The English Establish 13 Colonies, 1585...
Transcript of The English Establish 13 Colonies, 1585...
Detail of Squanto teaching Pilgrims how
to grow corn.
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The English Establish 13 Colonies, 1585–1732
The English colonies
developed in North
America, and
colonists learned
from and conflicted
with Native
Americans.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Early Colonies Have Mixed Success
New England Colonies
Founding the Middle and Southern
Colonies
The English Establish 13 Colonies, 1585–1732
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Two early English colonies failed, but
Jamestown survived—partly through
individual effort and hard work.
Section 1
Early Colonies Have Mixed Success
The English Plan Colonies
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• After defeat of Spanish Armada, England
focuses on colonizing Americas
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SECTION
• English geographer Richard Hakluyt urges
England to start a colony
- colonies would provide market for English
exports
- colonies would serve as source of raw
materials
- colonies would establish Protestant faith in
Americas
Early Colonies Have Mixed Success
Continued . . .
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SECTION
• English colonists go to Americas to:
- seek economic opportunity
- escape religious persecution
continued The English Plan Colonies
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1
SECTION
• Sir Walter Raleigh begins colony on Roanoke
Island, Virginia (1585)
• Sagadahoc colony begins (1607); face
hardships, return to England
• 2nd Roanoke colony begins (1587); colonists
disappear; reason unknown
• Native Americans stop colonists’ food supply;
survivors return to England
Two Early Colonies Fail
Map
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SECTION
• Sir Walter Raleigh is only person who finances
colony at Roanoke
• Company is backed by investors
• To raise money for colonies, turn to the joint-
stock company
• When colony fails, he loses his investment
• Investors split profits, divide losses
• Each investor receives pieces of company
ownership
Financing a Colony
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Continued . . .
continued Financing a Colony
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SECTION
• Organize Virginia Company of London, Virginia
Company of Plymouth
• Given charter—government contract; holder
has right to establish colony
Jamestown Is Founded in 1607
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SECTION
• Virginia Company of London finances
expedition to Chesapeake Bay
• Settlers incorrectly told they would find gold,
waste time searching
• Settlers face disease, harsh weather
• Expedition starts Jamestown settlement
Jamestown Grows
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SECTION
• By January 1608, only 38 colonists remain
alive
• More settlers arrive (1610); governor Lord De
La Warr imposes discipline
• 800 more settlers arrive (1609), face
hardships, only 60 survive
• John Smith establishes colonial discipline,
trade with Powhatan tribe
• Colonists become employees of Virginia
Company, want share of profits
• Colonists learn to grow tobacco; product
becomes popular in England
Continued . . .
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SECTION
• Virginia Company lets settlers own land
• Colonists annoyed with strict rule of governor,
want more local control
• Indentured servants arrive:
- they sell their labor to person who pays their
passage
- after a few years, they are free to farm or
take up a trade
• Population of Virginia jumps from about 600
(1619) to over 2,000 (1621)
• Set up House of Burgesses—first
representative assembly in American colonies
continued Jamestown Grows
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Conflicts with the Powhatan
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SECTION
• As more settlers take land, relations with
Powhatan tribe grow worse
• Expanding plantations cause Powhatan to kill
many settlers (1622)
• Uneasy peace; colonists learn to grow corn,
catch fish from Powhatan
• To improve relations, John Rolfe marries
chief’s daughter, Pocahontas
Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
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SECTION
• By 1670s, one-fourth of white men in English
colonies are indentured servants
• Demands Berkeley to approve war against
Native Americans to seize land
• Nathaniel Bacon accuses Governor William
Berkeley of favoring wealthy
• They resent wealthy landowners
• Berkeley’s refusal sparks Bacon’s Rebellion
(1676)
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Continued . . .
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• Bacon, followers take control of House of
Burgesses; burn Jamestown
• House of Burgesses pass laws:
- prevent governor from taking so much
power
• Bacon dies; Berkeley hangs Bacon’s followers
continued Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
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Religion influenced the settlement and
government of the New England colonies.
Section 2
New England Colonies
The Voyage of the Mayflower
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2
SECTION
• Pilgrims—Separatist religious group; separate
from Church of England
• To establish order they sign the Mayflower
Compact:
- vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good
of the colony
- establishes idea of self-government, majority
rule
• Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts
(1620)
• To escape persecution, they sail to Americas
New England Colonies
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Image
The Pilgrims Found Plymouth
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2
SECTION
• Pilgrims endure hardships; half of group dies
by spring
• Squanto shows Pilgrims how to plant, hunt,
fish
• Squanto sets up peace treaty between
Pilgrims and Native Americans
• Make friends with Squanto, a Pawtuxet
• Pilgrims, Native Americans celebrate
harvest—first Thanksgiving
• Pilgrims trade with Native Americans, send
lumber to England for profit Image
The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay
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2
SECTION
• Puritans—religious group, wants to reform
Church of England
• 1,000 Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay
Colony (1630)
• This movement of Puritans is known as the
Great Migration
• To escape persecution, many Puritans sail to
Americas (1630—1640)
• They are well prepared; do not starve
• First governor John Winthrop sets up a
commonwealth
The New England Way
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SECTION
• Basic unit of the commonwealth is
congregation:
- group of people who belong to same church
- each congregation sets up own town
- each town has a form of self-government
• Puritans follow the “New England Way”:
- emphasizes duty, godliness, hard work,
honesty
- work ethic helps growth of New England
colonies
- requires that all children learn to read
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Continued . . .
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SECTION
• Puritan congregations set up new colonies
continued The New England Way
• Thomas Hooker adopts Fundamental Orders
of Connecticut (1639):
- extends voting rights to non-church
members
- limits power of governor
- expands idea of representative government
• Portsmouth is first European settlement in New
Hampshire
Map
Challenges to Puritan Leaders
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SECTION
• Massachusetts minister Roger Williams
opposes “New England Way”
• Anne Hutchinson believes person can
worship without church, Bible
• This colony guarantees religious freedom,
separation of church/state
• Forced to leave colony, he founds colony of
Rhode Island (1636)
• Quakers believe person can know God
through “inner light”
• Also believe in treating Native Americans fairly,
persecuted for this
King Philip’s War
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SECTION
• Growing tensions over land between colonists,
Native Americans
• Europeans and Native Americans define land
ownership differently:
- to Europeans, land can be owned by
individuals
- to Native Americans, land belongs to
everyone
Continued . . .
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SECTION
• King Philip’s War (1675—1676)—war
between Puritans, Native Americans
• Native Americans lose war, are forced to
become laborers
continued King Philip’s War
• English settlers expand farther into Native
American lands
Chart
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SECTION
• By late 1600s, societal changes lead to fear,
suspicion in New England
• Pretending to be bewitched, girls falsely
accuse others of witchcraft
• Witch-hunts begin (1692); more than 100
people are arrested, tried
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
• 20 found guilty and put to death
• Panic short-lived; experience shows how
society can make scapegoats
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The founding of the Middle and Southern
colonies provided settlers with many
economic opportunities.
Section 3
Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies
The Middle Colonies
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• Middle colonies—New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware
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SECTION
• Are located between New England and
Chesapeake region
Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies
• Religious freedom attracts many groups
• Conditions favorable for shipping, commerce,
farming, livestock
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New Netherland Becomes New York
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SECTION
• Dutch settlers found New Netherland (1624)
• Many different settlers arrive
- 23 Jews (1654)
- Africans come as slaves and indentured
servants
- Puritans
• Each patroon brings 50 settlers; receives land
grant, special privileges
• Includes Hudson River valley, Long Island,
land along Delaware River
Continued . . .
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continued New Netherland Becomes New York
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3
SECTION
• New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant
attacks New Sweden
• New Netherland surrenders to English (1664)
• Wants to add land to New Netherland; New
Sweden surrenders (1655)
• Becomes proprietary colony—Duke of York
is proprietor, or owner
• England’s king wants Duke of York to drive
Dutch out of New Netherland
- Dutch colonies threaten England’s trade
- Dutch colonies geographically divide the
English colonies
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
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SECTION
• Duke of York gives part of claim, province of
New Jersey, to friends
• To repay debts, English king gives large piece
of land to Penn (1681)
• American landowner William Penn joins
religious group—Quakers
• Promise settlers religious freedom, land
grants, representative assembly
Continued . . .
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continued New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
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SECTION
• William Penn uses land to create colony of
Pennsylvania for Quakers:
- welcomes different religious, ethnic groups
- treats Native Americans fairly
- becomes wealthy colony
• Southern counties of Pennsylvania form own
colony of Delaware
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The Southern Colonies
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3
SECTION
• Southern colonies—Maryland, the Carolinas,
Georgia
• Conditions good for warm-weather crops:
tobacco, rice, indigo
• West border is Appalachian Mountains; east
border is Atlantic Ocean
Map
Maryland and the Carolinas
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SECTION
• Lord Baltimore establishes Maryland for
Roman Catholics (1632)
• Colony of Carolina (1663) grows rice, indigo;
use enslaved African labor
• Maryland’s economy is based on tobacco
• Maryland passes Toleration Act—promises
freedom of religion
• Sell Native Americans into slavery; conflicts
between colonists, tribes
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Continued . . .
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3
SECTION
• Colonists overthrow Carolina’s proprietary rule
• Colony divides into North Carolina and South
Carolina
• Carolina becomes royal colony—rule by king-
appointed governor
continued Maryland and the Carolinas
Georgia
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3
SECTION
• James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as refuge
for debtors (1732)
• Oglethorpe’s strict rules upset colonists
• English, Germans, Swiss, Scottish settle
Georgia; all religions welcome
• During English-Spanish war, Spain tries to
oust English colonists, but fails
• In response, king makes Georgia a royal
colony in 1752
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