).Itdoessobyinterpolation,andthesyntaxtoconverttoahighersamplingfrequencyisasfollows:

Example6.7:ConvertingtoaHigherSamplingFrequency

1PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven_daysFROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;2IDdate;3CONVERTriders;4RUN;

ThePROCEXPAND

statementinline1specifiestheoutputdataset(SEVEN_DAYS)andexplainshowthedatainBOOK.MONTHshouldbeconverted,fromMONTHintervalstoWEEKintervals.TheIDstatementinline2indicatesthevariablethatidentifiesthetimeofeachrecord.SincetheWEEKinterval

beginsonSunday,thedateswillbealignedonSundays.Ifyouwantthedatestoaligntoadifferentdayoftheweek,useashiftindicator.TheWEEK.2intervalwillalignthedatestoMondays;theWEEK.3intervalalignstoTuesdays,andsoon.

Youwillusuallyusean

IDstatementwithPROCEXPAND.Otherwise,SASwillcreateanIDvariablefortheinputrecordsandusethestartingpointofJanuary1,1960,whichmightnotbewhatyouwant.TheCONVERTstatementidentifiesthevariable(s)toconvert.Youcanalsorename

thevariable(s)beingconvertedintheoutputdatasetlikethis:CONVERTinput-var=output-var;HerearethefirsteightobservationsfromthedatasetSEVEN_DAYSproducedbytheabovecode:

Riders

date (thousands)

29DEC2002 2770.23

05JAN2003 2573.57

12JAN2003 2449.76

19JAN2003 2393.52

26JAN2003 2391.24

02FEB2003 2429.29

09FEB2003 2494.03

16FEB2003 2571.86

Whenyouinterpolatetimeseriesdatatoahigherfrequency,considerthattheinterpolatedvaluesdonotaddanynewinformationtothedatabecausetheyhavebeen

derivedmathematically,notobserved.Therefore,anystatisticalanalysesperformedwiththeseinterpolateddatashouldbeviewedwithcaution.

6.3.3UsingPROCEXPANDtoConverttoa

LowerFrequencyYoucanconvertdatatoalowerfrequencywithPROCEXPANDintwoways:First,youcanusethesamesyntaxaswithconvertingtoahighersamplingfrequency,exceptthattheTO=intervalwouldbeofalowersampling

frequency.Whenyouconvertyourdatathisway,PROCEXPANDperformsinterpolationformissingvaluesusingacurve-fittingmethod,whichallowsforconversionbetweenintervalsthataren'tnested.Anestedintervalisonethatfitswhollyinsideanotherinterval(forexample,

daysnestwithinweeks,becausethereareexactlysevendaysinaweek,butweeksdonotnestwithinmonths,becausemostmonthshavepartialweeks).Thefollowingprogramwillinterpolateanymissingvaluesinourdatabyfittingacubicsplinefunctionthroughtheexistingdatabefore

convertingthedatafromamonthfrequencytoaquarterfrequency.

Example6.8:ConvertingtoaLowerFrequency

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=quarterlyFROM=MONTHTO=QTR;IDdate;CONVERTriders;

RUN;

Obs date

Riders(thousands)After

Interpolation

1 01JAN2003 2679.90

2 01APR2003 2778.30

3 01JUL2003 2999.00

4 01OCT2003 2993.28

5 01JAN2004 3132.90

6 01APR2004 2928.80

7 01JUL2004 3000.80

8 01OCT2004 2992.80

TheresultingdatasetQUARTERLY(above)haseightobservations,fourforeachyear,

synchronizedontheQTRintervalboundaries.Asyoucansee,thedatathatweremissingfromouroriginaldataset(forOctober2003)areinterpolated.

Thesecondmethodenablesyoutoperformsimpleaggregation(addition)without

interpolationofmissingvalues.TheAGGREGATEmethodalwaysproducesanexactresultwithoutinterpolation,anditrequiresthattheintervalsbenested.Thisprogramshowstheresultofasimpleaggregationonoursampledata:

Example6.9:PerformingAggregationwithoutInterpolation

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annualFROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders/METHOD=AGGREGATE;RUN;

dateRiders(thousands)

2003 . Thereare2missingobservationsforthisyear,whichyieldsamissing

result.

2004 35947.5 Totalacrossall12months.

Example6.10:TheImportanceoftheIDStatementinPROCEXPANDThefollowingPROC

EXPANDstephasnoIDstatement.Let'srunitsothatwecanseetheassumptionsthatSASmakesinitsabsence.ThisillustrateswhytheIDstatementisalmostalwaysusedwiththisprocedure:

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=ANNUALFROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;

CONVERTriders;RUN;

dateRiders(thousands)

01JAN1960 2679.9

01JAN1961 3132.9

Howdidwewindupwithdatafor1960and

1961whenweuseddatafrom2003and2004?IfthereisnoIDvariabletoindicatethedates,SASwillcreateIDvaluestolabeltheinputrecords,anditwillstartfromitszeropoint,January1,1960.

6.3.4UsingPROCEXPAND

toInterpolateMissingValuesPROCEXPANDcanalsobeusedtointerpolatemissingvalueswithoutconvertingfrequencies.Therearetwowaystodothis;usetheonethatfitsyoursituation.Ifyouareinterpolatingmissingvaluesat

specificpointsintime,leaveofftheFROM=andTO=options,butmakesurethatyouuseanIDstatementtoindicatethevariablethatcontainsthetimepointsoftheobservedvalues.Thetimepointsdonothavetobeevenlyspaced,nordoyouneedarecordforeachtimepointwithin

theinterval.PROCEXPANDwillreadthevaluessuppliedintheIDvariableandwillfitasplinefunctionthroughtheavailabledatapoints.Itthenfillsinthemissingvaluesbasedonthatfittedspline.RememberthatthedataforthemonthsofOctoberandNovemberaremissing

inoursampletable.Thefollowingprogramdemonstrates:

Example6.11:InterpolatingMissingValues

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=nomiss;IDdate;CONVERTriders;RUN;

TheboldedanditalicizedvaluesinthefollowingtablearetheresultoftheinterpolationperformedbyPROCEXPAND.

dateRiders(thousands)

01JAN2003 2679.90

01FEB2003 2421.90

01MAR2003 2704.60

01APR2003 2778.30

01MAY2003 2718.60

01JUN2003 2618.20

01JUL2003 2999.00

01AUG2003 3504.70

01SEP2003 3329.40

01OCT2003 2993.28

01NOV2003 2788.68

01DEC2003 2888.60

Thesecondmethodinterpolatesmissingvaluesinatimeserieswithoutconvertingthe

observationfrequency.Usethiswhenyouwanttofillinthemissingvaluesandmaintainthesameobservationfrequency.ItrequirestheFROM=option,butleaveofftheTO=option,asshownhere:

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=nomiss2FROM=MONTH;

IDdate;CONVERTriders;RUN;

Bydefault,theinterpolationisperformedbyfittingthepointstoacubicsplinecurve.YoucanrequestothermethodsofinterpolationwiththeMETHOD=optionintheCONVERT

statement,andthesearedetailedintheSAS/ETSdocumentation.PROCEXPANDwillignoreobservationsthathavemissingvaluesfortheIDvariable,eveniftherearedatapointsfortheCONVERTvariable(s).Table6.1isasummaryofwhatPROCEXPANDdoes

whentherearemissingvaluesfortheIDvariableand/orCONVERTdatapoints.

Table6.1:HowPROCEXPANDHandlesInterpolationofMissingValuesinInputData

IDVariable Data

PROCEXPANDWill

Missing Missing Interpolate

NotMissing

Missing Interpolate

Missing NotMissing

Ignore

6.3.5TheOBSERVED=

OptionfortheCONVERTStatementinPROCEXPANDAswiththeotherusesofSASdate,time,anddatetimeintervals,thedefaultforPROCEXPANDistoconsiderthevaluesasbeingfromthebeginningof

theintervalsprovidedintheFROM=andTO=options.Thisisnotalwaysthecasewithreal-worlddata,anditcancauseverydifferentresults,especiallyifthevaluesarenotmeasuredatthebeginningofthegiveninterval(s),ortheydonotrepresentasingleobservedvaluefora

specificpointintime.YoucancontrolhowtheSASintervalsareusedwiththeOBSERVEDoptionintheCONVERTstatement.TherearesixpossiblevaluesfortheOBSERVED=option,asshowninTable6.2:

Table6.2:Valuesforthe

OBSERVED=Option

Values Description

BEGINNING Beginningoftheperiod

MIDDLE Middleoftheperiod

END Endofthe

period

TOTAL Totalsfortheperiod

AVERAGE Averagesacrosstheperiod

DERIVATIVE Onlyvalidasthe'to'

valuewhenthecubicsplinefunctionistheconversionmethod

ThesyntaxoftheOBSERVED=optionis:

1.OBSERVED=valueOR

2.OBSERVED=(from-value,to-value)

valueisoneofthekeywordsintable6.2,fromindicatesthecharacteristicsofthedatafromwhichyou

areconverting,andtorepresentsthecharacteristicsofthedataresultingfromtheconversion.Usingform1isthesameasspecifyingthesamevalueforbothfromandto;thatis,OBSERVED=AVERAGEisthesameasOBSERVED=(AVERAGE,AVERAGE).

Again,ifyoudonotsupplyanOBSERVEDoptionfortheconversion,itisthesameasusingOBSERVED=(BEGINNING,BEGINNING).

Examples6.12and6.13demonstratehowdifferentcombinationsoftheOBSERVED=optionaffectour

sampledatawhenweincreaseanddecreasethesamplingfrequency.Theprogrambelowshowsthecodetoincreasethesamplingfrequency.ItalsoshowshowtorenametheoutputvariablesintheCONVERTstatementbyplacinganequalsign(=)afterthedataset

variableandprovidingthenewvariablenameafterward.

Example6.12:EffectofDifferentValuesforOBSERVED=OptiononIncreasedFrequency

/*TheeffectofthedifferentvaluesfortheOBSERVEDoptionoftheCONVERTstatement

inPROCEXPANDonincreasedsamplefrequency*/

PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven1FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;CONVERTriders=beginning/OBSERVED=BEGINNING/*Default*/;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven2FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;

IDdate;CONVERTriders=middle/OBSERVED=MIDDLE;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven3FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;CONVERTriders=end/OBSERVED=END;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven4FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;

CONVERTriders=total/OBSERVED=TOTAL;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven5FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;CONVERTriders=average/OBSERVED=AVERAGE;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven6FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;CONVERTriders=begend/

OBSERVED=(BEGINNING,END);RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=seven7FROM=MONTHTO=WEEK;IDdate;CONVERTriders=avetot/OBSERVED=(AVERAGE,TOTAL);RUN;

DATAcompare_lo;MERGEseven1seven2seven3seven4seven5seven6seven7;BYdate;LABEL

beginning="BEGINNING"middle="MIDDLE"end="END"average="AVERAGE"total="TOTAL"begend="BEGINNING,END"avetot="AVERAGE,TOTAL";;;FORMATbeginning--avetot7.2;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=compare_loNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSdate('OBSERVED=\OptionValue'beginningmiddleend

averagetotal);FORMATdateDATE9.;DEFINEdate/display;WHEREDATELT'01MAR2003'd;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=compare_loNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSdate('OBSERVED=\OptionValue'begendavetot);FORMATdateDATE9.;DEFINEdate/display;WHEREDATELT'01MAR2003'd;

RUN;

OBSERVED=OptionIstheSameforFROM=andTO=:

date BEGINNING

29DEC2002 2770.19

05JAN2003 2573.61

12JAN2003 2449.83

19JAN2003 2393.59

26JAN2003 2391.28

02FEB2003 2429.28

09FEB2003 2493.99

16FEB2003 2571.80

23FEB2003 2649.08

Asyoucansee,theOBSERVED=optionhasaverylargeeffectontheresultsthatPROCEXPANDyields.TheBEGINNINGcolumnisthedefault,andthatistheinterpolationcalculatedifthenumbersaremeasuredatthebeginningofthemonthandconvertedtothe

BEGINNINGoftheweek.MIDDLEandENDdothecalculationasifthenumbersweremeasuredandconvertedatthemiddleandtheendofthemonth,respectively.Thatiswhytheinterpolatedvaluesaremissinginthosecolumnsintheabovechart.Thenumbersare

notavailableuntilthebeginningoftheinterval(thebeginningoftheweekcontainingthemiddleandend,respectively,ofthemonth).

Ifyouaremeasuringtotals(whichweare,sincethisismasstransitridershipdata),thevaluesareradically

different.TOTALmeansthatthenumberbeinginterpolatedisnotrepresentativeofasinglepointintheFROM=interval,butthatitisobtainedacrossthedurationoftheFROM=interval.Therefore,thenumbersinthatcolumnoftheabovetablerepresentthenumberofriders

perweek,sincethatistheintervaltowhichweareconvertingourdata.AVERAGEconsidersthenumberstobeaveragesforboththeFROMandTO=intervals.

ItgetsalittlemoreinterestingwhenweusedifferentvaluesfortheOBSERVEDoption,

butitisextremelyimportanttorememberthatthesearemathematicallyderivedandnotdata-based,soyouneedtoexercisesomecautionandjudgmentastotheusefulnessofthesenumbers.TheBEGINNING,ENDcombinationtakestheoriginalvalueasthe

valueatthebeginningoftheMONTHinterval,andthen(using,inthiscase,thedefaultSPLINEmethod)returnsthevaluefromthatcurveattheendoftheWEEKinterval.Similarly,theAVERAGE,TOTALcombinationconsiderstheoriginalvaluetobethemonthlyaverage

andcalculatesaweeklytotalbasedonthedefaultSPLINEmethod.Thereareothermethodsavailabletouseintheconversionofintervals,andIencourageyoutoreadtheSAS/ETSdocumentationformorein-depthinformationaboutconvertingtoahigher

samplingfrequency.

DifferentFROMandTOValuesintheOBSERVED=Option

date BEGINNING,END

29DEC2002 2573.61

05JAN2003 2449.83

12JAN2003 2393.59

19JAN2003 2391.28

26JAN2003 2429.28

02FEB2003 2493.99

09FEB2003 2571.80

16FEB2003 2649.08

23FEB2003 2712.25

IncontrasttoExample6.12,Example6.13willshowtheeffectoftheOBSERVED=optiononalowersamplingfrequency.Remember,sinceouroriginaldatahadmissingvalues,someinterpolationwilltakeplace.

Example6.13:EffectofDifferentValuesfor

OBSERVED=OptiononLoweredFrequency

/*TheeffectofthedifferentvaluesfortheOBSERVEDoptionoftheCONVERTstatementinPROCEXPANDwithadecreasedsamplefrequency*/PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual1FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;

CONVERTriders=beginning/OBSERVED=BEGINNING/*Default*/;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual2FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders=middle/OBSERVED=MIDDLE;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual3FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;

CONVERTriders=end/OBSERVED=END;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual4FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders=total/OBSERVED=TOTAL;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual5FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders=average/

OBSERVED=AVERAGE;RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual6FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders=begend/OBSERVED=(BEGINNING,END);RUN;PROCEXPANDDATA=book.monthOUT=annual7FROM=MONTHTO=YEAR;IDdate;CONVERTriders=avetot/OBSERVED=(AVERAGE,TOTAL);

RUN;

DATAcompare_hi;MERGEannual1annual2annual3annual4annual5annual6annual7;BYdate;LABELbeginning="BEGINNING"middle="MIDDLE"end="END"average="AVERAGE"total="TOTAL"begend="BEGINNING,END"avetot="AVERAGE,TOTAL";;;FORMATbeginning--avetot11.2;

RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=compare_hiNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSdate('OBSERVED=\OptionValue'beginningmiddleendaveragetotal);FORMATdateYEAR4.;DEFINEdate/display;RUN;

PROCREPORTDATA=compare_hiNOWDSPLIT='\';COLUMNSdate

('OBSERVED=\OptionValue'begendavetot);FORMATdateYEAR4.;DEFINEdate/display;RUN;

OBSERVED=OptionIstheSameforFROM=andTO=:

date BEGINNING MIDDLE

2003 2679.90 2764.22

2004 3132.90 2972.48

BEGINNING,MIDDLE,andENDdon'tgiveusaverygoodideaofyearlyridership,becausetheyareconsideringtheentireridershipasoccurringonthebeginning,middle,orendofeach

observationintheFROM=interval.TOTAListhevaluefortheentireyear,andAVERAGEiscalculatedonthemonthlyvalues.However,allofthesevaluesarecalculatedwithinterpolationofthemissingvaluesinOctoberandNovember2003.Below,theinterpolationforthose

missingvaluesisstillperformedeventhoughweareusingdifferentvaluesforthefromandtoobservationcharacteristics.OfspecialinterestistheAVERAGE,TOTALcolumn.Itconsidersthemonthlydatatobetheaveragemonthlyridership,soPROCEXPANDinterpolates

forthemissingdataandthenprovidesaridershiptotalforeachyearbasedonthataveragemonthlyridership.

DifferentFROMandTOValuesintheOBSERVED=Option

OBSERVED=OptionValue

date BEGINNING,END

2003 3132.90

2004 3153.51

PROCEXPANDhasmanymorecapabilities,andtheprecedingexamplesgiveonlythemostbasicinformationabouthowtousethis

powerfulprocedurewithtimeseriesdata.YoucanrefertothedocumentationforSAS/ETStogetamuchmorecompleteexplanationofPROCEXPANDanditsoptions.

6.4International

Date,Time,andDatetimeFormatsandInformatsVersion9ofSAShasformatsfordatesandtimesinlanguagesotherthanU.S.English.ItisincludedinBaseSASasapartofNationalLanguageSupport(NLS).Thekey

toNLSisintheLOCALE=orDFLANG=systemoptions.ThedefaultvaluefortheLOCALEoptionisdefinedintheSASconfigurationfileandissetduringinstallation,butitcanbechangedwithanOPTIONSstatementorinsidetheOPTIONSwindow.The

LOCALE=optionimplicitlysetstwootheroptionsthatcanaffectdates,times,anddatetimevaluesinSAS.ItwillsettheDATESTYLE=option,whichdetermineshowtheANYDTinformatswillinterpretcharacterstringswheretheorderofmonth,day,andyearisambiguous.The

DFLANG=optiondefinesthedefaultlanguagethatSASwilluse.

ThereareafewspecificdateformatsforTaiwanese,Japanese,andHebrew,butyoucanconsiderthemajorityofinternationalformatsandinformatsasfalling

intooneoftwoinformalcategories:the"EUR"categoryortheNLScategory.Ingeneral,itisrecommendedthatyouusetheNLSformatsandinformatsbecauseyoudonothavetowritecodespecifictoalanguage.ChanginglanguagesusingtheNLSfacilityinSASisa

matterofchangingthevalueoftheLOCALE=option,whichbringstheformatsinlinewiththerestoftheSASsession.However,the"EUR"categorycanbeuseful.YoucanselectthelanguagebasedoneithertheDFLANG=systemoptionorbyreplacingthe"EUR"intheformatnamewitha

specificlanguageabbreviation.Usingthelanguageabbreviationsishandyifyouareworkingwithmanylanguagesonthesameoutput,becausetheyenableyoutospecifythelanguagewithoutregardtoasystemoption,andyoucanusethemexactlywhereyouneedthem,foras

longasyouneedthem.

6.4.1"EUR"FormatsandInformatsEachoftheseformatsandinformatscorrespondtoanEnglishlanguageformatorinformat.However,the

minimum,maximum,anddefaultwidthsfortheformatorinformataredependentuponthelanguagebeingusedatthetime.Tables6.3and6.4listtheEnglishlanguageformatsandtheirEURformatnames,andtheEURinformats.

Table6.3:International

FormatNamesandTheirEnglishLanguageEquivalents

EnglishLanguageFormatName

InternationalFormatName

DATE. EURDFDE.

DATETIME. EURDFDT.

DDMMYY. EURDFDD.

DOWNAME. EURDFDWN.

MONNAME. EURDFMN.

MONYY. EURDFMY.

WEEKDATX. EURDFWKX.

WEEKDAY. EURDFDN.

WORDDATX. EURDFWDX.

Table6.4:InternationalInformatNamesandTheirEnglishLanguageEquivalents

Informat Description

EURDFDEw. Readsinternationaldatevaluesintheform

ddmonyy(yy),whereddrepresentsthedayofthemonth,monisthethree-lettermonthabbreviationinthe

language

specifiedbytheDFLANG=systemoptionorbytheappropriatethree-letterprefix,and

yy(yy)isthetwo-orfour-digityear.

EURDFDTw. Readsinternationaldatetimevaluesintheformddmonyy

hh:mm:ss.ssorddmonyyyyhh:mm:ss.ss.

EURDFMYw. Readsmonthandyeardatevaluesintheformmonyyormonyyyy.

Youreplace"EUR"withaspecificthree-letterlanguageprefixinanyoftheaboveformatsorinformatstodefinethelanguagethatyouwanttouse.ThisoverridestheDFLANG=systemoptionandisagoodwaytodisplaydatesinmultiplelanguagessimultaneously.Table

6.5isalistofallthevalidlanguageswiththeirthree-letterprefix.Inaddition,we'llshowtheeffectofusingeachthree-letterprefixontheEURDFWKX.formatbyusingthereferencedateofTuesday,February18,2014.Asacomparison,thetablealsoincludesthereferencedate

formattedastheEnglishequivalentusingtheWEEKDATX.format.

Table6.5:InternationalDateFormatswithLanguageAbbreviations

LanguagePrefix Language

AFR Afrikaans

CAT Catalan

CRO Croatian

CSY Czech

DAN Danish

NLD Dutch

FIN Finnish

FRA French

DEU German

HUN Hungarian

ITA Italian

MAC Macedonian

NOR Norwegian

POL Polish

PTG Portuguese

RUS Russian

ESP Spanish

SLO Slovenian

SVE Swedish

FRS Swiss_French

DES Swiss_German

6.4.2NLSFormatsTheoutputfromtheNLSseriesofformatsisdefinedbytheLOCALE=systemoption.Unlikethe"EUR"series,you

cannotspecifyalanguage;thelanguageisdefinedbythecurrentvalueoftheLOCALE=option.Usetheseformatswhenyouroutputmightbegeneratedinseverallocationsaroundtheworld,butyoudon'thavetodisplaymultiplelanguageswithinthesameoutput.

TheseformatsworkbyconvertingaSASdate,time,ordatetimevaluetothatofthespecifiedlocaleandthenformattingtheresult.Theseformatsarealsonoteworthyinthattheresultisleft-justified,asopposedtotheright-justificationofmostoftheotherdate,time,anddatetimeformats.

ThisistrueforallODSdestinationsaswellasfortraditionalcolumn-basedoutput.Ofcourse,withODSdestinations,thejustificationofthecolumnwillbeperformedaccordingtoanySTYLEineffect.

Tables6.6,6.7,and6.8listtheNLSformats

availablefordates,datetimes,andtimes,respectively.EachtablewillgivetheNLSformatname,adescriptionoftheoutputcreatedbytheformat,thedefaultformatwidth,andwidthrange.Thedescriptionoftheoutputcanalsocontainarecommendedwidth,

whichmightdifferfromthedefault.Therecommendedwidthistheminimumformatwidthnecessarytodisplayallpossibledate,datetime,ortimevalues,becausethelengthoftheoutputmightexceedthedefaultwidthinthegivenformatforsomelocaleandencoding

combinations.Ifyouusetherecommendedwidthsgiveninthetable(s)below,youwillalwaysgetaccurateoutput.Otherwise,youroutputcouldhaveaseriesofasterisks(*****)inplaceofthedatestringthatyouexpected.Ingeneral,itisalwaysbettertospecifyaformatwidth

thatistoolongratherthanonethatistooshort.ODSwillhandlemostjustificationissuesarisingfromoverestimatinghowmanycharacterswillbereturnedfromaformat.Notethatthewidthspecificationsfordatetimeandtimeformatscanaccommodate

fractionalseconds(w.d),andtheywillbedisplayedwiththelocale-specificdecimalseparator.BecausetherearesomanyNLSformatsavailable,AppendixBwillshowthedifferenceinoutputresultingfromdifferentLOCALEsettingsusingaspecificdate,datetime,andtimeas

appropriateforeachoftheNLSformatsinthefollowingthreetables.

Table6.6:NLSDateFormats

FormatName Description

NLDATEw. Displaysthedateasmonthname,day,and

yearinlocalformat.SASwilluseDATE.inlocalformatorabbreviatethemonthnametofittheformatwidthspecified.Itis

recommended

thatyouuseaminimumformatwidthof25toensureaccurateoutputacrossallsupportedlanguages.

NLDATELw. Displaysthedateasmonthname,day,andyearinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatemonthnameoruseonlynumbersand

delimiterstofittheformat

widthspecified.

NLDATEMw. Displaysthedateasthelocalabbreviation

formonthalongwiththedayandyear,butwilluseonlynumbersanddelimiterstofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATEMDw. Displaysmonthnameandday(noyear)fromadatevalue.SASwillusethelocalabbreviationforthemonthnameifthe

formatwidthcannotaccommodatethefullmonth

name.

NLDATEMDLw. Displaysthefullmonthnameandday

(noyear)fromadatevalueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameoruseonly

numbersanddelimitersfor

themonthanddayiftheformatwidthcannotaccommodatethefullmonthname.

NLDATEMDMw. Displaysthelocal

abbreviationforthemonthnameandtheday(noyear)fromadatevalue.SASwilluseonlynumbersanddelimitersfor

themonthanddaytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATEMDSw. Displaysthemonthandday(noyear)fromadatevalue

usingonlynumbersanddelimiters.

NLDATEMNw. Displaysthemonthnamefromadatevalueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviate

themonthnametofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATESw. Displaysthedateinlocalformatusingnumbersanddelimiters

only.

NLDATEWw. Displaysadatevalueasdayoftheweekanddateinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviateday-of-week,and/ormonth

nameasnecessarytofittheformat

widthgiven.

NLDATEWNw. Displaysadatevalueasthedayoftheweekinlocal

format.SASwillabbreviateasnecessarytofittheformatwidthgiven.

NLDATEYMw. Displaysmonthnameandyearfromadate

valueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatemonthnameand/oruse2-digityearasnecessarytofit

theformatwidth.

thatsomeformatwidthsmightbetoosmalltoaccommodatetheabbreviations.Inthatcase,aseriesof

asterisks(*****)willbe

displayed.

NLDATEYMLw. Displaysadatevalueasthefullmonthnameandtheyearinlocalformat.If

necessary,SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameoruseonlynumbersanddelimitersforthemonthandyearand/ora2-

digityeartofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATEYMMw. Displaysadatevalueasthelocalabbreviationformonth

nameandtheyear.Ifnecessary,SASwilluseonlynumbersanddelimitersforthemonthandyearand/ora2-digityearto

fittheformatwidth

specified.

NLDATEYMSw. Displaysthemonthandyearfromadatevalueusingonlynumbersand

delimitersinlocalformat.Willuse2-digityearifformatwidthis5or6.

NLDATEYQw. Displaysadatevalueascalendar

quarterandyear.Itisrecommendedthatyouuseaminimumformatwidthof20toensureaccurateoutputacross

allsupported

languages.

NLDATEYQLw. Displaysadatevalueasthefulllengthforthecalendarquarterandtheyear(forexample,"3e

trimestre2014").Awidthof4willdisplaya2-digityear.SASwillabbreviate

asnecessarytofittheformatwidth

specified.

NLDATEYQMw. Displaysadatevalueasaquarterabbreviationandtheyear(forexample,"T32015").SASwilluse

onlynumbersanddelimiterstofittheformatwidthifnecessary.Awidthof4willdisplaya2-

digityear.

NLDATEYQSw. Willdisplaytheyearandcalendarquarterfromadatevalueinlocalformatusingonlynumbersanddelimiters.A

widthof4willdisplaya2-digityear.

NLDATEYRw. Willdisplaythe2-or4-digityearfromadatevalue.

NLDATEYWw. Displaysadate

valueastheweeknumberandtheyear(forexample,"Week152014").weekalgorithmisused(U,V,or

W)variesbasedonthevalueofthe

LOCALE=option.theWEEKU.,WEEKV.,andWEEKW.format

discussionsinSection2.4.1DateFormats,formoreinformationabouttheweekalgorithms.

Table6.7:NLSDatetimeFormats

FormatName Description

NLDATMw.d Displaysadatetimevalueasadatetimeinlocalformat.

NLDATMAPw.d Displaysadatetimevalueasmonthname,day,year,andtimeinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviateas

necessarytofittheformatwidthspecifiedandmaysubstitutenumbersanddelimitersforthemonthname,day,

andyear.

NLDATMDTw.d Displaysthedatefromadatetimevaluewiththemonthname,day,andyearinlocalformat.SAS

willabbreviatethemonthnameorsubstitutenumbersanddelimitersinlocalformatforthemonthname,day,

andyearasnecessaryto

fitthesuppliedformatwidth.

NLDATMLw.d Displaysthedatefromadatetimevaluewiththe

monthname,day,andyearinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameorsubstitutenumbersand

delimitersinlocalformatforthemonth

name,day,andyearasnecessarytofitthesuppliedformatwidth.

NLDATMMw.d Displaysthedateandtimefromadatetimevalueusingtheabbreviationformonthname.SAS

willusenumbersanddelimitersforthedateifthe

formatwidthisnotwideenoughandwillfurtherabbreviatethe

timetohours:minutes,thenjusthoursifnecessary.

NLDATMMDw.d Displaysthemonthanddayfroma

datetimevalue.SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameorusenumbersanddelimitersinlocalformat

(noyear)iftheformatwidthcannotaccommodatethefullmonthname.

NLDATMMDLw.d Displaysthemonthanddayfroma

datetimevalue.SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameorusenumbersanddelimitersin

localformat

(noyear)iftheformatwidthcannotaccommodatethefullmonthname.

NLDATMMDMw.d Displaystheabbreviatedmonthname

anddayfromadatetimevalue.SASwillusenumbersanddelimitersinlocalformat(noyear)iftheformat

widthcannotaccommodatethefullmonthname.

NLDATMMDSw.d Displaysthemonthanddayfromadatetimevalueas

numbersanddelimitersonly(forexample,mm/ddordd/mm).

NLDATMMNw.d Displaysthemonthnameinlocalformat

fromadatetimevalue.SASwillabbreviateifthefullmonthnamewillnotfitintheformatwidth

supplied.

NLDATMSw.d Displaysadatetimevalueasnumbersanddelimitersonly,inlocalformat(forexample,

17/05/201413:47:06).

NLDATMTMw.d Displaystimeofdayfromadatetimevalueinlocaltimeformat.

NLDATMTZw.d Displaystime

ofdayfromadatetimevalueinhoursandminutesandthetimezoneoffsetforthelocale.

NLDATMWw.d Displaysadatetime

valueasdayoftheweek,date,andtimeinthelocalformat.Itisrecommendedthatyouuseaminimumformatwidth

of49toensureaccurateoutputacross

allsupportedlanguages.

NLDATMWNw.d Displaysthedayofthe

weekfromadatetimevalueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviateiftheformatwidthistoosmallto

accommodatethefulldayofweekname.

NLDATMWZw.d Displaysdayoftheweekanddatetimeinlocalformat.SASwill

abbreviateasnecessary.Itisrecommendedthatyouuseaminimumformatwidthof55to

ensureaccurate

outputacrossallsupportedlanguages.

NLDATMYMw.d Displaysthemonthnameandyearfromadatetimevalue.SASwill

abbreviatethemonthnameand/orusea2-digityeartofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYMLw.d Displaysthemonthname

andyearfromadatetimevalue.SASwillabbreviatethemonthnameorusethemonth

number,and

usea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYMMw.d Displaystheabbreviated

monthnameandyearfromadatetimevalue.SASwillusethemonthnumberanda2-digityearifnecessaryto

fittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYMSw.d Displaysthemonthandyearfromadatetimevalueusingnumbersand

delimitersonly.SASwillusea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYQw.d Displaysthe

yearandquarteroftheyearfromadatetimevalueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatequarterand

usea2-digityearifnecessaryto

fittheformatwidthspecified.Itisrecommendedthatyouuseaminimum

formatwidthof20toensureaccurateoutputacrossallsupportedlanguages.

NLDATMYQLw.d Displaysthe

yearandquarteroftheyearfromadatetimevalueinlocalformat.SASwillabbreviatequarter,use

numbersanddelimitersonly,andusea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformat

widthspecified.

NLDATMYQMw.d Displaystheyearandquarteroftheyearfromadatetimevalueasanabbreviationinlocalformat.SAS

willusenumbersanddelimitersonlyandusea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYQSw.d Displaystheyearandquarteroftheyearfromadatetimevalueinlocalformatasnumbersanddelimiters

only.SASwillusea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYRw.d Displaystheyearfroma

datetimevalue.SASwillusea2-digityearifnecessarytofittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMYWw.d Displaysa

datetimevalueastheyearandnameoftheweek.SASwillabbreviateweekand/orusea2-digit

yearifnecessaryto

fittheformatwidthspecified.

NLDATMZw.d Displaysadatetimevalueasadatetime

stringinlocalformatwiththetimezoneoffset.

Table6.8:NLSTimeFormats

FormatName Description

NLTIMAPw.d Displaysa

timevalueasthetime,followedbyAMorPMinlocalformat.Itisrecommendedthatyouuseaminimum

formatwidth

of22toensureaccurateoutputacrossallsupportedlanguages.

NLTIMEw.d Displaysatimevalueas

thetimeinlocalformat.

Similartothe"EUR"informats,youcanuseNLSinformatstoprocessdataaccordingtotheLOCALE=systemoption.Table6.9showstheNLSinformatsavailable,theirdefaultwidth

specification,thewidthrange,andtheEnglishlanguageinformattowhichitissimilar.

Table6.9:NLSTimeInformats

CategoryFormatName

Date NLDATEw.

Datetime NLDATMw.

Time NLTIMAPw.

NLTIMEw.

ThewholepointofNLSformatsandinformatsisthatyoudonothave

toworryaboutthespecificlanguagethatwillbeusingtheformatorinformat.TheLOCALE=systemoptionwilltakecareofit.Inthisway,thesameSASprogramcanbeusedanywhere,andtheoutputwillbeappropriatetothelocallanguageaslongastheLOCALE=system

optionhasbeensetcorrectly.ItisimportanttounderstandthatNLSformatsandinformatsworkjustaswellwiththeEnglishlanguageaswithanyotherlanguage,sothere'snoneedtouseSASprogramcodebeyondtheLOCALE=optiontoswitchbetween

Englishlanguageformats/informatsandotherlanguages,unlessyouneedaspecificformatthatdoesnothaveanNLSequivalent.Also,bearinmindthatanyPICTUREformatsyoucreatefordatesandtimesareNLS-compatiblebydefault,andthedisplayofdate

ortimecomponentssuchasmonthnamearelocale-sensitive.

6.5NLSDate,Time,andDatetimeConversionFunctions

Therearethreefunctionstohelpyouworkwithdate,time,anddatetimevaluesandprovideoutputinthelocallanguagebasedontheLOCALE=systemoptionineffect.TheNLDATE(),NLTIME(),andNLDATM()functionstakeadate,time,ordatetimevalue,

respectively,andcreateastringvariableaccordingtoaseriesofdateandtimedirectives.ThisisthesameprocessthatoccursifyoucreateacustomformatusingthePICTUREstatement(seeSection2.6),andthencreateacharactervariablebyusingthePUTfunctionwithyour

custompictureformatandadate,time,ordatetimevalue.

Example6.14:CreatingaCharacterValueUsingaCustomPictureFormatandthePUT()

FunctionPROCFORMAT;PICTUREwordmonth(DEFAULT=15)LOW-HIGH='%B%Y'(DATATYPE=DATE);RUN;

DATApicdate;INPUTdate:mmddyy10.;month_and_year=PUT(date,wordmonth.);FORMATdatedate11.;DATALINES;05/15/2016

08/01/201210/31/201303/27/2014;RUN;

ODSRTFFILE="ex6.5.1.rtf";PROCPRINTDATA=picdateNOOBSLABELSPLIT='\';labeldate="OriginalDate"month_and_year='MonthandYear\CharacterValue';RUN;

Thisistheresultingdataset.Notethatthenumericdatevariable,whichhasbeenformattedusingtheDATE.format,isright-justified,whilethecharacterstringwecreatedisleft-justified.

OriginalDate

MonthandYearCharacterValue

15-MAY-2016

May2016

01-AUG-2012

August2012

31-OCT-2013

October2013

27-MAR-2014

March2014

Essentially,thethreeNLSfunctionsdothesamething,butwithouthavingtocreatethepictureformatusingtheFORMATprocedure.

Youputthedescriptionoftheoutputstringdirectlyintothefunctionasanargument,whichiscalledthedescriptor.Thedescriptorcanalsocontainfixedtextwiththedatedirectives,butthisissomewhatcountertothepurposeofthesefunctions,asthefixedtextyouinsert

willnotchangewiththeLOCALE=optionsetting.

TherearemoredatedirectivesavailablewiththesefunctionsthanwiththePICTUREstatementoftheFORMATprocedure.FollowingisthelistofdatedirectivesyoucanusewiththeNLDATE(),

NLTIME(),andNLDATM()functions.Althoughseveralofthedirectivesmayseemidenticaltothoseusedwithpictureformats,thesedirectivesallinsertaleadingzerobydefault,sokeepthatinmindwhenusingthesefunctions.Youwillreceiveanerrorifyoutrytouseatime

directivewithNLDATE(),oradatedirectivewithNLTIME().

Table6.10:NLDATE(),NLTIME(),andNLDATM()DateDirectives

DateDirective Description

# removesthe

leadingzerofromtheresult.

%% Specifiesthepercent(%)character.

%a Locale'sabbreviated(3-character)

weekdayname.

%A Locale'sfullweekdayname.

%b Locale'sabbreviated(3-character)

monthname.

%B Locale'sfullmonthnamewithoutpadding.Whenyouspecify'%B

%d,'therewillalwaysbeonespacebetweenthemonthandday.

%C Locale'sfullmonthnamewithblank

padding.Whenyouspecify'%C%d,'therewillbeoneormorespacesbetweenthemonthand

day,dependinguponthelengthofthemonth'sname.

%d Zero-paddednumericaldayofthe

month.Use'#d'tosuppresstheleadingzero.

%e Blank-paddednumericaldayofthe

month.Use'#e'tosuppresstheleadingblank.

%F Locale'sfullweekdayname,paddedwith

blanks.Ifyouonlywantasinglespacebetweentheweekdaynameandthenextitem,use

'%A'.

%j Zero-paddeddayoftheyearasadecimalnumber(001–366).Use'#j'tosuppressany

leadingzeroes.

%H Zero-paddedhour(24-hourclock)asadecimalnumber(00–23).Use'#H'tosuppress

theleadingzero.

%I Zero-paddedhour(12-hourclock)asadecimalnumber(01–12).Use'#I'tosuppress

theleadingzero.

%m Zero-paddedmonthasadecimalnumber(01–12).Use'#m'tosuppressthe

leadingzero.

%M Zero-paddedminuteasadecimalnumber(00–59).Use'#M'tosuppresstheleadingzero.

%o Blank-paddedmonthasadecimalnumber(1–12).Use'#o'tosuppresstheleadingblank.

%p Locale'sequivalentofa.m.orp.m.

%S Zero-paddedsecondasadecimalnumber(00–59).Use'#S'

tosuppresstheleadingzero.

%u Weekdayasanumberintherange1–7,where1isMondayand

Sundayis7.

%U Zero-paddedweek-number-of-year(00–53)usingtheUalgorithm,whereSundayis

consideredthefirstdayoftheweek.

%V Zero-paddedweek-number-of-year(00–53)usingtheISO8601-

standardValgorithm,whichdefinesthefirstweekoftheyearascontainingbothJanuary4

andthefirstThursdayoftheyear.Therefore,ifthefirstMondayoftheyearfallsonJanuary2,3,or4,

theprecedingdaysofthecalendaryearareconsideredtobeapartofweek53ofthe

previouscalendaryear.

%w Weekdayasanumberintherange0–6where0isSundayand6is

Saturday.

%W Zero-paddedweek-number-of-year(00–53)usingtheWalgorithm,whichusesMondayas

thefirstdayoftheweek.

%y Zero-paddedyearwithoutcenturyasadecimalnumber(00–99).

%Y Yearwithcenturyasadecimalnumber(4-digityear).Theyearrangesfrom1970to2069.

HerearetheNLSdatefunctions.Whenyouareusingtextforthedescriptor,thedatedirectivesmustbeenclosedinsinglequotes,orSASwilltrytointerpretthemasmacrocalls.

FunctionCall Explanation

NLDATE(SAS- Convertsa

date-value,descriptor)

SASdatevalueintoacharacterstringintheformdescribedbydescriptorwhichisa

combinationofthedirectivesintable6.10enclosedbysinglequotes.descriptormayalsobe

acharactervariablecontainingavaliddescriptorstring.

NLDATM(SAS-datetime-value,descriptor)

ConvertsaSASdatetime

valueintoacharacterstringintheformdescribedbydescriptorwhichisacombination

ofthedirectivesintable6.10enclosedbysinglequotes.descriptormayalsobeacharacter

variablecontainingavaliddescriptorstring.

NLTIME(SAS-time-value,descriptor)

ConvertsaSAStimevalueintoacharacter

stringintheformdescribedbydescriptorwhichisacombinationofthedirectivesin

table6.10enclosedbysinglequotes.descriptormayalsobeacharactervariablecontaininga

validdescriptorstring.

Table6.11showstheresultsfordifferentOPTIONSLOCALE=settingswhenyouusetheNLDATEfunctiontocreateacharacterstringcontainingthe

day-of-weekname(%A),thethree-letterabbreviatedmonthname(%b),numericalday(%d),andfour-digityear(%Y).

Table6.11:TheNLDATEFunction

SampleFunctionCall

NLDATE('26OCT2014'd,'%A%b%d%Y');

NLDATE('26OCT2014'd,'%A%b%d%Y');

NLDATE('26OCT2014'd,'%A%b%d%Y');

NLDATE('26OCT2014'd,'%A%b%d%Y');

NLDATE('26OCT2014'd,'%A%b%d%Y');

Table6.12showstheresultsfordifferentOPTIONSLOCALE=settingswhenyouusetheNLDATMfunctiontocreateacharacterstringcontainingtheabbreviatedday-of-

weekname(%a),numericaldaywithouttheleadingzero(%#d),thefour-digityear(%Y),andthecolon-delimited24-hourtimewithzero-paddedhoursandminutes(%H:%M).

Table6.12:TheNLDATMFunction

SampleFunctionCall

NLDATM('06MAY2014:14:30:00'd,'%a%#d%B%Y%H:%M');

NLDATM('06MAY2014:14:30:00'd,'%a%#d%B%Y%H:%M');

NLDATM('06MAY2014:14:30:00'd,'%a%#d%B%Y%H:%M');

NLDATM('06MAY2014:14:30:00'd,'%a%#d%B%Y%H:%M');

NLDATM('06MAY2014:14:30:00'd,'%a%#d%B%Y%H:%M');

Table6.13showstheresultsfordifferentOPTIONSLOCALE=settingswhenyouusetheNLTIMEfunctiontocreateacharacter

stringcontainingthecolon-delimited12-hourtimewithzero-paddedhoursandminutes(%I:%M)andthelocale'sAM/PMindicator(%p).

Table6.13:TheNLTIMEFunction

SampleFunctionCall

NLTIME('10:17:00'd,'%I:%M%p');

NLTIME('10:17:00'd,'%I:%M%p');

NLTIME('10:17:00'd,'%I:%M%p');

NLTIME('10:17:00'd,'%I:%M%p');

NLTIME('10:17:00'd,'%I:%M%p');

6.6DateFormatsandInformatsforOtherCalendarsSAShastheabilitytohandledatesfromnon-Juliancalendars,such

asHebrew,Japanese,andTaiwanese.ThedatevaluescontinuetobestoredasSASdates,whereJanuary1,1960,isequaltozero,buttheseformatshandletheconversiontotheothercalendarsforthecorrectdisplayofdates.

6.6.1Hebrew

DateFormats

HDATEw.HDATEw.displaysaSASdatevalueinHebrew.Youwillneedthecorrectcharacterencodinginstalledonyoursystemtodisplaythiscorrectly.TheSASdatewillbedisplayedasyyyymmmmmdd,

whereyyyyistheyear,mmmmmrepresentsthemonth'snameinHebrew,andddistheday-of-the-month.wcanbefrom9to17,withadefaultwidthof17,anditisright-justified.Useoddnumbersforwtogetthebestdisplay.

HEBDATEw.

HEBDATEw.displaysaSASdatevalueaccordingtotheJewishcalendar.Itisacombinedsolarandlunarcalendar.TheHebrewyeariscalculatedbyadding3761beginninginautumnofaspecifiedyearintheGregoriancalendar.wcanbefrom7to24,witha

defaultwidthof16,anditisright-justified.Therearethreeformsofthedisplay,long,default,andshort,dependentupontheformatwidthspecified.Again,youwillneedthecorrectcharacterencodinginstalledonyoursystem,oryouwillgetsubstitutionsfornonprinting

characters.

6.6.2JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateFormats

MINGUOw.MINGUOw.displaysaSASdatevalueasaTaiwanesedatevalueintheform

yy(yy)mmdd,whereyy(yy)istheyear,mmisthenumberofthemonth,andddisthedayofthemonth.wcanrangefrom1to10,withadefaultwidthof8,anditisleft-justifiedandzero-filled.TheTaiwanesecalendaruses1912asthebaseyear(thatis,01/01/01isJanuary1,1912).

Datespriortothiswilldisplayasaseriesofasterisks(*****).Also,theyearvaluescontinuetoincreasepast100;theydonotremaintwo-digityearsandcycle,muchlikeJuliandates.Forexample,January1,2012is"100/01/01,"not"00/01/01."

NENGOw.NENGOw.writesaSASdatevalueintheforme.yymmdd,whereeisthefirstletterofthenameoftheemperor(Meiji,Taisho,Showa,orHeisei),yyistheyear,mmisthemonth,andddisthedayofthemonth.wcanbefrom2to10,withadefault

widthof10,anditisleft-justified.SASwillomittheperiodifwisn'tbigenough.

6.6.3JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateInformats

JDATEMYDw.JDATEMYDw.allows

youtoconvertJapaneseKanjiintheformyy(yy)monddtoSASdatevalues,whereyy(yy)istheyear,monistheKanjirepresentationofthenameofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.wcanbefrom12to32,withadefaultwidthof12.Youcanseparate

(yy)yy,mon,andddwithspecialcharactersorblanks,butyoumustmakesurethatthewidthspecificationallowsforanyblanksand/orspecialcharactersintheinputfield.Two-digityearswillbetranslatedaccordingtotheYEARCUTOFF=option.

JNENGOw.JNENGOw.readsJapaneseKanjidatevaluesintheformyymmdd,whereyyistheyear,mmistheKanjirepresentationofthenameofthemonth,andddrepresentsthedayofthemonth.Sinceyyistwodigitslong,thisinformatisalways

affectedbytheYEARCUTOFF=option.wcanbefrom16to32,withadefaultwidthof16.Youcanseparateyy,mon,andddwithspecialcharactersorblanks,butyoumustmakesurethatthewidthspecificationallowsforanyblanksand/orspecialcharactersin

theinputfield.

MINGUOw.MINGUOw.convertsaTaiwanesedatevalueintoaSASdatevalueintheformyy(yy)mmdd,whereyy(yy)istheyear,mmisthenumberofthemonth,andddisthedayofthemonth.w

canbefrom6to10,withadefaultwidthof6.Youmayuseseparatorssuchasblanks,dashes,orslashesbetweentheyear,month,anddayvalues,buttheymustbepresentbetweenallofthevalues.TheTaiwanesecalendaruses1912asthebaseyear(thatis,01/01/01

isJanuary1,1912).Inaddition,theyearvaluescontinuetoincreasepast100;theydonotcycle.January1,2012,is"100/01/01,"not"00/01/01."Youwillgetamissingvalueifyouusethisformattoreaddatestringswheretheyearcomponentislessthan1.

6.7OtherSoftwareandTheirDates(Excel,Oracle,DB2)MostsoftwarepackageskeeptheirdatesinsomesortofnumericalforminmuchthesamewaythatSASdoes,whileothershaveaspecialvariabletype

fordates.MicrosoftExcelstoresdatesasintegers,butitusesJanuary1,1900,insteadofJanuary1,1960,asdayzero.TimesarestoredinExcelasfractionsofdays,sonoonofagivendayis.5(exactlyone-halfofaday).DatetimevaluesarestoredinExcelasthe

dayrelativeto01/01/1900plusthefractionoftheday.InExcel,6p.m.onJanuary1,1900,isrepresentedas.75.Excelalsohasamajorlimitationonitsdatealgorithm:Itcannotstoreitsdatesasnegativenumbers.ThismeansthatanydatepriortoJanuary1,

1900,isgoingtoberepresentedbyacharacterstring,notanExceldatevalue.Therefore,ifyouhavehistoricaldatesinanExcelspreadsheet,youneedtobeawarethatyouwillhavetoprocessanycolumn(s)withhistoricaldatesascharactercolumns,andusetheINPUT()

functiontocreateyourSASdatevalues.TheANYDTinformatsmayalsoproveusefulinsituationslikethis.IfyourelyonanautomatedmethodofconversionfromExceltoSAS,thereisthepossibilitythatacolumnwithhistoricaldatesmightbetranslatedasanumeric

column.Ifthisoccurs,thenanydates(ordatetimes)priortoJanuary1,1900,willbemissinginyourSASdataset.YouwillrunintothesameproblemexportinghistoricaldatesintoExcelfromSAS.Youwillhavetoexportthecolumnasacharactercolumn,andyouwon'tbeableto

useanyoftheExceldateormathfunctionsoncellscontainingtheminsidethespreadsheet.

TheseareconversionissuesspecifictoExcelthatmayarisewhenyouaretryingtoimportorexportdatatoorfromExcel.Whenyouimportdatafrom

othersoftwarepackagesintoSASusingtheIMPORTprocedure,oneofthedatabaseengines,orwithpass-throughSQLprocessing,SASshouldunderstandandconvertthedates,eventhoughthereferencedatefortheothersoftwaremaydiffer.Thereareexceptionstothisrule,

oneofwhichisusingapass-thruWHEREclauseinsidePROCSQLforforeigndatabases.Youwillhavetoknowthedate,time,ordatetimeformatfortheforeigndatabasetoselectrecordsbasedondates,times,ordatetimes.TherearespecificcaseswhereSASdoesnot

haveaninformatforcertaindatetimestringsfromotherdatabasesandcannottranslatethosevaluesintotheirSASequivalent.Thegeneralstrategytopursueinthesecasesistoparsethedatetimestringandworkfromtherewithacombinationofinformatsand/or

functionstocreateyourSASdatetimevalues.Ifyouwillneedtodothisonaregularbasis,youcouldcreateamacroorusePROCFCMPtoprocessyourtroublesomedatetimestrings.

Sendingdatestootherdatabasesandsoftwarepackagesshouldbefine

ifyouusetheEXPORTprocedureoroneofthedatabaseengines.Ifyouaredeterminedtosenddatestoanotherdatabaseorsoftwarepackagethehardway,thenyouwillhavetoproduceSASdate,time,ordatetimevaluesascharacterstringsintheformatoftheothersoftwareand

thenimportthemusingthemethodsavailabletoothersoftwarepackages.YoucanuseapictureformatandthePUTstatementtoaccomplishthis,aslongasyouknowthecorrectrepresentationofthepackageforwhichyouarecreatingthedata.Fordetailsoncreatingpicture

formats,seeSection2.6.Example6.15showshowthisisdoneforaDB2database.

Example6.15:WritingDatetimeValuesforDB2UsingaPictureFormat

PROCFORMAT;

PICTUREdbdateLOW-HIGH='%Y-%0m-%0d:%0H:%0M:%0S'(DATATYPE=DATETIME).-.Z='0000-00-00:00:00:00';RUN;

DATA_NULL_;now='01JUL2014:20:18:32'dt;PUT"nowdisplayedasdatetimevalue:"@33now;PUT"nowdisplayedasdatetime19.:"@33nowDATETIME19.;

PUT"nowdisplayedasdbdate.:"@33nowDBDATE.;RUN;

TheResultnowdisplayedasdatetimevalue:1719865112nowdisplayedasdatetime19.:01JUL2014:20:18:32nowdisplayedasdbdate.:2014-07-01:20:18:32

6.7.1The

SASDATEFMT=SystemOptionThissystemoptioncanbeusefulwhenyouareworkingwithoneofthefollowingdatabases:Aster,DB2underUNIXandPCHosts,Greenplum,Impala,Informix,MicrosoftSQLServer,MySQL,Netezza,

ODBC,OLEDB,Oracle,PostgreSQL,SAPHANA,Sybase,SybaseIQ,Teradata,orVertica.ItenablesyoutochangethedateformatofacolumnintheDBMS.ItisusedtoavoiddatatypemismatchesbetweenSASdate,time,ordatetimevaluesandtheDBMSdatecolumns

whenimportingtoSASfromaDBMS,orexportingtoaDBMSfromSAS.Thesyntaxisasfollows:

OPTIONSSASDATEFMT=(DBMS-date-column1=SASdate-format1,DBMS-date-column2=SASdate-format2,…

DBMS-date-columnn=SASdate-formatn);DBMS-date-columnisthenameofadatecolumnintheDBMS,andSASdate-formatisthenameofaSASdate,time,ordatetimeformat.Thisformatmustalsohaveaninformatofthesamenametoworkinthis

option.Forexample,DATE9.isbothaformatandaninformat,soitwouldbevalid.

Inorderforthisoptiontohaveaneffect,theDBMScolumnmusthaveatypeofDATE,TIME,orDATETIME;anyotherdatatypewillbeignoredbythis

option.YouusethiswhenthedefaultSASdateformat(whichisDBMS-anddatatype-specific,seetheSAS/ACCESSdocumentationfordetails)doesnotmatchtheSASdateformatyouwantorvice-versa.

6.8ConclusionInsummary,whenworkingwithdatesandtimesanddatetimesfromothersoftware,youfirsthavetomakesurethatyouarenotworkingwithcharacterstringsmasqueradingasdates.Ifyouhaveacharacterstring,youwillhavetoconvertit

toaSASdate,time,ordatetimeyourselfwiththeINPUT()function(Section3.3.3).Thereversealsoholdstruewhenyouareexportingtootherdatabases.WhilemostofthemethodstotraversebetweendifferentsoftwareandSASwillhandletheimportandexportofdates,times,

anddatetimesaccurately,itisalwaysimportanttochecktheresultsatyourdestination.

AppendixA:AQuickReferenceGuidetoSASDate,Time,andDatetimeFormats

Thistableshowstheresultwhenthesamedate,time,ordatetimevalueisdisplayedwiththecorrespondingformat,usingthedefaultlengthforthegivenformat.

ThereferencedateforthistableisThursday,September18,2014.

IfYouWantYourDatetoLookLikeThis

UseThisFormat

18SEP14 DATE.

18 DAY.

18/09/14 DDMMYY.

180914 DDMMYYB.

18:09:14 DDMMYYC.

18-09-14 DDMMYYD.

18092014 DDMMYYN.

18.09.14 DDMMYYP.

18/09/14 DDMMYYS.

Thursday DOWNAME.

261 JULDAY.

14261 JULIAN.

09/18/14 MMDDYY.

091814 MMDDYYB.

09:18:14 MMDDYYC.

09-18-14 MMDDYYD.

09182014 MMDDYYN.

09.18.14 MMDDYYP.

09/18/14 MMDDYYS.

09M2014 MMYY.

09:2014 MMYYC.

09-2014 MMYYD.

092014 MMYYN.

09.2014 MMYYP.

09/2014 MMYYS.

September MONNAME.

9 MONTH.

SEP14 MONYY.

3 QTR.

III QTRR.

Thursday,September18,2014

WEEKDATE.

Thursday,18September2014

WEEKDATX.

5 WEEKDAY.

2014-W37-05

WEEKU.

2014-W38-04

WEEKV.

2014-W37-04

WEEKW.

September18,2014

WORDDATE.

18September2014

WORDDATX.

2014 YEAR.

2014M09 YYMM.

2014:09 YYMMC.

2014-09 YYMMD.

14-09-18 YYMMDD.

140918 YYMMDDB.

14:09:18 YYMMDDC.

14-09-18 YYMMDDD.

20140918 YYMMDDN.

14.09.18 YYMMDDP.

14/09/18 YYMMDDS.

201409 YYMMN.

2014.09 YYMMP.

2014/09 YYMMS.

2014SEP YYMON.

2014Q3 YYQ.

2014:3 YYQC.

2014-3 YYQD.

20143 YYQN.

2014.3 YYQP.

2014QIII YYQR.

2014:III YYQRC.

2014-III YYQRD.

2014III YYQRN.

2014.III YYQRP.

2014/III YYQRS.

2014/3 YYQS.

2014W37 YYWEEKU.

2014W38 YYWEEKV.

2014W37 YYWEEKW.

Thereferencetime

Thereferencetimeforthistableis2:45p.m.

IfYouWantYourTimetoLookLike UseThis

This Format

14:35 HHMM.

15 HOUR.

875 MMSS.

14:35:00 TIME.

2:35:00PM

TIMEAMPM.

14:35:00 TOD.

Thereference

Thereferencedatetimeforthistableis7:20p.m.onFriday,December12,2014.

IfYouWantYourDatetimetoLookLikeThis

UseThisFormat

12DEC14:07:20:00PM

DATEAMPM.

12DEC14:19:20:00 DATETIME.

12DEC14 DTDATE.

DEC14 DTMONYY.

Friday,12December2014

DTWKDATX.

2014 DTYEAR.

14:4 DTYYQC.

12/12/20147:20PM

MDYAMPM.

AppendixB:AQuickReferenceGuidetoNLSDate,Time,andDatetimeFormats

Thistableshowstheresultwhenthesamedate,time,ordatetimevalueisdisplayedwiththecorrespondingformat,usingthedefaultlengthforthegivenformat.

ThereferencedateforthistableisMonday,July7,2014.

FormatName OPTIONSLOCALE=

'English_UnitedStates'

NLDATE. July07,2014

NLDATEL. July7,2014

NLDATEM. Jul7,2014

NLDATEMD. July07

NLDATEMDL. July07

NLDATEMDM. Jul07

NLDATEMDS. 07/07

NLDATEMN. July

NLDATES. 07/07/2014

NLDATEW. Monday,July7,2014

NLDATEWN. Monday

NLDATEYM. July2014

NLDATEYML. July2014

NLDATEYMM. Jul2014

NLDATEYMS. 07/2014

NLDATEYQ. 3rdquarter2014

NLDATEYQL. 3rdquarter2014

NLDATEYQM. Q32014

NLDATEYQS. 2014/3

NLDATEYR. 2014

NLDATEYW. Week272014

➊-TheRussiantextistoolongforthedefaultformatwidth.

Thereferencetimeforthistableis11:20.

FormatName

OPTIONSLOCALE=

'English_UnitedStates'

NLTIMAP. 11:20AM

NLTIME. 11:20:00

ThereferencedatetimeforthistableisSaturday,September27,2014,05:45:00p.m.

FormatName OPTIONSLOCALE='English_UnitedStates'

NLDATM. 27Sep2014:17:45:00

NLDATMAP. September27,201405:45:00PM

NLDATMDT. September27,2014

NLDATML. September27,201405:45:00PM

NLDATMM. Sep27,201405:45:00PM

NLDATMMD. September27

NLDATMMDL. September27

NLDATMMDM. Sep27

NLDATMMDS. 09/27

NLDATMMN. September

NLDATMS. 09/27/201417:45:00

NLDATMTM. 17:45:00

NLDATMTZ. 17:45:00-0500

NLDATMW. Saturday,September

27,201405:45:00PM

NLDATMWN. Saturday

NLDATMWZ. Sat,Sep27,201405:45:00PM-0500

NLDATMYM. September2014

NLDATMYML. September2014

NLDATMYMM. Sep2014

NLDATMYMS. 09/2014

NLDATMYQ. 3rdquarter2014

NLDATMYQL. 3rdquarter2014

NLDATMYQM. Q32014

NLDATMYQS. 2014/3

NLDATMYR. 2014

NLDATMYW. Week382014

NLDATMZ. 27Sep2014:17:45:00-0500

➊-TheRussiantextistoolongforthedefaultformatwidth.

AppendixC:TroubleshootingDates101ThisappendixisintendedtobeaquicksolutionsguideforsomeofthemostcommonissuespeoplehavewithdatesandSAS.Ihopetokeepthe

discussiongoingonline,becausepeopleoftenremarktomehowdifficultdatesareinSAS,andtheyshouldn'tbe.Youcanfindoutmoreaboutthistroubleshootingprojectontheauthorpageforthisbook.Again,theseareintendedtobesimplesolutionstocommon

beginner'squestions.

Everypersonexperiencingaproblemwithdates,times,ordatetimesshouldimmediatelychecktoseeiftheyareworkingwithcharactervaluesornumericvalues.YoucandothisbyusingPROCCONTENTS,bylookingatthe

propertiesintheExplorerwindowininteractiveSAS,orbyusingtheDataSetAttributesTask(underTasks→Data)inSASEnterpriseGuide.UnlessyouareworkingwithISO8601durationsandintervals,youshouldbeworkingwithnumericvalues.Ifnot,thenthefirststep

youshouldtakeistoconvertthatcharactervalueintoaproperSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue.

Question1:HowdoIconvertmycharactervalueintoaSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue?

Case1:Ifyouare

readingaflatfile(CSV,tab-delimited,andsoon),youwillneedtousetheINPUTstatementwiththeappropriatedate,time,ordatetimeinformat.

SampleCodeOPTIONSDATESTYLE=MDY;DATAconvert_char;INFILE'char_dates.txt'

PADMISSOVER;INPUTid$date1:mmddyy10.date2:date9.date3:anydtdte.;RUN;

DataFile'char_dates.txt'

10104/17/201206dec20150627201410209/29/201415JUN201309feb201410311/12/20133mar201508/19/2015

Whenyouruntheprogramwiththedataabove,youwillgetthefollowingdataset.ThedatevariableshaveintentionallybeenleftunformattedsoyoucanseethatthedataintheflatfilehasbeenturnedintoSASdatevalues.TheANYDTDTE.informatwasusedtoreadintheDATE3

variabletodemonstratehowitcanbeusedifyoudon'tknowwhatyourcharacterdateslooklike,oriftheyareindifferentdateforms.Chapter3containsdetaileddescriptionsoftheinformatsthatyoucanuseinconjunctionwiththeINPUTstatement.

TheResultingDataSet

Case2:IfyoualreadyhaveyourdatainaSASdataset,thenyouwillhavetousetheINPUTfunctiontotranslateyourcharacterdatesinto

SASdates.

Hereisthedatasetwehavewithcharacterdates:

CodetoConvertCharacterDateValuesintoSASDateValues

1.OPTIONSDATESTYLE=MDY;

2.DATAfix_char;3.setalready_char;4.num_date1=INPUT(date1,mmddyy10.);5.num_date2=INPUT(date2,date9.);6.num_date3=INPUT(date3,anydtdte11.);7.RUN;

TheINPUTfunctionisusedinlines4,5,and6tocreatethenewvariablesnum_date1,num_date2,and

num_date3.Thereasonwearecreatingnewvariablesisthatyoucannotchangeanexistingvariablefromcharactertonumeric,soyoucannotusethevariablenamesdate1,date2,ordate3becausetheyexistinthedatasetALREADY_CHAR.TheINPUTfunctionusestheinformats

detailedinChapter3,justliketheINPUTstatement.

TheResultingDataSet

Ingeneral,whenyouaredealingwithSASdates,times,anddatetimes,youshould

beworkingwithnumericvariables.TheexceptiontothisruleisISOdurationsandintervals,whichiscoveredinChapter4.

Question2:WhydoIgetthelogmessage"Variablexxxxxxhasbeendefinedasbothcharacterandnumeric"?

YouaretryingtoconvertacharactervariableintoaSASdate,butyou'reusingthesamevariablenameintheINPUTfunctionandfortheresult.

date=INPUT(date,mmddyy10.);

Instead,youmustuseadifferentvariablename

tostoretheresultoftheINPUTfunction.

new_date=INPUT(date,mmddyy10.);

Question3:WhydoIgetthelogmessage"NOTE:InvalidargumenttofunctionINPUT"whenItrytousetheINPUTfunctiontoconverta

characterdateintoaSASdate?

Youareusingthewronginformatforthecharactersyouareconverting.Asanexample,ifyourcharactervalueslooklike"04MAY2015,"you'llgetthiserrorifyoudon’tusetheDATE.(orANYDTDTE.)

informat.

Quickestfix:Useoneofthe"ANYDATE"informats.ReadSection3.4.4fordetailsandthepossiblepitfallsofthisstrategy.

Bestfix:Findthecorrectinformatthatfitsthecharacterstringyou'reconverting.

Question4:WhydoIgeterrorswhenIamreadingaflatfilewithdates,andIknowI'musingthecorrectinformat?

Thisismostoftenanissueofnotreadingenoughcharactersinthefield,orofreadingtoomany.

Bestfix:Makesureyouspecifythecorrectlengthonyourinformat,andusethecolon(:)modifierforyourinformat(seeExample3.2).

Question5:Whydoesn'tmydatecomparisonwork?

Thisisgenerallya

problemwhenyouareimportingdatafromanotherdatabase.First,ensurethatthevariablesyouareworkingwitharenumeric.Second,manydatabasesstoretheirdatesasdatetimevalues,soevenifusingdatesworksinthedatabase,itwillnotworkwhenyoutryto

comparethatwithaSASdatevalue.

Bestfix:Onceyou'veverifiedthatyourdataaren'tcharacter,tryusingtheDATEPART()function(Table5.3)onthevariableyou'veimportedandcomparethatwithyourSASdate.

Question6:Mydatevalueslookright,sowhycan'tgetImydatecomparisontowork?

Thisfrequentlymeansthatoneofyourvaluesischaracter.RemovingformatsfromaSASdatevalueisagoodwaytomakesurethatyou'vegotaSASdate

value.Asanexample,ifthedateisin2014,itshouldbeanumberbetween19724and20088.

Question7:HowcanIsubsetmydatabeforeorafteraspecificdate/time/datetime?

Youhavetouseadateliteralsuchas

'01JAN2014'd,atimeliteralsuchas'14:00't,oradatetimeliteralsuchas'17OCT2014:07:00'dt.

DATAjunestock;SETsashelp.citiday;WHEREdateBETWEEN'01JUN1988'dAND'30JUN1988'd;RUN;

Thisisonewayto

createasubsetofdataforJune1998fromthedatasetSASHELP.CITIDAY.However,don'tlettheformatofthedatefoolyou.Here'sthesamemethodappliedtothedatasetSASHELP.CITIMON.

DATAstock8081;SETsashelp.citimon;

WHEREdateBETWEEN'01JAN1980'dAND'31DEC1981'd;RUN;

Eventhoughthedatesaremonthly,theyarestillSASdates,soyouhavetospecifytheboundariesascompleteSASdates,notjustamonthandyear.

Question8:HowdoI

getadatefromadateandtime?

UsetheDATEPART()functionafteryou'veconvertedittoaSASdatetimevalue.Ifyoujustneedthetime,usetheTIMEPART()function.Thisexampletakesadatetimevalueandseparatesitintodateandtime,

formattedandunformattedversions.

DATAdate_from_datetime;datetime='8APR2014:16:00'dt;fmt_datetime=datetime;date=DATEPART(datetime);fmt_date=date;time=TIMEPART(datetime);fmt_time=time;FORMATfmt_datetimemdyampm21.fmt_datemmddyy10.fmt_time

timeampm.;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=date_from_datetimeNOOBS;RUN;

datetime fmt_datetime

17125920004/8/20144:00PM

Question9:Whydo

mydateslooklikeabunchofnumbersthatdon'tmakeanysense,andhowcanIfixit?

Ifyourdatevaluelookslikeanumbersuchas16789,thenitisdisplayingasitsSASdate,andallyouneedtodoistoformatitusingoneofthedate

formatsinAppendixA,orifyouneedoneoftheNLSformatstotranslatethedateintoalanguageotherthanEnglish,seeSection6.4andAppendixB.

Question9a:IformattedmydateandnowallIgetisabunchofasterisks(************).What's

wrong?

IfyourunformattedSASvalueismorethan7digitslong,oryou'veusedadateformatandyougetasterisks,youprobablyhaveadatetimevalue,andyouneedtouseadatetimeformat.SeeAppendixAforthequicklist.

Question10:Mydatelookslike"06/25/2014,"butIneedtomakeitlooklike"2014/06/25."Iknowit'saSASdatevalueinthedataset,sohowdoIchangeit?

UsetheFORMATstatement.Itdoesnotmatterwhatformatthe

variablehasassociatedwithitinthedataset.AslongasitisaSASdate,time,ordatetimevalue,youcanchangethedisplaybychangingtheformatintheprocedurewhereyouaredisplayingthevariable.However,ifyougetanerrormessagealongthelinesof"Format$...not

found,"thedollarsign($)istellingyouthatthevariableyouaretryingtoformatisacharactervariable.InthatcaseyouwillhavetoconvertittothecorrespondingSASvalue.

Let'sprintoutsomerecordsfromadatasetusingthiscode:

ODSRTFFILE="apxc_10.rtf";PROCPRINTDATA=book.dailysales(OBS=5);VARdate;RUN;

Obs date

1 22MAY2014

2 23MAY2014

3 24MAY2014

4 25MAY2014

5 26MAY2014

WhatyouseeinthedatecolumnisjustaSASdatethathasbeenassociatedwiththeDATE9.formatwhenthedatasetwascreated,sowithoutanyFORMATstatementin

thePRINTprocedure,thatiswhatitlookslike.Nowwe'lladdaFORMATstatement.

1PROCPRINTDATA=book.dailysales(OBS=5);2VARdate;3FORMATdateyymmdds10.;4RUN;

Obs date

1 2014/05/22

2 2014/05/23

3 2014/05/24

4 2014/05/25

5 2014/05/26

Andthat'showyouchangethewayadate,time,ordatetimelooksinoutputfromits

defaultformat.

Question11:Mydateisnumeric,like20140815.HowdoIgetittodisplayas08/15/2014?

Thisisusuallytheresultofanimportthatwentwrong.First,makesurethatitreallyisthenumber

20,140,815.Ifthisistrue,thenyoucanturnthatnumberintoacharacterstringwiththePUTfunctionandconvertittoadatevaluelikeyoudowithanyothercharacterdatestring.Here'soneway:

DATAc11;bad_date=20140815;

char_date=PUT(bad_date,10.);SAS_date=INPUT(STRIP(char_date),yymmdd8.);fmt_SAS_date=SAS_date;FORMATfmt_SAS_dateweekdate.;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=c11NOOBS;RUN;

bad_date char_date

20140815 20140815

Question12:HowcanIdisplayjustthemonthandyear,whenIhavemonth,day,andyear?

Bydefinition,SASdatesareaspecificday

inaspecificmonthduringaspecificyear,soyoucan'tjustdeletethedayandstorethemonthandyear.Ifyouwanttodisplaythevalueasonlyamonthandayear,thenjustuseaformatthatonlydisplaysthemonthandyear.

Question13:Howdo

Iconvertfromdatetimeformattodateformat?

Inordertoanswerthisquestion,youneedtoknowwhatyouwant.IfyouneedaSASdatevalue,thenyouneedtoconvertitfromsecondssincemidnight,January1,1960,todayssinceJanuary1,

1960,byusingtheDATEPARTfunction.Ifyoujustwantittodisplaylikeadate,anddon'tneedorwanttheextravariableinyourdataset,thenyoucanuseaformat.SeeAppendixAfortheavailableSASdatetimeformatsandtheoutputtheyproduce.

DATAq12;datetime='31AUG2014:10:15'dt;fmt_datetime=datetime;date_from_datetime=DATEPART(datetime);fmt_date=date_from_datetime;FORMATfmt_datetimedtwkdatx.fmt_dateweekdatx.;RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=q12NOOBS;RUN;

NotethedifferenceintheactualSASvalues.Eventhoughtheformattedvaluesareidentical,thevariabledatetimeisaSASdatetimevalue,whilethevariabledate_from_datetimeisaSASdatevaluecreatedwiththeDATEPARTfunction.

datetime fmt_datetime

1725099300Sunday,31August2014

Question14:Ican'tfindaSASformattomakemydate/time/datetime

lookthewayIwant.OR:Ineedtooutputmydatesoitlookslike…

First,checkAppendixAandtheSASdocumentationtoseeifyoucanfindaformatthatmatchesyourneeds.Ifnot,thenusetheFORMATprocedurewiththePICTURE

statement.Section2.7ofthebookprovidesallthedetailsyouneedtocreateacustomformat,includingtheSASdatedirectivesthattellSASwhatyouwantyourdate,time,ordatetimetolooklike.Don'tworrythatyoumaybeduplicatinganexistingSASformat;thatwillnotcauseaproblemas

longasyoudonotusethesamenameasaSAS-suppliedformat.Youwillseeanoteinthelog,andyourcustomformatwillnotbecreated.

Question15:HowcanIreadadate/time/datetimeformattedlike…?

Thesimpleansweristouseoneofthe"ANYDATE"informats.Don'tforgetabouttheDATESTYLE=systemoption,andcheckyourresultscarefullybeforeusingthem.The"ANYDATE"informatsareeasy,buttheycanbefooled,evenwhenfour-digityearsareused.SeeSection3.4.4

fordetails.

Question16:HowcanIconvertaUTCtimevaluetoaspecifictimezone?

Ifyour"timevalue"isadatetime,usetheTZONEU2S()function.ThischangestheSASvalue,sodon'toverwriteyouroriginal

valueunlessthisiswhatyouwanttodo.Ifyouhavejustatimevalue,youwillneedtogettheoffsetviatheTZONEOFF()function,whichwillreturntheoffsetfromGMTforthetimezoneyousupply.

DATAq16;datetime="26MAR2014:11:47:00"dt;gmt_datetime=

TZONES2U(datetime);RUN;

PROCPRINTDATA=q16NOOBS;FORMATdatetimegmt_datetimemdyampm21.;RUN;

datetime gmt_datetime

3/26/201411:47AM

3/26/20144:47PM

Question17:HowcanImakeasingledatevariablefromseparatemonth,day,andyear?

TheMDYfunctionwillletyousupplyanumericmonth,day,andyear,anditwillcalculatetheSASdatevalue.Youseethisoftenwhenreading

Excelfiles,wherethemonth,day,andyearareinseparatecolumns.We'llusein-streamcomma-separateddatainsteadofanExcelfilefortheexample.

1DATAQ17;2INFILEDATALINESDLM=',';3INPUTmonthdayyear;4SAS_date=

MDY(month,day,year);5fmt_date=SAS_date;6FORMATfmt_datemmddyyd10.;7DATALINES;82,15,201399,6,20141012,17,2013115,22,201412;;;;13RUN;

14PROCPRINTDATA=q17NOOBS;15RUN;

TheSAS_datecolumnshowstheSASdatevalueresultingfromtheuseoftheMDYfunctioninline4.

month day year SAS_date

2 15 2013 19404

9 6 2014 19972

12 17 2013 19709

5 22 2014 19865

Question18:Ihaveadateandatime.HowcanImakeaSASdatetimefromthem?

ThisoccurswhenyouimportdataintoSASandthedateisinonecolumnandthetimeisinanother.TheDHMS()functioniswhatisusedtocreatedatetimesfromdatesandtimes.Althoughyoumightthinkthatyouhavetobreakthetimevalueintohours,minutes,andseconds

tousethefunction,rememberthatSAStimesaremaintainedinsecondssincemidnight,soyoucanleavehoursandminutessettozeroandputthetimevariableintothesecondsparameter.Wewillusein-streamdatafortheexample.Payattentiontoline3.Thisishowyoucreatea

datetimefromaSASdateandaSAStime.

1DATAq18;2INPUTdate:yymmdd10.time:time.;3datetime=DHMS(date,0,0,time);4fmt_date=date;5fmt_time=time;6fmt_datetime=datetime;7FORMATfmt_datemmddyy10.fmt_timetimeampm.fmt_datetimemdyampm21.;

8DATALINES;92014-8-175:45102014-03-119:06112015-02-2715:43122014-12-1310:0013;14RUN;

15ODSRTFFILE='apxc_18.rtf';16PROCPRINTDATA=q18NOOBS;17RUN;

dateandtimearethe

SASvaluesasreadfromthedata,anddatetimeistheSASvaluecreatedinline3oftheabovecode.Wehavecreatedduplicatevariablesforformatting.

date time datetime

19952 20700 1723873500

19793 32760 1710147960

20146 56580 1740670980

20070 36000 1734084000

Question19:HowcanIcalculatethenumberofdaysbetweentwodates?

Therearemultiplewaystocalculatethedifferencebetweentwodates,times,ordatetimesinSAS.Thisisoneofthebestthingsabouthavingthemrepresentedas

numbers.Thesimplestwaytofindthedifferenceistosubtractonedatefromanother.Itisimportantthatyoumakesurethatyouaresubtractingdatesfromdates,timesfromtimes,anddatetimesfromdatetimes.

Question20:HowdoIconvertanumeric

SASdatevalueintocharacterformat?

Thefirstquestionyoushouldaskyourselfiswhy.FormattingtheSASdatevaluewillgiveyouthedisplayyouwant.Evenwhenyouareexportingtoothersoftware,aslongasyouputthedateintoaformthattheother

softwareunderstands,itshouldworkfine.Youdon'tneedtodothecharacterconversion,andyouwillnotbeabletodoanycalculationswiththatcharactervariable.TheonlytimethatIwouldconvertadatevalueintoacharactervalueiswhenIneedtoputthedateinsideofa

longstringoftextsuchas,"ThesubjectstartedthetrialonJanuary15,2012,andmasteredtaskAwithin15minutes."Itdoesn'tmatterifaformatispermanentlyassociatedwiththedatevariableorwhatitlookslikewhenyoulookatthedataset;rememberthatyoucanchangethe

wayadateisdisplayedinanyprocedurewhereyoucanuseaFORMATstatement.

Here'sadatasetwithavariablethathasbeenformattedwiththeWORDDATX.format.ThismeansthatanytimethevariableDATEisdisplayedinaSASprocedure,itwill

bedisplayedwiththeWORDDATX.formatasshownbelow.

Now,let'srunaPROCPRINT,butIwantto

showthedateasDD-MMM-YYYY,soIusetheFORMATstatementtochangethedisplayforthisrun:

PROCPRINTDATA=q20NOOBS;FORMATdatedate10.;RUN;

FormattedwithDATE10.

date

30JUN2014

18SEP2014

14MAR2014

18JUL2014

26APR2014

WhatifyouwanttoseeitasYYYY-MM-DD?

PROCPRINTDATA=q20NOOBS;FORMATdateyymmddd10.;RUN;

FormattedwithYYMMDDD10.(forcestheseparatortobethedash)

date

2014-06-30

2014-09-18

2014-03-14

2014-07-18

2014-04-26

ButwhenweremovealltheformatsbyusingaFORMATstatementwithoutaformatname,weseetheactualSAS

datevalue:

PROCPRINTDATA=q20NOOBS;FORMATdate;RUN;

FormatRemoved

date

19904

19984

19796

19922

19839

IfyoustillwanttoconvertyourSASdateintoacharactervalue,thenyoucanusethePUTfunction.Line2isaprecautiontomakesurethatthecharacter

variableislongenoughtoholdthelongestvalue.Notethatyouhavetouseadifferentnameforthecharactervariableyoucreateinline4.

1.DATAq20_plus;2.LENGTHchardate$31;3.SETq20;4.chardate=PUT(date,weekdate.);5.RUN;

chardate date

Monday,June30,2014

19904

Thursday,September18,2014

19984

Friday,March14,2014

19796

Friday,July18,2014

19922

Saturday,April26,2014

19839

IndexSymbolsandNumerics&(ampersand)192=(equalssign)207$(dollarsign)61%%datedirective49

A%adatedirective49%Adatedirective49AFRlanguageprefix214ampersand(&)192

ANYDTDTEw.informat82–83ANYDTDTMw.informatand84–85ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86DATESTYLE=systemoptionand81,82–83,85–86troubleshooting239

ANYDTDTMw.informat81,84–85automaticmacrovariables186–189

B

%bdatedirective49%Bdatedirective49B8601CIw.dinformat78,108B8601DAw.format93B8601DAw.informat104B8601DJw.dinformat79,108B8601DNw.format99B8601DTw.dformat99–100B8601DTw.dinformat109B8601DXw.dformat100–101B8601DZw.dformat102B8601DZw.dinformat110B8601LZw.dformat96B8601TMw.dformat94

B8601TMw.dinformat105B8601TXw.dformat94–95B8601TZw.dformat97–98B8601TZw.dinformat105–106

CcalculationsINTCK()functionand151–156INTNX()functionand156–159numberofdaysbetweendates145–149numberofyearsbetween

dates146–147CALLIS8601_CONVERT123–136CALLSYMGET()function192–193CALLSYMPUT()function192–193casesensitivity48–49CATlanguageprefix214CATS()function14CATT()function14

CATX()function14characterconstants61

characterstringsDATETIMEinformatand63PUT()functionand55–56

charactervariablesINPUT()functionand61–62INPUTC()function61–62PUT()functionand55–56PUTN()functionand55–56

COMPRESS()function14constants,dateandtimeas3–5CONVERTstatement,EXPANDprocedureconvertingtohigherfrequency202–203METHOD=option206

OBSERVED=option206–212

CROlanguageprefix214CSYlanguageprefix214

D%ddatedirective49,51DANlanguageprefix214DATAstepFORMATstatement10–137%LETstatementand191,192

DATADIF()function145–146DATALINESstatement61

DATATYPE=option48,51datedirectives,pictureformat50DATE()function187–188&DATEmacrovariable187–188DATEsystemoption7DATEAMPMw.dformat42–43,233DATEPART()function140datetimeformatsand41–42troubleshooting241,242–243,245

datesautomaticmacrovariables

186–189CALLSYMPUT()functionand192–193asconstants3–5countersfor1creatingcharacterstrings55–56customformats47–55datetimevaluesand13–14,41–42defaultjustification13Exceland227–228externalrepresentationof2–3formatsfor14–37,92–103

graphing194–200Hebrewformats226informatsfor59,61,64–73,81–86,103–111internalrepresentationof2internationalformatsandinformats212–220intervaldefinitions149–151intervalfunctions151–159Japaneseformats226Japaneseinformats226–227quickreference231–233,235–237shiftingintervals159–168%SYSFUNC()macro

functionand187–189Taiwaneseformats226Taiwaneseinformats226–227intitles186–187troubleshooting239–251widthspecification5–6,13YEARCUTOFF=systemoptionand57–59

DATESTYLE=systemoptionANYDTDTEw.informatand82–83,85–86ANYDTDTMw.informatand84LOCALE=systemoption

and212missingvaluesexample81troubleshooting246

DATESTYLE=DMYsystemoption81–82DATESTYLE=LOCALEsystemoption81DATESTYLE=MDYsystemoption81–82DATESTYLE=YMDsystemoption81–82DATETIME()function138datetimevaluesautomaticmacrovariablesand186–189

CALLSYMPUT()functionand192–193asconstants3–5customformats47–55dateformatsand13–14,41–42defaultjustification13Exceland227–228externalrepresentationof2–3formatsfor41–46,99–103informatsfor61,78–81,81–82,108–111internalrepresentationof2internationalformatsand

informats212–220intervaldefinitions150–151intervalfunctions151–159quickreference234,235–237shiftingintervals159–1682%SYSFUNC()macrofunctionand187–189widthspecification5–6,37,41–42YEARCUTOFF=systemoptionand57–59

DATETIMEw.informatANYDTDTEw.informatand82

ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86characterstringsand63

DATETIMEw.dformat43–44,79,213,233DATEw.format15DTDATEw.formatand44internationalformatfor213quickreference231

DATEw.informat64ANYDTDTEw.informat82ANYDTDTMw.informat84ANYDTTMEw.informat85–

86DATJUL()function140–141DAY()function138DAYinterval150INTCK()function152INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

DAYw.format15,231DB2databases227–228DDMMYYB.format17,231DDMMYYC.format17,231DDMMYYD.format17,231DDMMYYN.format231DDMMYYP.format17,231

DDMMYYS.format231DDMMYYw.format15–16,30–31internationalformatfor213quickreference231YYMMDDw.formatand30–31

DDMMYYw.informat64–65ANYDTDTEw.informatand82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86DATASTYLE=system

option81–82DDMMYYxw.format16–17MMYYxw.formatand20YYMMxw.formatand30YYQxw.formatand33–34

DESlanguageprefix214DEUlanguageprefix214DFLANG=systemoption212DHMS()function141–142,247–248dollarsign($)61dot(.)Seeperiod

DOWNAMEw.format17

internationalformatfor213quickreference231

DTDATE9.format44DTDATEw.format44DATEwformatand15quickreference233

DTDAYinterval150INTCK()function155INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

DTHOURinterval151,161DTMINUTEinterval151,161DTMONTHinterval151INTNX()function158

shiftpoint161DTMONYYw.format44MONYYw.formatand21quickreference233

DTQTRinterval151INTNX()function157,158shiftpoint161

DTRESETsystemoption7DTSECONDinterval151,161DTSEMIMONTHinterval151INTNX()function158shiftpoint161

DTSEMIYEARinterval151INTNX()function157,158

shiftpoint161DTTENDAYinterval151INTNX()function158shiftpoint161

DTWEEKinterval150INTNX()function157shiftpoint161

DTWEEKDAYinterval151INTNX()function157shiftpoint161

DTWKDATXw.format45quickreference233

DTYEARinterval151INTNX()function157,158

shiftpoint161DTYEARw.format45,233DTYYQCw.format46,233durations,ISO8601116–136

EE8601DAw.format93E8601DAw.informat104E8601DNw.format99E8601DTw.dformat100E8601DTw.dinformat109–110E8601DXw.dformat101–102E8601DZw.dformat102–103E8601DZw.dinformat110–111

E8601LZw.dformat96–97E8601LZw.dinformat107E8601TMw.dformat94E8601TMw.dinformat105E8601TXw.dformat95–96E8601TZw.dformat98–99E8601TZw.dinformat106–107equalssign(=)207_ERROR_automaticvariable6–63ESPlanguageprefix214"EUR"formats213–214"EUR"informats213–214EURDFDD.format213

EURDFDEw.format213EURDFDN.format213EURDFDTw.format213EURDFDWN.format213EURDFMN.format213EURDFMYw.format213EURDFWDX.format213EURDFWKX.format213Excel(Microsoft)227–228EXPANDprocedurecapabilities200–202CONVERTstatement206–212convertingtohigher

frequency202–203FROM=option206,209–212IDstatement204–205interpolatingmissingvalues205–206TO=option206,209–212

externalrepresentation,dateandtime2–3

F%Fdatedirective223FCMPprocedure52–55FINlanguageprefix214

FOOTNOTEstatement186FORMATprocedurePICTUREstatement47–52troubleshooting246VALUEstatement47–48

FORMATstatementdatedirectivesand50functionality10–13INFORMATstatementand59–60troubleshooting243–244

formats10–13,59custom47–55dateconstantsand4–5fordates14–37

fordatetime41–46datetimevalues99–103"EUR"213–214externalrepresentationofdate,timeand2–3graphingdatesand194–200Hebrew226ISO860192–103,117–121Japanese226"NLS"214–220PUT()functionand55–56quickreference231–233Taiwanese226fortime37–41usingwrong62–63

FRAlanguageprefix214FROM=option,EXPANDstatement206,209–212FRSlanguageprefix214FUNCTIONstatement52–55functionscalculatingintervals145–149creatingdate,time140–145currentdate,time137–138extraction138–140

Ggraphingdates194–200

GregorianyearJULIANw.informat65PDJULG4.informat66PDJULGw.informat22PDJULIw.format22PDJULIw.informat66

H%Hdatedirective49,223HDATEw.format226HEBDATEw.format226Hebrewdateformats226HHMMSSw.informat73–75HHMMw.dformat38,233

HMS()function143HOLIDAY()function148–149,170HOUR()function140HOURinterval151INTNX()function158shiftpoint161

HOURw.dformat38–39,233HUNlanguageprefix214

I%Idatedirective49,223IDstatement,EXPANDprocedure204–205

imputeddates52–55INFORMATstatement59–61,59–63informatsabout59ANYDTvariants81–86"EUR"213–214fordates64–73fordatetime78–81fordatetimevalues108–111fortime73–78Hebrew226INFORMATstatement59–63ISO8601103–111

ISO8601durationandinterval121–123JapaneseandTaiwanese226–227"NLS"220usingwrong62–63

INPUT()functionfunctionality3informatsand59,61–62troubleshooting240,241

INPUTstatement60–61INPUTC()function61–62INPUTN()function61–62INTCINDEX()function183INTCK()function159,161–162

calculatingintervals167–168WORKINGDAYSinterval175–176

INTCYCLE()function183internalrepresentation,dateandtime2intervalmultipliersgraphsand194–200shiftingintervalsand162–163

intervalsbasicsof149–151creating169–176custom162–163

INTCK()function151–156intervalfunctions176–181INTNX()function156–159ISO8601116–136measuring167–168numberofdaysbetweendates145–149numberofyearsbetweendates146–147retailcalendar181–183shifting159–168

INTFIT()function177–178INTFMT()function178–179INTGET()function179–180INTINDEX()function183

INTNX()function151,156–160,167–168INTSEAS()function183INTSHIFT()function180–181INTTEST()function181ISO860191–92durationsandintervals116–136formats92–103informats103–111

ITAlanguageprefix214

J%jdatedirective49,223

Japanesedateformats226Japanesedateinformats226–227JDATEMYDw.informat226–227Jewishcalendar226JNENGOW.informat227Joshi,Bhairav2JULDATE()function138JULDATE7()function138JULDAYw.format17–18,233JuliandateJULDATE()function138JULDATE7()function138

JULDAYw.format17–18JULIANw.format18JULIANw.informat65PDGJULI1.format23PDJULG.informat66PDJULG4.informat66PDJULGw.format22PDJULIw.format22–23PDJULIw.informat66

JULIANw.format231JULIANw.informat65ANYDTDTEw.informatand82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84

ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86

justificationdateformats13–14PDJULIw.formatand22

KKanjirepresentation227

L%LEFT()macrofunction192LENGTHstatement5–6%LETstatement191,192LISTINGdestination13–14

literalvaluesquotationmarksand3YEARCUTOFF=systemoptionand57–59

LOCALE=systemoption111,214–215

M%mdatedirective49,223%Mdatedirective49MAClanguageprefix214macrofunctions,dateandtimein186–189macrovariables

CALLSYMPUT()functionand192–193datesand185–193quotationmarksand186

MAKEDATE()function52–55MDY()function143,247MDYAMPMw.format46,233MDYAMPMw.dinformat79–80METHOD=option,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)206MicrosoftExcel227–228MINGUOw.format226MINGUOw.informat227MINUTE()function140

MINUTEinterval151INTNX()function158shiftpoint161

missingvaluesDATESTYLE=systemoption81EXPANDprocedureand205–206symbolfor50wronginformatsand62–63

MMDDYw.format18MMDDYYxw.formatand19quickreference231YYMMDDw.formatand30–31

MMDDYY10.format11–13,18MMDDYYB.format19,231MMDDYYC.format19,231MMDDYYD.format231MMDDYYN.format231MMDDYYP.format19,231MMDDYYS.format231MMDDYYw.informat65–66ANYDTDTEw.informatand82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84DATESTYLE=systemoptionand81–82

MMDDYYxw.format19MMYYxw.formatand20YYMMxw.formatand30YYQxw.formatand33–34

MMSSw.dformat39,233MMYYC.format20,231MMYYD.format20,231MMYYN.format20,232MMYYP.format20,232MMYYS.format232MMYYw.format19–20,231MMYYxw.format20MONNAMEw.format14,21internationalformatfor213

quickreference232MONTH()function138MONTHinterval150example202–203INTCK()function152INTNX()function158shiftpoint160,165–166

MONTHw.format21,232MONYYw.format21DTMONYYw.formatand44internationalformatfor213quickreference232

MONYYw.informat66ANYDTDTEw.informatand82

ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86explanationof66

MSEC8.informat76

N$N8601BAw.dformat119$N8601Bw.informat121–122$N8601Bw.dformat118$N8601EAw.format120$N8601EHw.format120$N8601Ew.format119

$N8601EXw.format121$N8601Rw.informat122–123NationalLanguageSupport(NLS)111,212NENGOw.format227NLDlanguageprefix214NLDATE.format235NLDATE()function221–225NLDATEL.format215,235NLDATEM.format235NLDATEMD.format215,235NLDATEMDL.format215,235NLDATEMDM.format216,235NLDATEMDS.format216,235

NLDATEMDT.format217NLDATEML.format217NLDATEMN.format216,235NLDATES.format216,235NLDATEw.format215NLDATEW.format235NLDATEWN.format216,235NLDATEWw.format216NLDATEYM.format216,235NLDATEYML.format216,235NLDATEYMM.format216,235NLDATEYMS.format216,235NLDATEYQ.format216,235NLDATEYQL.format217,236

NLDATEYQM.format217,236NLDATEYQS.format217,236NLDATEYR.format217,236NLDATEYW.format217,236NLDATM()function221–225NLDATMAPw.format217NLDATMw.format215,217NLS(NationalLanguageSupport)111,212"NLS"formats214–220"NLS"informats220NLTIME.format236NLTIME()function221–225NLTIMEAP.format236

NODATEsystemoption7NORlanguageprefix214numericvariablesdate,timeas3–5functionsfrom140–145INPUT()functionand61–62LENGTHstatementand5–6

NWKDOM()function144,170

O%odatedirective223OBSERVED=option,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)206–212

OBSERVED=AVERAGEoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212OBSERVED=BEGINNINGoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212OBSERVED=DERIVATIVEoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212OBSERVED=ENDoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212OBSERVED=MIDDLEoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212

OBSERVED=TOTALoption,CONVERTstatement(EXPAND)207–212ODSdestinations13–14,214–215OPTIONSINTERVALDS=statement169–176OPTIONSstatementDATE/NODATEsystemoption7LOCALE=systemoption212

OSTIMEmacro76,78OUTLIB=option52–55

P%pdatedirective49,223PDFdestination14PDJULG.informat66PDJULG4.informat66PDJULGw.format22PDJULI1.format23PDJULIw.format22–23PDJULIw.informat23,66PDTIME4.informat76period(.)formatsyntaxand16ininformats59

missingvaluesand50PICTUREstatement,FORMATprocedure47–52,246POLlanguageprefix214PRINTprocedure11–12PROCstep11PTGlanguageprefix214PUT()function14,17,28,55–56,61–62,221,244–245PUTN()function14,17,28,55–56

Q%QSYSFUNC()macrofunction

187QTR()function138QTRinterval150INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

QTRRw.format23–24,232QTRw.format23,232

R&RAWDATEmacrovariable187retailcalendarintervals181–183RMFDUR4.informat76

RMFSTAMP8.informat80RTFdestination14RUSlanguageprefix214

S%Sdatedirective49,223samplingfrequencyconvertingtohigher202–203convertingtolower203–205OBSERVED=optionand207–212

SASDATEFMT=systemoption

228–229SAS/ETS183,200SAS/GRAPH194–200seasonalityfunctions183SECOND()function140SECONDinterval151INTNX()function158shiftpoint161

SEMIMONTHinterval150INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

SEMIYEARinterval150INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

shiftoperators,intervalsand159–162SLOlanguageprefix214SMFSTAMP8.informat80SMRSTAMP8.informat80SQLprocedure193STIMERsystemoption76STIMERw.informat76–77STRIP()function14SVElanguageprefix214&SYSDATEautomaticmacrovariable185,187&SYSDATE9automaticmacrovariable186,187

&SYSDAYautomaticmacrovariable186,187%SYSFUNC()macrofunction187–189&SYSTIMEautomaticmacrovariable186,187

TTaiwanesedateformats226Taiwanesedateinformats226–227TENDAYinterval150INTNX()function158shiftpoint160

timeautomaticmacrovariables186–189CALLSYMPUT()functionand192–193asconstants3–5countersfor2customformats47–55defaultjustification13Exceland227–228externalrepresentationof2–3formatsfor37–41,92–103informatsfor73–78,81–82,103–111

internalrepresentationof2internationalformatsandinformats212–220intervaldefinitions150–151intervalfunctions151–159quickreference233,235–237shiftingintervals159–168%SYSFUNC()macrofunctionand187–189widthspecification5–6,37

TIME()function138timezonefunctions111–115TIMEAMPM11.format11–13TIMEAMPMw.dformat40

clockvaluesand37quickreference233

TIMEPART()function41–42,140troubleshooting242–243

TIMEw.informat77–78ANDTDTEw.informatand82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86

TIMEw.dformat39–40HHMMw.dformatand38quickreference233

TIMEZONE=option93,111–112TITLEstatement186titles,datein186–187TO=option,EXPANDprocedure206,209–212TODAY()function137TODSTAMP8.informat78TODw.dformat40–41clockvaluesin37quickreference233

troubleshootingdates239–251TU4.informat78two-digityear

extractionfunctionsand138–140YEARCUTOFF=systemoptionsand57–59,79

TZONEDSTNAME()function114TZONEDSTOFF()function114TZONEID()function112TZONENAME()function112–113TZONEOFF()function113,246TZONES2U()function113TZONESTTNAME()function114–115TZONESTTOFF()function115

TZONEU2S()function115,246

UUalgorithm25,35,69,70,139%udatedirective223%Udatedirective49,223

VValgorithm26–27,36–37,69–71,139,223%Vdatedirective223VALUEstatement,FORMATprocedure47–48variables

Seecharactervariables;macrovariables;numericvariables

WWalgorithm27,37,69–72,139,223%wdatedirective49,223%Wdatedirective223WEEK()function139WEEKinformats69–70WEEKinterval150INTCK()function152INTNX()function157,159

shiftpoint160,161–162,163–164

WEEKDATEw.format11–12,24quickreference232WEEKDATXw.formatand24–25

WEEKDATXw.format24–25DTWKDATXw.formatand445internationalformatfor213–214quickreference232

WEEKDAY()function139WEEKDAYinterval150

INTNX()function157shiftpoint160

WEEKDAYw.format25internationalformatfor213quickreference232

WEEKUw.format25–26quickreference232

WEEKUw.informat70–71WEEKVinterval182–183WEEKVw.format26–27quickreference232WEEKWw.formatand27

WEEKVw.informat71–72WEEKWw.format27,232

WEEKWw.informat72–73WHEREclause,SQLprocedure228widthspecificationfordateformats5–6,13–14fordatetimeformats5–6,37,41–42fortimeformats5–6,37formatsand13–14informatsand59

WORDDATEw.format28FORMATstatementand50quickreference232

WORDDATXw.format28–29,249

internationalformatfor213quickreference232

WORKINGDAYSinterval175–176

Y%ydatedirective49,223%Ydatedirective49,51,223Y2Kproblem185YEAR()function139YEARinterval150INTCK()function152INTNX()function158shiftpoint160,161–162,

165–166YEAR10.interval166–167YEARCUTOFF=systemoptionDATJUL()functionand140–141extractionfunctionsand138–140Japanese/Taiwanesedateinformats226–227MDY()function143PDJULGw.formatand22PDJULI.format23two-digityearand57–59,79YYQ()function144–145

YEARVinterval182YEARw.format29DTYEARw.formatand45quickreference232

YMDDTTMw.dinformat80–81YRDIF()function146–147,155–159YYMM.format232YYMMC.format30,232YYMMD.format30,232YYMMDDB.format32,232YYMMDDC.format32,232YYMMDDD.format32,232YYMMDDN.format32,232

YYMMDDP.format32,232YYMMDDS.format232YYMMDDw.format30–31DATESTYLE=systemoption81–82quickreference232

YYMMDDw.informat66–67ANYDTDTEw.informatand82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86DATESTYLE=systemoptionand81–82

YYMMDDxw.format31–32YYMMxw.formatand30YYQxw.formatand33–34

YYMMN.format30,232YYMMNw.informat67YYMMP.format30,232YYMMS.format232YYMMw.format29YYMMxw.format30YYMONw.format32,232YYQ()function144–145YYQC.format33DDTYQCw.formatand46quickreference233

YYQD.format34,233YYQN.format33,233YYQP.format34,233YYQRC.format35,233YYQRD.format35,233YYQRN.format35,233YYQRP.format35,233YYQRS.format233YYQRw.format34,233YYQRxw.format34–35YYQS.format233YYQw.format32–33,233YYQw.informat67–68ANYDTDTEw.informatand

82ANYDTDTMw.informatand84ANYDTTMEw.informatand85–86

YYQxw.format33–34YYWEEKU.format233YYWEEKUw.format35–36YYWEEKV.format233YYWEEKVw.format36YYWEEKWw.format37,233

TableofContents

1. AboutThisBook

2. Acknowledgments3. Chapter1:IntroductiontoDatesandTimesinSAS1. 1.1HowDoesItWork?(January1,1960,andMidnightasZero)

2. 1.2InternalRepresentation

3. 1.3ExternalRepresentation(BasicFORMAT

Concepts)4. 1.4DateandTimeasNumericConstantsinSAS

5. 1.5LengthandNumericRequirementsforDate,Time,andDatetime

6. 1.6GeneralSASOptionsforDates

4. Chapter2:DisplayingSASDate,Time,and

DatetimeValuesasDatesandTimesasWeKnowThem1. 2.1HowDoIUseaFormat?

2. 2.2HowManyBuilt-InFormatsAreThereforDatesandTimes?

3. 2.3DateFormats,Justification,andODS

4. 2.4Detailed

DiscussionofEachFormat1. 2.4.1DateFormats

2. 2.4.2TimeFormats

3. 2.4.3DatetimeFormats

5. 2.5CreatingCustomDateFormatsUsingtheVALUEStatement

ofPROCFORMAT

6. 2.6CreatingCustomDateFormatsUsingthePICTUREStatementofPROCFORMAT

7. 2.7CreatingCustomFormatsUsingPROCFCMPforProcessing

8. 2.8ThePUT()FunctionandFormats

5. Chapter3:ConvertingDatesandTimesintoSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValues1. 3.1AvoidingtheTwo-DigitYearTrap

2. 3.2UsingInformats

3. 3.3The

INFORMATStatement1. 3.3.1UsingInformatswiththeINPUTStatement

2. 3.3.2InformatswiththeINPUT()Function

3. 3.3.3When

theInformatDoesNotMatchtheDataBeingRead

4. 3.4ListingandDiscussionofInformats1. 3.4.1DateInformats

2. 3.4.2TimeInformats

3. 3.4.3

DatetimeInformats

4. 3.4.4The"ANYDATE"SeriesofInformats

5. 3.4.5SoWhyNotJustUsethe"ANYDATE"SeriesofInformats?

6. Chapter4:ISO8601

Dates,Times,Datetimes,Durations,andFunctions1. 4.1WhatIsISO8601?

2. 4.2ISO8601Formats1. 4.2.1ISODateFormats

2. 4.2.2ISOTimeFormats

3. 4.2.3ISO

DatetimeFormats

3. 4.3ISO8601Informats1. 4.3.1ISODateInformats

2. 4.3.2ISOTimeInformats

3. 4.3.3ISODatetimeInformats

4. 4.4TimeZoneFunctions1. 4.4.1Introduction

2. 4.4.2TheTIMEZONE=Option

3. 4.4.3ListofTimeZoneFunctions

5. 4.5ISO8601DurationsandIntervals

1. 4.5.1ISODurationandIntervalRepresentations

2. 4.5.2ISO8601DurationandIntervalFormats

3. 4.5.3ISO8601DurationandInterval

Informats4. 4.5.4CALLIS8601_CONVERT

6. 4.6Conclusion7. Chapter5:DateandTimeFunctions1. 5.1CurrentDateandTimeFunctions

2. 5.2ExtractingPiecesfromSASDate,Time,andDatetimeValues

3. 5.3CreatingDates,Times,andDatetimesfromNumbersorOtherInformation1. 5.3.1Introduction

2. 5.3.2ListofFunctionsandTheirDescriptions

4. 5.4CalculatingElapsedTime,

andtheHOLIDAY()Function1. 5.4.1CalculatingElapsedTimewithDATDIF()andYRDIF()

5. 5.5TheBasicsofSASIntervals1. 5.5.1TheInterval

CalculationFunctions:INTCK()andINTNX()

6. 5.6ModifyingSASIntervals

7. 5.7CreatingYourOwnSASIntervals

8. 5.8IntervalFunctionsaboutIntervals1. 5.8.1

INTFIT(argument-1,argument-2,type)

2. 5.8.2INTFMT('interval','size')

3. 5.8.3INTGET(argument1,argument2,argument3)

4. 5.8.4INTSHIFT('interval')

5. 5.8.5INTTEST('interval')

9. 5.9RetailCalendarIntervals

andSeasonality1. 5.9.1RetailCalendarIntervals

2. 5.9.2SeasonalityFunctions

8. Chapter6DeeperintoDatesandTimeswithSAS1. 6.1MacroVariablesandDates

1. 6.1.1AutomaticMacroVariables

2. 6.1.2PuttingDatesintoTitles

3. 6.1.3Using%SYSFUNC()toCreateDates,Times,andDatetimesin

MacroVariables

4. 6.1.4UsingDatesinMacros

2. 6.2GraphingDates1. Johnny'sSavingsAccount

3. 6.3TheBasicsofPROCEXPAND1. 6.3.1

CapabilitiesofPROCEXPAND

2. 6.3.2UsingPROCEXPANDtoConverttoaHigherFrequency

3. 6.3.3UsingPROCEXPANDtoConverttoa

LowerFrequency

4. 6.3.4UsingPROCEXPANDtoInterpolateMissingValues

5. 6.3.5TheOBSERVED=OptionfortheCONVERT

StatementinPROCEXPAND

4. 6.4InternationalDate,Time,andDatetimeFormatsandInformats1. 6.4.1"EUR"FormatsandInformats

2. 6.4.2NLSFormats

5. 6.5NLSDate,

Time,andDatetimeConversionFunctions

6. 6.6DateFormatsandInformatsforOtherCalendars1. 6.6.1HebrewDateFormats

2. 6.6.2JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateFormats

3. 6.6.3JapaneseandTaiwaneseDateInformats

7. 6.7OtherSoftwareandTheirDates(Excel,Oracle,DB2)1. 6.7.1TheSASDATEFMT=System

Option8. 6.8Conclusion

9. AppendixA:AQuickReferenceGuidetoSASDate,Time,andDatetimeFormats

10. AppendixB:AQuickReferenceGuidetoNLSDate,Time,andDatetimeFormats

11. AppendixC:TroubleshootingDates101

12. Index