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![Page 1: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish
plantation forests
Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding
BIOFOREST project, Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin.
![Page 2: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CONTEXT
Forest cover in Rep. of Ireland 10% Aim to increase to 17% by 2030 Plantations of exotic conifers – Sitka
spruce 50% of estate Little information on Irish plantation
forest biodiversity BIOFOREST project – 5 year Impact of afforestation and
forest operations on flora and fauna
![Page 3: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Epiphytes Component part of BIOFOREST project Epiphytes of mature and over-mature
Sitka spruce and larch (Larix spp.) Main epiphyte groups -
lichens, mosses and liverworts
Important part of native woodland diversity
Little published information© Sylvia Sharnoff
![Page 4: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
AIMS
To assess the diversity of epiphytes in Irish Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations
To examine the effects of open spaces within these forestry plantations on this diversity
![Page 5: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SW Cluster
E Cluster
SITES
KNOCCLEA
REAN
MEENGLAN
CARR
CURA
MUCK
STOEBMUT
ATHN
LUGG
SITES
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METHODOLOGY 12 mature Sitka spruce sites 1 open space per site
- 9 glades- 2 roads- 1 ride
N side (S-facing) of open space
1 tree at edge, 1 in forest interior – 24 total
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L: 130cm
B: 25cm
M: 1/3 height of tree
U: 2/3 height of tree
25cm x 50cm plots on N & S aspect
20 plots per tree
Total: 478 plots
4 branches
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RESULTS
1. Geographical clusters – SW vs. E of Ireland
2. Effect of open space - Edge vs. Interior trees
3. Aspect - N and S side of tree4. Vertical distribution – B to U trunk5. Horizontal distribution – inner to
outer branch
![Page 9: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. Geographical clusters
![Page 10: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Species richness
Species richness
31 25 19
58
45
32
2
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total SW cluster E cluster
Sp
p.
rich
nes
s
Vascular
Lichens
Bryophytes
(91) (51)(72)
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Species richness
Total 91 species
26 found in only 1 of 478 plots
35 found on only 1 of 24 trees
Only 17 species in more than
5% of plots
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Species richness
Species richness
10.005.42
10.67
10.17
0
5
10
15
20
25
SW cluster E cluster
Ave
rag
e sp
p.
rich
nes
s
Lichens
Bryophytes
Significant difference in bryophyte spp. richness (p = 0.009) and total spp. richness (p = 0.002) between SW
and E
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Percentage cover
Percentage cover
32.30
19.77
3.35
1.94
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
SW cluster E cluster
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
Lichens
Bryophytes
Significant difference in average bryophyte cover (p = 0.033)
![Page 14: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling
(NMS) Ordination
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2. Effect of open spaces
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Species richness
Species richness
8.00 7.42
10.00 10.83
0
5
10
15
20
25
Edge Interior
Ave
rag
e sp
p.
rich
nes
s
Lichens
Bryophytes
No significant differences in species richness between edge and interior trees
![Page 17: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Percentage Cover
No significant differences in average percentage cover between edge and interior
trees
Percentage cover
12.0310.14
1.39
1.41
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Edge Interior
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver Lichens
Bryophytes
![Page 18: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NMS Ordination
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3. Aspect
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Species richness
Species richness
5.79 5.88
7.08 7.92
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
N S
Ave
rag
e sp
p.
rich
nes
s
Lichens
Bryophytes
No significant differences in species richness between N & S side of trees
![Page 21: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Percentage cover
Significant difference in average lichen cover (p = 0.005) and total cover (p = 0.023)
Percentage cover
10.1512.01
1.870.93
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
N S
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
Lichens
Bryophytes
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4. Vertical distribution
Factors which change with height - Decrease in humidity Increase in light levels Decrease in age/time for
colonisation
![Page 23: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Bryophytes on trunk
Bryophyte cover in trunk plots
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BN BS LN LS MN MS UN US
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 24: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lichens on trunk
Lichen cover in trunk plots
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
BN BS LN LS MN MS UN US
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 25: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bryophytes vs. lichens
Most bryophytes restricted to or mainly occurring on trunks Exceptions
Ulota crispaFrullania dilatataColura calyptrifolia
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Bryophytes vs. lichens Most lichens found only or more
frequently on branches Trunk only- Graphis scripta,
Cladonia spp. More frequent on trunk-
Dimerella luteaLecanora pulicarisLepraria incanaParmelia sulcata
![Page 27: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Kindbergia praelonga
Kindbergia praelonga
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 28: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hypnum jutlandicum
Hypnum jutlandicum
0
5
10
15
20
25
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 29: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Metzgeria temperata
Metzgeria temperata
0
5
10
15
20
25
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 30: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ulota crispa
Ulota crispa
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 31: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hypotrachyna revoluta
Hypotrachyna revoluta
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 32: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dimerella lutea
0
1
2
3
4
5
B L M U
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
Dimerella lutea
![Page 33: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
5. Horizontal Distribution
Factors which change with distance from trunk: Decrease in humidity Increase in light levels Decrease in age/time for
colonisation
![Page 34: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Bryophytes on branches
Byophyte cover on branches
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 35: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lichens on branches
Lichens cover on branches
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 36: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Hypnum jutlandicum
Hypnum jutlandicum
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 37: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Metzgeria temperata
Metzgeria temperata
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 38: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ulota crispa
Ulota crispa
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
![Page 39: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dimerella lutea
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
Dimerella lutea
![Page 40: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Fuscidea lightfootii
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Inner Mid Outer
Plot
Ave
rag
e %
co
ver
Fuscidea lightfootii
![Page 41: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SUMMARY Significantly greater total spp. richness,
bryophyte spp. richness & average bryophyte % cover in SW compared to E
Separation of SW and E sites in NMS suggests differences in spp. composition
No significant differences in spp. richness and % cover between Edge and Interior trees
Some separation of Edge and Interior trees in NMS suggests differences in spp. composition
![Page 42: The epiphytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Irish plantation forests Linda Coote, Daniel L. Kelly, Paul Dowding BIOFOREST project, Department of.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061514/5697bffa1a28abf838cc0969/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SUMMARY 2 No significant difference in species
richness between N and S side of tree but significantly greater average lichen cover and total cover on S
Difference in vertical distribution of bryophytes and lichens with overall bryophyte cover decreasing with height and overall lichen cover increasing
Bryophytes more common on trunk and lichens more common on branches with some exceptions
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SUMMARY 3 Differences in Vertical distribution of
individual species on trunk and Horizontal distribution on branches, probably related to microhabitat requirements
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Acknowledgements Dr Daniel L. Kelly, Dr Paul Dowding,
Dr George F. Smith, BIOFOREST project, Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin
COFORD (National Council for Forest Research & Development)
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)