L/O/G/O

THE EFFECTS OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON MUDSTONE COMPACTION CURVES REQUIRING FOR PRIMARY HYDROCARBON MIGRATION

Avirut Puttiwongrak

Ph.D. studentKyoto University

Contents

• Problem statements• Introduction• Data collection and analysis• Porosity-burial depth relationship• Time effect• Temperature effect• Discussion and conclusion

Problem statements

• Mudstone Compaction Curves– poorly understood – no unique physical or mathematical expression.

• Scatters of curves are difficult to apply petroleum exploration mainly due to: – Time (Geologic age)– Temperature

Problem statements (continued)

• Compaction models– Athy’s model (1930)– Hedberg’s model

(1936)– Power’s model (1959)– Teodorovich and

Chernov’s model (1968)

– Burst’s model (1969)– Overton and Zanier’s

model (1970)

Source: Mondol et al., 2007

Introduction

• Mechanical mudstone compaction

Source: Eaton, 1972

pS −=σ

Introduction (continued)

• The expelled fluid during compaction is important for studying in primary migration.

• We proposed to give an answer the doubts of mechanical mudstone compactions based on time and temperature factors.

Data collection and analysisTable 1 Porosity information

Porosity-burial depth relationship

Compilation plots Fitting curves

Porosity-burial depth relationship (continued)

• Porosity-burial depth curves : – Continuous– Smooth– Exponential decreasing upper 3000m depth.

• The exponential decreasing model with Z (Athy’s model):

cze−= 0φφ

Time effect

• Geologic time : key factor of compaction

– the older rocks are more compacted than the younger at given depth.

• Scatters of porosity upper than 3000m are caused by time effect.

Time effect (continued)

• Time classification

Time effect (continued)

Paleozoic age Mesozoic - Cenozoic age Cenozoic age

Time effect (continued)

Overlay plotting based on time effect

Time effect (continued)

Modified from Manger’s data (1963)

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

Paleozoic

Time effect (continued)

• The higher porosity reduction in the older mudstone

Basin type

• For example:− Hedberg (1930) stated that

Athy’s data were taken from areas of structural deformation and some of the compaction may have resulted from lateral pressures in the earth’s crust.

Temperature effect

• Temperature factor:

– to be a main factor for chemical compaction in the deeper parts of mudstone compactions.

– to influences in mechanical compaction as well.

Temperature effect (continued)

• Temperature classification

Lower Temperature

Higher Temperature

Table 2 Geothermal gradient information

Temperature effect (continued)

Lower temperature Higher temperature

Temperature effect (continued)

Overlay plotting based on Temperature effect

Temperature effect (continued)

• The slower porosity reduction of higher geothermal gradient mudstones are caused by increasing in the pore fluid pressure as follow:

pS −=σ

Temperature effect (continued)

• Other literatures on temperature effect.

– The higher geothermal gradient corresponds to rapid compaction (Reynold, 1973).

– The effect of temperature regarding to the abnormal fluid pressure (overpressure) which causes higher porosity retention with burial (Magara, 1978).

Discussion and conclusion

• We presumed that the burial depth above 3,000 m dominated by mechanical compaction.

• The exponential function is applicable only to mechanical compaction.

• The results of mudstone compaction curves showed a continuous, smooth, exponential decreasing feature, although they are normally widely scattered.

Discussion and conclusion (continued)• Older mudstones are faster porosity reductions

than younger mudstones.

• Temperature does not affect only the chemical compaction in the deeper part, but it also affects on mechanical compaction in shallow part.

• Temperature clearly affect more than time.

• Higher temperature mudstones are slower porosity reductions than lower temperature mudstone.

Discussion and conclusion (continued)• The causes of slower porosity reductions in

higher temperature mudstones are possibly due to abnormal fluid pressure or overpressure.

• To study of expelled water during compaction of mudstones. It will make us understand more on primary hydrocarbon migration. Time and temperature effect are indispensable and should be paid attention.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Present by

Trin Intaraprasong (trin@dmf.go.th)

27 May 2010

DMF 4th Petroleum Forum

Bangkok, Thailand 1

The Possibilities of Carbon Capture and The Possibilities of Carbon Capture and

Storage (CCS) in Thailand from a Storage (CCS) in Thailand from a

Government Point of ViewGovernment Point of View

2

OUTLINE

• CCS Overview

• Thailand Energy Policy

• CCS Activity in Thailand

• Step Forward & Discussion

3

CCS Overview

4

SurveillanceSiteCharacterization

DecommissionCO2 Injection

Construction

Design

Site Selection

Publ

ic A

war

enes

s

Monitoring

Adapted from Schlumberger Presentation at DMF

Operation10-50 yr

Post 10- 100+ yr

Operation

Monitoring

Pre

Opera

tion

3-10

yr

Regu

latio

n

Road

Map

OperatorGovernment Operator Government

CCS Overview

CCS Life Cycle

5

CCS is a part of many solutions.

For Thailand we can add forestation.

Large Quantity vs High Cost

48 Gt/yr = 77% Reduction

CCS Overview

10 Gt/yr

2008 IEA Global CO2 Emission Mitigation Plan

6

(IEA/OECD: Carbon Capture and Storage: Progress and Next Steps IEA Carbon emission reduction plan, 2010)

CCS Overview

10 Gt/yr

2010 IEA Global deployment of CCS 2010‐2050 by region

7

CCS Overview

8(Bejorn Berger’s Presentation: Accelerating the deployment of CCS, at 2009 CCOP Annual Meeting, Bangkok)

CCS Overview

Rangley,EOR

Full scale CCS projectsFull scale CCS projects

9

Thailand’s Energy Policy

10

2011 Ministry of Energy’s Strategy

Provide Energy with Environmental Consideration

– Reduction of green house gas emission

– Clean Development Mechanism– Reduce carbon footprint in E&P– Research and development of

environmental friendly technology– International cooperation

knowledge exchange

Thailand’s Energy Policy Ministry of Energy’s Strategy

11

CCS Activity In Thailand

12

CCS Activity In Thailand

Ministry of

EnergyGeological Storage Potential

Roadmap (Cooperation with ADB)

Feasibility Study & Regulation

Initial Step

Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.

Depth > 1000 m

CO2 Capacity of > 2 Ton(EUR 20 Bcf or 2 MMbbl)

Reservoir thickness > 10 m

Thailand CCS Site Selection: Screening Processes

CCS Activity In Thailand

Secondary

Super-Critical Phase

Primary seal

Secondary Seal

On-shore

Sirikit (3) in Pitsanulok Basin Uthong (1) in Supanburi Basin Namphong (1) in Khorat Basin

Arthit (3) North Malay BasinBongkot (3) North Malay BasinBenchamas (4)Pattani BasinPailin (5) Pattani Basin Erawan (1) Pattani Basin Jasmine (2) Kra BasinSongkha (1) Songkhla BasinBoulaung (1) Western Basin

Total 5 structures Total 20 structures

CCS Site Selection: Results of Initial Screen

CCS Activity In Thailand

Off-shore

Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.

CCS Site Selection: Required Data for Secondary Screen

CCS Activity In Thailand

Structural Map

Well log

Reserves Reports

Rock TypeReservoir ThicknessSeal ThicknessPressure/Temp

ProductionReservoir ParametersFluid Properties

Geological StructureFacility Location

16

CCS Site Selection: Preliminary Result of Secondary Screen

CCS Activity In Thailand

Scope of this project is limited to petroleum producing fields.

Sirikit (2) in Pitsanulok Basin

Boulaung (1) Western BasinBenchamas (2) Pattani BasinErawan (1) Pattani Basin Bongkot (3) North Malay Basin

(Jardine, E., 1997)

17

Step Forward & Discussion

Pending on results of 3 projects

Advantages of CCS in ThailandSmall fault blockExisting FacilityEOR

Obstacles of CCS in ThailandLegalPublic Acceptance

18

Thank you

Questions

Backup

COP10 (2004) proposed CCS as CDM

Recent Change of Policy

COP16 (2010) accepted CCS as CDM

COP17 will discuss following aspect of CCS

•criteria (and permanence); •monitoring plans; •role of modelling; •project boundaries, especially around transboundary projects; •account for emissions; •risk and safety assessment; and •liability.

(www.globalccsinstitute.com)

21

SurveillanceSiteCharacterization

DecommissionCO2 Injection

Construction

Design

Site Selection

Publ

ic A

war

enes

s

Monitoring

Adapted from Schlumberger Presentation at DMF

Operation10-50 yrPost 100+ yr

Operation

Monitoring

Pre

Opera

tion

3-10

yr

Regu

latio

n

Road

Map

OperatorGovernment Operator Government

MOE

EGA

T, P

TTM

OE

MOE New Agency

EGAT, PTT EGAT, PTT

CCS Overview

2222

DMF will promote E&P business along with prevent and

minimize environmental impact from E&P activities

1. Reduce GHG from E&P Industry especially flared gas by

promoting flared gas utilization & CDM Project

2. Zero discharge of produced water in Gulf of Thailand

Other Activities

23

Enhancing Knowledge on Impact of GHG to Climate ChangeEnhancing Knowledge on Impact of GHG to Climate Change

• Post 2012 Regime from COP 15 (The 15th Conferences of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

- COPENHAGEN ACCORD

- THAILAND (Non Annex I Country):

√ National GHG Inventory

√ Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)

√ MRV (Measurable, Reportable, Verifiable)

ONEPONEPTGOTGO

www.tgo.or.th

Other Activities

24

Planning, promoting and monitoring in policy and management of upstream petroleum business in Thailand including Joint Developing Area and Overlapping Areas

Cooperating with other countries to encourage Thailand’s E&P business

DMF is the National Hydrocarbon Executive AgentDMF is the National Hydrocarbon Executive Agent

Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF)

www.dmf.go.th

Recent Change of Policy

Japan CCS Roadmap

Recent Change of Policy

Korea CCS Roadmap

Benchamas Properties as CCS candidate

Recent Change of Policy