The Energy SuperGrid (Executive Briefing)

The Energy SuperGrid (Executive Briefing)

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By:

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2 Copyright © 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 21st Century Energy Challenge

Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.

Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.

…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!


China “Factoid”

• Current Population: 1.3 Billion Souls

• All want to live like Americans

• Chinese Family Priorities:

– (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge…

– Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 kW)

• Assume an average family size of three, then…

An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!


“Boundary Conditions”

• Givens– Energy Efficiency– Recyclables

• Off-the-Table: Eco-invasive Generation– Fossils

• Carbon Sequestration– Baseline Renewables

• “Farms” – Wind, Solar, Biomass

• On-the-Table– Nuclear (undergrounding)– Solar Roofs– Urban/Agro Biomass


A Symbiosis of

Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity

Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants

of Planet Earth

The Solution

SuperGrids & SuperCities


Nuclear PowerDiablo Canyon & Wind Power “Equivalent”


Nuclear PowerCalifornia Coast Power

Wind FarmEquivalent

HTGCR

Reprocessing

Breeders

IMRSS

5 Miles

Diablo Canyon

2200 MWPower Plant


HydrogenThe Hydrogen Economy

• You have to make it, just like electricity

• Electricity can make H2, and H2 can make electricity (2H2O 2H2 + O2)

• You have to make a lot of it

• You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K)

P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)


US 39%Canada 13%Saudi Arabia 10%Mexico 10%Venezuela 9%Nigeria 4%Iraq 4%UK 3%Norway 3%Angola 2%Algeria 2%Other 2%

US Oil Imports (2003)


Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation“You have to make a lot of it”

The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario

Daily consumption of gasoline and diesel by US cars & Trucks

8.6 Billion barrels/day

Effective Otto Cycle Efficiency(Useful conversion to drive chain)

25 %

Water Electrolysis Efficiency(Source Electricity-to-Hydrogen)

80 % (aggressive)

Fuel Cell Efficiency(Onboard Hydrogen-to-Electricity)

80 % (very aggressive)

Conversion/drive chain Efficiency 80 % (nominal)

Additional Electric Generation PlantCapacity for Hydrogen Vehicles

400 GW

Factoids & Assumptions


Hydrogen per Day

Tonnes Shuttles Hindenburgs

230,000 2,225 12,787

Water per Day

Tonnes Meters of Lake Tahoe

2,055,383 0.93

The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario

Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation:Water Requirements


Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation:Generation by Renewable Electricity

The "25% 80-80-80 400 GW" Scenario

Renewable Land Area Requirements

Technology Area (km2) Equivalent

Wind 130,000 New York State

Solar 20,000 50% Denmark

Death Valley + Mojave

Biomass 271,915 3% USA

State of Nevada


“Hydricity” SuperCables:“Proton/Electron Power (PEP) to the People”

+v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #1 +v I-v

I

H2 H2

Circuit #2

Multiple circuitscan be laid in single trench


SuperCable Monopole

HV Insulation

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Superconductor

Hydrogen

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SuperCable Monopole (Alternative)

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Power Flows

PSC = 2|V|JASC, where PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)J = Supercurrent densityASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus

Electricity

PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube

Hydrogen


Hydricity Scaling Factor

/ /e/hR J Q V

Dimensionless, geometry-independent scaling factor defines relative amounts of electricity/hydrogen power flow in the SuperCable:

“Energy Density” “Pressure”


Electric & H2 Power

0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000

Annular Wall Thickness (cm)

Critical Current Density (A/cm2)

Current (A)Voltage (V)Power (MW)

Electricity

3183.8110500

“Equivalent” Current Density

(A/cm2)

H2 Flow Rate (m/sec) Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2 (cm)

Power (MW)

Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K)


Power Flows: 5 GWe/10 GWth

0.383.025,000100,0005,000

tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)

Current (A)

Power (MWe)

Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)

0.383.025,000100,0005,000

tS (cm)DC (cm)HTS J C(A/cm2)

Current (A)

Power (MWe)

Electrical Power Transmission (+/ - 25 kV)

45.34.76405,000

DH- actual (cm)

H2 Flow (m/s)

DH- eff ective (cm)

Power (MWth)

Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")

45.34.76405,000

DH- actual (cm)

H2 Flow (m/s)

DH- eff ective (cm)

Power (MWth)

Chemical Power Transmission (H2 at 20 K, per "pole")


SuperCable H2 Storage

Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh)

TVA Raccoon Mountain 1.6 20 32

Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8

One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2

LH2 in 45 cm diameter, 20 km bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain


Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Pressure (psia)

Rh

o(H

2)/

Rh

o(L

H2)

Vapor

Supercritical

50% LH2

100% LH2

H2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H2

and 100% at 6800 psia

Hydrogen Energy Content


HV Insulation


FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas


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Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN

HV Insulation


FlowingHigh PressureHydrogen Gas


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Flowing liquid N2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter DN

“Hybrid” SuperCable


US Natural Gas Imports (BCF, 2003)

22,000


Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals

SuperCable Prototype


Mackenzie Valley Pipeline

1300 km

18 GW-thermal


Gas Pipelines Under Construction


Electrical Insulation

“Super-Insulation”

Superconductor

LNG @ 105 K1 atm (14.7 psia)

Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K

Thermal Barrier to

LNG

LNG SuperCable


Technology Challenges

• Nuclear

• Hydrogen

• SuperCable


Nuclear

• HTGCR Design Downselect

• “Waste”

– Proliferation

– Re-processing

– FBR

• Underground Construction


Hydrogen

• Generation– Electrolysis (new methods, e.g. high-pressure– Thermochemical (EPRI Entergy Report)

• Distribution– SuperCable ?

• Storage– SuperCable ?

• End Use– Hydricity and/or Electricity


SuperCable (Electrical)

• Voltage – current tradeoffs– “Cold” vs. “Warm”

Dielectric

• AC interface (phases)– Generate dc? Multi-

pole, low rpm units (aka hydro)

• Ripple suppression– Filters

• Cryogenics– Pulse Tubes– “Cryobreaks”

• Magnetic Field Forces

• Splices (R = 0?)

• Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!)

• Power Electronics– GTOs vs IGBTs– 12” wafer platforms– Cryo-Bipolars


SuperCable (Construction)

• Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation)

• Coax vs RTD

• Rigid vs Flexible?

• On-Site Manufacturing– Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths)– Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped?

• Joints – Superconducting– Welds– Thermal Expansion (bellows)


EPRI Opportunities

• Re-define and “re-package” SuperGrid in a larger context, with emphasis on the vision

• Solicitation of funding organizations (letters, personal visits, brochures, etc.)

• Identify & document opportunities for deployment of dc superconducting cables as SuperCable entry technology– Canvas EPRI membership, focusing on inter-RTO links


EPRI Funding – $1 M/yr

1. Co-fund Ongoing DOE and NSF Programs That Support the Visiona) DOE: Offices of Nuclear, Hydrogen, OEEAb) NSF: Engineering Directorate PE Programs

2. Deployment Studies for DC Superconducting Cablesa) Of high interest in DOE, identified in Omnibus Energy Billb) Canvas membership interest, focusing on inter-RTO links

3. Bi-Directional Control of Power Flow on a Point-to-Point Superconducting LVDC Cable Inter-Tie (ORNL)a) I/C designs to manage power flow through voltage controlb) Energize/de-energize and fault management

4. Expand Studies for Underground Nuclear Construction (LANL, INEEL)


Appendix Material

• Nuclear

• Hydrogen

• Superconductivity


Nuclear

• HTGCR

• Reprocessing

• Breeders

• IMRSS


Particle/Pebble Nuclear FuelBack


High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor

Back


Eskom Pebble Bed Modular Reactor

• Helium gas cooled (Brayton Cycle)– Won’t melt down– Direct turbine drive

• “Baseball” packaged fuel– Continuous fuel replenishment and removal– Theoretical 100% availability

• Modular Design– Scalable: 100 – 500 MW units– High safety and security factor

• Economical– 1.2 cents/kWh … cheaper than coal

Back


Co-Production of Hydrogen and Electricity

Source: INEL & General Atomics

ReactorVessel

O2

Back


Source: General Atomics

Nuclear “Hydricity” Production FarmBack


Reprocessing “Spent” FuelBack


JNFL Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant

• $20 B, 5 Year Project• 800 mt U/yr• 1 mt U -> 50 kg HLW

Back


Fast Breeder TechnologiesBack


IMRSS

• Internationally Monitored Retrievable Storage System (a proposal by Chauncey Starr)

– Take control of all material exiting cooling ponds

– Provide transportation to (a few) storage locations

– Use “banking” paradigm

– Title remains with nation of origin

– Withdrawal allowed for recycling or burial

– All activity monitored by IAEA

• Financed by nuclear per MWh charge on participating nations

Back

The Energy SuperGrid (Executive Briefing)

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