The Enlightenment & Enlightened Thinkers Children of the Scientific Revolution.
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Transcript of The Enlightenment & Enlightened Thinkers Children of the Scientific Revolution.
The Enlightenment & The Enlightenment & Enlightened ThinkersEnlightened Thinkers
Children of the Children of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Followed & built on the lessons of the Followed & built on the lessons of the
Scientific Revolution (that Math and Scientific Revolution (that Math and Science could find physical truths)Science could find physical truths)
The Enlightenment was when The Enlightenment was when people believed that one people believed that one
could find societal truths by could find societal truths by using reason and logic.using reason and logic.
The Characteristics of the Enlightenment1. Rational - use reason to
solve problems
2. Secular - not atheist. Just not concerned with religion.
3. Utlititarian - the greatest good for the greatest number
4. Tolerance - no opinion is invalid due to irrational bias
5. Freedom -one has to be free to think and discover
6. Educate the Masses – who knows where knowledge lies
7. Optimistic & Reform Based –Change the world!!!
The Philosoph
e
►Believe in Believe in CHANGE & CHANGE & PROGRESSPROGRESS
►Students of society who analyzed & advanced reforms.
SalonsSalons Coffee houses Coffee houses
where leading where leading intellectuals met intellectuals met to discuss themes to discuss themes of dayof day
Often hosted by Often hosted by women (Madame women (Madame de Pompadour)de Pompadour)
Other Salonnieres
Madame Madame GeoffrinGeoffrin(1699-(1699-1777)1777)
MademoisMademoiselleelle
Julie de Julie de LespinassLespinass
ee(1732*-(1732*-1776)1776)
MadameMadameSuzanne Suzanne NeckerNecker(1739-(1739-1794)1794)
The “Great Debate”Reason
& LogicReason& Logic
Traditionsand
Superstitions
Traditionsand
Superstitions rationalisrationalismm
empiricisempiricismm
tolerancetolerance skepticisskepticismm
DeismDeism
nostalgia for nostalgia for the pastthe past
organized organized religionsreligions
irrationalismirrationalism emotionalisemotionalismm
Thomas HobbesThomas HobbesPRE-ENLIGHTENED THOUGHTPRE-ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT
LeviathanLeviathan w/o Govn’t, life is w/o Govn’t, life is
“nasty, short and “nasty, short and brutish”brutish”
AbsolutismAbsolutism the the best, keeps best, keeps securitysecurity
Social ContractSocial Contract
Enter the Enlightenment - Enter the Enlightenment - John LockeJohn Locke People are goodPeople are good
–Tabula Rasa Tabula Rasa (we (we are molded by are molded by experience)experience)
–DemocracyDemocracy Natural Rights Natural Rights (from (from
Natural Law) need to Natural Law) need to be protected by gov.be protected by gov.–If not… If not… REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION– Video Clip
Two Treatises on Govn’t
Charles de Secondat,Charles de Secondat, The Baron de Montesquieu The Baron de Montesquieu
Noble himself, feared Noble himself, feared absolutism and absolutism and democracy alike. democracy alike. Liked English modelLiked English model
King = Executive King = Executive Parliament= Leg Parliament= Leg Courts = JudicialCourts = Judicial–Checks & balancesChecks & balances–Separation of powerSeparation of power
On the Spirit of the Laws
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) Controversial defender of Controversial defender of
free speech free speech
–Attacked clergy, kings, Attacked clergy, kings, politicians, nobles, etcpoliticians, nobles, etc
–Sent to prison twice & Sent to prison twice & exiledexiled
4 Corner – There 4 Corner – There should be a limit on should be a limit on Free Speech.Free Speech.
“The Customs and Spirit of Nations”
and “Candide”
Voltaire’s Voltaire’s WisdomWisdom
► Every man is guilty of all Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.the good he didn’t do.►It is dangerous to be right It is dangerous to be right when the gov. is wrong.when the gov. is wrong.► Love truth and pardon Love truth and pardon error.error.►Judge of a man by his Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his questions rather than by his answers.answers.► Men are equal; it is not Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes birth, but virtue that makes the difference.the difference.► I may not agree with I may not agree with what you have to say, but what you have to say, but I will defend to the death I will defend to the death your right to say it.your right to say it.
Hugo GrotiusHugo Grotius If Natural Law is, If Natural Law is,
there should be there should be universal universal international lawsinternational laws
–Foresaw ideas like Foresaw ideas like the UN and the the UN and the Geneva Geneva ConventionConvention
–THOUGHTS???THOUGHTS???
Cesare Cesare BeccariaBeccaria
Anti-death penalty & Anti-death penalty & torture. torture.
–The state doesn’t have The state doesn’t have the right to take lifethe right to take life
–Torture may not always Torture may not always produce truthproduce truth
Enlightened principles Enlightened principles should guide justiceshould guide justice
–Rehabilitation & Rehabilitation & ReintegrationReintegration
On Crimes and Punishment
William PennWilliam Penn If Natural Law If Natural Law
governs all & IF logic governs all & IF logic and reason can solve and reason can solve any issue…any issue…WAR & KILLING ARE WAR & KILLING ARE ALWAYS WRONGALWAYS WRONG
Killing does not Killing does not determine who is determine who is right, just who is leftright, just who is left–Developed Developed PacifismPacifism
4 Corner DebateThe death penalty is wrong
Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau The Consent of the Governed, The Consent of the Governed,
the “general will”, is why the “general will”, is why government has power (direct government has power (direct democracy is the key).democracy is the key).–People are good, society People are good, society
makes us badmakes us bad
““Man is born free, Man is born free, yet everywhere yet everywhere he is in chains.”he is in chains.”The Social
Contract
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the A Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women
Women should Women should enjoy the same enjoy the same rights as men in rights as men in intellectual areasintellectual areas
–Men conspire to Men conspire to hold women hold women down (due to down (due to smaller physical smaller physical frames)frames)
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot Effort to find Effort to find
and classify and classify EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING
If we are going If we are going to learn to learn Natural Law, Natural Law, we need to we need to know what’s know what’s out there first.out there first.
The Book Was
Banned!!!
Classical ArtClassical Art Effort to reflect the Effort to reflect the
Enlightenment by Enlightenment by using simple using simple geometric linesgeometric lines
LOOK AT THE LOOK AT THE BAROQUE TO BAROQUE TO
CLASSICAL ART CLASSICAL ART PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
The Enlightenment and ReligionThe Enlightenment and Religion Deism – God as the Deism – God as the
watchmakerwatchmaker
–If we can figure If we can figure out the machine, out the machine, we can run itwe can run it
–Built w/ MathBuilt w/ Math Many founding Many founding
fathers were deists, fathers were deists, not Bible-believing not Bible-believing Christians Christians
George Washington Benjamin FranklinGeorge Washington Benjamin FranklinThomas Jefferson James MadisonThomas Jefferson James Madison
Thomas Paine Ethan Allen James MonroeThomas Paine Ethan Allen James Monroe
Enlightened Enlightened DespotsDespots
Believed in applying Believed in applying Enlightenment Enlightenment ideals to their ideals to their GovernmentsGovernments
Desire to make life Desire to make life better for subjects...better for subjects...–End SerfdomEnd Serfdom
–Religious FreedomReligious Freedom
–Free Speech / PressFree Speech / Press
–End TortureEnd Torture
Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of AustriaFrederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of PrussiaCatherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia
"Everything for the people, nothing by the people."
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & ENLIGHTENMENT
Backlash Against The EnlightenedBacklash Against The Enlightened The MonarchsThe Monarchs
–Peasant rebellions Peasant rebellions scared monarchs, scared monarchs, reassert authorityreassert authoritySlow pace of Slow pace of change angered change angered peasantspeasants
Monarchs fear Monarchs fear democracydemocracy
Pugachev’s Rebellion in Russia
Backlash in the Arts - RomanticismBacklash in the Arts - Romanticism
An appeal to the An appeal to the emotional, wild and emotional, wild and unrestrainedunrestrained
Bach (and Bach (and Beethoven)Beethoven)
Pope (and Milton)Pope (and Milton) Moliere (and Racine)Moliere (and Racine)
Immanuel kantImmanuel kant
German German philosopherphilosopher
–Reason can’t Reason can’t explain explain feelings, God feelings, God or beautyor beauty
Rousseau – Part DeuxRousseau – Part Deux
Math, science and Math, science and reason cannot reason cannot account for emotions account for emotions (love, jealousy, hate, (love, jealousy, hate, etc) nor for God.etc) nor for God.
Enlightenment is Enlightenment is lacking…lacking…
The Rebirth of Religious ZealThe Rebirth of Religious Zeal Faith and emotion are Faith and emotion are
important paths to a important paths to a personal God (not personal God (not science & deism)science & deism)–Moravians (Zinzendorf) Moravians (Zinzendorf)
& Methodists (Wesley) & Methodists (Wesley) lead back to the Biblelead back to the Bible
–Mysticism & Zeal Mysticism & Zeal emphasized in emphasized in PentacostalismPentacostalism