Mary Beth Stanek Director, Federal Environmental & Energy Regulatory Affairs

The Electric Vehicle Evolution

ENERGY OPTIONS

• 120V (1.2 kW) charging – household outlet

• 240V (3.3 kW) charging – one-time investment

• Charger and control logic on board the vehicle

CHARGING AND INFRASTRUCTURE

120V Cordset

240V Charge Station

Electricity: An important energy source with significant capacity to support transportation

10 million Volts would add a load that is less than 1% of the current total grid load

10M Volts 0.8%

Commercial 35.6%

Industrial 26.4%

Residential 37.2%

IMPACT ON THE GRID

ELECTRIC GRID DESIGNED FOR PEAK DEMAND VOLT LEVERAGES OFF-PEAK FOR CHARGING

WHERE ARE THE CARS?

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Sun

day

04

:00

Sun

day

08

:00

Sun

day

12

:00

Sun

day

16

:00

Sun

day

20

:00

Mo

nd

ay 0

0:0

0

Mo

nd

ay 0

4:0

0

Mo

nd

ay 0

8:0

0

Mo

nd

ay 1

2:0

0

Mo

nd

ay 1

6:0

0

Mo

nd

ay 2

0:0

0

Tue

sday

00

:00

Tue

sday

04

:00

Tue

sday

08

:00

Tue

sday

12

:00

Tue

sday

16

:00

Tue

sday

20

:00

We

dn

esd

ay 0

0:0

0

We

dn

esd

ay 0

4:0

0

We

dn

esd

ay 0

8:0

0

We

dn

esd

ay 1

2:0

0

We

dn

esd

ay 1

6:0

0

We

dn

esd

ay 2

0:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 0

0:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 0

4:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 0

8:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 1

2:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 1

6:0

0

Thu

rsd

ay 2

0:0

0

Frid

ay 0

0:0

0

Frid

ay 0

4:0

0

Frid

ay 0

8:0

0

Frid

ay 1

2:0

0

Frid

ay 1

6:0

0

Frid

ay 2

0:0

0

Satu

rday

00

:00

Satu

rday

04

:00

Satu

rday

08

:00

Satu

rday

12

:00

Satu

rday

16

:00

Satu

rday

20

:00

Sun

day

00

:00

Fleet Distribution during week

Home Residence Work School & Church Commercial Other Driving

Source: 2001 National Household Travel Survey; GM Data Analysis (Tate/Savagian)– SAE paper 2009-01-1311

• Public charging – High visibility – Commercial/Retail – Public education and outreach

• Workplace – Corporate, municipal

parking lots

• Residential (majority) – Satisfying consumer-driven home

installation process – Permits, electricians, inspections, meters,

rates

CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE

Residential

Workplace

Public

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

We

ll-to

-Wh

eel

s G

HG

, gC

O2/m

ile

“Well-to-Tank” GHG of electricity at plug, gCO2/kWh

California Average

U.S. Average

100% Wind

100% Coal

Battery-electric vehicle at 34 kWh/100 miles

Gasoline vehicle at 35 miles/gallon

GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) BENEFITS OF BATTERY-ELECTRIC DEPEND ON ENERGY SOURCE USED BY GRID

• Dedicated project leader

• State, city, county

• Clean Cities Orgs/AQMD

• DOT

• Utilities (municipal and regional)

• Regulators/public utility commissions

• Permitting and code officials

• Local employers

• Local universities

PLUG-IN READY COMMUNITIES Required Stakeholders

• Dedicated project leader

• State, city, county

• Clean Cities Orgs/AQMD

• DOT

• Utilities (municipal and regional)

• Regulators/public utility commissions

• Permitting and code officials

• Local employers

• Local universities

PLUG-IN READY COMMUNITIES Required Stakeholders

Desired Enablers

Government Fleet Purchases

Building Codes to Include Home

Charging Enablers

Green/Renewable Charging Options

Vehicle Purchase

Incentives

Low Off-Peak Charging Rates (e.g., to encourage nighttime charging)

Game Plan Infrastructure/Incentives/Educational Outreach

Charging Installation Incentives

(Home, Work, Public)

HOV Lane Access

Free Charging

Free Parking

Charging Hardware

Time-of-Use Rates

and Meters

Incentive Programs

Permitting and

Inspectors

GM Voltec

Fed Tax Credit (30% up to $1,000)

Utility Programs

DOE Programs • SCE

• PG&E

• SDG&E

40,000 Jurisdictions!!

(JHAs)

Vo

lt C

ust

om

ers

Home Install

Service Provider

HOME CHARGING INSTALLATION – MANAGING ENORMOUS OPTIONS AND VARIABILITY

EVERYDAY DRIVERS 8,000

KILOMETERS LOGGED

3,200,000

PRODUCTION-INTENT FUEL CELL SYSTEM

PROJECT DRIVEWAY