The EnlightenmentCH 17 section 1& 2

Unit 7 PP # 3

The Enlightenment• The scientific revolution as applied to the

field of human behavior– Use methods of natural science to examine

and understand all aspects of life– By doing this you discover laws of human

society (fields of political science, sociology etc.)

– The result is the creation of better societies and better people

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)• Believed that mans natural

state was conflict because they always acted in self interest

• Power to govern comes from the people but they transfer it to a monarch by an implicit social contract

• The King is absolute and in return the people receive law and order

• Author of Leviathan

John Locke (1632-1704)• Concept of natural rights explained

in his Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690)

• People establish governments to protect “Life, liberty and property”

• If a government fails to protect these rights they become a tyranny and the people have right to rebel

• Church and state should be seperate

Locke On Education

• In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding he stated that man is born a “blank slate” or Tabula Rasa and learns from experience– The old belief was that man was born with

certain ideas and ways of thinking– Locke called for the reform of social and

educational institutions that he believed played a major role in the development of human beings

The Philosophes• French social critics who turned away from

traditional beliefs and relied on reason to guide them (reformers not revolutionaries)– Rejected the authority of the Church and

created their own religion Deism– Committed to reforming society– Often in trouble with the law for writings on

religion and government• Used satire

The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

• Upper class lawyer and author• The Persian Letters (1721)

– Critique of 17th Century French society written from the perspective of Persian travelers

• The Spirit of the Laws (1748)– One of the greatest works on social science– Studied all forms of government

• Checks and balances• 3 branches of government

Voltaire (1694-1788)• Struggled his entire life against legal injustice

and class inequalities before the law (70 books)– Best government was an enlightened monarch

• The Candide: railed against war and religious persecution (no toleration)– Hated the Church (no room for human

improvement)

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

• Born poor in Switzerland• Supporter of personal freedom• Believed that civilization

(materialism,production) and rationalism corrupted man who was born basically good

• Wrote Emile and put forward the concept of the noble savage

• Wrote The Social Contract in which he outlined a plan emphasizing direct democracy and the “general will”

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

• Attempted to examine the whole of human knowledge from A-Z

• Greater knowledge = greater human happiness

• Over 17 years they edited 21 volumes of what became known as The Encyclopedia

• Contributions from all of the philosophes on matters such as blindness, slavery, religion, atheism, the soul etc..

• Pope placed it on The Index

Women in the Enlightenment

• Wealthy female patrons would organize salons where Philosophes could present papers and spread their ideas

• Some women began to

challenge their traditional

Roles (Mary Wollstonecraft)

New economic thought• Both the French and

Adam Smith begin to argue against Mercantilism

• The Wealth of Nations– Free markets– Competition– Laissez-Faire

Unit 8 PP # 2

Chapter 17 section 2

Enlightenment ideas spread

Enlightened monarchs

Catherine II (the Great)

• Limited reforms– No torture– Religious toleration– Kept serfdom

Frederick II (r. 1740-1786)• King of Prussia

– Reduced torture– Less censorship– Religious toleration

– Kept Serfdom

Joseph II (Austria) 1741-1790

• Traveled in secret to learn his subjects problems– Abolished serfdom

• Revoked after his death

– Ended censorship– Religious toleration