The Energy-Water NexusA strategy for energy and water security

EWN Team was formed to identify S&T Needs for Energy and Water• Prior to 2003:

– Regional workshops and independent laboratory activities

• February 2003:– First meeting to explore need for

more coordinated approach• Team meetings:

– Organizational meetings started in Washington, May 2003

– Continuing weekly teleconferences and coordination meetings

• Informational briefingsto DOE starting 2004 and continuing

• Invited Congressional briefings and testimony

• Professional meetings and regional workshops

Team includes representatives from all DOE Multi-Program Laboratories, plus EPRI

The EWN message:

Energy and Water are linked:Energy for water and water for energy

Energy production requires water• Thermoelectric cooling• Hydropower• Extraction and mining• Fuel Production (H2, ethanol)• Emission controls

Water production anddistribution require energy• Pumping• Treatment• Transport

Energy and agriculture withdraw the most water in the U.S.

Source: USGS Circular 1268, March, 2004

Estimated Freshwater Withdrawals by Sector, 2000

Livestock2%

Thermoelectric39%

Irrigation39%

Public Supply14%

Industrial6%

Note: Hydropower uses are not included here!

PrimarilyPrimarilyNonconsumptiveNonconsumptive

PrimarilyPrimarilyConsumptiveConsumptive

• Population will increase significantly; fresh water will not– Most of the population increases are in water-challenged regions

• Energy industry must compete for water with agriculture, other industries, domestic use, and environmental needs

• Climate variability and energy-industry operations could impact water supplies, quality, and energy demand

Will water supplies be sufficient to meet future energy demands?

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1945 1965 1985 2005 2025Year

Bill

ion

kWh

Source: DOE/EIA -0384 (2004)

Water challenges are nationwide

Source: USGS Circular 1200 (Year 1995), EPRI 2003

Projected Population Growth (2000-2020)Source: NETL (2002)

50%

%

30%

30%

40%

10%

10%

30%

15%

5%

15%

20%

35%

20%

Water for Energy

GALLONS PER PERSON PER DAY

• 510 for food production– includes irrigation and livestock

• 465 to produce household electricity– Range: 30 to 600 depending on technology

• 100 direct household use– includes bathing, laundry, lawn watering, etc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Gal

lons

/per

son/

day

For food(indirect)

Forelectricity(indirect)

For directuse Source: derived from Gleick, P. (2002), World's Water 2002-2003.

~61% consumptive

~3% consumptive

Water needed to produce household electricity exceeds direct household water use

Future energy development will put new demands on water resources

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Coal Mining

Coal Washing

Coal Slurry

Synfuel Production

Coalbed Methane

Uranium Mining

Uranium Processing

Oil Extraction

Enhanced Oil Recovery

EOR -- CO2 Injection

EOR -- Tertiary steam

Oil-Shale - in situ

Oil Sands

Oil Refining

Oil Shale - surface retort

Oil Storage

Natural gas extraction

Natural gas process

Natural gas pipeline (<1)

Hydrogen reforming

Corn for ethnaol (irrigated)

Ethanol processing

Soy for biodiesel (irrigated)

Biodiesel processing

Gallons/MMBTUth

Equivalent to1,000,000

Gallons/MWhe

@34.1% thermal to electric conversion

efficiency

• Many new technologies will be more water intensive

• Hydrogen economy would require even more water:

• Constraints will grow for energy development and power plant siting

Source: multiple sources, to appear in the DOE Report to Congress

Hydrogen Demand in Three Scenarios

0102030405060708090

2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Met

ric T

ons

(10^

6)

President's H2 Initiative DOE/NRCan 2050 StudyEIA Reference Case Extended

01234567

Water/WasteWater

Paper&Pulp Chemical PetroleumRefining

Percent of U.S.

Electricity Generation

Used by Industry

Source: DOE, 2004

Energy for WaterCurrently the Water/Wastewater Sector is a Major User of Electricity

Will increase in future

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

kWh

per a

c re

foot

of w

ate r

Public Water Supply Systems

Brackish Water Treatment

Sea Water Desalination

FutureToday

Power requirements for current and future water supply • Readily accessible fresh water

supplies are limited and have been fully allocated in some areas

– Pumping at deeper depths and longer conveyance distance require more energy

• New technologies to access and/or treat non-traditional water resources will require more energy per gallon of water

– Impaired water, produced water, brackish water, and sea water

Source: EPRI, 2000; Water Desalination Task Force, 2003

Future water supplies and treatment will be more energy intensive

Energy development is already being affected by water constraints

• Water rates in the Las Vegas Valley will go up . . . because of increased electricity costs

-- Las Vegas SUN, 2002• Utility regulators put ecology ahead of electricity in rejecting a major power

plant . . . . that would use 2,500 gallons per minute to cool its steam turbines-- Arizona Daily Sun 2002

• Georgia Power Loses Bid to Draw Water from Chattahoochee-- Miami Herald, February 2002

• EPA Orders Mass. Power Plant to Reduce Water Withdrawals-- Providence Journal, RI, July 2002

• Idaho Denies Water Rights Request for Power Plants-- U.S. Water News Online, August 2002

• Pennsylvania Nuclear Power Plant to Use Wastewater from Coal Mines-- The Philadelphia Inquirer, July 2003

• Utilities Warn of Power Crunch if Flows Are Cut-- Greenwire, July 2003

• Governor of South Dakota called summit to discuss drought on the Missouri River and the impacts on irrigation, drinking-water systems, and power plants

-- News Release, February 2005

Congressional actions have converged with the EWN concepts• Energy Policy Act gives DOE new Authorization for

Water-related R&D– Sect. 979: Energy-Water Supply Technologies Program

• Arsenic removal (AWWARF via DOE/SC/OBER)• Desalination research (with Bureau of Reclamation)• Water and Energy Sustainability Program

– Assessments (collaboration w/ USACE and others)– Tools development for long-term planning– Report to Congress

• Domenici-Pombo Water Technology bills are pending– 2004 press conference, Senate and House introductions, but no hearings– 2005 introductions in House (H.R. 3182) and Senate (S. 1860)– Latest versions are scaled down significantly from 2004 version

FY05 appropriations are now supporting two Energy-Water efforts

• Report to Congress– Consider energy and water interdependencies, trends in energy

and water supplies, threats and concerns to energy production– Due to Congress by February 2006

• Energy-Water Roadmap for DOE– Assess emerging energy and water resource issues based on

user and stakeholder needs – Develop energy and water science and technology priorities– Due to DOE by September 2006

Water for Energy

Executive CommitteeMeeting

Three Regional Needs Workshops :Central – East – West User and customer driven

8/05

Central – 11/05East – 12/05West – 1/06

9/05

9/30/06

Executive Committee consists of ~ 20 members from industry, government, and academic institutions to provide external direction and review of process.

2/06

4/06

5/06

8/06

Gap Analysis / EvaluateBy Executive Committee

Technology approaches /Innovation Workshop

Technology Provider Driven

Research Priorities /Strategies & Capabilities

Assessment

Peer Review

Publish

National Energy-Water Technology Roadmap Process

Timeline

Examples of Identified Needs from Recent Workshops

• Improved data on regional water availability and sustainability • Coordinated regional natural resources planning

– Modeling and decision support tools for improved resource management and utilization– Climate variability and uncertainty modeling– Coordinated long-range planning (but don’t touch state water management role)

• Improved materials, processes, and technologies to enhance water use efficiency and energy use efficiency

– Basic research in chemical and biological processes to improve energy and water use efficiency

– Applied research and more joint industry-government field demonstrations of emerging technologies

• Science-based and natural resource-based regulations and policy• Improved economic evaluations of costs and benefits to reduce

technology risks and accelerate implementation• System-level consideration of energy-water solutions

– Transmission improvements

Categories of Identified Needs from Workshops• Monitor and characterize water supply and demand • Integrated resource planning and decision support

tools• Treatment and use of water from oil and gas

production • Emerging energy resources• Biofuels and biomass production and water issues• Thermoelectric power generation• Energy for water• Infrastructure improvements for energy/water

efficiency

For more information

• LBNL Websites: – Water Energy Technologies Team

http://Water-energy.LBL.gov– Water Resources Research & Applications Center

http://www-esd.lbl.gov/RCCContacts:– Jim McMahon (JEMcMahon@LBL.gov, 510-486-6049)– Stefan Finsterle (SAFinsterle@lbl.gov, 510-486-5205)

WaterWater

New Science and Technology can help1) Understand supplies and

demands betterInformation systems to integrate energy-water databasesComputational science, hydrology, meteorology, energy policy & economics

2) Make new supplies availableNew materials and separation processesAdvanced desalinationTreatment of impaired and produced water

3) Use what we have more efficiently

Increase water-use efficiency of energyOptimize water management for multi-uses

All types of R&D will be needed to address Energy~Water challenges• Fundamental science for new

knowledge and discoveries

• Technology development to apply new ideas to current and future problems

• Prediction/forecasting to guide R&D investments and improve decision-making

• Demonstration, testing/evaluation, and technology transfer to impact commercial markets

• DOE’s Energy Strategic Goal is at risk if water needs are not considered

– ”promote a diverse supply … of reliable, affordable and environmentally sound energy”

EWN issues align with DOE goals, responsibilities, and capabilities

• DOE Labs have important scientific, technology development and assessment capabilities that can contribute to the energy~water nexus

Source: NETL, 2004

Projected Thermoelectric Increases(Capacity in 2025 vs 1995)