The Environment -major changes in last decade Hussam Adeni [email protected].
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Transcript of The Environment -major changes in last decade Hussam Adeni [email protected].
Major changes in last decade- for the environment
• New Accords and Protocols• Automobile Industry – Radical
changes• Environment restrictions
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5 Major changes in the last decade
• Montreal Accord• Euro IV and Euro V fuels• Engine configurations• Stringent API specifications• Kyoto Protocol
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5 Major changes in the last decade
• Montreal Accord• Largely for refrigerants
• Euro IV and Euro V fuels• Sulphur reduction in fuels
• Engine configurations• Fuel injection mechanism• Higher operating speeds and pressure
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5 Major changes in the last decade
• Stringent API specifications• API CJ-4 specifications
• Kyoto Protocols• Green House Gas (GHG) emissions
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
1. Montreal Accord – 1995/96
• Treaty structured around halogenated hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion• Treaty deals with phase-out Management
Plan for1.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s),2.Carbon Tetra chloride (CCl4),
3.Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFC’s)
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
1. Montreal Accord – 1995/6
• Treaty structured around widely used halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion• Targets HCFC’s, CFC’s, CCl4 used as
1. Refrigerants,2. Solvents,3. Blowing agents for plastic/foam
manufacture 4. Fire extinguisher.
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
1. Montreal Accord – 1995/6
• Update - 2006• Largely implemented across the world • R – 134 A successfully identified as
alternative refrigerant.• Widely used today in Air conditioners used
in automobiles, in house and office AC’s and in industries.
• Montreal compliant solvents and fire extinguishers have been developed & are in use today in many applications
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Role of fuels
Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine• Coolant for injector• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors
In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system
• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.
• As a result, there will no leakage of fuels, gas & oil
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Environmental demands
Under the Clean Air Act – – Sulphur in fuels to be reduced 15 ppm
• Most developing countries: Sulphur in fuels approx. 2000 ppm till the early 90’s
• Many have now implemented 50 ppm sulphur in all fuels.
• Developed countries have progressively moved to 10 ppm Sulphur in Fuels
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Diesel
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
DieselEuro I 1993
Euro II 1996
Euro III 2000
Euro IV 2005
Euro V 2009
Poly aromatics - Vol%,Max
N/A N/A 11 11 11
Sulphur ppm, Max 2000 500 350 50 (10)* 10
Cetane number - Min 49 49 51 51 51
Density@15 ºC, kg/m² 35- 100 35-100 60-70 60-70 60-70
Distillation -79.5@ 15º C 370 370 360 360 360
Reduction of Sulphur results in reduction of aromatics, this robs the fuel of its lubricity. Damaging fuel injectors, whose replacement cost $ 100 each, there are 8 nos in an engine. Dosing with Fuel additives , a quick remedy
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Gasoline - Petrol
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
Gasoline Euro I 1993
Euro II 1996
Euro III 2000
Euro IV 2005
Euro V 2009
Aromatics - Vol%, Max No limit No limit 42 35 35
Olefins - Vol %, Max No limit No limit 18 18 18
Benzene - Vol%, Max 5 5 1 1 1
Oxygen - Vol%, Ma 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.7
Sulphur – ppm,Max 1000 500 150 50 (10)* 10
RON - Min 91 91 91 91 91
RVP - kPa 35 - 100 35 - 100 60 - 70 60 - 70 60 - 70
Lead - g/Lt, Max 0.013 0.013 None None None
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsHydro treatment- Sulphur removal
•Sulphur in fuels is removed at the refinery by stripping
•Process of stripping of sulphur is called
• Hydrotreatment
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsPitfalls of - Sulphur removal
•Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes• Natural lubricity compounds• Natural conductivity properties• It changes combustion properties• Biocide property of sulphur
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – loss of lubricity
• No protective barrier between metal surfaces
• Could lead to damage of vital engine components
• Some vital components are• Fuel pump• Fuel injectors• Valves & ports
•
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – ASTM and lubricity
• In 2005, ASTM had put in a lubricity specification
• ASTM D 975 for middle distillates• ASTM D 6079 is widely used for other fuels• Wear scar value is 520 microns or less• OEM’s in Europe suggested 420 or less• Fully synthetic esters widely accepted
component in fuel additives
•
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal
•Natural conductivity properties• Conductivity is decreased• Static charge may build up while fuel is being
pumped• Probably danger of ignition from static
electricity• Essential that fuels are dosed with special
conductivity additives
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal
•It changes combustion properties• Hydro treatment may reduce Cetane in
diesel to the 40’s• Modern Diesel engines are computer
controlled and deliver optimal combustion in the range of 45 to 51.
• Cetane boosting additives now essential for peak performance
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal
•Biocide property of sulphur • Widely used today as antiseptic• Used in many drugs and medicines • Sulphur controls fungal growth in fuel tanks.• Fuels now need to be treated with biocides to
prevent fungal growth in fuel storage tanks
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
3. Engine configuration - Radical changes
Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine• Coolant for injector• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors
In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system
• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.
• As a result there will be no leakage of fuels, gas & oil
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
3. Engine configuration - Radical changes
Evolution of fuel/injector/exhaust mechanism
• Naturally aspirated (NA)• Turbo charged• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)• Direct injection (DI)• Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI)
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
3. Engine configuration Radical changes - psi
Dramatic increase in Operating pressures
– Early diesel engines – 600 psi– Current CRDI – 30,000 psi
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
3. Engine configuration Radical changes – Cat. converter
Engine manufacturers proposed reduction of treat level of Zinc- Phosphate and Calcium sulphonates– Engine manufacturers sought extension of
life for catalytic converters– Research showed interference to life of
catalytic converters from additives in lubes– ZDDP – Anti wear– Over based Calcium – Detergency
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
4. API CJ-4 requirementsHistory of Lube additives
Since 1975 triboapplications utilized solid boundary additive in the carrier oil acting as a barrier of molecules between moving parts with the following:
1. ZDDP (Zinc Di Thiophosphates)2. Phosphorous3. Sulphur4. Calcium sulphonates
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
4. API CJ-4 requirementsUsed oil disposal issues
These additives had the disadvantage of being:
• Highly toxic – difficult to dispose• Sacrificial – Deplete on use• Inert – Do not react with metal alloys• Become acidic – due to oxidation and water• Also corrosive – furthering micro-pitting
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4. API CJ-4 requirements
API CJ-4 demands
• Lube manufacturers use up to 1% ZDDP• Zinc-Phosphate levels at 1% are for all
practical purposes negligible• Treats of 1% ZDDP packages likely to have
little impact on reducing wear
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
4. API CJ-4 requirements
Alternative EP additives consisting of Graphite, Molybdenum have come into prominence
• Graphite & Molybdenum have little lubricating value as they are not reactive
• Under heavy pressure will press out• Will lead to metal to metal contact• Research is going on for alternative
compounds for use as anti wear additives
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5. Kyoto Protocol
• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)
• Major constituent of GHG identified• Major sources for GHG emitters
identified• Incentive for reduction of GHG
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5. Kyoto Protocol
• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data collated.• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon
• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2
• Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
• Major sources for GHG emitters identified• Incentive for reduction of GHG
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5. Kyoto Protocol
• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data
collated.• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon
• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2
• Nitrogen Oxides – NOx
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5. Kyoto Protocol
• Major sources for GHG emitters identified• Aviation Industry• Power Plants• Auto Industry
Hussam Adeni [email protected]
5. Kyoto Protocol
• Incentive for reduction of GHG• To users who register, document and reduce
GHG emissions• ISO 14064 initiated to document reduction• Tradable “Carbon Credits” to offset bulk GHG
emitters• Bulk users in Auto related industry likely to be
major beneficiary
Hussam Adeni [email protected]