The Emergence of Commerce · The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes...
79
Transcript of The Emergence of Commerce · The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes...
The Emergence of Commerce
Portugal bull Portugal - 1st to explore on a large scale
bull They had a large navigational school
bull Prince Henry set this up
bull Prince Henry the Navigator
bull 1st monarch to explore
bull He goes on 1 voyage
bull ------------------------------------------------------------
bull Bartolomeu Dias - eventually explores around Africa
ndash ldquodiscoversrdquo the Cape of Storms later called the Cape of Good Hope
bull Da Gama establishes a port in India
ndash Malindi to Malibar
bull Portuguese do not venture to interior
SPAIN and Division
bull Columbus ndash reaches Hispanola and Caribbean
bull Spanish conflict with Portuguese
bull Creation of Treaty of Tordesillas 46deg 37 W
bull Creates the line of demarcation
bull East of line is Portuguese
bull West is Spanish
bull Portuguese feel that they have the advantage and initially they do but they donrsquot really understand the dimensions of the world
Spain and Portugal Explorations
and Colonies
Impact of new world exploration
bull Bringing back gold and silver
bull Taken all over the world and into China
bull China takes a large amount and there is a lack of it in Europe
bull There are churches in Rome that are guilded with gold from the new world that was brought back
bull Spain from 1492 ndash 1588 Spain grows in power and declines thereafter
bull Spanish Armada defeated by British
bull British most dependent upon trade
bull This is why their navy becomes so strong
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Portugal bull Portugal - 1st to explore on a large scale
bull They had a large navigational school
bull Prince Henry set this up
bull Prince Henry the Navigator
bull 1st monarch to explore
bull He goes on 1 voyage
bull ------------------------------------------------------------
bull Bartolomeu Dias - eventually explores around Africa
ndash ldquodiscoversrdquo the Cape of Storms later called the Cape of Good Hope
bull Da Gama establishes a port in India
ndash Malindi to Malibar
bull Portuguese do not venture to interior
SPAIN and Division
bull Columbus ndash reaches Hispanola and Caribbean
bull Spanish conflict with Portuguese
bull Creation of Treaty of Tordesillas 46deg 37 W
bull Creates the line of demarcation
bull East of line is Portuguese
bull West is Spanish
bull Portuguese feel that they have the advantage and initially they do but they donrsquot really understand the dimensions of the world
Spain and Portugal Explorations
and Colonies
Impact of new world exploration
bull Bringing back gold and silver
bull Taken all over the world and into China
bull China takes a large amount and there is a lack of it in Europe
bull There are churches in Rome that are guilded with gold from the new world that was brought back
bull Spain from 1492 ndash 1588 Spain grows in power and declines thereafter
bull Spanish Armada defeated by British
bull British most dependent upon trade
bull This is why their navy becomes so strong
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
SPAIN and Division
bull Columbus ndash reaches Hispanola and Caribbean
bull Spanish conflict with Portuguese
bull Creation of Treaty of Tordesillas 46deg 37 W
bull Creates the line of demarcation
bull East of line is Portuguese
bull West is Spanish
bull Portuguese feel that they have the advantage and initially they do but they donrsquot really understand the dimensions of the world
Spain and Portugal Explorations
and Colonies
Impact of new world exploration
bull Bringing back gold and silver
bull Taken all over the world and into China
bull China takes a large amount and there is a lack of it in Europe
bull There are churches in Rome that are guilded with gold from the new world that was brought back
bull Spain from 1492 ndash 1588 Spain grows in power and declines thereafter
bull Spanish Armada defeated by British
bull British most dependent upon trade
bull This is why their navy becomes so strong
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Spain and Portugal Explorations
and Colonies
Impact of new world exploration
bull Bringing back gold and silver
bull Taken all over the world and into China
bull China takes a large amount and there is a lack of it in Europe
bull There are churches in Rome that are guilded with gold from the new world that was brought back
bull Spain from 1492 ndash 1588 Spain grows in power and declines thereafter
bull Spanish Armada defeated by British
bull British most dependent upon trade
bull This is why their navy becomes so strong
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Impact of new world exploration
bull Bringing back gold and silver
bull Taken all over the world and into China
bull China takes a large amount and there is a lack of it in Europe
bull There are churches in Rome that are guilded with gold from the new world that was brought back
bull Spain from 1492 ndash 1588 Spain grows in power and declines thereafter
bull Spanish Armada defeated by British
bull British most dependent upon trade
bull This is why their navy becomes so strong
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Motives for European Exploration
1 Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2 Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples
3 Reformation refugees amp missionaries
4 Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5 Technological advances
6 Fame and fortune
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
New Weapons Technology
bull New Technology
A Key to Power
bull Deep-draught ships
ndash Better on ocean
voyages
ndash Armaments better
ndash Compasses mapmaking
help navigation
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull END RESULT ndash A true world economy is created
bull Imbalances in World Trade ndash Spain and Portugal lack financial
systems
ndash England France Holland bull More lasting economic presence
bull Mercantilism ndash Exports home production protected
ndash Dependent areas supply raw materials
bull China ndash uninterested in world economy
ndash Keeps Europeans out
bull Japan ndash More open initially
ndash Closes doors 17th to 19th centuries
Voyages of Exploration
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Companies
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Companies
bull Purpose Monopolize trade in designated regions
bull Advantages
bull Not controlled by states
bull Highly Profitable
bull Had Armies
bull Examples
bull Dutch East India Company (Taiwan to China)
bull British East India Company (India)
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Cycle of Conquest amp Colonization
Explorers
Official European Colony
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Europe The Renaissance and Reformation
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Italian Renaissance bull Rebirth or revival
bull Revival of Classics (Western and Eastern
ndash Came into contact with these classics through trade in the east
bull Begins in 1300s and peaks in Florence Italy in the 1490s
bull Humanism
bull the guiding force of this movement
bull Focus on the impact of individual people and thought
bull Study of Greek and Latin classics
bull These were studied intently
ndash this was a time when individualism was valued
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Foundation of Humanism and a Change in Focus bull Cicero
bull teaches of devotion to your city (CIVIC HUMANISM)
bull Making where you live better
bull How is this different from the previous focus of life in Europe
bull Prior to this everything driven by the desire for salvation
bull Focus on the individual and making your state important
bull Vernacular
bull It is a vulgar Latin (everyday version of Latin Spanish Italian German)
bull What is the effect of the vernacular
bull This boosts literacy
bull Examples of Individuality
bull Portraits introduced
bull Picture of an individual
bull Previously were not important
bull Biographies and autobiographies introduced (the life of individuals)
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Flourishing of Art in the Renaissance bull Patrons
bull Person who financially supporting artists who will beautify your city to make it more powerful
bull Pay an architect to make yours glorious
bull FLORENCE
bull Hotbed of rebirth
bull Technology the introduction of painting and construction
bull Florence is a city-state
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Humanism Examples bull The following illustrate the general shift in artistic focus
bull Ghiberti
bull David slaying goliath
bull Why embrace David story
bull He is an individual killing Goliath and he saves his people and this shows pride
for his people (David = Florence and goliath = Milan
bull Civic humanism and the Medici family
bull Medici is the patron of Florence
bull Boccaccio
bull Greek that had knowledge to translate works but didnrsquot get the credit
bull Wrote Decameron
bull Series of stories written over ten days of about men who leave Florence during
the plague
bull Imp because it is written in Italian and gives insight into attitudes of the time
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull Petrarch
bull ldquoThe father of humanismrdquo
bull Wrote sonnets to his lover Laura
bull Writing about love and not religion to a female in Italian
bull Dante
bull The Divine Comedy
bull He writes about purgatory
bull ldquoFather of the vernacularrdquo bull
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull Machiavelli
bull The Prince
bull How you become a strong leader
bull Ends justify the means
bull It is better for a ruler to be feared than liked
bull Written for Medici family as book on politics
bull Castiglione
bull Book of the Courtier
bull A book of etiquette
bull Mirandola
bull The Origin on the Dignity of Man
bull Man can be anything that he wants to be
bull He is born with the ability to achieve
bull ALL OF THESE BREAK THE MOLD IN THAT THEIR THEMES
ARE SECULAR AND WORLDLY
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Reformation
bull Grows out of the call of action by individuals
bull Jan Hus
ndash (Czech ndash followers called Hussites)
bull John Wycliffe ndash (English ndash followers called Lollards) (around at the same time)
ndash Speak out against the organization of the church (not religion)
ndash They say to translate the bible into languages so people can read it
ndash Church doesnrsquot embrace the vernacular until 1960s
ndash They are violating church doctrine and are therefore considered heretics
ndash Excommunication
bull No one can assist you that is associated with the church
bull The church would come down with an interdict (community excommunication)
bull All of these things mean you go to hell which is a VERY big deal
ndash Both men were very committed to their opinions
bull Wycliffe ndash friends in high places because he was allowed to live out his life in England
bull Hus ndash tricked invited to plead his case and was sent home and burned at the stake
bull FOLLOWERS
ndash are left to keep the ideas alive
bull At the same time AVIGNON (Babylonian Captivity)
bull Pope dies later when there are two popes and disputing power is reduced
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Church Corruption bull Simony
ndash Selling church position and not appointing
bull Nepotism
ndash Giving to family
bull Pluralism
ndash One person holding more than one position
bull Sale of Indulgences
ndash To be saved you must accumulate x of good deeds
ndash Those who were saints had left over goods deeds
ndash Members of the church sold those and gave certificates saying that you were saved
ndash Church does this more and more when they need more money
ndash Money goes to Rome
ndash Some skimmed by the kings where they were sold
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Martin Luther bull A Monk on a Misson
ndash Money to Rome REALLY bothers Martin Luther
ndash He was a monk (Catholic Priest) and while on pilgrimage to Rome sees its glory
ndash Back home he sees the selling of indulgences (16th century)
bull October 31 1517 - 95 Theses
ndash He posts his opinion to argue publicly
ndash He says why send money out of German states when it is needed elsewhere and also debates simony nepotism etc
bull The importance of Faith
ndash The way you can be saved is faith
ndash THE CHURCH EXOCOMMUNICATES HIM AND HE GOES TO TRIAL AT
bull THE DIET OF WORMS
bull Martin Luther vs Charles V
ndash In this time period Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V HREmperor
ndash Now Spain united under Charles I
ndash He unifies the Hapsburg lands in HRE
ndash Luther is promised safe passage but there is a plan to arrest and punish him
bull King Fredrick III of Saxony
ndash After Excommunication at Diet of Worms he is kidnapped by Fredrick the III King of Saxony
ndash Saxony is where this started
bull Writes his German translation of the bible
ndash King Fredrick the Wise
ndash Wants to gain power and
ndash Believes in Martin Luther and takes him back to Saxony
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Protestant Reformation Gains Speed bull Lutherrsquos Motive
ndash motivation is that he wants the church to re-form thus this becomes the Reformation
bull Protestors
ndash His followers known as protesters and they become the Protestants and officially known as Lutherans
bull 1529- Lutherans emerge
bull 1536 Calvinists emerge
ndash John Calvin ndash Frenchman living in Geneva
ndash Protestant but they believe that not faith alone saves you but you are predestined to be saved (go to heaven or hell)
ndash Promote education ministers become moral guardians
bull Why behave
ndash Proves that you are part of the chosen elect who are to go to heaven
ndash IF you behave and there is heaven reward behave and none ndash ok misbehave and none ndash ok misbehave and is - hell
bull Calvinists known today as Presbyterians
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull 1530 ndash 1555
bull Religious wars (Catholic vs Protestant)
bull Peace Treaty at Augsburg
bull Whoever is in charge decides
ndash Whose region his religion
ndash Northern half becomes Lutherans and southern becomes Catholic
bull French Religious conflict
bull Catholic but close to Calvinist influence creep in via the Huguenots
ndash Catholic ruling family will try to get rid of Protestant
ndash To attempt to unify support
bull Monarchs cant control two churches ndash 1589 ndash French Bourbon dynasty to the throne (Henry IV)
bull He was a protestant but if he is going to unify he takes advice from Machiavelli
bull Protestant but he has acquired a Catholic nation via his birthright
ndash Converts to Catholicism because that is what he must do
bull He will however protect his Huguenot friends
ndash Arranges marriage between protestant man in Spain and his daughter
bull He will however protect his Huguenots
ndash Passes the Edict of Nantes (1598)
bull Separated them from everyone else
bull They are protected and free as long as they do not come within 10 miles
bull 300+ German states will emerge and each can choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran
bull Peace of Augsburg allows people to choose their religion
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Power in England bull Henry VIII was a Tudor
bull The Most successful successor to Henry VIII washellip
bull Elizabeth I
bull Eventually Elizabeth dies and power is passed to the Stuarts of Scotland (King James I)
ndash King James promotes the translation of the bible into English
bull Scotland was Presbyterian
bull Conflict emerges between Catholic Anglican and Puritans
ndash Puritans are Calvinists who wish to ldquopurifyrdquo the Anglican Church of Catholic practices
bull 1st frac12 of century ruled by Stuart
bull Charles I ndash 1640 Forced to call Parliament to discuss taxes
ndash First time in 11 years
ndash ignores the request for rights of the people
bull When the King calls on people for taxes they want representation
bull Parliament disbanded and the country is plunged into Civil War
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Power in England bull Oliver Cromwell establishes a Puritan government
from 1653 ndash 1658 (Lord Protector of England)
bull Shuts down English tradition ndash Cromwell didnrsquot share the power either
bull Eventually he dies and the kingrsquos son brought back (James II)
bull 1600s ndash There is a struggle between royal power and religion
ndash James II ndash Catholic Parliament ndash Protestant
ndash Successor bull Daughter Protestant
bull Son Baptized Roman Catholic
bull 1688 ndash The Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution ndash Force the king to abdicate
ndash James II gone
bull William (King of Netherlands) and Mary (James daughter) ndash Co-rulers as long as they endorse a Bill of Rights
and tolerance bull It provided for approval of taxes and other items
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Key to Locke bull European countries have been watching England and they
justify these actions by following what John Locke would say
bull John Locke(1632 ndash 1704)
ndash All men are created equalhellip and that all are entitled to life liberty and pursuit of property
ndash When a government no longer fulfills the needs of the citizens they are justified in doing something about it
bull He says rebelling is not only justified but also a duty
bull Explains why getting rid of James II was acceptable
bull Parliamentary (limited) monarchs
ndash There is a representative body that checks the power of the monarch
ndash End of 17th century
bull JOHN LOCKE plants the seed for the Enlightenment
bull This moves completely away from the church and old ideas
bull THE BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHTAGE
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Changes in Europe
The Scientific Revolution (1550 ndash 1700)
amp
New Political Philosophical Beliefs
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Scientific Revolution
bull Men of the Revolution
bull Copernicus
bull Puts forth the idea of heliocentrism
bull The Catholic church doesnrsquot like him or his ideas
bull Man in Godrsquos image so why would God put him
anywhere but the center of the universe
bull He is saved from the church because it is a theory
bull He has the planets moving in a circular motion
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Men of the
Scientific
Revolution
bull Keppler bull Proves that the sun is the center of the universe(solar system)
bull Planets move in elliptical orbits
bull Galileo bull Credited with inventing the telescope
bull Invites the Pope to view the heavens
bull Excommunicated
bull Descartes bull ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo
bull Introduces deductive reasoning
bull Start with a premise and end with the basics
bull Logic and Skeptical Thought
bull If you think you are alive I think therefore I am alive and I exist
bull Frances Bacon (inductive) bull Reasoning that leads into a proof
bull He and his followers embrace Deism
ndash God is the clockmaker (higher being) and God only intervenes periodically
ndash They donrsquot really have an organized religion
ndash Believed in God but not organized religion
bull WHY
bull Trying to explain science with religion
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Morsquo Men
bull Harvey ndash circulation of the blood
bull Newton
ndash I can see so far because I stand on the shoulders of giants
ndash Wrote Principia
ndash The world universe can be explained through math
ndash He uses that math to explain laws
ndash Laws of motion (gravity)
bull Church creates a list of forbidden books called the Index
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Royal Societies
bull Supported by the monarchies (outside of church and education processes)
bull Why would monarchs embrace science
bull It will help them to get power and support away from Church
bull John Locke
bull He writes an essay on human understanding and how people learn
bull Man is born tabula rossa (blank slate) and therefore all of your experiences teach you
bull You have infinite opportunity
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Emergence of Nation-States
bull At this time in Europe nation-states begin to form
bull Develops as a result of geographic location united in their culture and language
bull TWO PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES
bull Absolute monarchs
ndash Rule of 1 who controls everything
ndash Government church people economy
bull RepublicDemocracy (not common until years later)
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
French Monarchy
bull Louis XIV ldquoI am the staterdquo
bull Absolute Power
bull King controls who is in the church
ndash This is a way to control religion without conflicting with the church
bull Louis issues the Edict of Fontainebleau
ndash Wipes out the Edict of Nantes protecting Huguenots
bull Convert leave or die
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Mercantilism bull Export much more than you bring in
bull Government will control this
bull Louis wants to and will control the economy
ndash He must deal with everyone and control them
bull What is the best way to control people who are located all over the place
bull Put everyone in one area
bull He builds the palace at Versailles
bull Middle class has emerged and they are mostly traders
bull He appoints them to get their trust
ndash This merchant class is made up of Huguenots
bull With the Edict of Fontainebleau he destroyed the complete control he had because the middle class was Huguenots
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightenment ndash 17th ndash 18th Century
The Age of Reason
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightenment
bull Began in France
bull Philosophers are called philosophes
ndash You can explain everyday things through mathematics
bull you can explain people
ndash They will look at how to explain society and its function
(mechanics of it economy politics and justice)
bull Looks at what is best for mankind
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightened Despots
bull Philosophes were endorsed by enlightened despots
ndash Despot ndash ruler who has absolute power
bull Enlightened despot ndash focuses on making life better for the people
bull JOSEPH II (Austria)
ndash Short lived rule
ndash Eliminates serfdom and labor tax passes an act of tolerance (toleration of protestants and jews)
bull All of these are reversed when he dies
bull FREDERICK II (The Great) ndash Prussia
bull CATHERINE the GREAT (Russia) ndash they all want to better the life of their people
ndash Attempts to free the serfs
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightened Thinkers bull Rousseau ndash wrote The Social Contract
ndash Peoplesociety have a contract
ndash ldquoMen are born free but everywhere in chainsrdquo
bull People are given freedom but things in society hold back
bull When man becomes part of a group you give up some freedom for protection
bull Montesquieu
ndash The best government has a legislative executive and judicial
bull Separation of powers
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightened Thinkers
bull Adam Smith ndash English write The Wealth of Nations
ndash deals with economics
ndash The government has no business in the economy
ndash Economy will drive itself(invisible hand theory)
bull Laissez-faire - relaxed economy (free trade)
bull Diderot ndash wrote Encyclopedia
ndash Compilation of all of these works
ndash He becomes destitute and poor but Catherine the Great buys them
ndash Catholic church hates him
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull Thomas More
ndash in time of English reformation he wrote Utopia on a
perfect society in regards to order and discipline
bull (promoted religious toleration)
ndash It breaks people apart and makes people suffer
bull He had witnessed the execution of a French protestant
(Huguenot) who was innocent
bull felt that atheists could not be trusted
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Enlightened Reasoning
bull Why are all these people trying to explain perfect society
bull They are looking for a better way to do things
bull They are revolutionary thinkers
bull Their ideas are not acceptable
bull Putting these things in print increases the spread of these
ideas
bull All of these ideas are spread in salons
ndash Where ideas are exchanged and discussed
ndash Women are active in this but not equal (in some salons they are)
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
What put Enlightened ideas into
action
bull No representation and only taxation and governments are bankrupt which puts a burden on the people
bull Estates General called and people demand representation(they get it) Louis XVI restricted and freedom increases (feudalism outlawed) feudal obligations are canceled and people are incorporated into a government
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull Initially the government is somewhat successful
but radicals trying too much and outside forces
(Brits Prussians) work against it because they are
afraid of it spreading
bull Drs lawyers artisans emerge as the leadership
from the middle class
bull Government is trying to keep hold and by 1815
goes back to a monarch but not absolute
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Slave Trade
1 Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans
2 Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
Sugar cane amp sugar plantations
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518
275000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries
3 Between 16c amp 19c about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Slave Ship
ldquoMiddle Passagerdquo
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
European Empires in the Americas
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
European Empires in the Americas
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos Mulattos
Native Indians Black Slaves
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Impact of European
Expansion 1 Native populations ravaged by disease
2 Influx of gold and especially silver into Europe created an inflationary economic climate [ldquoPrice Revolutionrdquo]
3 New products introduced across the continents [ldquoColumbian Exchangerdquo]
4 Deepened colonial rivalries
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Trading Empires
1450 - 1750
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Empires Dutch
bull Dutch East India Company ndash ldquouniversal carriersrdquo In 1660 employed 12000 people and had 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits
bull North America (fur trade along the Hudson river New Amsterdam)
bull Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
bull Cape Town South Africa ndash way station
bull Southeast Asia ndash spice trade (nutmeg in Banda islands cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Empires Spain
bull Columbusrsquo voyage
bull Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in
Peru
bull Took over existing tributary empires labor
(mita) silver gold and foodstuffs
bull Demographic impact disease death and
mestizos
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Spain
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Empires Portugal
bull Search for Maritime route to Asia
bull Advanced naval technology caravels carracks astrolabe and compass
bull Established fortresses along the Gold Coast ndash sugar plantations and African slave labor
bull Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi Sofala and Kilwa Calicut and Goa and later Macao
bull Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil ndash sugar plantation
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Brazil Plantation colony
bull Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
bull African slave labor used to support the plantation complex (sugar)
bull Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Empires African
bull Characteristics of
bull Stateless societies - organized around kinship
bull Forms of government
ndash Kongo (Congo) ndash Divine Right
ndash Songhay (NigerMali) ndash Emperor of conquered territories (no local rule)
ndash Oyo amp Benin (Nigeria) ndash Independent city-states
ndash Ashanti (GhanaIvory Coast) ndash Union of states Gold-trading and transitioned to slave-trading
bull Some large centralized states ndash increased unity came from linguistic base ndash Bantu Christianity and Islam as well as indigenous beliefs
bull Trade ndash markets international commerce taxed trade of unprocessed goods
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Gender and Empire
bull How might colonial conquests
influence gender roles
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
bull Predict what the consequences of increased
integration and empire building be on
population On the environment Think
long and short term
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Land Based Empire vs Sea Based
Empires
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta GA
Benneedlecobbk12org
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Land Based Sea Based bull Self-defense extremely important
bull Examples
bull Ottoman Russian Mughal Ming
bull Relatively Large
bull Expensive
ndash Focused on agriculture and not industry
bull Many were located in arid amp uninhabitable area
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash no longer in WE
bull Power was centralized
bull Between 1500 and 1800 had the
largest administrative and economic
systems because they were more of a
threat to each other
bull Few strategic concerns
bull Examples
bull Spain Portugal England
bull Relatively Small
bull Self-sufficient
bull Settled in profitable areas
bull Involved in forced labor
ndash Increasingly brutal
bull Power ldquodividedrdquo amongst lands
bull Benefited from private investors or
joint-stock companies
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Labor Systems
1450 ndash 1750
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Types of Labor bull What are the two main types of labor systems
bull Paid and Unpaid
bull When were paid systems used
bull Indentured servantsDebt Peonage
bull Who were these indentured servants
bull Europeans who came over during the first wave of imperialism
bull Debt Peonage (enforced servitude)
bull Debtor provides service until their debt is paid off
bull Basis of tenant farming and sharecropping in post-Civil War south
bull Kept former slaves tied to land
bull Common in 19th and 20th Century Latin America
bull What was the second labor force of imperialism
bull Indigenous people
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Indigenous Labor in the New World bull What were encomiendas and the mita system
bull Land granted to Spanish Conquistadors in Latin America
ndash This land included the Indian Laborers living there
bull Forced labor system replacing indentured servants with Indian slaves
ndash Based off of the Incan labor system
bull What were Potosi and Huancavelica
bull Largest silver mine and source of mercury
bull What was the similarity between Viceroyalities and Capitancies
bull V = Spanish representative of the king
bull C = Portuguese representatives of the king (Brazil)
bull Why were Europeans ldquoforcedrdquo to turn slave labor in the New World
bull Indigenous people were dying and the emergence of plantations demanded far more labor
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Emergence of Slave Labor
bull Why was there little need for slave labor in the Northern American colonies
bull Crops requiring large numbers of laborers were grown in the south
bull What crops require large amounts of labor
bull Rice tobacco sugarcane cotton
bull As the New World colonies increasingly turned to plantation crops the need for slave labor skyrocketed
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Slave Trade bull Involved approximately 20 million
Africans (survived)
bull Triangular Trade
ndash West Coast of Africa CaribbeanLatin
America North America Europe
bull 13 ndash 20 died during the trip
bull Reasons for British Institutionalization of slavery
1) Need for cheap abundant labor
2) Viewed Africans as less human
3) Natives and European indentured servants worked for only a specific amount of time
bull Other reasons slavery was so successful
1) Seemingly limitless supply
2) Natural increase allowed for population maintenance
bull 1660s(VA) ndash 300
bull 1756 ndash 120000
bull Thousands were brought in daily at
one point
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Effects of the Slave Trade
1 Areas of Africa depopulated
bull Took youngest and healthiest
2 Social organization disrupted
3 Local culture suffered (arts and trade)
bull Dependent on European goods
4 African empires lost prominence as powertrade shifted to the coast
5 Desire for wealthguns perpetuated the slave trade
6 View of Africans as an inferior race led to poor race relations today
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Questions to Consider
bull What effects would the slave trade have
upon Africa in the future
bull What effects did the slave trade have upon
the New World
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Shaka Zulu
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Shaka Zulu bull Contributed to the murderdeath of nearly 1 million
people
bull Shaka grew up fatherless
ndash He was an intestinal beetle
bull Age 23 ndash became a Mtetwa warrior
ndash Used his frustrations on the battle field and became a well known warrior
bull ldquoDevelopedrdquo the iklwa
bull Prior to its introductionhellip
bull Its purposehellip
bull Dingiswayo the Mtetwa chieftain made Shaka a leader of the Zulu
bull He developed new fighting tactics that would make him successful
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
The Iklwa
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
bull Discipline
bull Showing hesitation in battle resulted in death
bull Not allowed to marry
bull Wanted his warriors to have the same intensity in battle that he had
bull By 1817 ndash The Zulu territories had quadrupled
bull Shaka and Dingiswayo decide to engage in a major expedition
ndash Their goal was to take over Southeast Africa
bull Dingiswayo died in battle
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
Triumph and Defeat
bull 1820 ndash Shaka had virtually completed his goal
bull While on a hunting expedition with Europeans` Shaka is stabbed by his enemies in an assassination attempt
ndash Treated by Europeans
bull His mother dies and he begins to lose it
bull 1828 ndash Killed by his half brothers
bull Placed in an empty grain pot and covered with stones
