The Enlightenment Spreads. Salons – social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, and...
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Transcript of The Enlightenment Spreads. Salons – social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, and...
• Salons – social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas
Diderot’s Encyclopedia
• Marie-Therese Geoffrin• Denis Diderot’s
Encyclopedia (1751)– Large set of books of
articles written by leading scholars of Europe
– Banned by French government and the Catholic Church
New Artistic Style
• Old Style– Baroque – grand, ornate
design• Styles started to
change: – Artists and architects
used lighter and simple styles
– Borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome
New Artistic Style: Music
• Old Style: dramatic organ and choral music – Bach of Germany– Handel of England
• Enlightenment - lighter style of music known as classical emerged– Franz Joseph Haydn– Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart– Ludwig van Beethoven
New Artistic Styles: Literature
• First novels in the modern sense, lengthy works of prose fiction
• They have plots, use suspense, and explored character thoughts and feelings
• Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela, widely considered the first English novel
• Enlightened Despots – monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit
Frederick the Great• King of Prussia (1740-1786)– Enlightenment changes:• “first servant of the state”• Granted religious freedoms• Reduced censorship• Improved education • Reformed the justice system;
abolished use of torture• But there were limits
– Serfdom remained
Joseph II• King of Austria (1780-1790)– Introduced legal reforms and
freedom of the press– Supported freedom of
worship– Abolished serfdom and
orders that peasants be paid for their labor with cash
– Unfortunately, most of these changes were undone after Joseph’s death
Catherine the Great• Ruled Russia from 1762 –
1796• 1767 - formed a
commission to review Russia’s laws – She presented a list of
reforms based on Montesquieu and Beccaria
– Unfortunately, none of these goals were implemented and she had to settle for limited reforms