The End War in Rhineland and Westphalia in April 1945
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7/28/2019 The End War in Rhineland and Westphalia in April 1945
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of war in Rhineland and Westphalia in April 1945
Battle of the Ruhr
Part 2
Part 3
Ruhr Pocket
Part 1
The Rhine crossing
On 7 March 1945 troops of the First US Army captured theLudendorff bridge at Remagen nearly undamaged. The
immediate crossing of the Rhine and the establishment of abridgehead at Remagen created the starting position for the
US Armys following operations against the Germanhinterland. The conquest of the "armory of the German
Reich", as the Ruhr area was called both on the German andthe Allied side, thus came within reach.
In connection with the allied airborne and ground operations
"Plunder" and "Varsity", British-Canadian and Americantroops then crossed the Rhine on a broad front in the Wesel-
Dinslaken area between 23 and 25 March 1945. After the Rhine crossing the British troops
marched toward Elbe and Northern Germany. The Ninth US Army penetrated at the northernpart of the Ruhr district. At the same time the First US Army advanced from the south out ofthe Remagen bridgehead over the Sieger - and Sauerland regions in the direction of the Ruhrarea.
According to the Allied planning decided upon by General
Eisenhower on 25 March 1945, the Ruhr area was to be enveloped
in a pincers movement and the units of the German Wehrmachtremaining there were to be encircled. The Americans at first
counted on heavy street fighting in the ruins of the Ruhrs cities.
The defense efforts of the German military, however, turned out to
be in vain. Beside regular troops numerous units of the"Volkssturm" und "Freikorps Sauerland" were present. It consistedof provisional trained men and young people. The "final victory" -slogans of leading National Socialists turned out to be hollow
phrases in the last weeks of the war, more than ever before.
"Death Zone" of the Ruhr
In St. Goar American troops set over the
Rhine in a landing boat, 24.3.1945(National Archives, College Park)
Training of "Volkssturm" members
in Ldenscheid, November 1944
(W. Nies, StadtA Lippstadt)
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http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=415http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=414 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7/28/2019 The End War in Rhineland and Westphalia in April 1945
2/3
Between 20 and 28 March 1945 there occurred for the last timeespecially heavy air attacks on northern Germany as well as on the
Ruhr area and its surroundings. In leaflets the Allied high commandwarned the population against staying in the rubble of destroyed bigcities that the Allied leatfleats called the "Death Zone of the Ruhr".
German anti-aircraft guns and fighter planes the Allied bomber units
hardly needed to fear in the last weeks of the war. The heavy fourengine bombers flew in as if on parade and dropped their bombcarpets with a hitherto barely imaginable precision.
The military value of these attacks was doubtful at this time,
however, actually equal to zero. This is clearly shown by the example of the old bishop city of
Paderborn, the medieval old town of which had until then made it through the war relativelyundamaged.
A heavy British area bombing on 27 March 1945 turned the medieval inner city into ashes andrubble. More than 330 inhabitants lost their lives in this last area bombing of a target in the
Ruhr region. The actual target had been the railway installations, but at this time the railwaytraffic in this region was already completely paralyzed.
Collapse of the defense in the Ruhr
On 1. April 1945 the Ruhr area was encircled by American troops atLippstadt. In the North of this region British-Canadian troops and inthe south American units penetrated further into the hinterland.
Inside the Ruhr pocket about 320.000 German soldiers of Army
Group B as well as 4 million civilians had been encircled.
While the main battle events of the Western Front gradually
became transferred to northern and central Germany ("... on theway to Berlin"), American troops compressed the Ruhr pocket to a
few kilometers. On 12. April 1945 there finally began an operation
for the splitting of the combat area.
From the south, coming out of the Sieger- and Sauerland regions,strong forces of the US Army split the Ruhr pocket into two parts in
the Hagen-Witten area. The smaller easterly part in the area of
Iserlohn had to capitulate on 15 April 1945. In Hagen and Limburgthe fights lasted until 17 April 1945.
Allied leatfleat WG 47, dropped on
the Ruhr district in March 1945
The war is over! A German soldier
smashes its rifle, Mislpe near
Hagen, 16 April 1945 (National
Archives, College Park)
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-
7/28/2019 The End War in Rhineland and Westphalia in April 1945
3/3
Surrender of the 1 Kompanie Panzerjger-Abteilung 512 mit "Jagdtiger" in Iserlohn at the
15.4.1945 (StadtA Iserlohn; National Archives, College Park)
The partial pocket in the area of Dsseldorf only stopped fighting on 21 April 1945
because General Field Marshal Model had until the last (his suicide) stuck to Hitlers
orders. In the face of obvious defeat, he thus still sacrificed numerous German
soldiers and civilians to the mad orders to hold out issued by his Fhrer and to his
own officers honor.
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