THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

16
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE

TAGS:

Transcript of THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

Page 1: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN

STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Page 2: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Equality before the law2. Freedom of religious worship3. Freedom on speech4. Freedom of the press5. Right to assemble6. Right to hold/own property7. Right to seek happiness

JOH N LOCKE

Page 3: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

They should favor –

1. Religious toleration

2. Freedom of speech, press, assembly

3. Foster arts, sciences, and education

4. Obey the laws and enforce them

FREDERICKTHE GREATOF PRUSSIA

Page 4: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

Philosophes believed that only strong rulers/absolute monarchs had the power to reform society -> reform from above

A new type of monarchy which emerged in the late 18th century

How enlightened were the enlightened despots?

Page 5: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

France -> dominant power on land

England -> dominant power at sea/colonial empire

Dutch Republic -> declining power

Spain -> second rate power

Portugal -> second rate power

HMS Resolution

Page 6: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Five years old when he became king -> Duke of Orleans served as regent

2. Pulled back from foreign adventures = wars

3. Commerce, trade, industry expanded

4. In 1743 Louis XV takes control

5. Lazy and weak

6. Ministers and mistresses influence and control him -> Madame de Pompadour

7. Loss of the French Empire = loses the 7 Years’ War

8. High taxes/more debt/hungry people/clueless life at Versailles

Madame de Pompadour – the King’s mistress

Page 7: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Grandson of Louis XV2. Unprepared to be the

new king/knew little about governing

3. Weak and indecisive4. Marie Antoinette = his

wife/spoiled Austrian princess/hated by the French people

5. Increasing debt and looming financial crisis

Louis XVI of France

Marie Antoinette – wife of Louis XVI and daughter of the Austrian EmpressMaria Theresa

Page 8: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

The Glorious Revolution 1689 =1. No absolutism in England2. Beginning of constitutional monarchy3. Sharing of power between king and

parliament4. Parliament gradually gains control

The United Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 = the governments of England and Scotland are united

Page 9: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. King chose some members to serve as his ministers

2. Parliament made the laws

3. Levied taxes4. Passed the budget5. Indirectly influenced the

king’s ministers

Parliament was dominated by the land owning aristocracy –

1. The Peers – the House of Lords

2. The Landed Gentry – House of Commons

Parliamentary debate in the House of Commons

Page 10: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. The means by which the king exercised power over the parliament

2. Awarding of titles3. Government positions4. Positions in the church and royal

household

Interior of Buckingham Palace

Page 11: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Representation not based on popular vote

2. Representation not fairly distributed

3. Boroughs = parliamentary districts/areas which had parliamentary representation

4. Some areas had no members of parliament other had too many

5. Rotten boroughs and pocket boroughs

Old Sarum in Wiltshire, an uninhabited hill that elected two Members of Parliament. Painting by John Constable, 1829

Page 12: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Began in w/the death of Queen Anne -> the last Stuart

2. Protestant rulers of the German kingdom of Hanover are invited to become king

3. George I (1714-1727)

4. George II (1727-1760)

5. George III (1760-1820)

6. First Hanoverian king didn’t even speak English -> didn’t understand the British system

7. Ministers exercised greater power = the rise of the “Prime Minister”

King George I of England

Page 13: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

Robert Walpole 1721-17421.Prime Minister2.Peaceful foreign policy3.Low taxes4.Growing trade and industry

William Pitt the Elder1. Becomes PM in 17572. Policy of expanding

trade and global empire3. Acquires Canada and

India in 7 Years’ War Lord Bute1. Appointed by George III2. Replaces William Pitt3. George III wants to

exercise more monarchical power and patronage

Page 14: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Journalist 2. Member of parliament3. Publicly criticizes king’s ministers4. Advocates freedom on the press5. Advocates idea that law applies equally

to everyone6. Expelled from parl -> reelected to parl -

> expelled again from parl7. Wilkes came to symbolize liberty and the

demand for electoral reform

Page 15: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.
Page 16: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

1. Decline in economic power of the Dutch Republic in the 18th century

2. Competition for power between –local oligarchies = the regentsv. the Stadholder = the house of

Orange

Coat of Arms of the House of Orange


American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies · PDF fileAmerican Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS) From "Nation to "Race": The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth-Century

American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies · PDF fileAmerican Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS) From "Nation to "Race": The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth-Century

Eighteenth-Century English Art

Eighteenth-Century English Art

Eliza Haywood’s Eighteenth-Century Readers in Pennsylvania ...australianhumanitiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/... · Spedding, Patrick. ‘Eliza Haywood’s Eighteenth-Century

Eliza Haywood’s Eighteenth-Century Readers in Pennsylvania ...australianhumanitiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/... · Spedding, Patrick. ‘Eliza Haywood’s Eighteenth-Century

Eighteenth Century Architecture

Eighteenth Century Architecture

An eighteenth century travelling theodolite - · PDF fileAn eighteenth century travelling theodolite v.23, n.3, ... eighteenth century history ... The needles to determine the magnetic

An eighteenth century travelling theodolite - · PDF fileAn eighteenth century travelling theodolite v.23, n.3, ... eighteenth century history ... The needles to determine the magnetic

Eighteenth Century Music

Eighteenth Century Music

Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth-Century ... · Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth-Century Narrative Jane Spencer Animals abound in eighteenth-century fiction.

Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth-Century ... · Creating Animal Experience in Late Eighteenth-Century Narrative Jane Spencer Animals abound in eighteenth-century fiction.

WHAT TRAVELERS SAW IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY Helmut ... · WHAT TRAVELERS SAW IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY Helmut Walser Smith VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY In the late eighteenth century,

WHAT TRAVELERS SAW IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY Helmut ... · WHAT TRAVELERS SAW IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY Helmut Walser Smith VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY In the late eighteenth century,

Naturalization of the Soul: Self and Personal Identity in the Eighteenth Century (Routledge Studies in Eighteenth Century Philosophy)

Naturalization of the Soul: Self and Personal Identity in the Eighteenth Century (Routledge Studies in Eighteenth Century Philosophy)

Eighteenth-Century France

Eighteenth-Century France

American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)...Maria Sibylla Merian: Recovering an Eighteenth-Century Legend Author(s): Sharon Valiant Source: Eighteenth-Century Studies,

American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ASECS)...Maria Sibylla Merian: Recovering an Eighteenth-Century Legend Author(s): Sharon Valiant Source: Eighteenth-Century Studies,

The Eighteenth Century

The Eighteenth Century

Journeying in the eighteenth-century British verse epistle · Journeying in the eighteenth-century ... ‘Journeying in the Eighteenth-Century British Verse Epistle ... especially

Journeying in the eighteenth-century British verse epistle · Journeying in the eighteenth-century ... ‘Journeying in the Eighteenth-Century British Verse Epistle ... especially

The “Long” Eighteenth Century

The “Long” Eighteenth Century

The Eighteenth Century Woman

The Eighteenth Century Woman

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY GEORGIA WOMEN

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY GEORGIA WOMEN

The Eighteenth Century Magezine

The Eighteenth Century Magezine

The Eighteenth-Century Hymn Tune

The Eighteenth-Century Hymn Tune

Women Artists in Eighteenth-Century France - Érudit · Women A rtists in Eighteenth-Century France The Eighteenth Century in Perspective The decade of the 1970s will undoubtedly

Women Artists in Eighteenth-Century France - Érudit · Women A rtists in Eighteenth-Century France The Eighteenth Century in Perspective The decade of the 1970s will undoubtedly

Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars