Language Intervention for School-age Children with Down Syndrome
The Effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching on Children with Down Syndrome Introduction Children with...
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Transcript of The Effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching on Children with Down Syndrome Introduction Children with...
The Effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching on Children with Down Syndrome
IntroductionChildren with Down SyndromeChildren with DS are characterized by deficits in their overall rate of verbal communication, the complexity and length of their utterances, their pragmatic skills in social interactions, and the quality of their speech (Roberts, Price & Malkin, 2007). Deficits in expressive language development exceed those predicted by cognitive development (Chapman, Seung, Schwartz & Kay-Raining Bird, 1998). Previous research has reported positive communication outcomes for children with DS, but no studies reported an observed effect on children’s spoken language or long-term productive language use (e.g., Girolametto, 1988; Fey, 2006).
Purpose of the Current StudyExtend previous research by examining the effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) on vocabulary and syntax when implemented with children with DS.Research QuestionsDo children with DS participating in EMT language intervention make gains in expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, and syntax?Do children with DS make greater gains when receiving the intervention from a parent?Does change in one measure predict growth in other areas?
Enhanced Milieu Teaching StrategiesCreate a context for communication (interesting activities, following the child’s lead, on child’s level, face to face)Match communicative turns with childNotice and respond to all child communicationModel language at the child’s “target level”Expand child’s communication by repeating and adding only 1-2 new wordsTeach in response to child requests using milieu teaching procedures: time delay, open question, choice question, and “say” prompt
MethodsResearch DesignData were analyzed for 21 children with DS who participated in a randomized control trial (n=58) of EMT comparing the effects of EMT implemented by (a) therapists only, (b) parents only and (c) parents and therapists. Observations and assessments were conducted at four time points: prior to intervention (T0), at the end of intervention (T1), after 6 months (T2), and 12 months (T3).Treatment Groups
Parent training included the therapist:• Reviewing the target strategy (didactic
teaching, modeling, role playing)• Providing live coaching while the parent
practiced with their child• Summarizing the session
Participants21 children with DS between 30 and 62 monthsMean age: 48 months (SD 8.47)Mean nonverbal IQ: 64 (SD 13.31)62% male, 38% female90% Caucasian, 10% African AmericanMean parent education: 14.84 years (SD 3.02)MeasuresPeabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT)Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT)Observations of language averaged across 3 clinic sessions (40 minutes) and 2 home generalization sessions (30 min)
• Number of different words (NDW)• Mean length of utterance (MLUw)
ResultsT0 to T3 Growth Across Groups Children in all groups experienced significant
growth from T0 to T3 EVT* standard score: increase of 7.8 pts PPVT** standard score: increase of 9.8 pts NDW** average: increase of 29 words MLU*** average: increase of .5 words per
utterance*p < .017; **p < .001; ***p < .004
Between Group Analyses
No significant between groups differences were found. Effect sizes were smallest between PT and T groups, and largest between the P and T groups. Parents in the PT group received 24 training sessions. Those children whose parents received 36 training sessions (P) demonstrated the highest improvement in language skills compared to children who only received therapist intervention (T) and those whose parents received fewer (24) sessions (PT).
Increase in NDW predicts growth in MLUA secondary analysis was conducted to examine
how increases in NDW during the study related to later utterance length (MLUw).
Gain in NDW from T0 to T1 predicted MLU at T1, T2, and T3: t=5.961(p=.00), 2.712(p=.02), and 1.856(p=.08)
These results indicate that for every 100 NDW gained during 6 months of intervention, a child gained 1 word in MLU in 6 months
Predictors of Child NDW
Conclusions While effect size appeared to be large for the parent
group compared to the therapist only group, the difference between groups was not significant, possibly due to the small sample size (7 children per group).
Children in all groups experienced significant growth in vocabulary and syntax measures, but without a nontreatment group, this must be interpreted cautiously.
Growth in NDW from T0 to T1 predicted MLU 6 months and a year following intervention.
ReferencesChapman, R.S., Seung, H., Schwartz, S.E., & Kay-Raining Bird, E. (1998). Language skills of children and adolescents with Down syndrome: II. Production deficits. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 861-873.Fey, M.E., Warren, S.F., Brady, N., Finestack, L.H., Bredin-Oja, S.L., Fairchild, M., Sokol, S., & Yoder, P. J. (2006). Early effects of responsivity education/ prelinguistic milieu teaching for children with developmental delays and their parents. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 526-547.Girolametto, L.E. (1988). Improving the social-conversation skills of developmentally delayed children: an intervention study. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 156-167.Roberts, J. E., Price, J., & Malkin, C. (2007). Language communication development in Down syndrome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 13, 26-35.
Kelly Windsor, Megan Y. Roberts & Ann P. KaiserDepartment of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
More [email protected] work was supported in part by NIH grant number P50 DC03282 and DOE grant number H325D070075. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Health.
Implications for Practice Including parents as interventionists may have
positive effects on the language skills of their children with DS, if parents are well-trained.
Participation in an EMT intervention may result in improvement in both vocabulary and syntax for children with DS; however, large gains in vocabulary may be needed to impact MLU.
Intervention should target building expressive vocabulary and number of different words used by the child in order to increase MLU.
PT v. T* P v. PT* P v. T*
PPVT .05 .65 .69
EVT .31 .37 .93
NDW .02 .53 .52
MLU -.08 .54 .34
* considered comparison group
Condition N Clinic Sessions Home Sessions
Therapist 7 36 30-minute sessions
None
Parent 7 30 60-minute sessions
6 60-minute sessions
Parent + Therapist
7 12 30-minute therapist sessions
18 60-minute parent sessions
6 60-minute parent sessions